\r\n\tThere will be a chapter on secondary causes of sexual dysfunction disorders related to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. A chapter on remedial measures to enhance sexual activity and maintain human relationships will be discussed. As there is a growing number of cancer survivors a chapter on cancer-related sexual dysfunction will be welcomed for including it.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"b988fda30a4e2364ee9d47e417bd0ba9",bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11889.jpg",keywords:"Sex, Sexual Response Cycle, Erection, Premature Ejaculation, Libido, Orgasm, Painful Intercourse, Psychological, Female, Lack of Desire, Erectile Disorders, Pain Disorders",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 8th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 6th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 5th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 23rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 22nd 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff is a life member of the European Society for Human Reproduction and Early Human Development, Association of Physiologists and Pharmacologists of India, member of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, and resource person for UNESCO for Medical and Bioethics. Dr. Sheriff has authored five books including a textbook on medical biochemistry with additional interest in human sexology. He has done extensive research in andrology, sex education, and counseling.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",middleName:null,surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/167875/images/system/167875.jpg",biography:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff is a life member of the European Society for Human Reproduction and Early Human Development, Association of Physiologists and Pharmacologists of India, member of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, and resource person for UNESCO for Medical and Bioethics. Dr. Sheriff has authored five books including a textbook on medical biochemistry with additional interest in human sexology. He had editorials written in the British Journal of Sexology, Journal of Royal Society of Medicine, Postgraduate Medicine, and Scientist. He was a former Rotarian, Citizen Ambassador, and was selected for the Ford Foundation Fellowship.",institutionString:"University of Benghazi",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Benghazi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Libya"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6934",title:"Psycho-Social Aspects of Human Sexuality and Ethics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44731b106aa0d1ab5c64a7394483c7d5",slug:"psycho-social-aspects-of-human-sexuality-and-ethics",bookSignature:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6934.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7163",title:"Infertility, Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Hormone Assays",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6db6e4ccb7088f17f819121f7eb6424d",slug:"infertility-assisted-reproductive-technologies-and-hormone-assays",bookSignature:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7163.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"10838",title:"Performance and Reliability of Fault-Tolerant Ethernet Networked Control Systems",doi:"10.5772/9524",slug:"performance-and-reliability-of-fault-tolerant-ethernet-networked-control-systems",body:'\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
1. Introduction
\n\t\t\t
In many control applications, networks are being used as a transmission medium for control data such as sensor readings, controller signals, and alarm signals. The resulting control system is termed a Networked Control system (NCS) (Clauset et al., 2008, Hespanha et al., 2007, Yang, 2006). Examples of NCS application areas include industrial automation, building automation, home automation, intelligent vehicle systems, and advanced aircraft and spacecraft. Compared to point-to-point wiring, this approach simplifies wiring in complex systems where several subsystems are interconnected and where sensors and actuators may be physically remote from the controller. System hence becomes easier to control and maintain. Networks also enable communication between several control loops and fault-tolerance through redundancy of components. This chapter summarizes work done by the authors in the area of performance and reliability of networked control systems.
\n\t\t\t
Communication networks were first introduced in digital control systems in the 1970’s. Since then, several types of communication networks have been developed to serve this field. Protocols for these networks can be grouped into fieldbuses (e.g. FIP and PROFIBUS), automotive buses (e.g. CAN), other machine buses (e.g. 1553B and the IEC train communication network), general-purpose networks (e.g. IEEE LAN’s and ATM-LAN) and a number of research protocols (e.g. TTP).
\n\t\t\t
In manufacturing applications, the network connecting controllers with sensors and actuators typically constitutes one level in a hierarchy of networks. Fig. 1 illustrates a general network hierarchy model (Lian et al., 2001b). This model consists of five levels, each one having different goals and also different communication capabilities, protocols and complexity. Level one is the device or sensor-actuator level that is used to interconnect controllers, sensors or actuators. Level two is the cell control level and it is designed to be used with cell controllers such as at milling, lathe and control workstations in manufacturing plants. Generally, levels one and two are called sensor and fieldbus, respectively. Level three is the supervisory level and is used to interconnect machine cells that perform different manufacturing processes. Level four is the plant management level and is used to coordinate various tasks executed inside a plant such as manufacturing engineering, production management, and resource allocation. Level five is the corporate management level. It may interconnect workstations located in different cities or countries (Lian et al., 2001b).
\n\t\t\t
Figure 1.
A general network hierarchy model (Lian et al., 2001b)
\n\t\t\t
A wide variety of network protocols can be used to build an NCS, each suitable for a particular application sector (Thomesse, 2005). However, the use of Ethernet remains a viable and interesting option (Decotignie, 2005). Ethernet is now the dominant local area networking solution in the home and office environments. It is fast, economic and easy to install. Many computerized equipments now come with built-in Ethernet Interfaces. These are some of the reasons why a number of manufacturers of industrial control systems are now migrating to the use of Ethernet on the production floor and integrate it with the management floor (Decotignie, 2005).
\n\t\t\t
A highly desirable requirement is for the office Ethernet communication capability to be fully retained when applying it for control, i.e., the best solution would be if no protocol change were introduced (Daoud et al., 2003, Felser, 2005). Capabilities of Ethernet networks allow us to envision the merger of several hierarchy levels in a single network. A main focus of this research is thus to test the network operation and performance in the presence of mixed traffic.
\n\t\t\t
A major problem in networked control systems is the delays introduced by the network in the control loop. Further problems may be caused by possible loss of data packets. Beyond certain limits, delays will result in poor system response and tend to destabilize the control loop. Network delays are generally variable and depend on such factors as the used network protocol, network topology, and the amount of network traffic from other sources.
\n\t\t\t
In this chapter the focus is on both the performance and reliability aspects of Ethernet based NCS. The rest of the chapter is organized as follows: Section 2 presents a small survey on previous works done in the area of NCS using Ethernet as communication protocol. Section 3 Introduces the network and its different components. Section 4 describes the model for simulation. Section 5 presents the network simulation results. Sections 6, 7 and 8 discuss the reliability and availability of fault-tolerant production lines. Section 9 concludes this research.
Automated workcells (Morris, 2005) always include sensors, controllers and actuators connected over the network. The control packet flow on the Ethernet channel is based on publisher/subscriber mode of communication: once the packet is generated, it can be heard by any node on the network. This facilitates the data flow and eliminates the duplication of sensors. A comparison between different methods of communication is given in (Marsal, 2006a). The model of Fig. 2 (Nilsson, 1998) shows a schematic of NCS.
\n\t\t\t
In this model, the physical data is sensed on a periodical basis (clock driven) every h seconds. It is transmitted from the sensor to the controller of the network facing a delay\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tτ\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ts\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tc\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t. It is consumed at the controller node and processed over \n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tτ\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tc\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t delay. The controller sends the control action over the network to reach the actuator after a delay\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tτ\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tc\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t.
\n\t\t\t
The source of non-determinism in switched Ethernet is queuing delays. For example, the controller node may generate non-real-time traffic (also known as explicit messaging, in contrast with implicit messaging used to designate the real-time control) like FTP sessions or HTTP. This will perturb the queues and the processing loads at the controller node. Accordingly, the end-to-end delays (the delay measured from the sensor node to the actuator node taking into consideration all kind of encapsulation/de-capsulation, processing and propagation delays) will not be constant. This is what is called mixed traffic environment. It is important to test the Ethernet NCS behavior in simple control environment (only control packets are communicated) and mixed traffic environment.
\n\t\t\t
Early works such as (Meditch & Lea, 1983) tried to modify the medium access sub-layer of CSMA/CD to distinguish between real-time and other traffic packets. Studies were conducted to test stability of the communication channel and to optimize its performance.
\n\t\t\t
Rockwell-Automation studied the use of Ethernet in its switched topology in control and they merged Ethernet with ControlNet to make what is called EtherNet/IP (Ethernet/IP, Lounsbury & Westerman, 2001, ODVA1, ODVA2, ControlNet). By using both TCP/IP and UDP/IP protocols to encapsulate networked messages, both real-time I/O and “explicit messaging” can occur. Also, by providing Ethernet users with real-time I/O, device-configuration, and diagnostic capabilities, along with interoperability and interchangeability, EtherNet/IP provides an Ethernet standard for automation (Ethernet/IP).
\n\t\t\t
In (Walsh & Ye, 2001), a new dynamic scheduling technique for NCS is proposed. The network here is not only dedicated for control purposes, but it can also accommodate communication frames. This gives rise to network induced delays due to unpredictable loads. The control algorithm was made off-line ignoring network delays. This simplified the analysis tremendously. Including time delays is a new approach to validate their work. Also, the simplicity of this approach makes it attractive to be used in general studies for any NCS. The simplicity of the approach in (Walsh & Ye, 2001) comes from the fact that they are using a simple state space representation of the overall NCS.
\n\t\t\t
In (Marsal, 2006a), an analysis is made to define the source of delay in an Ethernet NCS; it shows that the overall response time is the sum of three delays: processing time, waiting time for synchronization of asynchronous processes and waiting time for availability of shared resources. A comparison between two methods to evaluate this response time (simulation and colored Petri nets) can be found in (Marsal et al., 2006b). In this research, the synchronization delays are included as well as the time for availability of shared resources in the processing delays of the nodes. Also, these two major time delays are the focus of other research works (Sundararaman et al., 2005).
\n\t\t\t
In this chapter, the focus is only on switched Ethernet at different speeds. In (Skeie et al., 2002), Fast Ethernet was tested to eliminate the various, usually incompatible, communication networks at the traditional substation automation. This study was conducted to test the possibility of using Fast Ethernet in the switched topology in power station control application. Results of this study were satisfactory within the time frame of the considered application. Because the application presented in (Skeie et al., 2002) had relatively large time frame limit, Fast Ethernet switch topology succeeded to run this system. Later works showed that with more tight timing requirements, especially in mixed traffic environment, the speed of Gigabit Ethernet will be necessary for successful operation.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
3. Network Nodes
\n\t\t\t
The network nodes of a typical NCS model are namely: sensors, actuators and controllers. These are the active nodes that generate and consume traffic. Other nodes that are present to build the network are switches for a switched operation mode. The fabric of the network used in this research is mainly Ethernet at 100Mbps and 1Gbps speeds. This means that there are two types of networks that are tested in this study: Switched Fast Ethernet (100Mbps Ethernet) and Switched Gigabit Ethernet (1Gbps Ethernet).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.1. Sensor/actuator Networking Level
\n\t\t\t\t
At this level, networked devices consist essentially of smart sensors, networked controllers, and smart actuators. Smart sensors are nodes that have the capability of data acquisition, intelligence and communication. They acquire proper physical data such as temperature or speed from the industrial environment and have a network-capable application processor to interface with the network. Intelligence gives smart sensors the ability to function independently. Finally to be able to communicate over the network, the sensor must be able to properly encode the information before sending it out on the network.
\n\t\t\t\t
Smart actuators have the features of actuation, intelligence and communication. They are able to decode the information from the network medium and apply it to the physical devices (Lian et al., 2001b).
\n\t\t\t\t
Networked controllers have the major function of analyzing the sensor data, making decisions, and giving commands to actuators. The control algorithm should handle decentralized information analysis as well as traditional centralized analysis. Networked controller nodes may also provide a human-machine interface to operators or higher-level managers.
\n\t\t\t\t
Candidate networks protocols at this level must meet two main criteria: bounded time delay and guaranteed transmission. Unsuccessfully transmitted or large time-delay messages may deteriorate system performance. The system can even become unstable. Several protocols have been proposed to meet these requirements for control systems (Nilsson, 1998). The performance requirements mentioned above are used to determine the capability of the network medium and to provide design specifications to control parameters such as sampling rates as well as network parameters such as communication rates.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.2. Using Ethernet in the Sensor/Actuator Level
\n\t\t\t\t
With the use of Ethernet at this level, many things that were not possible in past implementations of NCS will be enabled. Once the industrial floor (the machines network connection) is running on top of Ethernet, it can be interconnected with the management floor (engineering and management network connections). This will help in problem diagnostic and set-up. Now more and more functions can be added. One possibility is on-line system diagnostics and fix-up, by logging into the machine while running in normal operation and setting-up some parameters without the need to stop the operation. This means integration of communication packets (log-on, request/download file, up-load file, log-off) while performing the usual control tasks (traffic of real-time control packets). Moreover, some tasks that can be performed by the operator can be enabled like web-browsing and e-mail check. These tasks add to the communication load that the network handles as an overhead to the pure control load that it is built to support.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.3. Performance Metric
\n\t\t\t\t
The performance metrics of network systems that impact control system requirements include: access delay, transmission time, response time, message delay, message collisions (percentage of collision), message throughput (percentage of packets discarded), network utilization, and determinism boundaries. For control systems, candidate control networks generally must meet two main criteria: bounded time delay and guaranteed transmission; i.e., a message should be transmitted successfully within a bounded time delay (Lian et al., 2001b). Unsuccessfully transmitted or large time-delay messages from a sensor to an actuator may deteriorate system performance or make a system unstable. Several protocols have been proposed to meet these requirements for control systems (Nilsson, 1998). The performance metrics mentioned above are used to determine the capability of the network medium and to provide design specifications to control parameters such as sampling rates as well as network parameters such as communication rates (Daoud et al., 2004a).
In this research, the system success or failure is evaluated based on measuring the delay faced by the sensor data traveling over the network to reach the controller, the processing delay at the controller node, the propagation delay from the controller to the actuator node faced by the control packet, and finally the processing delay at the actuator node before applying the control word to the physical process. This end-to-end delay takes into consideration all kind of data encapsulation, propagation, de-capsulation and processing in all nodes on the network. End-to-end delay for Ethernet NCS can also be analyzed with network calculus as in (Georges, 2005, Grieu, 2004).
where \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t is the total end-to-end delay.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tp\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ts\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tis the processing delay\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\te\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tc\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tp\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tis the encapsulation delay\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tp\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tis the propagation delay\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tq\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tis the queuing delay\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\td\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\te\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tc\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tp\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tis the de-capsulation delay
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
4. Models Description
\n\t\t\t
Many control applications naturally run at very low speeds compared to the speeds of the new network standards. This may imply that the required delays of control packets can be met under realistic loading conditions without handling these packets in a special manner.
\n\t\t\t
Individual machines can be transformed into automated workcells (Soloman, 1994). Networked Control Systems (NCS) make it possible to transform machines into small networks (machine LANs) (Daoud et al., 2003). All sensors are sources of traffic. All actuators are sinks of traffic. Data produced at sensor nodes is sent over the machine network to reach the controller node. At the controller, control information is computed and sent once again over the network to reach the corresponding actuator node. At the actuator, control action is applied on the physical system (the plant).
\n\t\t\t
Sensors and actuators in this scheme are smart. Smart sensors as well as smart actuators have the capability of data encapsulation/de-capsulation. They have network capability to be able to communicate over the machine network. Smart sensors are clock driven nodes: data is sampled at the sensor nodes at constant frequency. This frequency can vary from one sensor to the other depending on the physical quantity it is sensing (temperature is sampled at a lower sampling frequency than speed for example). Once the data is ready at the sensor node, it is encapsulated in network packet format and sent over the machine network.
\n\t\t\t
The controller node, which is an Industrial Personal Computer (IPC), is event driven. When it receives a packet form a sensor and after its de-capsulation and error check, it starts computing the necessary control action. Again, it encapsulates the control word and sends it in packet format to the actuator node. A smart actuator receives the control word and applies the appropriate control action to the system after de-capsulation and error check. Smart actuators are event driven as well (Daoud & Amer, 2007).
\n\t\t\t
Two main Models are presented in this work. The Stand Alone Machine Model and the In-Line Production Model.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
4.1. Stand Alone Machine Model Description
\n\t\t\t\t
Stand Alone Machine Model tests the operation of a single machine (workcell) having all its connections based on Ethernet to implement the Ethernet NCS model.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 3.
Stand alone machine model
\n\t\t\t\t
Two models were built for this study. One model is run on-top-of Fast Ethernet and the other one is run over Gigabit Ethernet for performance comparison. One model consists of 16 sensors, one controller, and 4 actuators, based on the model of (Skeie et al., 2002). In the following, this model will be referred to as the light traffic system. The other model consists of 48 sensors, one controller, and 4 actuators. This model will be referred to as the heavy traffic system.
\n\t\t\t\t
Sensors and actuators are smart. For traditional control using PLCs, 1 revolution per second is encoded into 1,440 electric pulses for electrical synchronization and control. This is why, the system presented in this study is operating at a sampling frequency of 1,440 Hz. Consequently, the system will have a deadline of 694 μs, i.e., a control action must be taken within a frame of 694 μs as round-trip delay originating from the sensor, passing through the controller, and transmitted once more over the network to reach the actuator.
\n\t\t\t\t
It should be noted that the heavy traffic case should be accompanied by an increase in the processing capabilities of the controller itself. Thus while in the light traffic case the controller was able to process 28,800 packets per second, this number was increased to 74,880 in the heavy traffic case. (These numbers result from multiplying the number of sources and sinks by the sampling rate). The packet delay attributable to the controller will thus be reduced in the heavy traffic case.
\n\t\t\t\t
OPNET (Opnet) was used as a simulation platform. Real-time generating nodes (smart sensors and smart actuators) were modeled using the “advanced workstation” built-in OPNET model. This model allows the simulation of a node with complete adjustable parameters for operation. The node parameters were properly adjusted to meet the needed task as source of traffic (smart sensor) or sink of traffic (smart actuator). The Controller node was simulated also using “advanced workstation”. The Controller node is the administrator in this case: it receives all information from all smart sensors, calculate control parameters, and forward control words to dedicated smart actuators. Producer/ Customer model is finally used to send data from Controller node to smart actuators.
\n\t\t\t\t
All packets were treated in the switch in a similar manner, i.e., without prioritization. Thus, the packet format of the IEEE 803.2z standard (IEEE, 2000) was used without modification.
\n\t\t\t\t
Control signals in the simulations are assumed to be UDP packets. Also, the packet size was fixed to minimum frame size in Gigabit Ethernet (520 bytes).
\n\t\t\t\t
Simulations considered the effect of mixing the control traffic with other types of traffic. These include the option of on-line system diagnostic and fix-up (log-on, request/ download file, up-load file, log-off) as well as e-mail and web-browsing. FTP of 101KB files was considered (Skeie et al., 2002). HTTP, E-mail and telnet traffic was added using OPNET built-in heavy-load models (Daoud et al, 2003).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
4.2. In-Line Production Model Description
\n\t\t\t\t
In many cases, a final product is not produced only on one machine, but, it is handled by several machines in series or in-line. For this purpose, the In-Line Production Model is introduced and investigated. The idea is simply connecting all machine controllers together. Since each individual machine is Ethernet based, interconnecting their controllers (via Ethernet) will enable them to have access to the sensor/actuator level packet flow.
\n\t\t\t\t
The main function of the controller mounted on the machine is to take charge of machine control. An added task now is to help in synchronization. The controller has the major role of synchronizing several machines in line. This can also be done by connecting the networks of the two machines together. To perform synchronization, the controller of a machine sends its status vector to the controller another machine, and vice versa. Status vector means a complete knowledge of machine information, considering the cam position for example, the production rate, and so on. These pieces of information are very important for synchronization, especially the production rate. This is because, depending on this statistic, the machines can speed up or slow down to match their respective productions.
\n\t\t\t\t
A very important metric also, is the fact that the two controllers can back-up data on each other. This is a new added feature. This feature can achieve fault tolerance: in case of a controller failure, the other controller can take over and the machine is not out of service. Although this can slow down the production process, the production is not stopped (Daoud et al., 2004b). Hardware or software failure can cause the failure of one of the controllers. In that case, the information sent by the sensors to the OFF controller is consumed by another operating controller on another machine on the same network (Daoud et al., 2005). “OFF” controller is used instead of failed because the controller can be out of service for preventive maintenance for example. In other words, not only failure of a controller can be tolerated, but regular and preventive maintenance also; because in either cases, failure or maintenance, the controller is out of order.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
5. OPNET Network Simulations & Results
\n\t\t\t
First, network simulations have to be performed to validate the concept of Ethernet integration in its switched mode as a communication medium for NCS. OPNET is used to calculate system performance.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
5.1. Stand Alone Machine Models Simulation Results
\n\t\t\t\t
For the light traffic system, and integrating communication as well as control traffic, results for Fast Ethernet are found to be 671 μs round-trip delay in normal operating conditions, and 683 μs round-trip delay as peak value. Results for Gigabit Ethernet are found to be 501 μs round-trip delay in normal operating conditions, and 517 μs round-trip delay as peak value. As the end-to-end delay limit is set to 694 μs (one sampling period), it can be seen that 100Mbps Ethernet is just satisfying the delay requirements while 1Gbps Ethernet is excellent for such system (Daoud et al., 2003).
\n\t\t\t\t
For the heavy traffic system that consists of 48 smart sensors, 4 smart actuators and one controller, results for Fast Ethernet are found to be 622 μs round-trip delay in normal operating conditions, and 770 μs round-trip delay as peak value. Results for Gigabit Ethernet are found to be 450 μs round-trip delay in normal operating conditions, and 472 μs round-trip delay as peak value. The round-trip delay limit is still 694 μs (one sampling period). It can be seen that 100Mbps Ethernet exceeds the time limit while 1Gbps Ethernet is runs smoothly and can accommodate even more traffic (Daoud et al., 2003).
\n\t\t\t\t
All measured end-to-end delays include processing, propagation, queuing, encapsulation and de-capsulation delays according to equation 2 (Daoud, 2008).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
5.2. In-Line Production Light Traffic Models Simulation Results
\n\t\t\t\t
The first two simulations consist of two light-traffic machines working in-line with one machine having a failed controller. The failed controller traffic is switched to the operating controller node. One simulation uses Fast Ethernet while the other uses Gigabit Ethernet as communication medium.
\n\t\t\t\t
Other simulations investigate Gigabit Ethernet performance with more failed controllers on more machines in-line with only one functioning machine controller. In this case, the traffic of the failed controllers is deviated to the operational controller. Other simulations are run to test machine speed increase. As explained in the previous section, the nominal machine speed tested is 1 revolution per second (1,440Hz).
\n\t\t\t\t
Non-real-time traffic (as in (Daoud et al., 2003)) is added in the three simulations. This is to verify whether or not the system can still function and also if it can accommodate real and non-real-time traffic.
\n\t\t\t\t
Let the sensors/actuators of the machine with the operational controller be called near sensors/actuators. Also, let the sensors/actuators of the machine with the failed controller be called far sensors/actuators (Daoud, 2004a).
\n\t\t\t\t
Results for Fast Ethernet indicate that the delay is too high. The real-time delay a packet faces traveling from the near sensor to the controller and then to the near actuator is around 732 sec. This is the sum of the delay the real-time packet faces traveling from sensor to controller and the delay it faces traveling from controller to actuator. For the far sensors and actuators, the delay is again too large: around 827 sec.
\n\t\t\t\t
Results for Gigabit Ethernet indicate that the delay is small: Only 521 sec round-trip delay for near nodes (see Fig. 4) and 538 sec round-trip delay for far nodes.
\n\t\t\t\t
For three machines with only one controller node operational and running on-top-of Gigabit Ethernet, a round-trip delay of approximately 567 sec was found for near nodes and approximately 578 sec round-trip delay for far nodes (Daoud et al., 2004b).
\n\t\t\t\t
When non-real-time traffic (of the same nature discussed in (Daoud et al., 2003)) is applied in order to jam the control traffic in all three scenarios, a considerable delay is measured. This delay is too large and causes a complete system failure because of the violation of the time constraint of one sampling period. Because of the 3 msec delay that appears in these circumstances with 2 OFF controllers and only 1 ON controller, explicit messaging must be prevented. Explicit messaging here refers to a mixture of non-real-time load of HTTP, FTP, e-mail check and telnet sessions. This is in contrast with “implicit messaging” of real-time control load.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Machine Speed (rps)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Maximum Permissible Delay ( s)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Number of Machines
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Number of OFF Controllers
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Maximum Measured Delay ( s)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
694
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
501
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
694
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
538
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
694
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
578
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
694
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
682
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
694
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.266s
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
579
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
536
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
579
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
545
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
534
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
509
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
534
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
534
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
534
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
545
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
496
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
476
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
496
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
501
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
463
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
476
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 1.
OPNET Simulation Results for In-Line Light Traffic Machine Model (Daoud et al., 2005).
\n\t\t\t\t
This combination of non-real-time traffic loads simulates a real overhead jamming load introduced by the operator or chief engineer (specially FTP loads). This constraint is quiet acceptable in critical operation and preventing all kinds of non-real-time traffic is a justifiable sacrifice (Daoud et al., 2005). Final results are tabulated in Table 1.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
5.3. In-Line Production Heavy Traffic Models Simulation Results
\n\t\t\t\t
In this section, a simulation study of heavy traffic machines model consisting of 48 sensors, 1 controller and 4 actuators working in-line, is conducted using OPNET. This NCS machine is simulated as switched Star Gigabit Ethernet LAN. Sensors are sources of traffic. The Controller is an intermediate intelligent node. Actuators are sinks of traffic. Having 52 real-time packet generation and consumption nodes (48 sensors and 4 actuators) produces a traffic of 74,800 packet per second on the ether channel. This is because the system is running at a speed of 1 revolution per second (rps) to produce 60 strokes per minute (Bossar). Each revolution is encrypted into 1,440 electric pulses, which means that the sampling frequency is 1,440Hz (sampling period of 694s). The number of packets (74,800) is the multiplication of the number of nodes (52) by the sampling frequency (1,440) (Daoud et al., 2003).
\n\t\t\t\t
The most critical scenarios are studied. In these simulations, there is only one active controller while all other controllers on the same line are out of service. Studies for 2, 3 and 4 in-line production machines are done. In all simulations, only one controller is functional and accommodates the control traffic of all 2, 3, or 4 machines on the production line. It was found that the system can tolerate the failure of a maximum of 2 failed controllers in a 3-machine production line. In the case of a 4-machine production line with only one functional controller and 3 failed controllers, the deadline of 694s (1 sampling period) is violated (Daoud & Amer, 2007).
\n\t\t\t\t
Accordingly, it is again recommended to disable non-real-time loads during critical mode operation. In other control schemes that do not have the capabilities mentioned in this study, the production line is switched OFF as soon as one controller fails.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 4.
OPNET Results for Two-Machine Production Line (Heavy Traffic).
\n\t\t\t\t
In all cases, end-to-end delays are measured. These delays includes all types of data encapsulation/de-capsulation on different network layers at all nodes. They also include propagation delays on the communication network and the computational delay at the controller node. Results are tabulated in Table 2. Sample OPNET results are shown in Fig. 4.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Machine Speed (rps)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Maximum Permissible Delay ( s)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Number of Machines
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Number of OFF Controllers
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Maximum Measured Delay ( s)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
694
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
461
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
694
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
522
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
694
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1ms
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
631
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
497
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
631
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
551
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
579
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
464
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
579
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
473
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
534
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
483
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
534
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
520
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
496
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
476
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
496
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
553
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
463
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
464
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 2.
OPNET Simulation Results for In-Line Heavy Traffic Machine Model (Daoud & Amer, 2007).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
6. Production Line Reliability
\n\t\t\t
In the previous sections, fault-tolerant production lines were described and studied from a communications/control point of view. It was shown, using OPNET simulations, that a production line with several machines working in-line, can work in a degraded mode. Upon the failure of a controller on one of the machines, the tasks of the failed controller are executed by another controller on another machine. This reduces the production line’s down time. This section shows how to estimate the Mean Time To Failure (MTTF) and how to use it to find the most cost-effective way of increasing production line reliability.
\n\t\t\t
Consider the following production line; it consists of two machines working in-line. Each machine has a controller, smart sensors and smart actuators. The sampling frequency of each machine is 1,440 Hz.. The machine will fail if the information delay from sensor to controller to actuator exceeds 694 µsec. Also, if one of the two machines fails, the entire production line fails.
\n\t\t\t
In (Daoud et al., 2004b), fault-tolerance was introduced on a system consisting of two such machines. Both machines were linked through Gigabit Ethernet. The Gigabit Ethernet network connected all sensors, actuators and both controllers. It was shown that the failure of one controller on either of the two machines could be tolerated. Special software detected the failure of the controller and transferred its tasks to the remaining functional controller. Non-real-time traffic of FTP, HTTP, telnet and e-mail was not permitted. Mathematical tools are needed to justify this extra cost and prove that production line reliability will increase. One such tool is Markov chains. This will be explained next.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
6.1. Markov Model and Mean Time To Failure
\n\t\t\t\t
Continuous-time Markov models have been widely used to predict the reliability and/or availability of fault-tolerant systems (Billinton & Allan, 1983, Blanke et al., 2006, Johnson, 1989, Siewiorek & Swarz, 1998, Trivedi, 2002). The Markov model describing the system being studied, is shown in Fig. 5. This same model is also found in (Arnold, 1973; Trivedi, 2002). State START is the starting state and represents the error-free situation. If one of the two controllers fails, the system moves from state START to state ONE-FAIL. In this state, both machines are still operating but only one controller is communicating with all sensors and actuators on both machines. If this controller fails before the first one is repaired, the system moves from state ONE-FAIL to state LINE-FAIL. This state is the failure state. The transition rates for the Markov chain in Fig. 5 are explained next.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 5.
Markov model.
\n\t\t\t\t
The system will move from state START to state ONE-FAIL when one of the two controllers fails, assuming that the controller failure is detected and that the recovery software successfully transfers control of both machines to the remaining operational controller. Otherwise, the system moves directly from state START to state LINE-FAIL. This explains the transition from state START to state LINE-FAIL. Let c be the probability of successful detection and recovery. In the literature, the parameter c is known as the coverage and has to be taken into account in the Markov model. One of the earliest papers that defined the coverage is (Arnold, 1973). It defined the coverage as the proportion of faults from which a system automatically recovers. In (Trivedi, 2002), it was shown that a small change in the value of the coverage parameter had a big effect on system Mean Time To Failure (MTTF). The importance of the coverage was further emphasized in (Amer & McCluskey, 1986, 1987a, 1987b, 1987c). Here, the controller software is responsible for detecting a controller failure and switching the control of that machine to the operational controller on the other machine. Consequently, the value of the coverage depends on the quality of the switching software on each controller.
\n\t\t\t\t
Assuming, for simplicity, that both controllers have the same failure rate λ, the transition rate from state START to state ONE-FAIL will be equal to A=2cλ.
\n\t\t\t\t
As mentioned above, the system will move from state START to state ONE-FAIL if a controller failure is not detected or if the recovery software does not transfer control to the operational controller. A software problem in one of the controllers, for example, can cause sensor data to be incorrectly processed and the packet sent to the actuator will have incorrect data but correct CRC. The actuator verifies the CRC, processes the data and the system fails. Another potential problem that cannot be remedied by the fault-tolerant architecture described here is as follows: Both controllers are operational but their inter-communication fails. Each controller assumes that the other has failed and takes control of the entire production line. This conflict causes a production line failure. Consequently, the transition rate from state START to state LINE-FAIL will be equal to B=(1-c)2λ.
\n\t\t\t\t
If the failed controller is repaired while the system is in state ONE-FAIL, a transition occurs to state START. Let the rate of this transition be D=µ. While in state ONE-FAIL, the failure of the remaining controller (before the first one is repaired) will take the system to state LINE-FAIL. Hence, the transition rate from state ONE-FAIL to state LINE-FAIL is equal to E=λ. The Markov model in Fig. 5 can be used to calculate the reliability R(t) of the 1-out-of-2 system under study.
where PSTART(t) is the probability of being in state START at time t and PONE-FAIL(t) is the probability of being in state ONE-FAIL at time t. The model can also be used to obtain the Mean Time To Failure (MTTFft) of the system. MTTFft can be calculated as follows (Billinton, 1983): First, the Stochastic Transitional Probability Matrix P for the model in Fig. 5 is obtained:
where element pij\n\t\t\t\t\t is the transition rate from state i to state j. So, for example, p01\n\t\t\t\t\t is equal to A=2cλ as in Fig. 5. But state LINE-FAIL is an absorbing state. Consequently, the truncated matrix Q is obtained from P by removing the rightmost column and the bottom row. So,
where L = {(A+B)(D+E)}- AD. M is generally defined as the fundamental matrix in which element mij\n\t\t\t\t\t is the average time spent in state j given that the system starts in state i before being absorbed. Since the system under study starts in state START and is absorbed in state LINE-FAIL,
This section shows how to use the Markov model to improve system MTTF in a cost-effective manner. Let the 2-machine fault-tolerant production line described above, have the following parameters:
\n\t\t\t\t
λ1: controller failure rate
\n\t\t\t\t
μ1: controller repair rate
\n\t\t\t\t
c1: coverage
\n\t\t\t\t
Increasing MTTF can be achieved by decreasing λ1, increasing μ1, increasing c1 or a combination of the above. A possible answer to this question can be obtained by using operations research techniques in order to obtain a triplet (λoptimal, coptimal, μoptimal) that will lead to the highest MTTF. Practically, however, it may not be possible to find a controller with the exact failure rate λoptimal and/or the coverage coptimal. Also, it may be difficult to find a maintenance plan with µoptimal. Upon contacting the machine’s manufacturer, the factory will be offered a few choices in terms of better software versions and/or better maintenance plans. Better software will improve λ and c; the maintenance plan will affect µ. As mentioned above, let the initial value of λ, μ and c be {λ1, c1, μ1}. Better software will change these values to {λj, cj, μ1} for 2 ≤ j ≤ n. Here, n is the number of more sophisticated software versions. Practically, n will be a small number. Changing the maintenance policy will change μ1 to μk for 2 ≤ k ≤ m. Again, m will be a small number. In summary, system parameters {λ1, c1, μ1} can only be changed to a small number of alternate triplets {λj, cj, μk}. If n=3 and m=2, for example, the number of scenarios that need to be studied is (mn-1)=5. Running the Markov model 5 times will produce 5 possible values for the improved MTTF. Each scenario will obviously have a cost associated with it. Let
MTTFold is obtained by plugging (λ1, c1, µ1) in the Markov model while MTTFimproved is obtained using one of the other 5 triplets. η represents the improvement in system MTTF with respect to cost. The triplet that produces the highest η is chosen.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
6.3. Improving MTTF – Second Approach
\n\t\t\t\t
In this more complex approach, it is shown that λ, µ and c are not totally independent of each other. Let Qsoftware\n\t\t\t\t\t be the quality of the software installed on the controller and let Qoperator\n\t\t\t\t\t represent the operator’s expertise. A better version of the software (higher Qsoftware\n\t\t\t\t\t) will affect all three parameters simultaneously. Obviously, a better version of the software will have a lower software failure rate, thereby lowering λ. Furthermore, this better version is expected to have more sophisticated error detection and recovery mechanisms. This will increase the coverage c. Finally, the diagnostics capabilities of the software should be enhanced in this better version. This will reduce troubleshooting time, decrease the Repair time and increase µ.
\n\t\t\t\t
Another important factor is the operator’s expertise Qoperator\n\t\t\t\t\t. The controller is usually an industrial PC (Daoud et al., 2003). The machine manufacturer may be able to supply the hardware and software failure rates but the operator’s expertise has to be factored in the calculation of the controller’s failure rate on site. The operator does not just use the controller to operate the machine but also uses it for HTTP, FTP, e-mail, etc, beneficiating of its capabilities as a PC. Operator errors (due to lack of experience) will increase the controller failure rate. An experienced operator will make less mistakes while operating the machines. Hence, λ will decrease. Furthermore, an experienced operator will require less time to repair a controller, i.e., µ will increase.
\n\t\t\t\t
In summary, an increase in Qsoftware\n\t\t\t\t\t produces a decrease in λ and an increase in c and µ. Also, an increase in Qoperator\n\t\t\t\t\t reduces λ and increases µ. Next, it is shown how to use Qsoftware\n\t\t\t\t\t and Qoperator\n\t\t\t\t\t to calculate λ, µ and c. The parameter λ can now be written as follows:
The manufacturer determines λhardware. In general, let λsoftware = f(Qsoftware\n\t\t\t\t\t). The function f is determined by the manufacturer. Alternatively, the manufacturer could just have a table indicating the software failure rate for each of the software versions. Similarly, let λoperator = g(Qoperator). The function g has to be determined on site. Regarding the repair rate and the coverage, remember that, for an exponentially-distributed repair time, μ will be the inverse of the Mean Time To Repair (MTTR). There are two cases to be considered here. First, the factory does not stock controller spare parts on premises. Upon the occurrence of a controller failure, the agent of the machine manufacturer imports the appropriate spare part. A technician may also be needed to install this part. Several factors may therefore affect the MTTR including the availability of the spare part in the manufacturer’s warehouse, customs, etc. Customs may seriously affect the MTTR in the case of developing countries, for example; in this case the MTTR will be in the order of two weeks. In summary, if the factory does not stock spare parts on site, the MTTR will be dominated by travel time, customs, etc. The effects of Qsoftware\n\t\t\t\t\t and Qoperator\n\t\t\t\t\t can be neglected.
\n\t\t\t\t
Second, the factory does stock spare parts on site. If a local technician can handle the problem, the repair time should be just several hours. However, this does depend on the quality of the software and on the expertise of the technician. The better the diagnostic capabilities of the software, the quicker it will take to locate the faulty component. On the other hand, if the software cannot easily pinpoint the faulty component, the expertise of the technician will be essential to quickly fix the problem. If a foreign technician is needed, travel time has to be included in the repair time which will not be in the orders of several hours anymore. Let
μlocal is the expected repair rate in case the failure is repaired locally. µlocal is obviously a function of Qsoftware\n\t\t\t\t\t and Qoperator\n\t\t\t\t\t. Let µlocal = h(Qsoftware, Qoperator). The function h has to be determined on site. If a foreign technician is required, travel time and the technician’s availability have to be taken into account. Again, here, the travel time is expected to dominate the actual repair time on site; in other words, the effects of Qsoftware\n\t\t\t\t\t and Qoperator\n\t\t\t\t\t can be neglected. The probability of requiring a foreign technician to repair a failure can be calculated as a first approximation from the number of times a foreign technician was required in the near past. The coverage parameter c has to be determined by the machine manufacturer.
\n\t\t\t\t
Finally, to calculate the MTTF, the options are not numerous. The production manager will only have a few options to choose from. This approach is obviously more difficult to implement than the previous one. The determination of the function f, g and h is not an easy task. On the other hand, using these functions permits the incorporation of the effect of software quality and operator expertise on λ, c and μ. The Markov model is used again to determine the MTTF for each triplet (λ, c, µ) and η determines the most cost-effective scenario. More details can be found in (Amer & Daoud 2006b).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
7. Modeling Repair and Calculating Average Speed
\n\t\t\t
The Markov chain in Fig. 5 has an absorbing state, namely state LINE-FAIL. In order to calculate system availability, the Markov chain should not have any absorbing states. System instantaneous availability is defined as the probability that the system is functioning properly at a certain time t. Conventional 1-out-of-2 Markov models usually model the repair as a transition from state ONE-FAIL to state START with a rate µ and another transition from state LINE-FAIL to state ONE-FAIL with a rate of 2µ (assuming that there are two repair persons available) (Siewiorek & Swarz, 1998). If there is only one repair person available (which is the realistic assumption in the context of developing countries), the transition rate from state LINE-FAIL to state ONE-FAIL is equal to µ. Figure 6 is the same Markov model as in Fig. 5 except for the extra transition from state LINE-FAIL back to state START. This model has a better representation of the repair policies in developing countries. In this improved model, the transition from state LINE-FAIL to state ONE-FAIL is cancelled. This is more realistic, although unconventional. Since most of the repair time is really travel time (time to import spare parts or time for a specialist to travel to the site), the difference in the time to repair one controller or two controllers will be minimal. In this model, the unavailability is equal to the probability of being in state LINE-FAIL while the availability is equal to the sum of the probabilities of being in states START and ONE-FAIL. These probabilities are going to be used next to calculate the average operating speed of the production line.
\n\t\t\t
In (Daoud et al., 2005), it was found that a fully operational fault-tolerant production line with two machines can operate at a speed of 1.4S where S is the normal speed (1 revolution per minute as mentioned above). If one controller fails, the other controller takes charge of its duties and communicates with all sensors and actuators on both machines. The maximum speed of operation in this case was 1.3S. Assuming λ is not affected by machine speed, the average steady state speed Speed_Avss\n\t\t\t\t will be equal to:
where PSTARTss and PONE-FAILss are the steady state probabilities of being in states START and ONE-FAIL respectively. If the machines had been operated at normal speed,
\n\t\t\t\tEquations 13 and 14 can be used to estimate the increase in production when the machines are operated at higher-than-normal speeds. It is important to note here that machines are not usually operated at their maximum speed on a regular basis but only from time to time in order to obtain a higher turn-over. More information regarding this topic can be found in (Amer et al., 2005).
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
8. TMR Sensors
\n\t\t\t
In the production line studied above, the sensors, switches and actuators were single points of failure. Introducing redundancy at the controller level may not be enough if the failure rate of the sensors/switches/actuators is relatively high especially since there are 32 sensors, 8 actuators, 3 switches and just two controllers. Introducing fault tolerance at the sensor level will certainly increase reliability. Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) is a well-known fault tolerance technique (Johnson, 1989, Siewiorek & Swarz, 1998). Each sensor is triplicated. The three identical sensors send the same data to the controller. The controller compares the data; if the three messages are within the permissible tolerance range, the message is processed. If one of the three messages is different than the other two, it is concluded that the sensor responsible for sending this message has failed and its data is discarded. One of the other two identical messages is processed. This is known as masking redundancy (Johnson, 1989, Siewiorek & Swarz, 1998). The system does not fail even though one of its components is no longer operational. Triplicating each sensor in a light-traffic machine means that the machine will have 48 (=16*3) sensors, one controller and 4 actuators. The first important consequence of this extra hardware is the increased traffic on the network. The number of packets produced by sensors will be tripled. A machine with 48 sensors, one controller and 4 actuators was simulated and studied (Daoud et al. 2003); this is the heavy-traffic machine. The OPNET simulations in (Daoud et al., 2003) indicated that Gigabit Ethernet was able to accommodate both control and communication loads. Another important issue regarding the triplication of the sensors is cost-effectiveness. From a reliability point of view, triplicating sensors is expected to increase the system Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) and consequently, decrease the down time. However, the cost of adding fault tolerance has to be taken into account. This cost includes the extra sensors, the wiring, bigger switches and software modifications. The software is now required to handle the “voting” process; the messages from each three identical sensors have to be compared. If the three messages are within permissible tolerance ranges, one message is processed. If one of the messages is different from the other two, one of the two valid messages is used. The sensor that sent the corrupted message is disregarded till being repaired. If a second sensor from this group fails, the software will not be able to detect which of the sensors has failed and the production line has to be stopped. It is the software’s responsibility to alert the operator using Human Machine Interface (HMI) about the location of the first malfunctioning sensor and to stop the production line upon the failure of the second sensor. System reliability is investigated next in order to find out whether or not the extra cost is justified.
\n\t\t\t
Figure 7.
RBD for Two-Cont Configuration.
\n\t\t\t
Reliability Block Diagrams (RBDs) can be used to calculate system reliability (Siewiorek & Swarz, 1998). Three configurations will be studied and compared. In the first configuration, there is no fault tolerance. Any sensor, controller, switch or actuator on either machine is a single point of failure. For exponentially-distributed failure times, the system failure rate is the sum of the failure rates of all its components. Let this configuration be the Simplex configuration. If fault tolerance is introduced at the controller level only (as in (Daoud et al., 2004b)), this configuration will be called Two-Cont. Figure 7 shows the RBD of the Two-Cont production line with two light-traffic machines. It is clear that fault tolerance only exists at the controller level. Figure 8 describes the RBD of the same production line but with two heavy-traffic machines. Now, every sensor is a TMR system and will fail when two of its sensors fail (2/3 system). Let this configuration be called the TMR configuration. Only the actuators and the switches constitute single points of failure. Instead of calculating system reliability, another approach is taken here, namely the Mission Time (MT). MT(rmin) is the time at which system reliability falls below rmin\n\t\t\t\t (Johnson, 1989, Siewiorek & Swarz, 1998). rmin\n\t\t\t\t is determined by production management and represents the minimum acceptable reliability for the production line. The production line will run continuously for a period of MT. Maintenance will then be performed; if one of the controllers has failed, it is repaired as well as any failed sensor. rmin\n\t\t\t\t is chosen such that the probability of having a system failure during MT is minimal.
\n\t\t\t
Figure 8.
RBD for TMR Configuration.
\n\t\t\t
It is assumed here that the production line is totally fault-free after maintenance. If rmin\n\t\t\t\t is high enough, there will be no unscheduled down time and no loss of production. Of course, if rmin\n\t\t\t\t is very high, MT will decrease and the down time will increase. Production can of course be directly related to cost. Let Rline be the reliability of the production line. Rsensor, Rswitch, Rcontroller and Ractuator will be the reliabilities of the sensor, switch, controller and actuator, respectively. For exponentially-distributed failure times: R = e-t\n\t\t\t\t. R is the component reliability (sensor, controller,...) and λ is its failure rate (which is constant (Johnson, 1989, Siewiorek & Swarz, 1998). Assume for simplicity that the switches are very reliable when compared to the sensors, actuators or controllers and that their probability of failure can be neglected. Furthermore, assume that all sensors on both machines have an identical reliability. The same applies for the controllers and the actuators. Next, the reliabilities of the production line will be calculated for the three configurations: Simplex, Two-Cont and TMR.
\n\t\t\t
In the Simplex mode, there is no fault tolerance at all and any sensor, controller or actuator failure causes a system failure. Hence:
Remember that each machine has 16 sensors, one controller and 4 actuators and the system (production line) consists of two machines. If fault tolerance is introduced at the controller level (as in Daoud et al., 2004b)
The next level of fault tolerance is the introduction of Triple Modular Redundancy at the sensor level. Each of the 32 sensors will now be a sensor assembly that consists of three identical sensors. Hence
\n\t\t\t\tEquations 15, 16 and 17 are then used to determine MT for a specific value of Rline for each of the three configurations. Hence, the cost-effectiveness of the added fault-tolerance can be quantitatively examined. More details can be found in (Amer & Daoud, 2008).
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
9. Conclusion
\n\t\t\t
This chapter has discussed the performance and reliability of fault-tolerant Ethernet Networked Control Systems. The use of Gigabit Ethernet in networked control systems was investigated using the OPNET simulator. Real-time traffic and non-real time traffic were integrated without changing the IEEE 802.3 protocol packet format. In a mixed traffic industrial environment, it was found that standard Gigabit Ethernet switches succeeded in meeting the required time constraints. The maximum speed of operation of individual machines and fault tolerant production-lines was also studied.
\n\t\t\t
The relaibility and availability of fault tolerant production lines was addressed next. It was shown how to use Markov models to find the most cost-effective way of increasing the Mean Time To Failure MTTF. Improved techniques for modeling repair were also discussed. Finally, it was shown how to introduce fault tolerance at the sensor level in order to increase production line mission time.
\n\t\t
\n\t\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/10838.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/10838.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10838",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10838",totalDownloads:2765,totalViews:208,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:74,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 1st 2010",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/10838",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/10838",book:{id:"3620",slug:"factory-automation"},signatures:"Ramez M. Daoud, Hassanein H. Amer and Hany M. ElSayed",authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction ",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Ethernet Networked Control Systems",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Network Nodes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1. Sensor/actuator Networking Level",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2. Using Ethernet in the Sensor/Actuator Level",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3. Performance Metric",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Models Description",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.1. Stand Alone Machine Model Description",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.2. In-Line Production Model Description",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"5. OPNET Network Simulations & Results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"5.1. Stand Alone Machine Models Simulation Results",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"5.2. In-Line Production Light Traffic Models Simulation Results",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"5.3. In-Line Production Heavy Traffic Models Simulation Results",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14",title:"6. Production Line Reliability",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"6.1. Markov Model and Mean Time To Failure",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"6.2. Improving MTTF – First Approach",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"6.3. Improving MTTF – Second Approach",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"7. Modeling Repair and Calculating Average Speed",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19",title:"8. TMR Sensors",level:"1"},{id:"sec_20",title:"9. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAmer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Cluskey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1986 "Calculation of the Coverage Parameter for the Reliability Modeling of Fault-tolerant Computer Systems.", Proc. Intern. Symp. on Circuits and Systems ISCAS, 1050\n\t\t\t\t\t1053 , San Jose, CA, U.S.A., May 1986.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B2",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAmer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Cluskey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1987a "Weighted Coverage in Fault-tolerant Systems", Proc. Reliability and Maintainability Symp. RAMS, 187\n\t\t\t\t\t191 , Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A., January 1987.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B3",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAmer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Cluskey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1987b "Latent Failures and Coverage in Fault-tolerant Systems., Proc. Phoenix Conf. on Computers and Communications, Scottsdale, 89\n\t\t\t\t\t93 , AZ, U.S.A., February 1987.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B4",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAmer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Cluskey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1987c "Calculation of Coverage Parameter.", IEEE Trans. Reliability, June 1987, 194\n\t\t\t\t\t198 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B5",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAmer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoustafa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDaoud\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 “Optimum Machine Performance In Fault-Tolerant Networked Control Systems.”, Proceedings of the IEEE EUROCON Conference, 346\n\t\t\t\t\t349 , Belgrade, Serbia & Montenegro, November 2005.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B6",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAmer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoustafa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDaoud\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006a “Availability Of Pyramid Industrial Networks”, Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering CCECE, 1862\n\t\t\t\t\t1865 , Ottawa, Canada, May 2006.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B7",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAmer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDaoud\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006b “Parameter Determination for the Markov Modeling of Two-Machine Production Lines” Proceedings of the International IEEE Conference on Industrial Informatics INDIN, 1178\n\t\t\t\t\t1182 , Singapore, August 2006.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B8",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAmer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDaoud\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 “Increasing Network Reliability by Using Fault-Tolerant Sensors.”, International Journal of Factory Automation, Robotics and Soft Computing, January 2008, 71\n\t\t\t\t\t76 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B9",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tArnold\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1973 “The concept of coverage and its effect on the reliability model of a repairable system.,” IEEE Trans. On Computers,\n\t\t\t\t\tC-22 , 3 March 1973.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B10",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBaillieul\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAntsaklis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 “Control and Communication Challenges in Networked Real-Time Systems.”, Proceedings of the IEEE,\n\t\t\t\t\t95\n\t\t\t\t\t1 January 2007, 9\n\t\t\t\t\t28 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B11",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBillinton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAllan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1983 “Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems: Concepts and Techniques”, Pitman.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B12",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBlanke\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKinnaert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLunze\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStaroswiecki\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 “Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control Springer-Verlag.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B13",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tBossar Horizontal Machinery. Official Site: www.bossar.es\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B14",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrahimi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAubrun\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRondeau\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 “Modelling and Simulation of Scheduling Policies Implemented in Ethernet Switch by Using Coloured Petri Nets.,” Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation ETFA, Prague, Czech Republic, September 2006.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B15",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrahimi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 “Proposition d’une approche intégrée basée sur les réseaux de Petri de Haut Niveau pour simuler et évaluer les systèmes contrôlés en réseau,” PhD Thesis, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy I, December 2007.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B16",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBushnell\n\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t2001 “Networks and Control.”, IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 21\n\t\t\t\t1 2001, 22\n\t\t\t\t23 .'},{id:"B17",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tClauset\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTanner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAbdallah\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tByrne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 “Controlling Across Complex Networks- Emerging Links Between Networks and Control.”, Annual Reviews in Control, 32\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t183\n\t\t\t\t\t192 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B18",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tControlNet, Official Site: http://www.controlnet.org\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B19",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDaoud\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tElsayed\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAmer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEid\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. Z.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 “Performance of Fast and Gigabit Ethernet in Networked Control Systems.,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Mid-West Symposium on Circuits and Systems, MWSCAS, Cairo, Egypt, December 2003.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B20",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDaoud\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004a\n\t\t\t\t\tPerformance of Gigabit Ethernet in Networked Control Systems, MSc Thesis, Electronics and Communications Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, 2004.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B21",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDaoud\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tElsayed\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAmer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004b “Gigabit Ethernet for Redundant Networked Control Systems., Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology ICIT, December 2004, Hammamet, Tunis.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B22",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDaoud\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAmer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tElsayed\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 “Fault-Tolerant Networked Control Systems under Varying Load.,” IEEE Mid-Summer Workshop on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications, SMCia, Espoo, Finland, June 2005.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B23",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDaoud\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAmer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 “Ethernet for Heavy Traffic Networked Control Systems.”, International Journal of Factory Automation, Robotics and Soft Computing, January 2007, 34\n\t\t\t\t\t39 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B24",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDaoud\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\tWireless and Wired Ethernet for Intelligent Transportation Systems, DSc Dissertation, LAMIH-SP, Universite de Valenciennes et du Hainaut Cambresis, France, 2008.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B25",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDecotignie\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 “Ethernet-Based Real-Time and Industrial Communications.,” Proceedings of the IEEE, 93\n\t\t\t\t\t6 June 2005.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B26",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEker\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCervin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 “A Matlab Toolbox for Real-Time and Control Systems Co-Design,” 6th International Conference on Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications, Hong Kong, P.R. China, December 1999.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B27",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tEtherNet/IP Performance and Application Guide,\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Allen-Bradley, Rockwell Automation, Application Solution.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B28",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFelser\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 “Real-Time Ethernet- Industry Prospective,” Proceedings of the IEEE, 93\n\t\t\t\t\t6 June 2005.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B29",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGeorges\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 “Systèmes contrôles en réseau: Evaluation de performances d’architectures Ethernet commutées,” PhD thesis, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy CRAN, November 2005.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B30",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGeorges\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVatanski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRondeau\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJämsä-Jounela\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 “Use of Upper Bound Delay Estimate in Stability Analysis and Robust Control Compensation in Networked Control Systems.,” 12th IFAC Symposium on Information Control Problems in Manufacturing, INCOM, St-Etienne, France, May 2006.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B31",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrieu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 “Analyse et évaluation de techniques de commutation Ethernet pour l’interconnexion des systèmes avioniques,” PhD Thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Ecole doctorale informatique et telecommunications, September 2004.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B32",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tIEEE Std 8023 2000 Edition\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B33",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJasperneite\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tElsayed\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 “Investigations on a Distributed Time-triggered Ethernet Realtime Protocol used by PROFINET.,” 3rd International Workshop on Real-Time Networks ( RTN 2004), Catania, Sicily, Italy, Jun 2004.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B34",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJohnson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1989 “Design and Analysis of Fault-Tolerant Digital Systems”, Addison-Wesley, 1989.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B35",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHespanha\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNaghshtabrizi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tXu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 “A Survey of Recent Results in Networked Control Systems.”, Proceedings of the IEEE,\n\t\t\t\t\t95\n\t\t\t\t\t1 January 2007, 138\n\t\t\t\t\t162 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B36",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKumar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 “New Technological Vistas for Systems and Control: The Example of Wireless Networks.,” IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 21\n\t\t\t\t\t1 2001, 24\n\t\t\t\t\t37 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B37",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCho\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. H. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 “Congestion Control of High-Speed Gigabit-Ethernet Networks for Industrial Applications.,” Proc. IEEE ISIE, Pusan, Korea, 260\n\t\t\t\t\t265 , June 2001.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B38",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLian\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoyne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTilbury\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 “Performance Evaluation of Control Networks: Ethernet, ControlNet, and DeviceNet,” Tech. Rep. UM-MEAM-99\n\t\t\t\t\t02 , February 1999. Available: http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~impact\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B39",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLian\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoyne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTilbury\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001a “Performance Evaluation of Control Networks: Ethernet, ControlNet, and DeviceNet.,” IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 21\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t66\n\t\t\t\t\t83 , February 2001.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B40",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLian\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoyne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTilbury\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001b “Networked Control Systems Toolkit: A Simulation Package for Analysis and Design of Control Systems with Network Communication.,” Tech. Rep., UM-ME-01\n\t\t\t\t\t04 , July 2001. Available: http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~impact\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B41",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLounsbury\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWesterman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 “Ethernet: Surviving the Manufacturing and Industrial Environment.,” Allen-Bradley white paper, May 2001.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B42",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarsal\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006a “Evaluation of time performances of Ethernet-based Automation Systems by simulation of High-level Petri Nets.,” PhD Thesis, Ecole Normale Superieure De Cachan, December 2006.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B43",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarsal\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDenis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFaur\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFrey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006b “Evaluation of Response Time in Ethernet-based Automation Systems.,” Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA, Prague, Czech Republic, September 2006, 380\n\t\t\t\t\t387 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B44",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMeditch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLea\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1983 “Stability and Optimization of the CSMA and CSMA/CD Channels.,” IEEE Trans. Comm., 31\n\t\t\t\t\t6 June 1983, 763\n\t\t\t\t\t774 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B45",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMorriss\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1995 “Automated Manufacturing Systems Actuators, Controls, Sensors, and Robotics”, McGraw-Hill.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B46",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNilsson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t., 1998 “Real-Time Control Systems with Delays.,” PhD thesis, Department of Automatic Control, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund, Sweden,.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B47",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tODVA, “Volume 1 CIP Common,” Available: http://www.odva.org/10_2/03_events/03_ethernet-homepage.htm\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B48",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tODVA,\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 “2 EtherNet/IP Adaptation on CIP,” Available: http://www.odva.org/10_2/03_events/03_ethernet-homepage.htm\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B49",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tOpnet, Official Site for OPNET http://opnet.com\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B50",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSiewiorek\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSwarz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 “Reliable Computer Systems- Design and Evaluation,” A K Peters, Natick, Massachusetts, 1998.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B51",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSkeie\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJohannessen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrunner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 “Ethernet in Substation Automation.,” IEEE Control Syst., 22\n\t\t\t\t\t3 June 2002, 43\n\t\t\t\t\t51 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B52",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSoloman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1994 “Sensors and Control Systems in Manufacturing,” McGraw-Hill.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B53",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSundararaman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBuy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tU.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKshemkalyani\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 “Clock Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks: a survey.,” Ad Hoc Networks, 3 2005, 281\n\t\t\t\t\t323 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B54",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThomesse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 “Fieldbus Technology in Industrial Automation.”, Proceedings of the IEEE,\n\t\t\t\t\t93\n\t\t\t\t\t6 June 2005, 1073\n\t\t\t\t\t1101 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B55",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTolly\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1997 “The Great Networking Correction: Frames Reaffirmed,” Industry Report, The Tolly Group, IEEE Internet Computing, 1997.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B56",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTrivedi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002\n\t\t\t\t\tProbability and Statistics with Reliability, Queuing, and Computer Science Applications Wiley, New York, 2002.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B57",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVatanski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGeorges\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAubrun\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRondeau\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJämsä-Jounela\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 “Control Compensation Based on Upper Bound Delay in Networked Control Systems.,” 17th International Symposium on Mathematical Theory of Networks and Systems, MTNS, Kyoto, Japan, July 2006.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B58",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWalsh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 “Scheduling of Networked Control Systems.,” IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 21\n\t\t\t\t\t1 February 2001, 57\n\t\t\t\t\t65 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B59",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKeshav\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 “Efficient and Accurate Ethernet Simulation.,” Cornell Network Research Group (C/NRG), Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, May 1999.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B60",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWittenmark\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBastian\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNilsson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 “Analysis of Time Delays in Synchronous and Asynchronous Control Loops.,” Lund Institute of Technology, 37th CDC, Tampa, December 1998.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B61",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 “Networked Control System: a Brief Survey.”, IEE Proceedings-Control Theory and Applications., 153\n\t\t\t\t\t4 July 2006, 403\n\t\t\t\t\t412 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B62",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZhang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBranicky\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhillips\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 “Stability of Networked Control Systems.,” IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 21\n\t\t\t\t\t1 February 2001, 84\n\t\t\t\t\t99 .\n\t\t\t'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Ramez M. Daoud",address:"",affiliation:'
'},{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Hassanein H. Amer",address:null,affiliation:'
'},{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Hany M. ElSayed",address:null,affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"3620",type:"book",title:"Factory Automation",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Factory Automation",slug:"factory-automation",publishedDate:"March 1st 2010",bookSignature:"Javier Silvestre-Blanes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3620.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-024-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5911-7",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:58,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"1118",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Silvestre-Blanes",slug:"javier-silvestre-blanes",fullName:"Javier Silvestre-Blanes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"796"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"10818",type:"chapter",title:"Engineering Processes for Decentralized Factory Automation Systems",slug:"engineering-processes-for-decentralized-factory-automation-systems",totalDownloads:3909,totalCrossrefCites:20,signatures:"Thomas Wagner, Carolin Hausner, Jurgen Elger, Ulrich Lowen and Arndt Luder",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10831",type:"chapter",title:"Wireless Technologies in Factory Automation",slug:"wireless-technologies-in-factory-automation",totalDownloads:3258,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Aurel Buda, Volker Schuermann and Joerg F. Wollert",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10836",type:"chapter",title:"A Real-Time Wireless Communication System Based on 802.11 MAC",slug:"a-real-time-wireless-communication-system-based-on-802-11-mac",totalDownloads:3315,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gennaro Boggia, Pietro Camarda, L. Alfredo Grieco and Giammarco Zacheo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10829",type:"chapter",title:"When the Industry Goes Wireless: Drivers, Requirements, Technology and Future Trends",slug:"when-the-industry-goes-wireless-drivers-requirements-technology-and-future-trends",totalDownloads:2753,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Simon Carlsen and Stig Petersen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10828",type:"chapter",title:"Rapid Application Development for Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"rapid-application-development-for-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:3152,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mohammad Mostafizur Rahman Mozumdar and Luciano Lavagno",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10820",type:"chapter",title:"VAN Applied to Control of Utilities Networks - Requirements and Capabilities",slug:"van-applied-to-control-of-utilities-networks-requirements-and-capabilities",totalDownloads:1996,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Javier Silverstre-Blanes, Victor-M. Sempere-Paya and Teresa Albero-Albero",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10844",type:"chapter",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks for Networked Manufacturing Systems",slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-for-networked-manufacturing-systems",totalDownloads:3801,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"L. Q. Zhuang, D. H. Zhang and M. M. Wong",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10834",type:"chapter",title:"Wired and Wireless Reliable Real-Time Communication in Industrial Systems",slug:"wired-and-wireless-reliable-real-time-communication-in-industrial-systems",totalDownloads:2242,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Magnus Jonsson and Kristina Kunert",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10830",type:"chapter",title:"A Perspective on the IEEE 802.11e Protocol for the Factory Floor",slug:"a-perspective-on-the-ieee-802-11e-protocol-for-the-factory-floor",totalDownloads:2726,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Lucia Lo Bello, Emanuele Toscano and Salvatore Vittorio",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10846",type:"chapter",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks in Industrial Automation",slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-in-industrial-automation",totalDownloads:5367,totalCrossrefCites:18,signatures:"Marko Paavola and Kauko Leiviska",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10819",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis of Switched Ethernet for Real-Time Transmission",slug:"analysis-of-switched-ethernet-for-real-time-transmission",totalDownloads:2973,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Joan Vila-Carbo, Joaquim Tur-Massanet and Enrique Hernandez-Orallo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10843",type:"chapter",title:"Token Passing Techniques for Hard Real-Time Communication",slug:"token-passing-techniques-for-hard-real-time-communication",totalDownloads:2849,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Gianluca Franchino, Giorgio C. Buttazzo and Tullio Facchinetti",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10838",type:"chapter",title:"Performance and Reliability of Fault-Tolerant Ethernet Networked Control Systems",slug:"performance-and-reliability-of-fault-tolerant-ethernet-networked-control-systems",totalDownloads:2765,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ramez M. Daoud, Hassanein H. Amer and Hany M. ElSayed",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10824",type:"chapter",title:"Study of Event-based Sampling Techniques and Their Influence on Greenhouse Climate Control with Wireless Sensors Network",slug:"study-of-event-based-sampling-techniques-and-their-influence-on-greenhouse-climate-control-with-wire",totalDownloads:2958,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Andrzej Pawlowski, Jose L. Guzman, Francisco Rodriguez, Manuel Berenguel, Jose Sanchez and Sebastian Dormido",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10823",type:"chapter",title:"3D RFID Simulation and Design - Factory Automation",slug:"3d-rfid-simulation-and-design-factory-automation",totalDownloads:4176,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Wei Liu and Ming Mao Wong",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10845",type:"chapter",title:"Robustness Enhancement of Networked Control Systems",slug:"robustness-enhancement-of-networked-control-systems",totalDownloads:2104,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michal Morawski and Antoni Zajaczkowski",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10826",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Business-to-Control Agents in Next Generation Automation Enterprise Systems",slug:"the-role-of-business-to-control-agents-in-next-generation-automation-enterprise-systems",totalDownloads:2075,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Francisco P. Maturana and Eugene Liberman",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10827",type:"chapter",title:"A Multiagent Architecture Based in aFoundation Fieldbus Network Function Blocks",slug:"a-multiagent-architecture-based-in-afoundation-fieldbus-network-function-blocks",totalDownloads:2668,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Vinicius Ponte Machado, Dennis Brandao, Adriao Duarte Doria Neto and Jorge Dantas de Melo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10837",type:"chapter",title:"Production System’s Life Cycle-Oriented Innovation of Industrial Information Systems",slug:"production-system-s-life-cycle-oriented-innovation-of-industrial-information-systems",totalDownloads:3243,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Dencovski Kristian, Lowen Ulrich, Holm Timo, Amberg Michael, Maurmaier Mathias and Gohner Peter",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10825",type:"chapter",title:"Asynchronous Analogue-to-Digital Conversion Techniques",slug:"asynchronous-analogue-to-digital-conversion-techniques",totalDownloads:4333,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nikos Petrellis, Michael Birbas, John Kikidis and Alex Birbas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10833",type:"chapter",title:"Implementation of the Delay Compensator Approach",slug:"implementation-of-the-delay-compensator-approach",totalDownloads:2259,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ana Antunes, Fernando Dias, Jose Vieira and Alexandre Mota",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10835",type:"chapter",title:"Control of Robot Interaction Forces Using Evolutionary Techniques",slug:"control-of-robot-interaction-forces-using-evolutionary-techniques",totalDownloads:2210,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jose de Gea, Yohannes Kassahun and Frank Kirchner",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10840",type:"chapter",title:"Formal Methods in Factory Automation",slug:"formal-methods-in-factory-automation",totalDownloads:2648,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Corina Popescu and Jose L. Martinez Lastra",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10842",type:"chapter",title:"Adaptive Implementation of Discrete Event Control Systems based on Sequential Function Charts",slug:"adaptive-implementation-of-discrete-event-control-systems-based-on-sequential-function-charts",totalDownloads:2626,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ramon Piedrafita and Jose Luis Villarroel",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10817",type:"chapter",title:"Automated Production Monitoring and Control System Engineering by Combining a Standardized Data Format (CAEX) with Standardized Communication (OPC UA)",slug:"automated-production-monitoring-and-control-system-engineering-by-combining-a-standardized-data-form",totalDownloads:3973,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Miriam Schleipen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10822",type:"chapter",title:"Real-Time Obstacle Avoidance Using Potential Field for a Nonholonomic Vehicle",slug:"real-time-obstacle-avoidance-using-potential-field-for-a-nonholonomic-vehicle",totalDownloads:2377,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"Hiroaki Seki, Yoshitsugu Kamiya and Masatoshi Hikizu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10841",type:"chapter",title:"Developing FPGA-based Embedded Controllers Using Matlab/Simulink",slug:"developing-fpga-based-embedded-controllers-using-matlab-simulink",totalDownloads:9679,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"T. Barlas and M. Moallem",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10832",type:"chapter",title:"Model Reference Control of Human-Operated Mobile Robot for Object Transportation",slug:"model-reference-control-of-human-operated-mobile-robot-for-object-transportation",totalDownloads:2056,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Naoki Uchiyama and Tatsuhiro Hashimoto",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10821",type:"chapter",title:"Diagnosis of Intermittent Faults and its dynamics",slug:"diagnosis-of-intermittent-faults-and-its-dynamics",totalDownloads:2215,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"A. Correcher, E. Garcia, F. Morant, E. Quiles and L. Rodriguez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10839",type:"chapter",title:"Easy-Implementable On-line Identification Method for a First-Order System Including a Time-Delay",slug:"easy-implementable-on-line-identification-method-for-a-first-order-system-including-a-time-delay",totalDownloads:2344,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Satoshi Suzuki and Katsuhisa Furuta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10385",title:"Advanced Applications of Hydrogen and Engineering Systems in the Automotive Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"362b356f3ae4c3b5ab5a5fe69d92d270",slug:"advanced-applications-of-hydrogen-and-engineering-systems-in-the-automotive-industry",bookSignature:"Luigi Cocco and Muhammad Aziz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10385.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112023",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",surname:"Cocco",slug:"luigi-cocco",fullName:"Luigi Cocco"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"98160",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Aziz",slug:"muhammad-aziz",fullName:"Muhammad Aziz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/98160/images/system/98160.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Aziz is currently an Associate Professor at the Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. He received a BEng, MEng, and DEng in Mechanical Engineering from Kyushu University, Japan, in 2004, 2006, and 2008, respectively. His research interests include power generation, renewable energy utilization, process modeling, smart grids, electric vehicles, batteries, and hydrogen production and utilization. He has published more than 125 peer-reviewed journals, 22 books and book chapters, and more than 200 proceedings. In addition, Dr. Aziz is also an active reviewer for more than sixty distinguished journals related to energy research.",institutionString:"The University of Tokyo",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"73923",title:"Hybrid Steering Systems for Automotive Applications",slug:"hybrid-steering-systems-for-automotive-applications",signatures:"Nicolae Vasiliu, Daniela Vasiliu, Constantin Drăgoi, Constantin Călinoiu and Toma Cojocaru-Greblea",authors:[{id:"328477",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Vasiliu",fullName:"Daniela Vasiliu",slug:"daniela-vasiliu"},{id:"328478",title:"Dr.",name:"Toma",middleName:null,surname:"Cojocaru-Greblea",fullName:"Toma Cojocaru-Greblea",slug:"toma-cojocaru-greblea"},{id:"330949",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicolae",middleName:null,surname:"Vasiliu",fullName:"Nicolae Vasiliu",slug:"nicolae-vasiliu"},{id:"333794",title:"Dr.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Dragoi",fullName:"Constantin Dragoi",slug:"constantin-dragoi"},{id:"333795",title:"Dr.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Călinoiu",fullName:"Constantin Călinoiu",slug:"constantin-calinoiu"}]},{id:"74236",title:"New Robust Control Design of Brake-by-Wire Actuators",slug:"new-robust-control-design-of-brake-by-wire-actuators",signatures:"Ehsan Arasteh and Francis Assadian",authors:[{id:"279272",title:"Prof.",name:"Francis",middleName:null,surname:"Assadian",fullName:"Francis Assadian",slug:"francis-assadian"},{id:"327623",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ehsan",middleName:null,surname:"Arasteh",fullName:"Ehsan Arasteh",slug:"ehsan-arasteh"}]},{id:"74309",title:"Role of Bearings in New Generation Automotive Vehicles: Powertrain",slug:"role-of-bearings-in-new-generation-automotive-vehicles-powertrain",signatures:"Maruti Khaire",authors:[{id:"326516",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maruti",middleName:null,surname:"Khaire",fullName:"Maruti Khaire",slug:"maruti-khaire"}]},{id:"73339",title:"Generation and Relaxation of Residual Stresses in Automotive Cylinder Blocks",slug:"generation-and-relaxation-of-residual-stresses-in-automotive-cylinder-blocks",signatures:"Serageldin Salem Mohamed, Agnes M. Samuel, Herbert W. Doty, Salvador Valtierra and Fawzy H. Samuel",authors:[{id:"178918",title:"Dr.",name:"Fawzy H.",middleName:null,surname:"Samuel",fullName:"Fawzy H. Samuel",slug:"fawzy-h.-samuel"},{id:"184917",title:"Dr.",name:"Herbert",middleName:null,surname:"Doty",fullName:"Herbert Doty",slug:"herbert-doty"},{id:"320504",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnes Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Samuel",fullName:"Agnes Marie Samuel",slug:"agnes-marie-samuel"},{id:"327921",title:"Dr.",name:"Serag",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",fullName:"Serag Mohamed",slug:"serag-mohamed"},{id:"327922",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvador",middleName:null,surname:"Valtierra",fullName:"Salvador Valtierra",slug:"salvador-valtierra"}]},{id:"74124",title:"Quality and Trends of Automotive Fuels",slug:"quality-and-trends-of-automotive-fuels",signatures:"David Andrew Gauci and Panagiotis Arkoudeas",authors:[{id:"326550",title:"Dr.",name:"Panagiotis",middleName:null,surname:"Arkoudeas",fullName:"Panagiotis Arkoudeas",slug:"panagiotis-arkoudeas"},{id:"326639",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Gauci",fullName:"David Gauci",slug:"david-gauci"}]},{id:"74920",title:"Light Weight Complex Metal Hydrides for Reversible Hydrogen Storage",slug:"light-weight-complex-metal-hydrides-for-reversible-hydrogen-storage",signatures:"Sesha Srinivasan, Luis Rivera, Diego Escobar and Elias Stefanakos",authors:[{id:"327581",title:"Dr.",name:"Sesha",middleName:null,surname:"Srinivasan",fullName:"Sesha Srinivasan",slug:"sesha-srinivasan"},{id:"345553",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera",fullName:"Luis Rivera",slug:"luis-rivera"},{id:"345554",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Escobar",fullName:"Diego Escobar",slug:"diego-escobar"},{id:"345555",title:"Dr.",name:"Elias",middleName:null,surname:"Stefanakos",fullName:"Elias Stefanakos",slug:"elias-stefanakos"}]},{id:"74097",title:"Hydrogen Storage: Materials, Kinetics and Thermodynamics",slug:"hydrogen-storage-materials-kinetics-and-thermodynamics",signatures:"Athule Ngqalakwezi and Diakanua Bevon Nkazi",authors:[{id:"326297",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Athule",middleName:null,surname:"Ngqalakwezi",fullName:"Athule Ngqalakwezi",slug:"athule-ngqalakwezi"},{id:"333154",title:"Prof.",name:"Diakanua Bevon",middleName:null,surname:"Nkazi",fullName:"Diakanua Bevon Nkazi",slug:"diakanua-bevon-nkazi"}]},{id:"74420",title:"Hydrogen Fuel Cell Implementation for the Transportation Sector",slug:"hydrogen-fuel-cell-implementation-for-the-transportation-sector",signatures:"Rungsima Yeetsorn and Yaowaret Maiket",authors:[{id:"328663",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Rungsima",middleName:null,surname:"Yeetsorn",fullName:"Rungsima Yeetsorn",slug:"rungsima-yeetsorn"},{id:"328848",title:"Ms.",name:"Yaowaret",middleName:null,surname:"Maiket",fullName:"Yaowaret Maiket",slug:"yaowaret-maiket"}]},{id:"73891",title:"Quantum Calculations to Estimate the Heat of Hydrogenation Theoretically",slug:"quantum-calculations-to-estimate-the-heat-of-hydrogenation-theoretically",signatures:"Ali Amir Khairbek",authors:[{id:"326743",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ali",middleName:"Amir",surname:"Khairbek",fullName:"Ali Khairbek",slug:"ali-khairbek"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3620",title:"Factory Automation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"factory-automation",bookSignature:"Javier Silvestre-Blanes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3620.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1118",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Silvestre-Blanes",slug:"javier-silvestre-blanes",fullName:"Javier Silvestre-Blanes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7436",title:"New Trends in Industrial Automation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6abb5722b5e27eb4b886a74f5aa4333",slug:"new-trends-in-industrial-automation",bookSignature:"Pengzhong Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7436.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19636",title:"Prof.",name:"Pengzhong",surname:"Li",slug:"pengzhong-li",fullName:"Pengzhong Li"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9423",title:"AI and Learning Systems",subtitle:"Industrial Applications and Future Directions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10ac8fb0bdbf61044395963028653d21",slug:"ai-and-learning-systems-industrial-applications-and-future-directions",bookSignature:"Konstantinos Kyprianidis and Erik Dahlquist",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9423.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35868",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantinos",surname:"Kyprianidis",slug:"konstantinos-kyprianidis",fullName:"Konstantinos Kyprianidis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"71207",title:"Parametric Modeling of Machine Tools",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90843",slug:"parametric-modeling-of-machine-tools",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Modern computer-aided design (CAD) constructive and technological purposes are widely used methods and means of parameterization to increase productivity, on the one hand, and improve the quality of design decisions made, on the other hand. In the modern “medium-” and “heavy-” class systems, the presence of a parametric model is embedded in the ideology of the CAD systems themselves. The existence of a parametric description of an object is the basis for the entire design process [1].
\n
The process of parametric modeling is associated with the use of model element parameters and the relationships between these parameters, which makes it possible to effectively generate various versions of designed objects using variation of parameters or geometric relations. Unlike traditional 2D and 3D constructions, the use of parameterization tools allows to create a mathematical model of a structure with parameters that, when changed, leads to change the configuration of the structure, relative positions of the parts in the assembly, etc.
\n
One of the designer priorities is to create a conceptual design of the future product and the initial linking of structural elements. Parameterization is a very valuable tool, which allows for a short time to analyze various design schemes and avoid fundamental errors.
\n
Parametric technology corporation (PTC) is considered the pioneer of parameterization, which in 1988 was the first to implement a procedure for creating parametric models.
\n
As is known, the design of machines and tools is primarily associated with the determination of the geometric shapes of detail and their relative position. Therefore, the history of automation is interconnected with the history of computer graphics. Software automation systems had to be invariant with respect to a set of computing tools and equipment input and output of graphic information. This has led to the emergence of various standardization systems. Thus, the standard for the basic graphic system consists of a functional description and specification of graphic functions for various programming languages.
\n
In the field of design automation, the unification of the geometric modeling basic operations gave rise to invariant geometric cores intended for use in various CAD systems. As known, the core includes a library of CAD system basic mathematical functions, which defines and stores 3D forms, processes commands, saves results, and outputs the results of processing. The most widely used are two geometric cores: Parasolid (a product of Unigraphics Solutions) and ACIS (Spatial Technology). The Parasolid core, developed in 1988, becomes the core of solid modeling for CAD/CAM Unigraphics and, since 1996, the industry standard.
\n
Parasolid V19.1 is the first version with support for 64-bit operating systems, using the full power of 64-bit technology to increase the productivity of the creative design process, creating a single 3D modeling platform for the entire product lifecycle management (PLM) industry.
\n
Using the powerful Parasolid core in such well-known CAD Unigraphics allows solving all problems not in external applications, such as in CATIA, where parameterization is performed at the external module level, but at the core level and all its applications working the same way inside the system.
\n
This in-system approach enables the provision of the entire product creation cycle: from the conceptual idea to the implementation within the system itself, without the additional use of external applications. It is also important that providing a unified environment for product development allows you to create a single digital model with which all project participants can work simultaneously. In this case, it is necessary to have sufficiently powerful means of parameterization, allowing for changes of complex structures in large assemblies, to be able to build complex associative links and also certain flexibility, since the product is constantly changing in the design process.
\n
However, in almost all systems, such as Autodesk Mechanical Desktop, Unigraphics, CATIA, I-DEAS, etc., one parameterize of the British company D-CUBED is used. The D-CUBED parameterize includes two components: a sketcher designed to build a parametric profile, on the basis of which a 3D operation will be created, and a mathematical library that allows to link individual parts into assembly structures.
\n
The D-CUBED parameterize, focused on 3D modeling, is ineffective in 2D drawing. The mathematics that successfully works on dozens of profile lines in the 3D system sketcher does not cope with thousands of interrelated elements of drawings. And the need for a complete dimensioning of the D-CUBED parametric model turns the process of parameterization of even a simple drawing into an almost unreal task.
\n
One very useful use of parameterization is the creation of standard element libraries. The cost of creating a parameterization scheme pays off by reusing libraries. So, in the KOMPAS system of the company ASCON [2, 3, 4, 5], a simpler approach to the creation of libraries of standard elements has been successfully implemented. It consists in the rejection of the expensive borrowed parameterize and the use of proprietary software for programming a large number of standard elements in plug-in libraries and the transfer to third-party companies of the means for creating such libraries. This allowed the use of an inexpensive software product for obtaining a large set of parameterized libraries.
\n
The process of computer-aided design is constantly being improved. An example of an innovative approach in the field of CAD is the emergence of synchronous modeling (CT) tools proposed by Siemens PLM Software. CAD NX is the flagship CAD/CAM/CAE PLM system (formerly Unigraphics) [6, 7].
\n
This technology allows two main approaches to modeling: parametric design and direct editing. Thanks to synchronous technology, the possibilities of defining the functions of structural elements are expanded, which does not require the description of elements and their limitations manually. New methods for selecting objects automatically recognize logical and intra-element relationships even on models imported from other CAD systems, which contributes to the reuse of design data. For the first time, solutions are proposed for element-wise direct editing without a construction history, which is now available in NX.
\n
CT technology allows setting fixed dimensions and parameters and designing rules at the time of creating or editing a model, without using the history of its creation. Synchronous modeling technology simultaneously synchronizes geometry and design rules by applying a new decision-making mechanism based on an expert system. It allows designers to use geometry from other CAD systems without creating it again. The suggestive selection technology automatically determines the functions of structural elements, without requiring manual description of the elements and their limitations.
\n
Consider the main features of the use of the parameterization toolkit in the APM WinMachine CAD system [8]. In the mode of creating a parametric model, the drawing or any part of it is drawn by creating a special parametric model. The parameters have a numerical expression in drawing units, and their set will determine the dimensional characteristics of the particular part. Parameters are set either numerically or through analytical expressions, and the drawing law is a sequence of drawing commands and their corresponding logical and analytical expressions with the specified parameters. The parametric model created in this way can be inserted into a regular drawing as a parametric unit.
\n
\n
\n
2. Parametric modeling of transverse layout for metal-cutting machine tools
\n
\n
2.1 Build optimal layout
\n
The requirements for the design of specific machine tools vary depending on their types, while the construction of the basic layout is one of the most decisive steps. The layout of the machine is predetermined by the layout of the gearbox and the carrier system of the machine. The design of gearboxes for machine tools (main drive, feed box) is aimed at achieving a large range of rotational speeds (regulation range Rn of modern machines can reach Rn = 100 ... 250) and high rigidity.
\n
When designing speed boxes (SB), they seek to simplify the design and make it more compact by reducing the number of stages and limiting the gear ratios. So, the reduction of the radial dimensions can be carried out [9, 10, 11]:
The replacement of the three-shaft box to double-shaft.
Rational distribution of gear ratios between several pairs of wheels.
Use of parallel transmissions, so that the power is transmitted over the parallel streams and the size of the SB is significantly reduced.
Coaxial-mounted shafts, etc.
\n\n
The use of CAD at various stages of designing assemblies of units and components of the machine involves the integration of a set of design and graphics modules, united by a single design concept with the ability to access common databases [12].
\n
For the whole variety of machines of a certain group (type), it is impossible to use one or two SB structures. Most often, one has to either develop a new design using structural optimization methods or create a new version of the already known prototype design using the parametric optimization method. The parametric model is a sequence of drawing commands with the specified parameters. Parameters are set either numerically or through mathematical expressions.
\n
A feature of the automated design process of a SB is a variety of alternative layout options and the need for adjustments and refinements to the specific features of the design object. The efficiency of the SB design depends on the adopted transverse layout (convolution), including the position of the output shaft. In the existing works on the design of the SB convolutions, the methodology and algorithm for constructing an effective variant of the box design according to the criteria of rigidity and reliability are not given.
\n
In turn, the position of the output shaft in the optimal layout also depends on the position of the resultant cutting force R. Thus, for the range of milling and multioperational machine in the cutting process, tangential Pz\n and radial Py\n components of cutting forces R arise [13, 14, 15].
\n
When determining the spatial position of gears that transmit torque to the machine spindle, it is necessary to consider two mutually exclusive situations:
Parallelism and unidirectionality of the cutting force R and the resultant force Q in gearing “output shaft spindle” provide the maximum rigidity of the spindle assembly (minimum deflection of the spindle front end). This option is used in machines for finishing processing methods.
Parallelism and directivity in opposite directions of the forces R and Q provide the least load on the front support (as the most loaded during the machine operation). In this case, the deflection of the front end of the shaft is maximum, which is permissible only for roughing.
\n\n
The many options for the SB parts design their mutual arrangement, on the one hand, as well as the need to increase the productivity of the designer, on the other, make it possible to use a parametric modeling apparatus. It is this mechanism that allows reducing the development time of a new or modification of known structures, implemented in all modern CAD systems [15, 16, 17].
\n
The parameterization mechanism is characterized by the presence of interconnections and constraints between the geometric objects that make up this structure (as opposed to nonparametric). At the same time, a part of the indicated interrelations and restrictions can be formed automatically when entering graphic information and the rest can be assigned by the user independently.
\n
\n
\n
2.2 Research problem statement
\n
In this chapter, a procedure for constructing parametric models of gearbox transverse layouts for machine tools has been developed. The solved problem is formulated as follows:
\n
\nTo develop such a parametric model of the transverse assembly of the SB, which in one variant will provide the maximum rigidity of the designed machine (its spindle assembly), and in another variant, the minimum reduced load on the front spindle support.\n
\n
\n
\n
2.3 Parametric modeling of the speed box transverse layout for the drilling-milling and boring machine
\n
As a prototype, we choose a horizontal drilling-milling boring machine (DMB machine) with advanced technological capabilities of the model SF68PF4 [18]. The layout of this machine involves moving along the horizontal guides of the headstock (Z axis), to which a vertical head is attached (Figure 1a) or additional devices (slotting and angle heads, trunk with a package of disk cutters).
\n
Figure 1.
Spindle head of the DMB machine with SB: (a) kinematic diagram and (b) 3D model.
\n
The headstock includes a spindle unit with a tool clamping mechanism and a camshaft transmitting rotation to a horizontal or vertical spindle using an automatic gear shifter. A two-stage gearbox is built into the structure under consideration, as well as a number of other parts and assemblies that ensure the normal operation of the headstock. Rotation from the electric motor through the poly-V-belt is transmitted to the input shaft and through gearing to the camshaft of the gearbox. From the latter, rotation is transmitted to the coupling of the vertical head or to the gear of the horizontal spindle (Figure 1a). The 3D model of the DMB machine headstock was developed in the environment of the integrated CAD system KOMPAS-3D (Figure 1b) using the specialized application “shafts and mechanical transmissions 3D.”
\n
\n
\n
2.4 Optimal layout options
\n
The transverse convolution of the machine during the boring operation, taking into account the location of the cutting forces (PZ, PY\n) and the forces in the gearing (P0, Pr\n), is shown in Figure 2.
\n
Figure 2.
Transverse layout of the speed box for the machine model SF68VF4: (a) system of forces; and (b) fragment of the optimal layout parametric model.
\n
Analysis of the transverse arrangement shows the nonoptimal spatial position of the machine tool output shaft (nv\n) relative to the spindle (nsp\n), caused by nonparallelism of the resulting forces P and R. This leads to an increase in the reduced load on the front spindle bearing [19] and lowering its carrying capacity. However, this spatial arrangement simplifies the design of the gearbox housing, which is shown in Figure 3. In Figure 3b presents a three-dimensional model of mechanical gears that implement kinematic connections from an electric motor to a spindle unit. A three-dimensional model of the housing part has also been developed to provide the selected criterion for minimizing the reduced load on the front spindle support.
\n
Figure 3.
Speed box of the SF68VF4 machine (transverse layout): (a) design; and (b) housing and kinematics—3D gears.
\n
Rather simple design of the housing differs in two original solutions:
On the right side of the housing, there is a joint for mounting the gear in a spatial layout. At the same time, the overall technologically feasible rectangular housing shape with minimal dimensions is maintained.
In the lower part of the housing, a spherical shape is deepened, which allows minimizing the size of the housing with fixed initial data.
\n
The presence of the bottom of the nonrectilinear housing is an interesting version for the gearbox of a multifunctional machine. This design allows to implement such a spatial position of the shafts and the spindle, which ensures maximum rigidity of the spindle node and the machine tool as a whole.
\n
At the stage of preliminary design, it is efficient to use a parameterization apparatus, with the help of which it is possible to solve the two-criterion problem of constructing the transverse layout of a horizontal headstock with an integrated two-staged gearbox. For this, we will use the parametric capabilities of the CAD/CAE system of the APM WinMachine system [11, 20].
\n
\n
\n
2.5 Parameterization in the APM graph module
\n
In this system (in the mode of creating a parametric model) is a design of a drawing (or any part of it); a special parametric model is formed. In this case, the APM Graph module is used, where a sequence of drawing commands and their corresponding logical and analytical expressions with the specified parameters are implemented. In Figure 4 the command window is presented in the task of constructing a transverse layout (e.g., of constructing a “segment through two points”).
\n
Figure 4.
The command window of the APM graph module.
\n
A parametric model created in this way can be inserted into a regular drawing as a parametric block.
\n
The algorithm for working with the parametric model includes:
Creation of a parametric model at the command level, which consists in linking graphical objects to those numerical data or communication equations that were set as variables. In this case, auxiliary variables can be used as input in the parameters of subsequent commands.
Indication of the primitive type being created and its index in commands for creating graphic primitives. Indexes are used in those commands for the execution of which. It is necessary to indicate one or more objects existing in the drawing (drawing a line parallel to the specified one, deleting objects, etc.).
Editing the list of commands, consisting in the ability to remove a command from the list and replace it with another. Accordingly, the type of the parametric model may change, or errors due that together with the deleted command may appear. In this case any data necessary in subsequent commands was deleted.
\n\n
The control points created with the object are also automatically indexed and can be used. In subsequent commands to directly access the created control points for the parametric model.
\n
The designer has the ability to insert a parametric block into the drawing with a change in any of its parameters, including changing the scale and angle of inserted block rotation. The graphic part of the APM WinMachine system unified database [20] is similarly organized. It stores not only the numerical parameters of standard parts and elements but also their parametric models.
\n
When inserting a graphical object from the database, the user has the opportunity not only to insert any standard element into the drawing, but also to change any of its parameters.
\n
At the same time, to achieve the minimum load on the front spindle support, Figure 5b, it is necessary to adjust the housing design, while the housing connector should be made from the opposite side (Figure 5a).
\n
Figure 5.
Transverse layout with the minimum reduced power: (a) design; and (b) study of the spindle stiffness characteristics.
\n
Let us consider the basic design of the control gear for the wide-universal drilling-milling and boring machine with CNC model SF68PF4 [11], built into the two-stage SB of the main movement (Figure 1). In the mode of coordination with the rotary table, it provides processing of parts from all sides, as well as coaxial boring of holes without remounting the workpieces. The developed 3D model of the SF68PF4 machine spindle node (SN) using KOMPAS-3D resources for setting parametric connections and associations between the individual components of the 3D assembly is shown in Figure 5b.
\n
The SN of this multioperational machine is considered as a beam on two elastic bearings, each of which is mounted on dual angular contact bearings installed according to the “Tandem-O” scheme with preload in the form of different-height bushings. The authors developed a 3D model of SN assembling with a mechanism for automatic tool clamping in the KOMPAS-3D system (Figure 5b).
\n
To perform a comprehensive engineering analysis of both individual parts and assemblies, we will use the entire FEM module [19]. This module is equipped with a CAE library that implements solving engineering problems by the finite element method (FEM). In the process of solving, fixations and applied loads are set; matching faces are set (for FEM analysis of the assembly); FEM-mesh generation; calculation and viewing of results in the form of stress and displacement maps are performed.
\n
To study the stiffness, an elastic-deformation model of spindle node two-support construction is built. It takes into account a set of modular equipment (consoles) of various sizes. A feature of the studied object is the presence of two components:
Unified two-support spindle unit, which can be used in various multioperational machines.
Tool blocks—a variable component, oriented to a different range of manufactured products.
\n\n
Using the APM FEM module, all of the above actions were performed, and displacement fields on the set of spindle sections as beams were obtained. The analysis of the compliance characteristics for various multi-operation machines MTs 200PF4, MS51PF3, and SF68PF4 showed that the spindle assembly of the machine SF68PF4 is characterized by minimal flexibility. It has become possible due to the adoption of the optimal spatial layout. A study was made of the change in the flexibility of the SN cantilever part for various standard sizes of tooling: with a spindle cone 30 AT5 in accordance with GOST 15945-82 for the model MS51PF3, with a cone 40 according to GOST 936-82 for model SF68PF4 and a cone 40AT5 according to GOST 15945-82 for model MTs200PF4V (Figure 5b).
\n
To assess the change in the position of the gearbox shafts, a parametric modeling program was developed in the APM Graph (Figure 6).
\n
Figure 6.
Command window of transverse layout parametric modeling: (a) command window; and (b) housing variant with minimum driving force.
\n
Below is an example of a “message variable” (Figure 7), which is visualized in the working window in case of violation of the limit values x and k. For example, “Distance between the bottom of the housing and the wheel surface should exceed 24 mm” [21, 22].
\n
Figure 7.
“Variable-message”—unacceptable distance.
\n
The arrangement of the wheels relative to each other affects the magnitude acting on the force transmission elements, so that the power characteristics can be improved. So, the location of the intermediate gear wheel (Figure 8a,b) affects the forces acting on the shaft bearings of this wheel.
\n
Figure 8.
Schemes of the influence of the intermediate links: (a and b) the intermediate gear; and (c) idle gear.
\n
In Figure 8b, the forces in the engagement F1 and F2 are almost parallel, and the total force F acting on the supports is large. In Figure 8a, due to a change in the direction of the forces F1 and F2, they are largely compensated, and the resultant forces are less than in Figure 8b. It should be noted that for reversing transmission, it is preferable to arrange the axis of the wheels in the same plane.
\n
Rational mounted of wheels [21] also affects the accuracy characteristics of kinematic chains. The error of the idle gear in the kinematic chain (Figure 8c) can influence itself in the error of the output link by a magnification doubled. The location of the idle gear for a given direction of rotation also influences. In the diagram (Figure 8c), the dashed line shows the best (from the standpoint of accuracy) mounting scheme of the idle gear for a given direction of rotation [23].
\n
The general rule of mounting requires that the transfer of rotation on the idle gear takes place at the minimum angle γ between points of contact 1 and 2. When reversing the transmission of the axis, it is desirable to place on one line, as in the previous review (Figure 7).
\n
\n
\n
\n
3. Conclusion
\n
The introduction of parameterization mechanisms in the traditional design process makes the work of the designer as efficient as possible. At the same time, the improvement of the project decision-making process takes place in the following directions:
The use of the developed parameterization mechanism significantly increases the efficiency of the metal-cutting machine tool study at various steps of design through the use of parametric models. This approach opens up the possibility of transition to solving complex project problems of a multi-criteria nature.
The introduction of the parameterization mechanism contributes to the formulation and solution of designing machine tool problems and their components in the multivariate mode. This significantly increases the level of design decisions made both at the design stage of individual parts and their assembly.
A significant effect in increasing designer productivity is the ability to quickly solve the problems of the design process with recurrent information flows (reengineering), when a set of parametric models implements an effective approximation to the best design option.
The correctness of the results obtained is due to the use of a wide regulatory base (GOST, departmental normal) in the process of developing parametric models.
In the process of parametric modeling, it is possible to introduce into consideration a wide range of parts of a certain class, which reduces the set of necessary models for the design tasks of machine tools and makes more visible the size of the CAD databases of machines.
\n\n
Based on the proposed methods and parametrization facility, the following results were achieved:
Developed parametric models of transverse configurations (layout) of machine tools representative of the turning and milling groups. With the help of these models, built in accordance with the APM WinMachine syntax, it is possible to synthesize optimal transverse layouts both by the criterion of maximum rigidity and the criterion of the minimum load on the front spindle bearing.
Using the proposed algorithms for determining the spatial position of nodes in the main motion drive housing, it is possible to determine the distances from the external surfaces of gear wheels to the side walls and the bottom of the housing, as well as to estimate the degree of their approximation to the limit values. This will provide recommendations for reducing the size of the machine drives. On the other hand, the presence of a friendly interface in the APM Graph module promptly provides information to the designer about the unacceptable values of the gaps for rotating parts and the gearbox housing.
Based on the developed parametric layout models, recommendations are made for the improvement of housing parts. So, in the design of the main drive housing for the multipurpose machine, it is proposed to change the configuration of the housing bottom in order to ensure optimal spindle stiffness. In the machine drilling, milling and boring group model SF68VF4 proposed to perform the joint of the housing side wall to achieve the optimal design of the spindle unit.
Using the integrative capabilities of CAD/CAE/PDM “APM WinMachine” allows the designer to quickly estimate the magnitude of the discrepancy between the optimal and traditional factory solutions. So, with the help of the shaft design module APM Shaft in this work, the difference in the spindle stiffness values for the factory and optimum variants is determined. In this case, the designer receives the calculation form for the main indicators of strength and rigidity.
\n\n
\n\n',keywords:"spatial gearbox configuration, transverse layout, multioperational machine, parameterization, 3D model",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/71207.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/71207.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71207",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71207",totalDownloads:659,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"October 2nd 2019",dateReviewed:"December 12th 2019",datePrePublished:"February 24th 2020",datePublished:"October 21st 2020",dateFinished:"February 24th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The chapter deals with the problems of machine tool computer-aided design (CAD) based on the methods and means of parameterization for the main components of metal-cutting machine and equipment in the CAD “APM WinMachine” environment. The models and algorithms of parametric modeling for the configurations of machine tool milling and multioperational type by the criteria of maximum rigidity and minimum reduced load on the front spindle support are developed. The express procedure for generating the transverse layout of the main drive in the multivariate design mode has been implemented.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/71207",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/71207",signatures:"Oleg Krol",book:{id:"9266",type:"book",title:"Machine Tools",subtitle:"Design, Research, Application",fullTitle:"Machine Tools - Design, Research, Application",slug:"machine-tools-design-research-application",publishedDate:"October 21st 2020",bookSignature:"Ľubomír Šooš and Jiri Marek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9266.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-351-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-350-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-352-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"141212",title:"Prof.",name:"Ľubomír",middleName:null,surname:"Šooš",slug:"lubomir-soos",fullName:"Ľubomír Šooš"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Parametric modeling of transverse layout for metal-cutting machine tools",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Build optimal layout",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Research problem statement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Parametric modeling of the speed box transverse layout for the drilling-milling and boring machine",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Optimal layout options",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.5 Parameterization in the APM graph module",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"3. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nLee K. Basics of CAD (CAD/CAM/CAE). Peter: Saint Petersburg; 2004. p. 560\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nFomin EP. Using parametric capabilities of KOMPAS-3D. CAD and Graphics. 2007;10:70-74\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nKrol OS, Sokolov VI. 3D Modeling Of Machine Tools For Designers. Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Academy Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; 2018. p. 140. DOI: 10.7546/3d_momtfd.2018\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nKrol O, Sokolov V. Modeling of carrier system dynamics for metal-cutting machines. In: IEEE Proceedings 2018 International Russian Automation Conference (RusAutoCon); 9-16 September 2018. Sochi: IEEE; 2018. pp. 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/rusautocon.2018.8501799\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nKrol O, Sokolov V. Modelling of spindle nodes for machining centers. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2018;1084(012007):1-7. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1084/1/012007\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nUshakov D. Synchronous technology—A simulation revolution from siemens PLM software. CAD/CAM/CAE Observer. 2008;4(40):1-4\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nKurland R. Solid edge with synchronous technology—A revolution in CAD. CAD and Graphics. 2008;9:80-83\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nRozinsky S, Shanin D, Grigoriev S. Parametric capabilities of the graphic module APM graph of the APM WinMachine system. CAD and Graphics. 2001;11:37-40\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nBushuev VV. Fundamentals of Designing Machine Tools. Stankin: Moscow; 1992. p. 520\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nKrol OS, Krol AA. Parametrization of the transverse layout of the main movement drive. Tools reliability and optimization technological systems. Collection of Scientific Papers. 2009;24:164-168\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nKrol OS, Shevchenko SV, Sokolov VI. Design of Metal-Cutting Tools in the Middle of APM WinMachine. Textbook. Lugansk: Publishing house of SNU; 2011. p. 388\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nTaratynov OV, Averyanov OI, Klepikov VV, et al. Design and Calculation of Metal-Cutting Machines on a Computer: Textbook for Universities. Moscow: Publishing house of MGIU; 2002. p. 384\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nKrol O, Sokolov V. Parametric modeling of gear cutting tools. In: Advances in Manufacturing II. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (Manufacturing 2019); 19-22 May 2019. Vol. 4. Poznan, Cham: Springer; 2019. pp. 3-11. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16943-5_1\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nKrol O, Sokolov V. Parametric modeling of transverse layout for machine tool gearboxes II. In: Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (Manufacturing 2019); 19-22 May 2019. Vol. 4. Poznan, Cham: Springer; 2019. pp. 122-130. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16943-5_11\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nKrol O, Sokolov V. Parametric Modeling of Machine Tools for Designers. Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Academy Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; 2018. p. 112. DOI: 10.7546/PMMTD.2018\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nCherpakov BI, Averyanov OI, Adoyan GA, et al. Engineering. Encyclopedia. In: Cherpakov BI, editor. Metal-Cutting Machines and Woodworking Equipment. Vol. 4-7. Moscow: Machinery Engineering Publishing; 2002. p. 672\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nAvramova TM, Bushuev VV, Gilova LY, et al. In: Bushuev VV, editor. Metal Cutting Machines. Vol. 1. Moscow: Machinery Engineering Publishing; 2012. p. 608\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nKrol O, Sokolov V. 3D modelling of angular spindle’s head for machining centre. Journal of Physics Conference Series. 2019;1278(012002):1-9. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1278/1/012002\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nShevchenko S, Mukhovaty A, Krol O. Geometric aspects of modifications of tapered roller bearings. Procedia Engineering. 2016;150:1107-1112. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.07.221\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nZamriy AA. Practical Training Course CAD/CAE APM WinMachine. Teaching Aid. Moscow: Publishing House of APM; 2007. p. 144\n'},{id:"B21",body:'\nReshetov DN. Details of Machines. Moscow: Machinery Engineering Publishing; 1989. p. 496\n'},{id:"B22",body:'\nShevchenko S, Muhovaty A, Krol O. Gear clutch with modified tooth profiles. Procedia Engineering. 2017;206:979-984. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.581\n'},{id:"B23",body:'\nReshetov DN, Gusenkov AP, Drozdov YN. Mechanical engineering, encyclopedia. In: Reshetov DN, editor. Machine Parts, Structural Strength, Friction, Wear, Lubrication. Vol. IV-1. Moscow: Machinery Engineering Publishing; 1995. p. 864\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Oleg Krol",address:"krolos@i.ua",affiliation:'
Volodymyr Dahl East Ukrainian National University, Severodonetsk, Ukraine
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9266",type:"book",title:"Machine Tools",subtitle:"Design, Research, Application",fullTitle:"Machine Tools - Design, Research, Application",slug:"machine-tools-design-research-application",publishedDate:"October 21st 2020",bookSignature:"Ľubomír Šooš and Jiri Marek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9266.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-351-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-350-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-352-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"141212",title:"Prof.",name:"Ľubomír",middleName:null,surname:"Šooš",slug:"lubomir-soos",fullName:"Ľubomír Šooš"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"112302",title:"Dr.",name:"Stuart",middleName:null,surname:"So",email:"stuart.ck.so@gmail.com",fullName:"Stuart So",slug:"stuart-so",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"35699",title:"RFID, an Emerging Wireless Technology for Sustainable Customer Centric Operations",slug:"rfid-an-emerging-wireless-technology-for-sustainable-customer-centric-operations",abstract:null,signatures:"Stuart So",authors:[{id:"112302",title:"Dr.",name:"Stuart",surname:"So",fullName:"Stuart So",slug:"stuart-so",email:"stuart.ck.so@gmail.com"}],book:{id:"1977",title:"Emerging Informatics",slug:"emerging-informatics-innovative-concepts-and-applications",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"81490",title:"Mrs.",name:"Eva",surname:"Pajorová",slug:"eva-pajorova",fullName:"Eva Pajorová",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institute of Informatics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovakia"}}},{id:"107110",title:"Dr.",name:"Shah Jahan",surname:"Miah",slug:"shah-jahan-miah",fullName:"Shah Jahan Miah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/107110/images/2057_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Shah J. Miah is a Lecturer in Information Systems (IS) of the School of Management and Information Systems at the Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. Prior to this position, He had academic positions at the University of the Sunshine Coast, Griffith University and James Cook University, Australia. \nShah has received his PhD (in the area of Decision Support Systems), jointly from the Institute for Integrated and Intelligent Systems and Griffith Business School, Griffith University, Australia. \nShah is an early career researcher who has lead authored over 40 peer reviewed publications include research book chapters, journal and conference papers in different IS areas and taught over 20 different IS/IT subjects for both postgraduate and undergraduate levels. \nHis research interests include Decision Systems Design for businesses; eService solutions design; Information Systems Development Methodologies; and Digital business ecosystems.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Newcastle Australia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"107391",title:"Mr.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Aina",slug:"yusuf-aina",fullName:"Yusuf Aina",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yusuf Aina lectures at the Department of Geomatics Engineering Technology of Yanbu Industrial College, Saudi Arabia. He has authoured several academic publications in peer-reviewed journals, book chapters and conference proceedings. His research interests include urban GIS/remote sensing applications, human-induced environmental change, EIA/SEA, urban sustainability and geospatial techniques.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yanbu University College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"107553",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Abbo",slug:"diego-abbo",fullName:"Diego Abbo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Reading",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"107825",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Vallero",slug:"daniel-vallero",fullName:"Daniel Vallero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/107825/images/3845_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Duke University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"112997",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Bouza Fernandez",slug:"javier-bouza-fernandez",fullName:"Javier Bouza Fernandez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"115857",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",surname:"González-Filgueira",slug:"gerardo-gonzalez-filgueira",fullName:"Gerardo González-Filgueira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"115861",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvador",surname:"De Las Heras Jimenez",slug:"salvador-de-las-heras-jimenez",fullName:"Salvador De Las Heras Jimenez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"115862",title:"Mr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Vazquez-Gonzalez",slug:"diego-vazquez-gonzalez",fullName:"Diego Vazquez-Gonzalez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"121831",title:"Mr.",name:"David",surname:"Gration",slug:"david-gration",fullName:"David Gration",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"waiver-policy",title:"Waiver Policy",intro:"
We believe financial barriers should not prevent researchers from publishing their findings. With the need to make scientific research more publicly available and support the benefits of Open Access, more and more institutions and funders are dedicating resources to assist faculty members and researchers cover Open Access Publishing Fees (OAPFs). In addition, IntechOpen provides several further options presented below, all of which are available to researchers, and could secure the financing of your Open Access publication.
",metaTitle:"Waiver Policy",metaDescription:"We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. With the need to make scientific research more publically available and support the benefits of Open Access, more institutions and funders have dedicated funds to assist their faculty members and researchers cover the APCs associated with publishing in Open Access. Below we have outlined several options available to secure financing for your Open Access publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/waiver-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
Paying the OAPF
\\n\\n
At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\\n\\n
The first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\\n\\n
However, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\\n\\n
Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Waivers in Action
\\n\\n
For Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\\n\\n
Our mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\\n\\n
While providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\\n\\n
How to Apply for a Waiver
\\n\\n
The application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
Feel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\\n\\n
Note: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\n\n
The first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\n
However, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\n
Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\n\n
IntechOpen Waivers in Action
\n\n
For Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\n\n
Our mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\n\n
While providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\n\n
How to Apply for a Waiver
\n\n
The application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
Feel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\n\n
Note: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{mdrv:"www.intechopen.com"},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11660},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11843",title:"Abortion Access",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07ed1706ed2bf6ad56aa7399d9edf1a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11843.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11818",title:"Uveitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8c178e6f45ba7b500281005b5d5b67a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11818.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11850",title:"Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"df3f380c5949c8d8c977631cac330f67",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11850.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11794",title:"Coconut Cultivation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"48e1cb42a4162f64cae3a2e777472f21",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11794.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11773",title:"Archaeology - Challenges and Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17d91462fa926279f65164ac0d5641cd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11797",title:"Clostridium difficile",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4cb066b44bb8d4a8b93a627de26e3ebf",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:494},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4798},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"81",title:"Analytical Chemistry",slug:"chemistry-analytical-chemistry",parent:{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"},numberOfBooks:36,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:819,numberOfWosCitations:1350,numberOfCrossrefCitations:635,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1731,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"81",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera-Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9937",title:"Recent Advances in Gas Chromatography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d37a39be8412d39e729669c9c73ebb8",slug:"recent-advances-in-gas-chromatography",bookSignature:"Fabrice Mutelet",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9937.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186677",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrice",middleName:null,surname:"Mutelet",slug:"fabrice-mutelet",fullName:"Fabrice Mutelet"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11072",title:"Sample Preparation Techniques for Chemical Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38fecf7570774c29c22a0cbca58ba570",slug:"sample-preparation-techniques-for-chemical-analysis",bookSignature:"Massoud Kaykhaii",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11072.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"349151",title:"Prof.",name:"Massoud",middleName:null,surname:"Kaykhaii",slug:"massoud-kaykhaii",fullName:"Massoud Kaykhaii"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9932",title:"Analytical Chemistry",subtitle:"Advancement, Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18f54a89cdbbafde70f56e55e122171a",slug:"analytical-chemistry-advancement-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Abhay Nanda Srivastva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9932.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"293623",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay Nanda",middleName:null,surname:"Srivastva",slug:"abhay-nanda-srivastva",fullName:"Abhay Nanda Srivastva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10387",title:"Mass Spectrometry in Life Sciences and Clinical Laboratory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f2fa81e1939bbe34ac689fb983ca4c1",slug:"mass-spectrometry-in-life-sciences-and-clinical-laboratory",bookSignature:"Goran Mitulović",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10387.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"212804",title:"Dr.",name:"Goran",middleName:null,surname:"Mitulović",slug:"goran-mitulovic",fullName:"Goran Mitulović"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7319",title:"Color Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c3c446db0a120cfd1f2697760e7d784",slug:"color-detection",bookSignature:"Ling-Wen Zeng and Shi-Lin Cao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7319.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"173972",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingwen",middleName:null,surname:"Zeng",slug:"lingwen-zeng",fullName:"Lingwen Zeng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8380",title:"Mass Spectrometry",subtitle:"Future Perceptions and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"662bbebeab1942b6710f413e2b217004",slug:"mass-spectrometry-future-perceptions-and-applications",bookSignature:"Ganesh Shamrao Kamble",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8380.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"236420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh",middleName:"Shamrao",surname:"Kamble",slug:"ganesh-kamble",fullName:"Ganesh Kamble"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6831",title:"Gas Chromatography",subtitle:"Derivatization, Sample Preparation, Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9ef7d64ef66b65cb3245157db815577",slug:"gas-chromatography-derivatization-sample-preparation-application",bookSignature:"Peter Kusch",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6831.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"254714",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kusch",slug:"peter-kusch",fullName:"Peter Kusch"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7348",title:"Voltammetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"27acad9579f166df001d24b28c720e55",slug:"voltammetry",bookSignature:"Nobanathi Wendy Maxakato, Sandile Surprise Gwebu and Gugu Hlengiwe Mhlongo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259515",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobanathi Wendy",middleName:null,surname:"Maxakato",slug:"nobanathi-wendy-maxakato",fullName:"Nobanathi Wendy Maxakato"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8637",title:"Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d61b693f14e24d81342f6c36fc5ba32",slug:"recent-advances-in-analytical-chemistry",bookSignature:"Muharrem Ince and Olcay Kaplan Ince",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8637.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"258431",title:"Prof.",name:"Muharrem",middleName:null,surname:"Ince",slug:"muharrem-ince",fullName:"Muharrem Ince"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6697",title:"Chemometrics and Data Analysis in Chromatography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"513cf51c1f8851d3a5fde73daa281571",slug:"chemometrics-and-data-analysis-in-chromatography",bookSignature:"Vu Dang Hoang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6697.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199907",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vu Dang",middleName:null,surname:"Hoang",slug:"vu-dang-hoang",fullName:"Vu Dang Hoang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7488",title:"Analytical Pyrolysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30a667792c3a70b53d30fb6e9e1e7b4d",slug:"analytical-pyrolysis",bookSignature:"Peter Kusch",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7488.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"254714",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kusch",slug:"peter-kusch",fullName:"Peter Kusch"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:36,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"32817",doi:"10.5772/33098",title:"Derivatization Reactions and Reagents for Gas Chromatography Analysis",slug:"derivatization-reactions-and-reagents-for-gas-chromatography-analysis",totalDownloads:70672,totalCrossrefCites:38,totalDimensionsCites:102,abstract:null,book:{id:"2114",slug:"advanced-gas-chromatography-progress-in-agricultural-biomedical-and-industrial-applications",title:"Advanced Gas Chromatography",fullTitle:"Advanced Gas Chromatography - Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications"},signatures:"Francis Orata",authors:[{id:"94007",title:"Dr.",name:"Francis",middleName:null,surname:"Orata",slug:"francis-orata",fullName:"Francis Orata"}]},{id:"26356",doi:"10.5772/33411",title:"Drift Correction Methods for Gas Chemical Sensors in Artificial Olfaction Systems: Techniques and Challenges",slug:"drift-correction-methods-for-gas-chemical-sensors-in-artificial-olfaction-systems-techniques-and-cha",totalDownloads:4662,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:57,abstract:null,book:{id:"589",slug:"advances-in-chemical-sensors",title:"Advances in Chemical Sensors",fullTitle:"Advances in Chemical Sensors"},signatures:"S. Di Carlo and M. Falasconi",authors:[{id:"50412",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Di Carlo",slug:"stefano-di-carlo",fullName:"Stefano Di Carlo"},{id:"95331",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Falasconi",slug:"matteo-falasconi",fullName:"Matteo Falasconi"}]},{id:"29012",doi:"10.5772/32108",title:"Identifying and Overcoming Matrix Effects in Drug Discovery and Development",slug:"identifying-and-overcoming-matrix-effects-in-drug-discovery-and-development",totalDownloads:18700,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:47,abstract:null,book:{id:"818",slug:"tandem-mass-spectrometry-applications-and-principles",title:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry - Applications and Principles"},signatures:"Terence G. Hall, Inese Smukste, Karen R. Bresciano, Yunxia Wang, David McKearn and Ronald E. Savage",authors:[{id:"90202",title:"Dr",name:"Ronald",middleName:null,surname:"Savage",slug:"ronald-savage",fullName:"Ronald Savage"},{id:"90209",title:"Dr.",name:"Terence",middleName:null,surname:"Hall",slug:"terence-hall",fullName:"Terence Hall"},{id:"136599",title:"BSc.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Bresciano",slug:"karen-bresciano",fullName:"Karen Bresciano"}]},{id:"46058",doi:"10.5772/57341",title:"Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification Determination in Gas Chromatography",slug:"limit-of-detection-and-limit-of-quantification-determination-in-gas-chromatography",totalDownloads:18533,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:45,abstract:null,book:{id:"3822",slug:"advances-in-gas-chromatography",title:"Advances in Gas Chromatography",fullTitle:"Advances in Gas Chromatography"},signatures:"Ernesto Bernal",authors:[{id:"88572",title:"MSc.",name:"Ernesto",middleName:null,surname:"Bernal",slug:"ernesto-bernal",fullName:"Ernesto Bernal"}]},{id:"58596",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72932",title:"Linearity of Calibration Curves for Analytical Methods: A Review of Criteria for Assessment of Method Reliability",slug:"linearity-of-calibration-curves-for-analytical-methods-a-review-of-criteria-for-assessment-of-method",totalDownloads:8098,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:44,abstract:"Calibration curve is a regression model used to predict the unknown concentrations of analytes of interest based on the response of the instrument to the known standards. Some statistical analyses are required to choose the best model fitting to the experimental data and also evaluate the linearity and homoscedasticity of the calibration curve. Using an internal standard corrects for the loss of analyte during sample preparation and analysis provided that it is selected appropriately. After the best regression model is selected, the analytical method needs to be validated using quality control (QC) samples prepared and stored in the same temperature as intended for the study samples. Most of the international guidelines require that the parameters, including linearity, specificity, selectivity, accuracy, precision, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), matrix effect and stability, be assessed during validation. Despite the highly regulated area, some challenges still exist regarding the validation of some analytical methods including methods when no analyte-free matrix is available.",book:{id:"6379",slug:"calibration-and-validation-of-analytical-methods-a-sampling-of-current-approaches",title:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods - A Sampling of Current Approaches"},signatures:"Seyed Mojtaba Moosavi and Sussan Ghassabian",authors:[{id:"216099",title:"Dr.",name:"Sussan",middleName:null,surname:"Ghassabian",slug:"sussan-ghassabian",fullName:"Sussan Ghassabian"},{id:"216101",title:"Mr.",name:"Seyed Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Moosavi",slug:"seyed-mojtaba-moosavi",fullName:"Seyed Mojtaba Moosavi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55500",title:"Interpretation of Mass Spectra",slug:"interpretation-of-mass-spectra",totalDownloads:12503,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"The chapter includes an introduction to the main ionisation techniques in mass spectrometry and the way the resulting fragments can be analysed. First, the fundamental notions of mass spectrometry are explained, so that the reader can easily cover this chapter (graphs, main pick, molecular ion, illogical pick, nitrogen rule, etc.). Isotopic percentage and nominal mass calculation are also explained along with fragmentation mechanism. A paragraph emphasises the ionisation energy issues, the basics of ionisation voltage, the developing potential and the energy balance. A frame time of the main theoretical milestones in both theory and experimental mass spectrometry is highlighted here. In the second part of the chapter, the molecular fragmentation for alkanes, iso-alkanes, cycloalkanes, halogen, alcohols, phenols, ethers, carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids and functional derivatives, nitrogen compounds (amines, nitro compounds), sulphur compounds, heterocycles and biomolecules (amino acids, steroids, triglycerides) is explained. Fragmentation schemes are followed by the simplified spectra, which help the understanding of such complex phenomena. At the end of the chapter, acquisition of mass spectrum is discussed. The chapter presented here is an introduction to mass spectrometry, which, we think, helps the understanding of the mechanism of fragmentation corroborating spectral data and molecular structures.",book:{id:"5735",slug:"mass-spectrometry",title:"Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Mass Spectrometry"},signatures:"Teodor Octavian Nicolescu",authors:[{id:"196775",title:"Dr.",name:"Teodor Octavian",middleName:"Octavian",surname:"Nicolescu",slug:"teodor-octavian-nicolescu",fullName:"Teodor Octavian Nicolescu"}]},{id:"57909",title:"Validation of Analytical Methods",slug:"validation-of-analytical-methods",totalDownloads:6994,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"Method validation is a key element in the establishment of reference methods and within the assessment of a laboratory’s competence in generating dependable analytical records. Validation has been placed within the context of the procedure, generating chemical data. Analytical method validation, thinking about the maximum relevant processes for checking the best parameters of analytical methods, using numerous relevant overall performance indicators inclusive of selectivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, range, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), ruggedness, and robustness are severely discussed in an effort to prevent their misguided utilization and ensure scientific correctness and consistency among publications.",book:{id:"6379",slug:"calibration-and-validation-of-analytical-methods-a-sampling-of-current-approaches",title:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods - A Sampling of Current Approaches"},signatures:"Tentu Nageswara Rao",authors:[{id:"220824",title:"Dr.",name:"Tentu",middleName:null,surname:"Nageswara Rao",slug:"tentu-nageswara-rao",fullName:"Tentu Nageswara Rao"}]},{id:"58596",title:"Linearity of Calibration Curves for Analytical Methods: A Review of Criteria for Assessment of Method Reliability",slug:"linearity-of-calibration-curves-for-analytical-methods-a-review-of-criteria-for-assessment-of-method",totalDownloads:8095,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:44,abstract:"Calibration curve is a regression model used to predict the unknown concentrations of analytes of interest based on the response of the instrument to the known standards. Some statistical analyses are required to choose the best model fitting to the experimental data and also evaluate the linearity and homoscedasticity of the calibration curve. Using an internal standard corrects for the loss of analyte during sample preparation and analysis provided that it is selected appropriately. After the best regression model is selected, the analytical method needs to be validated using quality control (QC) samples prepared and stored in the same temperature as intended for the study samples. Most of the international guidelines require that the parameters, including linearity, specificity, selectivity, accuracy, precision, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), matrix effect and stability, be assessed during validation. Despite the highly regulated area, some challenges still exist regarding the validation of some analytical methods including methods when no analyte-free matrix is available.",book:{id:"6379",slug:"calibration-and-validation-of-analytical-methods-a-sampling-of-current-approaches",title:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods - A Sampling of Current Approaches"},signatures:"Seyed Mojtaba Moosavi and Sussan Ghassabian",authors:[{id:"216099",title:"Dr.",name:"Sussan",middleName:null,surname:"Ghassabian",slug:"sussan-ghassabian",fullName:"Sussan Ghassabian"},{id:"216101",title:"Mr.",name:"Seyed Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Moosavi",slug:"seyed-mojtaba-moosavi",fullName:"Seyed Mojtaba Moosavi"}]},{id:"64643",title:"Derivatization Methods in GC and GC/MS",slug:"derivatization-methods-in-gc-and-gc-ms",totalDownloads:6041,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:"The first part of this chapter presents the main objectives for performing derivatization of a sample to be analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The derivatization is typically done to change the analyte properties for a better separation and also for enhancing the method sensitivity. In GC/MS, derivatization may improve the capability of compound identification. Examples illustrating such improvements are included. The second part describes several types of derivatization that are more frequently used in analytical practice. These include alkylation (e.g., methylation), formation of aryl derivatives, silylation (e.g., formation of trimethylsilyl derivatives), acylation (e.g., reactions with acyl chlorides or with chloroformates), and several other types of derivatizations. The chapter also presents typical derivatizations for analytes with specific functional groups and discusses artifact formation in certain derivatization reactions.",book:{id:"6831",slug:"gas-chromatography-derivatization-sample-preparation-application",title:"Gas Chromatography",fullTitle:"Gas Chromatography - Derivatization, Sample Preparation, Application"},signatures:"Serban C. Moldoveanu and Victor David",authors:[{id:"91597",title:"Dr.",name:"Serban",middleName:null,surname:"Moldoveanu",slug:"serban-moldoveanu",fullName:"Serban Moldoveanu"},{id:"278733",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"David",slug:"victor-david",fullName:"Victor David"}]},{id:"40712",title:"Analytical Chemistry Today and Tomorrow",slug:"analytical-chemistry-today-and-tomorrow",totalDownloads:9135,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"2717",slug:"analytical-chemistry",title:"Analytical Chemistry",fullTitle:"Analytical Chemistry"},signatures:"Miguel Valcárcel",authors:[{id:"149298",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Valcarcel",slug:"valcarcel",fullName:"Valcarcel"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"81",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82536",title:"Perspective Chapter: Multi-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography - Principles and Applications",slug:"perspective-chapter-multi-dimensional-liquid-chromatography-principles-and-applications",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104767",abstract:"Many complex mixtures usually constitute hundreds or even thousands of individual components of interest. Such mixtures are much too complicated to be separated for analytical duties in a reasonable period of time using only a single-dimensional chromatographic method. However, if a complex mixture is separated by an initial dimension using multi-dimensional liquid chromatography, a simpler portion of that separation is collected and goes to the second dimension. Each of these fractions will be analyzed separately, allowing exceedingly complex mixtures to be resolved in a short period of time. This chapter explains the fundamental principles, theoretical discussions as well as various applications with typical examples of multi-dimensional liquid chromatography in different fields.",book:{id:"11204",title:"Analytical Liquid Chromatography - New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11204.jpg"},signatures:"Esayas Tesfaye, Tadele Eticha, Ariaya Hymete and Ayenew Ashenef"},{id:"81761",title:"Progress in Technology of the Chromatographic Columns in HPLC",slug:"progress-in-technology-of-the-chromatographic-columns-in-hplc",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104123",abstract:"Chromatographic column is an essential part of a any HPLC separation, and significant progress has been made in developing columns with better performance to provide better separation, a shorter separation time, resilience to a wider pH range of the mobile phase, longer lifetime, use of lower volumes of mobile phase, etc. All these characteristics were achieved by the introduction of novel technologies and improvements of the older ones. These include smaller particle used to fill the column, more homogeneous spherical particles, core-shell particles, monolithic columns, more pure silica as a stationary phase support, use of ethylene bridge silica, a wider variety of active phases, use of mixed mode stationary phases, use of polymers as stationary phase, use of various endcapping techniques, etc. Miniaturization and progress in the instrumentation played an important role for the chromatographic column development. All these aspects are summarized in the present chapter.",book:{id:"11204",title:"Analytical Liquid Chromatography - New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11204.jpg"},signatures:"Serban C. Moldoveanu and Victor David"},{id:"81479",title:"Perspective Chapter: Mixed-Mode Chromatography",slug:"perspective-chapter-mixed-mode-chromatography",totalDownloads:29,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104545",abstract:"In this chapter, we present mixed-mode stationary phases and their applications in the determination of nonpolar, polar, and charged compounds, as well as larger molecules such as peptides or proteins using a single column. Mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) has been growing rapidly in recent years, owing to the new generation of mixed-mode stationary phases and a better understanding of multimode interactions. Mixed-mode chromatography provides a wide range of selectivities and adequate retention of a variety of compounds, especially polar and charged molecules. In summary, this technique is particularly useful in the pharmaceutical analysis of drugs, impurities, biopharmaceuticals, and polar compounds in natural products.",book:{id:"11204",title:"Analytical Liquid Chromatography - New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11204.jpg"},signatures:"Ngoc-Van Thi Nguyen"},{id:"81368",title:"Ionic Liquids in Liquid Chromatography",slug:"ionic-liquids-in-liquid-chromatography",totalDownloads:39,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104122",abstract:"Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts of organic cations that are present in liquid state. They can be used as alternative to organic solvents for various analytical processes such as extracting solvents in sample preparation, or as mobile phase or components of the mobile phase in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Also they can be used as stationary phase in gas chromatography (GC), or attached to a solid support as stationary phase in HPLC. Ils are typically more environmentally-friendly solvents than the classic organic solvents having low volatility, flammability and toxicity. The chapter presents various applications of ILs in liquid chromatography.",book:{id:"11204",title:"Analytical Liquid Chromatography - New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11204.jpg"},signatures:"Victor David and Serban C. Moldoveanu"},{id:"80336",title:"Perspective Chapter: Advantages of Ion Mobility Coupled with HPLC/UPLC",slug:"perspective-chapter-advantages-of-ion-mobility-coupled-with-hplc-uplc",totalDownloads:58,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102380",abstract:"Ion mobility is a new separation technique that can be coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Variances in cross-sectional ionic areas of different molecules create differential speeds through a gas allowing for millisecond separations. Combining ion mobility with both liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry with fragmentation, separations can be achieved on the second (HPLC), millisecond (ion mobility), and microsecond (mass spectrometry) timescales. This orthogonal separation greatly cleans up mass spectral data of co-eluting peaks from the liquid chromatography and adds to the descriptive data of each ion. With descriptive data such as retention time, cross-sectional area, m/z ratio, and mass spectral fragmentation, many options become available for analytical analysis. Options ranging from descriptive data collation into instrument libraries to sensitivity enhancement for trace analysis will be explored in this chapter along with the description of different forms of ion mobility.",book:{id:"11204",title:"Analytical Liquid Chromatography - New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11204.jpg"},signatures:"Robert Owen Bussey III"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:5},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. She is also a member of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Academy.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11978,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:{name:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{id:"83075",title:"Practices and Challenges of Community Services at Debre Markos University, Ethiopia: A Case Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105896",signatures:"Adane Mengist",slug:"practices-and-challenges-of-community-services-at-debre-markos-university-ethiopia-a-case-study",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82786",title:"Discussion of Purchasing Virtual Digital Nature and Tourism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105869",signatures:"Hiroko Oe and Yasuyuki Yamaoka",slug:"discussion-of-purchasing-virtual-digital-nature-and-tourism",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82709",title:"Fatty Acid Metabolism as a Tumor Marker",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106072",signatures:"Gatot Nyarumenteng Adhipurnawan Winarno",slug:"fatty-acid-metabolism-as-a-tumor-marker",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82388",title:"Epigenetics: Science of Changes without Change in DNA Sequences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105039",signatures:"Jayisha Dhargawe, Rita Lakkakul and Pradip Hirapure",slug:"epigenetics-science-of-changes-without-change-in-dna-sequences",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"82583",title:"Leukaemia: The Purinergic System and Small Extracellular Vesicles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104326",signatures:"Arinzechukwu Ude and Kelechi Okeke",slug:"leukaemia-the-purinergic-system-and-small-extracellular-vesicles",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ghana Health Service",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Brasília",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Brasília",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"40",type:"subseries",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive Species, Destruction of Habitats, Overexploitation of Natural Resources, Pollution, Global Warming, Conservation of Natural Spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"
\r\n\tIn general, the harsher the environmental conditions in an ecosystem, the lower the biodiversity. Changes in the environment caused by human activity accelerate the impoverishment of biodiversity.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity refers to “the variability of living organisms from any source, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; it includes diversity within each species, between species, and that of ecosystems”.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity provides food security and constitutes a gene pool for biotechnology, especially in the field of agriculture and medicine, and promotes the development of ecotourism.
\r\n
\r\n\tCurrently, biologists admit that we are witnessing the first phases of the seventh mass extinction caused by human intervention. It is estimated that the current rate of extinction is between a hundred and a thousand times faster than it was when man first appeared. The disappearance of species is caused not only by an accelerated rate of extinction, but also by a decrease in the rate of emergence of new species as human activities degrade the natural environment. The conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humanity" and an integral part of the development process. Its objectives are “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources”.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe following are the main causes of biodiversity loss:
\r\n
\r\n\t• The destruction of natural habitats to expand urban and agricultural areas and to obtain timber, minerals and other natural resources.
\r\n
\r\n\t• The introduction of alien species into a habitat, whether intentionally or unintentionally which has an impact on the fauna and flora of the area, and as a result, they are reduced or become extinct.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Pollution from industrial and agricultural products, which devastate the fauna and flora, especially those in fresh water.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Global warming, which is seen as a threat to biological diversity, and will become increasingly important in the future.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11968,editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",slug:"salustiano-mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",biography:"Salustiano Mato de la Iglesia (Santiago de Compostela, 1960) is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago and a Professor of zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. He has developed his research activity in the fields of fauna and soil ecology, and in the treatment of organic waste, having been the founder and principal investigator of the Environmental Biotechnology Group of the University of Vigo.\r\nHis research activity in the field of Environmental Biotechnology has been focused on the development of novel organic waste treatment systems through composting. The result of this line of work are three invention patents and various scientific and technical publications in prestigious international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",slug:"josefina-garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",biography:"Josefina Garrido González (Paradela de Abeleda, Ourense 1959), is a doctor in biology from the University of León and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. She has focused her research activity on the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of aquatic beetles, in addition to other lines of research such as the conservation of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems; conservation of protected areas (Red Natura 2000) and assessment of the effectiveness of wetlands as priority areas for the conservation of aquatic invertebrates; studies of water quality in freshwater ecosystems through biological indicators and physicochemical parameters; surveillance and research of vector arthropods and invasive alien species.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",slug:"francisco-ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",biography:"Fran Ramil Blanco (Porto de Espasante, A Coruña, 1960), is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago de Compostela and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. His research activity is linked to the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of marine benthic invertebrates and especially the Cnidarian group. Since 2004, he has been part of the EcoAfrik project, aimed at the study, protection and conservation of biodiversity and benthic habitats in West Africa. He also participated in the study of vulnerable marine ecosystems associated with seamounts in the South Atlantic and is involved in training young African researchers in the field of marine research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"220987",title:"Dr.",name:"António",middleName:"Onofre",surname:"Soares",slug:"antonio-soares",fullName:"António Soares",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNtzQAG/Profile_Picture_1644499672340",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Azores",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"276688",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"mohammed-latif-khan",fullName:"Mohammed Latif Khan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcCZQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-07-15T15:04:17.jpg",institutionString:"Dr. Harisngh Gour Central University, India",institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"83075",title:"Practices and Challenges of Community Services at Debre Markos University, Ethiopia: A Case Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105896",signatures:"Adane Mengist",slug:"practices-and-challenges-of-community-services-at-debre-markos-university-ethiopia-a-case-study",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/112302",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"112302"},fullPath:"/profiles/112302",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var t;(t=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(t)}()