Design parameters.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10755",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Corporate Governance - Recent Advances and Perspectives",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Corporate Governance - Recent Advances and Perspectives is a comprehensive overview of recent developments in business, management and economics. Chapters cover such topics as agency theory and internationalization, Corporate Social Responsibility, COVID-19 and corporate governance performance, gender diversity and corporate governance, and much more.",isbn:"978-1-83969-816-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-815-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-817-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94778",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",numberOfPages:244,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1459,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 20th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 18th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 17th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 5th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 4th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196317/images/system/196317.jpg",biography:"Dr. Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali holds a Ph.D. in Management (Strategy Focus) from Girne American University, Cyprus, where he is currently an Associate Professor of Strategic Management and Head of the Department of Business Management. Dr. Emeagwali is also the director of the faculty’s Center for Management Research (CMR), a member of the Strategic Management Society (SMS), and an active researcher within the field of strategic management. His current research interests focus on understanding the strategic and disruptive thinking patterns among upper echelons and top management teams. Dr. Emeagwali has authored and co-authored more than twenty publications in internationally refereed journals.",institutionString:"Girne American University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Girne American University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cyprus"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"348038",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Feyza",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"feyza-bhatti",fullName:"Feyza Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/348038/images/system/348038.jpg",biography:"Dr. Feyza Bhatti received her BA and MS in Economics and her Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. She is currently the vice dean of the Faculty of Business and Economics, director of the Center for Gender Studies, and vice-director of Graduate Studies and Research at the Girne American University, Cyprus. She is a mixed-methods social science researcher with substantive experience and interest in gender studies, focusing on understanding the gendered workplace experiences of women and marginalized groups in developing countries. She has authored/co-authored twenty publications in internationally refereed journals and books.",institutionString:"Girne American University, Cyprus",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Girne American University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1342",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility"}],chapters:[{id:"78622",title:"Agency Theory and Internationalization: A Critical Assessment of Literature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99192",slug:"agency-theory-and-internationalization-a-critical-assessment-of-literature",totalDownloads:146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study consolidates the state of academic research using agency theory to explain the various phenomena’s in the multinational firm’s (MNCs) context. Based on the systematic review of the literature, the author finds that agency theory is used to examine the degree of internationalization, international diversification, born global internationalization, and governance issues in various modes of foreign entries. The author classifies the literature in three broad themes: corporate governance, firm ownership, and born global firms. Agency theory is also used to examine the impact of top management characteristics, board structure, ownership by domestic investors, foreign investors, business group firms, family ownership, and state ownership on the firm internationalization decisions. The study concludes with the research gaps and future research directions.",signatures:"Sandeep Yadav",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78622",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78622",authors:[{id:"416413",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandeep",surname:"Yadav",slug:"sandeep-yadav",fullName:"Sandeep Yadav"}],corrections:null},{id:"79081",title:"A Review on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Constructs and Theoretical Debate in Pakistan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100195",slug:"a-review-on-corporate-social-responsibility-csr-constructs-and-theoretical-debate-in-pakistan",totalDownloads:69,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this research paper is to review the complete CSR literature laying emphasis on CSR constructs and the theoretical perspectives in Pakistan. Collation of existing empirical and exploratory research has been used to make arguments about current status of academic CSR research. A total of sixty-five published articles on CSR from 2000 to 2021 have been reviewed. A thorough overview of CSR constructs highlighted that overall, the CSR constructs are not properly developed, and theoretical foundations are lacking. Corporate donations and philanthropy captured as CSR construct are still familiar among the researchers. It has been observed that the most recent literature is approaching towards maturity. The findings suggest that the lack of adequate explanation of theoretical foundations mislead the interpretation of results. There is partial support in the literature that CSR pays to the firms, as is depicted by the positive relationship between CSR and the facets investigated by the researchers but thorough emphasis is required on CSR measurement. The research can serve as basis for the beginning of an extensive exploration of CSR through the lens of theoretical perspectives and the strong theoretical foundations can result in a mature CSR construct and major contribution in the body of literature.",signatures:"Zaheer Alam and Kashif Rashid",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79081",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79081",authors:[{id:"233769",title:"Dr.",name:"Kashif",surname:"Rashid",slug:"kashif-rashid",fullName:"Kashif Rashid"},{id:"418460",title:"Mr.",name:"Zaheer",surname:"Alam",slug:"zaheer-alam",fullName:"Zaheer Alam"}],corrections:null},{id:"80262",title:"Recent Advances in Corporate Governance: A Global View",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100135",slug:"recent-advances-in-corporate-governance-a-global-view",totalDownloads:165,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Corporate governance is a system of legal approach by which corporates are directed and controlled. The basic focus is on structures of corporate entities, monitoring and directing them for mitigating risks that have been raised due to misdeeds of various factors. The corporate failures such as those of Enron, Xerox, WorldCom, Satyam, and the ones that followed suit, among other things, highlight shortcomings about internal controls, the institution of boards, functioning of board committees disclosures, transparency, reporting standards, and enhancing stakeholder’s confidence. Since 2001, emphasis has been laid down on the governance mechanism to be reinforced to retrieve accuracy and reliability. Over the years, several initiatives have been undertaken by the policymakers, governments, regulators, and the private sector to reform corporate governance. The global business model of geopolitical affairs, social and regulatory compliance, and cyber security are some of the key elements that have radically transformed corporate governance’s thrust in the present-day corporate context. This paper aims to study the advances in corporate governance practices in terms of its nuances related to board diversity and its evaluation; shareholder activism; environment, social and governance (ESG), and enterprise risk management (ERM).",signatures:"J. Kiranmai and R.K. Mishra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80262",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80262",authors:[{id:"416444",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"J.",surname:"Kiranmai",slug:"j.-kiranmai",fullName:"J. Kiranmai"},{id:"416949",title:"Prof.",name:"R. K.",surname:"Mishra",slug:"r.-k.-mishra",fullName:"R. K. Mishra"}],corrections:null},{id:"79665",title:"COVID-19 and Corporate Governance Performance: Beyond the Financial Metrics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101281",slug:"covid-19-and-corporate-governance-performance-beyond-the-financial-metrics",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Corporate governance and, more broadly, the performance of corporate boards have traditionally been measured using financial metrics. These financial metrics such as Return on Investment (ROI), Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Earnings and Profitability Ratio (E and P) are ex post measure of organizations performance arising from corporate board activities. These financial metrics are largely one-dimensional measure of corporate performance and do not fully account for the other dimensions of organization responsibilities. The COVID-19 and the changing organizational dynamics have made the case for corporate board’s performance to be assessed beyond the usual financial metrics. In this study, we provide a framework that accounts for the various dimensions of organization activities: finance, social and environmental, the Triple-Bottom (TBL) approach. A TBL-compliance metric was constructed, which tracked the performance of selected manufacturing firms in Nigeria using a content analytical technique. The result showed that the majority of the firms performed remarkably well in areas of profitability and economic value creation but less satisfactorily in areas of social and environmental sustainability. On aggregate, the sampled firms committed less than 1% of their profit after tax on corporate social responsibility, while less than 5% of the sampled firms scored above average on the TBL-adoption matrix.",signatures:"Ifeanyi Onuka Onwuka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79665",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79665",authors:[{id:"418504",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifeanyi",surname:"Onuka Onwuka",slug:"ifeanyi-onuka-onwuka",fullName:"Ifeanyi Onuka Onwuka"}],corrections:null},{id:"79486",title:"Corporate Governance and Reporting in Contexts of Social Justice and Equity, Deconstructing the Case of Historically Disadvantaged Universities in South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101188",slug:"corporate-governance-and-reporting-in-contexts-of-social-justice-and-equity-deconstructing-the-case-",totalDownloads:46,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Historically disadvantaged universities in South Africa seem to grapple with corporate governance reporting issues, which continue to engender a state of perpetual crisis for them. In response, the National Department of Higher Education and Training has had to come up with interventions such as replacing university councils by administration regimes. The objective of this study was to examine and critique the underlying conditions that allow for the governance crisis to continue unabated while the government interventions seem to be in place. I adopted a mixed method approach to structure the study coherently and logically. Data sources were predominantly institutional reports about the selected cases, which remain as public records. By employing a critical realist lens and its positions about deep ontology, stratified reality, emergence and multi-causation, I could deconstruct the concept of corporate governance as generally written about in the mainstream literature. Results suggest that the source of the crisis derives from the complexity about corporate governance and reporting in relation to not only roles and responsibilities but also in terms of the ideas, beliefs, and values thereof, which therefore constitute the contradictions of position and practice. The discussion highlights the value of understanding transformative agency as the practical alternative to what should be advances in corporate governance and reporting.",signatures:"Valindawo Valile M. Dwayi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79486",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79486",authors:[{id:"416520",title:"Dr.",name:"Valindawo",surname:"Valile M. Dwayi",slug:"valindawo-valile-m.-dwayi",fullName:"Valindawo Valile M. Dwayi"}],corrections:null},{id:"78306",title:"The Impact of the Culture on Corporate Governance (Board Structure) in Jordan Context",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99136",slug:"the-impact-of-the-culture-on-corporate-governance-board-structure-in-jordan-context",totalDownloads:170,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Corporate governance has become one of the most important issues that concern most investors, shareholders, and decision-makers, as corporate governance has become one of the most important issues that companies are committed to, however, there are still problems related to corporate governance. There is a lack of studies that addressed the relationship between culture and corporate governance particularly, in the Jordan context. The current study covering this issue by investigating the impact of the culture on corporate governance (Board Structure) for the financial sector in Jordan for the period (2013–2018).",signatures:"Houda Qasim Hardan Aleqedat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78306",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78306",authors:[{id:"420006",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Houda Qasim",surname:"Hardan Aleqedat",slug:"houda-qasim-hardan-aleqedat",fullName:"Houda Qasim Hardan Aleqedat"}],corrections:null},{id:"80806",title:"South African E-Toll Consultation SAGA: Corporate Governance Lessons for Public Consultation in Mega-Projects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103054",slug:"south-african-e-toll-consultation-saga-corporate-governance-lessons-for-public-consultation-in-mega-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mega-projects have unfortunately gained a bad name the world over. The electronic-tolling project in Johannesburg called the GFIP (Gauteng Freeway Improvement Project) is one such project. The perfunctory consultation initiative in an environment where the legislation is not robust and the corporate governance is still fledging led to opportunistic behaviours characterised by malicious compliance. The take home lesson especially in these high dollar projects is to be prescriptive on the consultation process that is backed by a well-thought-out legal framework. The scrutiny of documents and interviewing all the stakeholders was insightful and instructive even to other jurisdictions. Notably that a shallow and limited consultation drive is counter-productive. For a consultation drive to yield desired results it has to be deliberate, aggressive and tailor-made to suit contextual exigencies.",signatures:"Nthatisi Khatleli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80806",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80806",authors:[{id:"247856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nthatisi",surname:"Khatleli",slug:"nthatisi-khatleli",fullName:"Nthatisi Khatleli"}],corrections:null},{id:"79342",title:"Gender Diversity and Corporate Governance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101189",slug:"gender-diversity-and-corporate-governance",totalDownloads:163,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Gender diversity in the workplace has been an issue receiving a tremendous amount of attention both in academia and in the popular press. The research to date has tended to focus on the obstacles to promotion of women at lower and middle management levels, often referred to as a glass ceiling effect. However, most research on the subject has been mainly restricted to the definition of gender, by biological determination, that is, male and female, rather than by social construction. This chapter addresses the impact of gender diversity leadership and firms’ performance. In addition, it offers a synopsis of selected research examining the LGBT-supportive workplace policies and firms’ outcomes. Further, the chapter identifies priorities for future research that can advance our understanding on this research area, and the broader field of financial studies, encompassing the growing interest in the boundaries between the economic, the psychological and the social areas.",signatures:"Suwongrat Papangkorn, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard and Pornsit Jiraporn",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79342",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79342",authors:[{id:"417478",title:"Dr.",name:"Pattanaporn",surname:"Chatjuthamard",slug:"pattanaporn-chatjuthamard",fullName:"Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard"},{id:"417888",title:"Dr.",name:"Suwongrat",surname:"Papangkorn",slug:"suwongrat-papangkorn",fullName:"Suwongrat Papangkorn"},{id:"417889",title:"Prof.",name:"Pornsit",surname:"Jiraporn",slug:"pornsit-jiraporn",fullName:"Pornsit Jiraporn"}],corrections:null},{id:"79487",title:"Entrepreneurs/CEOs’ Factors of Production and Core Elements of the Firms/Entities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101191",slug:"entrepreneurs-ceos-factors-of-production-and-core-elements-of-the-firms-entities",totalDownloads:76,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The approach is taking into account the fact that Entrepreneurs and, broadly speaking, the CEOs are ubiquitous, a characteristic of the market that can never be absent. It is considered a modern factor of production, along with the classic ones, as land, labor, and capital. For our purpose, we consider a factor of production any resource needed for the creation of an economic good, or service, in order to make, finally, profit. In this respect, both owners/entrepreneurs and CEOs are considered a decisive factor of production because, by their skills, knowledge, and abilities, they create and add value to the firm/corporation. We used the quantitative research, consisting in the study of the practices and experiences of the firms, ownership and management in order to synthesize that the Entrepreneurship and CEOs’ existence are intrinsic and vital to economic businesses. The results prove that it is necessary combining in original and efficient manner the skills and knowledge of the Entrepreneur and CEOs to get profit and the sustainability on the specific market. These challenges demand quick and appropriate answers from entities. Therefore, the theory of the firm, the theory of entrepreneurship has to be developed based on these new realities and folded on the main form of organization.",signatures:"Alexandru Trifu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79487",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79487",authors:[{id:"417730",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandru",surname:"Trifu",slug:"alexandru-trifu",fullName:"Alexandru Trifu"}],corrections:null},{id:"79426",title:"ESG for SMEs: Can the Proposal 2021/0104 for a European Directive Help in the Early Detection of a Crisis?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101234",slug:"esg-for-smes-can-the-proposal-2021-0104-for-a-european-directive-help-in-the-early-detection-of-a-cr",totalDownloads:168,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the proposal for a European Directive 2021/0104, the number of entities who will be required to prepare a non-financial statement (NFS) has been broadened. The directive provides that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) may also voluntarily opt for drawing up a non-financial statement. It is therefore important to identify reporting standards containing key performance indicators (KPIs), tailored to the characteristics and structure of SMEs. In addition to the potential advantages in terms of improvement in relationships with stakeholders, NFI could be relevant for an early diagnosis of crisis signals therefore, an early warning behavior. This paper, therefore, aims to analyze how non-financial information can be a valuable aid to all governance players in identifying those first signs of crisis. In Italy, Organismo Italiano Business Reporting (OIBR) is drafting a document that promotes the use and communication of non-financial information on the part of SMEs with the dual objective of demonstrating that corporate governance structure on the one hand, and management and accounting tools on the other should be adequately designed and functioning so as to prevent a company’s exposure to the risk of failing to operate as a going concern.",signatures:"Patrizia Riva, Maurizio Comoli and Ambra Garelli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79426",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79426",authors:[{id:"230543",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrizia",surname:"Riva",slug:"patrizia-riva",fullName:"Patrizia Riva"},{id:"245410",title:"Prof.",name:"Maurizio",surname:"comoli",slug:"maurizio-comoli",fullName:"Maurizio comoli"},{id:"245411",title:"Dr.",name:"Ambra",surname:"Garelli",slug:"ambra-garelli",fullName:"Ambra Garelli"}],corrections:null},{id:"78657",title:"Creative Living off the Margins of the Niger Delta: Implications for Corporate Governance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100134",slug:"creative-living-off-the-margins-of-the-niger-delta-implications-for-corporate-governance",totalDownloads:61,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The distribution and privatization channels of the wealth from Niger Delta’s oil and gas resources are multiple. The main channels excessively favor mainly office holders, international entrepreneurs and their contractors. The rest of the population, or the less favored majority will have to cut their share of the wealth via the alternative channels which may include violent insurgencies. This work focuses on one of these alternative channels, where an Igbo community creatively sustain their access to the oil wealth. An ethnographic study of Egbema, shows that the local population modify their traditional practices to sustain the flow of the oil wealth. This modifying capacity was manifest when they creatively transformed a fishing festival that was traditionally celebrated exclusively, into a public fish bazaar. This was done to keep hold of the money received as compensation for the land expropriated for oil extraction by Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC). This has implications for corporate governance, especially with regard to the relationship between companies and other stakeholders.",signatures:"Stanislaus E. Nwaigwe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78657",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78657",authors:[{id:"418152",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaus E.",surname:"Nwaigwe",slug:"stanislaus-e.-nwaigwe",fullName:"Stanislaus E. Nwaigwe"}],corrections:null},{id:"77720",title:"Corporate Governance: The Sustainability Quest",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99306",slug:"corporate-governance-the-sustainability-quest",totalDownloads:117,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent times, the concept of corporate governance has become a topical interest to both academia and industry, the focus of attraction has mostly been on the need to understand its potency in advancing a corporation’s ultimate interest, and hence the necessity for this study. This study aims to examine corporate governance. The study utilized a narrative literature review methodology to examine the concept of corporate governance, essence of corporate governance, scope of corporate governance, principles of corporate governance, internal corporate governance controls, external corporate governance controls, merit of corporate governance, and stewardship theory perspective to corporate governance. The study finally made postulations on the prospect of corporate governance.",signatures:"Isaac Onyeyirichukwu Chukwuma, Fidelis Odinakachukwu Alaefule and Njideka Helen Jideofor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77720",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77720",authors:[{id:"357122",title:null,name:"Isaac Onyeyirichukwu",surname:"Chukwuma",slug:"isaac-onyeyirichukwu-chukwuma",fullName:"Isaac Onyeyirichukwu Chukwuma"},{id:"415976",title:"Dr.",name:"Fidelis Odinakachukwu",surname:"Alaefule",slug:"fidelis-odinakachukwu-alaefule",fullName:"Fidelis Odinakachukwu Alaefule"},{id:"415977",title:"Dr.",name:"Njideka Helen",surname:"Jideofor",slug:"njideka-helen-jideofor",fullName:"Njideka Helen Jideofor"}],corrections:null},{id:"78749",title:"Board Gender Diversity and Firm Risk",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100189",slug:"board-gender-diversity-and-firm-risk",totalDownloads:161,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we address the following question: Does board gender diversity affect global risk? Drawing on agency theory, upper echelon theory, and human capital theory, we hypothesize that gender diversity on the board of directors will decrease the volatility of firm risk. Applying fixed effect estimation on a panel data of listed French companies (SBF120) for the years 2011–2018, the results show a negative link between the percentage of female directors on the board and the standard deviation of monthly stock return as firm risk proxy suggesting that the inclusion of more women on corporate boards could improve financial stability. 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However, most of these techniques were restricted to the optimization of a couple of parameters defining the shape. I think that the first step of optimal design should design the topology of these structures by starting from an empty space. Topology optimization allows obtaining an initial conceptual structure starting with minimal information regarding the structure of the object. Topology optimization methods are very promising and, therefore, were proposed about 20 years ago [1, 2]. Since then, several papers have been published in this field. For example, reference [3] proposed a topology optimization using design sensitivity. Reference [4] proposed an ON/OFF sensitivity method and hybridized it with the GA in order to improve convergence characteristics. Reference [5] designed an electromagnetic system by a topology optimization method considering magnetization direction. Reference [6] proposed a topology optimization method coupling with magneto-thermal systems. Reference [7] designed a 3D electromagnetic machine with soft magnetic composite core. Reference [8] proposed a topology optimization method using the GA and ON/OFF sensitivity in conjunction with a blurring technique in order to avoid small structure spots. Reference [9] took into account a mapping function to improve convexity in the topology optimization procedure. Reference [10] applied a topology optimization method to a coupled magnetic structural problem. Reference [11] designed an IPM motor using the ON/OFF method. Reference [12] optimized magnetic actuators by a level-set method. Reference [13] optimized an inductor by the evolutionary algorithm. Reference [14] proposed a 3D topological optimization method based on the multistep utilization of GA. Reference [15] presented a possible solution to the structural optimization problem using a simple heuristic search algorithm.
\nThe author proposed a topology optimization method to optimize the distribution of materials within an electrical machine using the GA [16]. In addition, he proposed a concept for the cluster of materials and a cleaning procedure for the materials and designed the stator of a brushless DC motor based on this method [17]. However, that study considered only two types of materials, air, and iron, and therefore, it is similar to the ON/OFF method. He improved the previous method in order to consider more than two materials namely, air and iron as well as
This chapter summarizes the novel topology optimization method for the material distribution of electrical machines using the GA combined with the cluster of material and the cleaning procedure. Moreover, the obtained rotor structure was assumed to consist of the simple shape of PMs in order to consider ease of manufacturing. The proposed method is applied to the design of the rotor structure of PM synchronous motor. It is an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) used for air-conditioning. The average torque characteristics of IPMSMs are compared with the commercialized motor.
\nIn this section, the topology optimization method is briefly explained, which is implemented in this study. GA is an algorithm that imitates the evolution of living things and is suitable for problems with a large sample space. In the proposed method, the design region is split into finite element meshes, and the materials of several elements—for example, a cell—are associated with a gene in the chromosome. For example, if we consider three types of materials—for example, air, iron, and magnet, which are set to 0, 1, and 2, respectively—the chromosome is composed of some genes as shown in Figure 1. Two parents are selected randomly, and some genes are selected to be exchanged by a uniform crossover with a crossover ratio, and then, two new children are generated as shown in Figure 1. The children inherit the good characteristics of parents by repeating the process. We proposed the concept of the cluster with many types of materials. For example, irons 2 and 3 form the same cluster because they are next to each other as shown in Figure 2a, and iron 4 forms another cluster. If the area of cluster is narrow, that is, the number of cells in the same cluster is smaller than or equal to an integer
Example of genes and uniform crossover in GA.
Cluster of materials and the cleaning method concept.
Figure 3 shows the cross section of a four-pole PM synchronous motor with distributed windings. One-eighth of the rotor is designed for symmetry. This study iterates the GA with the newly increased length of genes. For the first iteration, a coarse topology is designed using a small number of design variables in a 5 × 9 array of cells as shown in Figure 4a. Three magnetized directions of permanent magnet are dealt with as shown in Figure 5. Figure 6 shows the treatment of the cluster of material on the boundary. The
Motor cross section and design region.
Cell at each iteration.
Magnetized direction in permanent magnets.
Cluster of material on the symmetric boundary and on the periodic boundary.
A fine topology then is designed using a large number of design variables for the second iteration in a 20 × 18 array of cells as shown in Figure 4b. For the second iteration, a set of initial individuals in the GA inherit the individual that has the best fitness at the conclusion of the previous iteration. For example, the initial material in cell P0 is generated by a probability of 1/5 from materials in cells P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4 shown in Figure 7. The whole flowchart for the proposed method is shown in Figure 8. The parts highlighted by the thick line are newly added to the conventional GA with the elite selection. The parameter
Cluster of material on the symmetric boundary and on the periodic boundary.
Flowchart for the proposed topology optimization method.
Figures | \nMaterial | \n||
---|---|---|---|
Figure 10a | \nAir, iron, | \n1 | \n4 | \n
Figure 10b | \nAir, iron, | \n1 | \n4 | \n
Figure 10c | \nAir, iron, | \n1 for air and iron, 0 for PM | \n4 | \n
Figure 10d | \nAir, iron, | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Design parameters.
We optimize the topology of the rotor structure by considering two types of PMs;
Convergence characteristic of the topology optimization.
Figure 10a shows the obtained rotor structure, in which three types of materials—air, iron, and the r-oriented magnet—are taken into account.
The optimized rotor shapes shown in Figure 10b, c appear as
Rotor structure obtained by the proposed topology optimization with the parameter shown in
Rotor structures obtained at the first iteration by considering air, iron,
The obtained rotor structures are complex and impractical. In order to consider the ease of manufacturing, magnets and air pockets are assumed to be simple shapes, and they are then optimized using conventional techniques. For example, the rotor structures shown in Figure 12a can be assumed to be similar to the ones in Figure 10a, where the magnets are represented by four parameters. The rotor structure shown in Figure 10b, c can be assumed to contain four hexahedron PMs as shown in Figure 12b. In this shape, the rotor structure is represented by six parameters if the thickness of the magnets is uniform and the volume of the magnets is specified. We assume that the shape of each magnet is a hexahedron and the magnet is magnetized in the vertical direction as shown in Figure 12b for the ease of magnetization. Moreover, we assume that a core area is introduced on the surface of the rotor as shown in Figure 12b to insure machine strength against centrifugal force. Therefore, parameter
An example to be optimized is the rotor of an experimental motor. This experimental motor is well known as the D model in IEE Japan for an air-conditioner and has an IPM-type rotor. A full-search method to optimize the rotor shape is used, because we want to verify that there is a good rotor shape similar to those shown in Figure 10b, c. The angle of position
Rotor structures represented by simple magnet shape.
Obtained rotor structure of the air-conditioner.
Figure 13 shows the obtained rotor structure, where the “best” rotor structure provides the largest average torque at the second iteration of the full-search method, and the “second” one provides the second-largest average torque at the first iteration. It was found that the “best” rotor structure is
Obtained rotor structure and flux distribution at no load.
Comparison of torque with the experimental motor.
We have manufactured the designed rotor shown in Figure 14a. Figure 16 shows the measured electromotive force when the rotor is rotating at a speed of 1500 min−1. The effective value and fundamental component of the electromotive force are 96.3 and 133.8 V, respectively, and those for the experimental motor are 68.2 and 95.6 V, respectively. Therefore, the electromotive force of the designed motor is 1.4 times larger than that of the experimental motor. Figure 17 shows the inductance measured by an LCR meter at 100 Hz. The obtained
where
Measured electromotive force.
Measured inductance.
Figure 18 shows the torque–current characteristics when
Measured torque characteristics.
In this study, we designed the rotor structure of PM synchronous motors. The proposed optimization process combines the topology optimization method and a method that considers the ease of manufacturing. We assumed four hexahedron PMs similar to the rotor shapes obtained by the proposed method for reasons of manufacturing ease. The obtained rotor of the compressor motor for the air-conditioner has 32% more average torque than that of the experimental motor with the same stator. Therefore, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified.
\nPhotodetectors, which can capture, identify and visualize the optical signals, have been indispensable devices in modern integrated electronics and communication technology [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Nowadays, various photosensitive materials have been investigated as the functional materials in photodetectors. For example, gallium nitride (GaN) is commercially for ultraviolet light detection (UV, <400 nm), Si for visible–near-infra (NIR, 400–1100 nm), InGaAs for NIR–mid-IR (MIR, 1–5 μm), and HgCdTe for MIR–far-IR detection (FIR, >5 μm) [2]. However, the ultra-miniaturization and integration of photodetectors with multi-materials are challenging, which require complex nanomanufacturing process and exorbitant production costs. In addition, there are some inherent disadvantages. For example, poor flexibility is a common problem in these conventional semiconductor materials, which restricts their application potential in flexible and wearable electronics. Some specific materials (
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted tremendous attention in the past few decades [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. Among them, 2D Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) are considered to be promising for next-generation optoelectronics due to the strong light-matter interaction, weak interlayer van der Waals (vdW) interaction, flexible characteristics and the ease of integration with current silicon-based optical electronics [13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. Group-10 noble TMDs (NTMDs) are outstanding representatives in the TMDs family [18, 19, 20]. The reintroduced new materials are generalized formulated by Group-10 noble elements (Pt, Pd, and so on.) and chalcogens (S, Se, or Te). Unlike traditional TMDs, the d-electrons in NTMDs are fully occupied their d-orbitals resulting in the highly hybridized Pz orbits and strong interlayer interactions [21, 22]. Therefore, NTMDs exhibit relatively small and widely tunable bandgaps compared with traditional TMDs (such as MoS2 and WS2). For example, PtS2 shows a layer-dependent bandgap from 1.6 to 0.25 eV [21], while PtSe2 changes from a typical semiconductor state (1.2 eV in 1 L PtSe2) to semi-metal state when the thickness increases to over 5 layers [23]. Combining with the high mobility (>1000 cm2V−1S−1, larger than most other TMDs and comparable for that of BP) and environmental stability, NTMDs has great potential in photodetectors applications [21, 23, 24, 25]. Moreover, the unique puckered pentagonal structure of PdS2 and PdSe2 inherently provides them with anisotropic properties [26, 27, 28] and may promote the development of polarized photodetectors.
In this chapter, we first discuss the structural, electronic and optical properties of NTMDs. Then we focus on the NTMDs based photodetectors. Wafer-scale NTMDs films with high-quality and large-scale monocrystalline NTMDs nanosheets have been fabricated, which are appropriate for optoelectronic applications. NTMDs and their heterostructure based photodetectors show many advantages such as high-performance, ultrawide spectra detection, long-term environment stability, and anisotropic characteristics. NTMDs have great potential for large-scale imaging and flexible devices, which could be the next-generation optoelectronic core materials.
The atomic coordination of monolayer TMD usually is either trigonal prismatic phase (2H or D3h) or octahedral phase (1 T or D3d), as shown in schematics in Figure 1a and b [22, 29, 32]. In 2H phase, the d orbitals in transition metal centers split into three degenerated d orbitals (
Crystal and electronic structure of NTMDs. (a) and (b) schematic images of 2H and 1 T lattice phase in TMDs, reproduced with permission [
Apart from conventional TMDs materials with hexagonal structures, PdS2 and PdSe2 consist of pentagonal rings with the puckered vertical conformation (Figure 1d) [26]. In each layer, a Pd atom binds to four chalcogen atoms other than six chalcogen atoms, while every two neighbor chalcogen atoms bind each other with a covalent bond. The unique pentagonal structure not only provides the materials with anisotropic properties, but also can realize the transition of topological quantum phase and the spin-orbit coupling enhancement. In 2017, Akinola O., et al. experimentally and theoretically prove that monolayer PtSe2 has 1.3 eV indirect band gap and semi-metal state in the bulk (Figure 1g and j) [26].
The widely tunable electronic energy gap of NTMDs make them layer-dependent optical absorption [31]. As shown in Figure 2a, PtSe2 samples with thickness from 2.2 nm to 7.8 nm show broadband light absorption from 450 nm to over 3000 nm. The absorption peaks have significant red-shift with the increase of thickness, which is originates from the narrower energy gap in thicker samples. In particular, the semi-metal nature in thick PtSe2 samples allows them absorb mid-NIR and even far-NIR light. In Figure 2b, all of these samples have broadband absorption in the range from 2 to 5 μm, which is different from tradition TMDs materials. The optical polarization properties of PtSe2 were studied by polarized light imaging experiments. The optical responses of 2D PtSe2 film almost unchanged under the incident channel with different rotation angle, which indicate the in-plane isotropic absorption of PtSe2 (Figure 2c).
Optical properties of NTMDs. (a)-(b) Vis-near-IR and mid-IR absorption spectra of PtSe2 with different thickness. The substrates are sapphires and the (a) inset is optical absorption spectrum of 5 nm thick Au film as reference. (c) Reflective intensity of RGB channels as the function of rotational incident angle, which reflect the in-plane isotropic absorption of PtSe2. (a)-(c) are reproduced with permission [
On contrary, due to the unique orthorhombic pentagonal structure, PdSe2 shows anisotropic optical response in the van der Waals plane [34]. From the calculated optical conductivity spectra in Figure 2d and e, the cut-off energy in bulk PdSe2 is lower than that in 1 L PdSe2, and the conductivity curves in xx and yy direction in both bulk and 2D PdSe2 perform very different characteristics. The anisotropic phenomenon appears at ~1.5 and 1.25 eV in bulk and 2D structure, respectively. The large anisotropy also be predicted at ~2 eV in monolayer PdSe2. Second harmonic generation (SHG) polarization diagram is also performed for observing the anisotropic properties [35]. When the polarization direction of incident light and the crystal orientation are parallel (position of 0° and 180° in Figure 2f), the intensity achieves the maximum, while at the position of 0° and 180°, the SHG signal shows significantly decrease.
In order to realizing the practical applications of the new kind of TMDs materials, the effective synthesis methods are essential to prepare particular samples with high crystallinity quality, desirable thickness and large lateral size. Up to now, various of synthesis strategies have been conducted to a variety of high-quality NTMDs. Here we do a general review on the different fabrication methods for NTMDs. Chemical vapor transport (CVT) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques are most two important methods for NTMDs which are applied to the following photodetector applications.
CVT method is a traditional crystal growth method, which is recently reintroduced for the direct synthesis of TMDs with high crystal quality [36, 37, 38]. The synthesis setup is as shown in Figure 3a [39]. Pt and Se powders with strict ratio are loaded in the quartz ampoule. After the vapor reactions with the help of a gaseous reactant under high temperature and vacuum, PtSe2 crystals are formed and deposited elsewhere. By carefully adjusting the amounts of reactants and transport, Hu et al. successfully obtained triangular-shaped PtSe2 flakes with 10–50 μm and good controllability [41]. From Figure 3d, the optical images exhibit that PtSe2 nanoflakes have controlled layer numbers from 1-layer (1 L) to 20 layers (~20 L) and the atomic force microscope (AFM) images in insets provide the thickness information. The as-grown nanoplates with monocrystalline structure, controllable thickness and large lateral size are very suitable for electronic and photonic devices. Due to the ease of growing bulk crystals by CVT, people also use this method to grow high quality single-crystalline bulk NTMDs and obtain one- to few-layer 2D flakes by peeled from the bulk NTMDs crystal.
Materials fabrication for large-scale films and monocrystalline nanosheets. (a) Schematic of CVT method for PtSe2 with controllable thickness, reproduced with permission [
CVD is a very common synthesis method in which a large number of 2D materials with scalable size, controllable thickness and high-quality crystal structure have been prepared such as graphene, TMDs, Xene, MXene, boron nitride and so on [44, 45, 46]. Recently, the CVD method also be adopted for large-scale NTMDs fabrication. Figure 3b shows a CVD selenization method for scalable PtSe2 films. The Pt film as seed were deposited on the substrate (usually the SiO2 or Si wafer) at first and placed in the center of CVD furnace. The Se powder is at the upstream side. Then the direct selenization of the Pt film happens under high temperature, low pressure and argon gas protection. In 2015, Wang et al. firstly synthesized monolayer PtSe2 nanosheets [40]. Then Han et al. obtained large area PtSe2 film (> a few cm2) with controllable thickness [42]. Figure 3e shows the photographs of as-grown 2D PtSe2 polycrystal films from 0.75 to 10 nm (corresponding to the layer numbers from 1 L to ~15 L). In 2018, Yuan et al. successfully fabricated PtSe2-PtS2 heterostructure film with wafer-scale and successfully achieved the wafer-scale photodetector application [47]. Besides, CVD method can also synthesize high-quality 2D NTMDs nanocrystals. Figure 3c exhibits a schematic of growing 2D nanosheets and through the method, Ma et al. successfully fabricated 2D PtTe2 nanoplates with tunable thickness and a large lateral size up to 80 μm [43]. From Figure 3f, the high-angle annular darkfield scanning-TEM (HAADF-STEM) image as well as the EDS mapping analysis shows the well-faceted triangular geometry and the uniformly spatial distribution of Pt and Te elements. The Raman spectrum and High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) furtherly show the high quality of nanosheets and the 6-fold symmetry SEAD pattern shows the hexagonal crystal structure. Type-II Dirac fermions are observed in the high-quality nanocrystal platform. Another advantage of the grown method is that 2D materials can be grown on arbitrary substrates, because both the pre-deposition and post-selenization process do not have strict requirements to the substrate. Till now, 2D NTMDs have been fabricated on different substrates including Si, SiO2, Sapphire, gallium nitride (GaN), fused quartz, and flexible polyimide.
There are some other synthesize ways for atomic TMDs. Mechanical exfoliation (ME) is one of the most extensively adopted approaches for 2D nanoflakes from their bulk counterparts [13]. Therefore, the as-prepared 2D flakes can maintain the intrinsic structure. Nowadays, most of mechanically exfoliated NTMDs thin flakes are from bulk crystals grown by CVT [48] and self-flux method [26, 49]. These typical nanosheets show the extraordinary electronic properties, but their small lateral size and uncontrollability during the fabrication process limit their application potential in practical devices. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has also been applied for 2D NTMDs, including PtSe2 [50], PdTe2 [51] and PdSe2 [52], which shows the merits of large-size monocrystalline, and controllable thickness on different substrates. For example, the high-quality PtSe2 atomic film was epitaxial grown on bi-layer graphene/6H-SiC substrate through MBE method [50]. The as-grown film had controllable thickness from single-layer to over 22 layers, which shows extraordinary thickness-dependent electronic properties and tunable bandgaps.
So far, various NTMDs based photodetectors with diverse constructions and high-performance have been reported [53]. Table 1 summarizes their characteristic parameters. The strong optical absorption capability and large carrier mobility of NTMDs provide high responsivity (R) and detectivity (D*) for these photodetectors, while the narrow bandgaps of atomic layered PtS2, PtSe2 and PdSe2 make them inherently suitable for NIR detection. For multi-layer NTMDs (over 5 L for PtSe2), which can be regarded as semimetal materials, they can be combined with other semiconductor materials and construct Schottky heterostructures. By choosing a suitable semiconductor functional layer with a particular bandgap (such as n-Si, III − V, 2D perovskite, 2D MoS2, and so on), the photodetector can work efficiently at a specifical wavelength. In addition, owing to the majority-carrier-dominant current-flow mechanism, photodetectors based on NTMDs heterostructures have advantages in high-speed applications. Combined with other electronic characteristics, different photodetectors with wide-spectral, fast-speed, self-powered and anisotropic have been realized. NTMDs based wafer-scalable and flexible photodetectors arrays could be the future development trend. We will comprehensively discuss them in this section.
Device structure | Material grown methods | R (AW−1) | τr/τf | D* (Jones) | Measurement conditions | Spectral range | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Few-layer PtSe2 | CVT | 0.01 | — | — | λ = 500 nm, Vg = −80 V | Visible-NIR | [23] |
Bilayer PtSe2 | CVT + ME | 4.5 | 1.1/1.2 ms | 7 × 108 | λ = 10 μm, Vb = 0.1 V | Visible-MIR | [39] |
Few-layer PtS2 | CVT | 1.56 × 103 | 460/460 ms | 2.9 × 1011 | λ = 500 nm, Vb = 0.1 V | Visible | [48] |
Few-layer PdSe2 | ME | 708 | — | 1.31 × 109 | λ = 1064 nm, Vg = 30 V | Visible-MIR | [54] |
PtSe2/Si | TAC | 0.52 | 55.3/170.5 μs | 3.26 × 1013 | λ = 808 nm, Vb = 0 V | Visible-NIR | [55] |
PtSe2/n-Si | TAC | 0.49 | — | — | λ = 808 nm, Vb = −2 V | UV–NIR | [56] |
PtSe2/Ge | CVD | 0.602 | 7.42/16.71 μs | 6.31 × 1011 | λ = 1550 nm, Vb = 0 V | Visible-NIR | [57] |
PtSe2GaAs | CVD | 0.262 | 5.5/6.5 μs | ∼ 102 | λ = 808 nm, Vb = 0 V | DUV–NIR | [58] |
PtSe2/GaN | CVD | 0.193 | 45/102 μ | 3.8 × 1014 | λ = 265 nm, Vb = 0 V | DUV | [59] |
PtSe2/CdTe | CVD | 0.51 | 8.1/43 μs | 4.2 × 1011 | λ = 780 nm, Vb = 0 V | DUV–NIR | [60] |
PtSe2/FA0.85Cs0.15PbI3 | CVD | 0.118 | 78/60 ns | 2.9 × 1012 | λ = 808 nm, Vb = 0 V | UV–NIR | [61] |
PtS2/PtSe2 | CVD | 0.361 | 66/75 ms | — | λ = 532 nm, Vb = 0 V | Visible-NIR | [47] |
PdSe2/n-Si | CVD | 0.3 | — | ∼ 1013 | λ = 780 nm, Vb = 0 V | UV–NIR | [62] |
G/PdSe2/Ge | CVD | 0.69 | 6.4/92.5 μs | 1.73 × 1013 | λ = 265 nm, Vb = 0 V | DUV-MIR | [63] |
PdSe2/FA0.85Cs0.15PbI3 | CVD | 0.313 | 3.5/4 μs | ∼ 1013 | λ = 265 nm, Vb = 0 V | DUV-NIR | [64] |
PdSe2/MoS2 | CVT | 42.1 | — | 8.21 × 109 | λ = 10.6 μm, Vb = 1 V | Visible-MIR | [65] |
Summary of characteristic parameters for NTMDs based photodetectors.
*The detectivity D of a photodetector is a figure of merit, defined as the inverse of the noise-equivalent power (NEP). The larger the detectivity of a photodetector, the more it is suitable for detecting week signals which compete with the detector noise. But the specific detectivity D* is the detectivity normalized to a unit detector area and detection bandwidth; one can calculate it by multiplying the detectivity with the square root of the product of detector area (in square centimeters) and the detector bandwidth (in Hz). That term is useful for comparing the performance of different detector technologies.
Due to the great electronic transport and optical properties of NTMDs, various of NTMDs based phototransistors have been studied [23, 39, 48, 54]. Here we illustrate a typical PtS2 phototransistor as an instance [48]. The device schematic is as shown in Figure 4a, in which few-layer PtS2 as the channel material on h-BN substrate. The device shows a high field-effect mobility of ~13 cm2V−1S−1 and the high on/off ratio of 105. Then the photo-response ability under light illumination at visible wavelength (500 nm) is studied. Both photogenerated conductive and photo-gating effects are observed in the device. Figure 4b is the 3D diagram which shows the combined photocurrent with incident light intensity and gate voltage (Vg). By calculation, the detectivity and responsivity are obtained with the function of Vg (Figure 4c). when Vg is zero, the responsivity is highly at 1560 AW−1, which shows 106 times higher than that of graphene and 103 times higher than that of BP detectors (~0.5 and 657 mAW−1, respectively). Similarly, the detectivity (D*), as the inverse of the noise-equivalent power and the key parameter related to the signal-to-noise rate of the device, reaches 2.9 × 1011 Jones, which is also higher than that of other 2D-based devices (Figure 4c). The photo-gain is about 2 × 106 at 30 V of Vg, which could be the highest gain in 2D-based photodetectors. The few-Layered PtS2 phototransistor shows that NTMDs is outstanding candidate in photodetection area at visible wavelength range.
2D NTMDs phototransistors. (a)-(c) PtS2 on h-BN for photodetection. (a) Schematic of the device structure. (b) 3D view of photocurrent mapping. (c) the responsivity and detectivity as a function of vg measured at Vds = 0.1 V. (a)-(c) are reproduced with permission [
Mid-IR optoelectronics is fantastic and important because there is an optical transparent window at Mid-IR in the atmosphere. However, in traditional TMDs based photodetectors, it is very difficult to realize the effective detection at Mid-IR. NTMDs can overcome the difficulty due to the narrow bandgap. Yu et al. fabricated a bi-layer PtSe2 based phototransistor, which can realize wide-spectral and sensitive detection from 632 nm to 10 μm [39]. As shown in Figure 4d and e, the time-resolved photo-response results are obtained at 632 nm, 1.47 μm and 10 μm, with photo- responsivity of 6.25 AW−1, 5.5 AW−1 and 4.5 AW−1, respectively. The achieved photocurrent responsivity at 10 μm is 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of graphene and comparable to commercial mid-IR detectors. The rise and fall time are also better than other TMDs based photodetectors owing to the high mobility of PtSe2. Overall, bilayer PtSe2 shows promising potential in mid-IR optoelectronic applications.
For anisotropic detector applications, Liang et al. adopted PdSe2 as the photosensitive material [54]. The photodetector shows effective photo-response covering from 532 nm to 4.05 μm. The responsivity is 708 AW−1, which is five orders larger than graphene and two orders larger than commercial InGaAs near-IR photodetectors. Furthermore, with the unique pentagonal structure of PdSe2, the detector shows anisotropic photo-response for the linear-polarized light with varying polarization angle. In Figure 4f, when the increase of rotation angle with the step of 15° from 0° to 360°, the photocurrent clearly shows periodical variation and reaches the maximum value at 120° and 300°, which is coincident with the angle-resolved polarized Raman response results, furtherly showing the lattice effects. The anisotropic detectors as linear dichroism media have potential in optical communication and structural chemistry analysis.
Overall, with the first realization of PtSe2 photodetectors in 2016 [23], Various of NTMDs and their photodetection abilities are studied, which show great performance. Till now, NTMDs based photodetectors exhibit higher responsivity and photo-gain than that of graphene, conventional TMDs and other 2D photodetectors. The work wavelength has been extended to 10 μm and the anisotropic detection has also been realized. With the development of NTMDs synthesis technique, the optimization of device structure, and the study of NTMDs photo-current mechanism, the narrow bandgap material will be the excellent candidate in the field of photodetection.
NTMDs with widely tunable energy gaps and high carrier mobility have broad prospects in developing high-performance photodetectors. However, the ultrathin thickness nature makes 2D NTMDs relatively low light absorption. Constructing NTMDs based heterostructures can not only enhance the light absorption, but accelerate the separation and transmission of carriers, and invent the high-speed photodetectors. Therefore, different NTMDs heterostructures have been studied for fast, broadband, self-powered and polarization-sensitive photodetectors.
Due to the atomic thickness, NTMDs is very convenient to from heterostructures with conventional semiconductors such as Si [55], n-Si [56, 62], Ge [57, 63], GaAs [58], GaN [59] and CdTe [60]. Few-layer PtSe2 is semimetal state. By choosing p-doped bulk semiconductors with appropriate work function and bandgaps and contacting them with Few-layer PtSe2 layer, the Schottky junction will be formed. The detection wavelength is determined by the bulk semiconductor. Zeng et al. fabricated the PtSe2-GaAs vertical heterostructure detector [58]. The device schematic and the photocurrent generation mechanism are depicted in Figure 5a. Under the light illumination, the electron–hole pairs forms at the interface of the heterojunction, then separates with the function of in-built electric field. The photocurrent generates and gathered by two electrodes. The device shows the broadband work wavelength from200 to 1200 nm and a large photo-response at visible wavelength (Figure 5b). The responsivity and specific detectivity reach to 708 mAW−1 and 2.9 × 1012 Jones at 808 nm, respectively. Moreover, the device achieves the fast response speed, in which the rise and fall time are only 5.5 and 6.5 μs (Figure 5c). By choosing the semiconductor layer with relatively large energy gap,
(a) Device schematic and the photocurrent generation mechanism of the PtSe2-GaAs photodetector. (b) Wavelength-dependent specific detectivity and responsivity of PtSe2-GaAs photodetector. (c) Fast photo-response with the rise/fall time of 5.5/6.5 μs. (a)-(c) are reproduced with permission [
Perovskite is also an emerging material with a large absorption coefficient, long diffusion length and low trapping density, which has aroused extensive research interest in optoelectronics. Zhang et al. reported a new type of detector based on few-layer PtSe2 and FACsPbI3 perovskite heterostructure [61]. The device has broad spectra response from 300 to 1200 nm, with the responsivity of 117.7 mAW−1, high Ilight/Idark ratio of 5.7 × 103 and considerable specific detectivity of 2.6 × 1012 Jones. Especially, due to the extraordinary electronic properties of PtSe2 and the perovskite and the well-designed built-in electric field at Schottky junction interface, the response time is only 78/60 ns, which is one of the fastest reported values in mixed-dimensional 2D-3D van der Waals heterostructures. Zeng and the co-workers chose PtSe2 to construct heterojunction with FA1 − xCsxPbI3 perovskite film, which can realize the self-powered detection operation from 200 to 1550 nm [64]. The device demonstrates high responsivity, large on/off ratio, a good polarization sensitivity over 104, and reliable imaging application at 808 nm.
The heterostructure between NTMDs with other 2D materials is also fantastic. Here we use PdSe2-MoS2 heterostructure as an example [65]. Both of PdSe2 and MoS2 are multilayer flakes with thickness of ~10 nm. The ultra-thin device can not only a ultrawide spectra working range from 532 nm to 10.6 μm, but contributes an ultrahigh responsivity of 42.1 AW−1 at 10.6 μm.
Due to the industrial demand and the inherent advantages of 2D materials, the development trend of 2D optoelectronics is scalability and flexibility. Yuan et al. has realized the fabrication of wafer-scale PtS2- PtSe2 heterojunctions and devices [47]. They pre-deposited 0.8 nm Pt films as arrays of periodic square, then directly grew PtS2 and PtSe2 2D thin films by CVD method. Figure 6a is the photograph and Figure 6b shows the schematic illustration of one single device. The photodetector array can work from 405 nm to 2200 nm. The ultrathin device has a large external quantum efficiency (EQE) (1.2% at 1064 nm, 0.2% at 1550 nm, and 0.05% at 2200 nm). The response time is several milliseconds. If the quality of thin film is improved, the response time could be faster. The scalable devices can be adopted for high-resolution imaging, as shown in Figure 6c.
(a)-(c) Wafer-scale NTMDs photodetection and imaging. (a) Photograph of PtS2- PtSe2 photodetectors array on a SiO2/Si wafer. (b) Schematic illustration of the photodetector device. (a)-(b) are reproduced with permission [
For the study of NTMDs flexible devices, Su and the co-workers did the pioneer work [66]. PtSe2 thin films with 2.5 nm thickness (~3 L) on flexible polyimide substrate were directly grown by plasma-assisted selenization process, which show p-doped semiconductor behaviors and the average field effect mobility of 0.7 cm2V−1S−1. Figure 6d shows the array of devices with the finger-type electrode structure. The flexible photodetector shows good photoresponse with responsivity of 0.4, 0.25 and 0.1AW−1 at 408, 515 and 640 nm, respectively (Figure 6e). Moreover, the great mechanic stability is exhibited. Under large bending with different radius over 1000 cycles, the device can still generate stable photocurrent with almost no degradation, which is depicted in Figure 6f.
In this chapter, we focus on 2D NTMDs and their applications in the field of photodetectors. 2D NTMDs exhibit extraordinary structural, electronic and optical properties. Unlike conventional TMD materials, the emerging NTMDs with abundant d-electrons and strong interlayer electronic hybridization have broadband optical absorption and ultra-high mobility, which are promising in optoelectronics. Then we have discussed efficient and controllable synthesis methods for 2D NTMDs with high crystal quality and large scalability. Various NTMDs based photodetectors have been developed till now. We have witnessed their outstanding performance, including wide-spectral range, ultrafast response, self-power and anisotropy. With the development of the materials technology and device manufacturing technology, NTMDs will have great potential in practical optoelectronic applications.
This work is supported by the Starting Research Funds from Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, China (No. Y0D1051F211). Dr. Jian yuan acknowledges the support from Natural Science Research Project for Anhui Universities (grant no. KJ2019A0596), and Youth Project of Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Anhui (grant no. 2008085QF319).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Graphene, one-atom thick, exhibits a unique chemical structure and outstanding electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties that made it compelling for various engineering applications. Graphene and graphene-based materials are promising candidates for fabricating state-of-the-art nano-scale sensors and biosensors. They featured with good conductivity and large specific surface area thereby; graphene-based sensors/biosensors performed well with good accuracy, rapidness, high sensitivity and selectivity, low detection limits, and long-term stability. They are ideally used as gas sensors, electrochemical sensors for heavy metal ions, immunosensors and dihydronicotinamide dinucleotide NADH, DNA, catecholamine neurotransmitters, paracetamol, glucose, H2O2, hemoglobin, and myoglobin biosensors. This chapter reviews the applications of graphene in nanotechnology since it came to the field particularly in sensing and biosensing applications. It updates the reader with the scientific progress of the current use of graphene as sensors and biosensors. There is still much room for the scientific research and application development of graphene-based theory, materials, and devices. Despite the vast amount of research already conducted on graphene for various applications, the field is still growing and many questions remain to be answered.",book:{id:"4624",slug:"biosensors-micro-and-nanoscale-applications",title:"Biosensors",fullTitle:"Biosensors - Micro and Nanoscale Applications"},signatures:"Nada F. Atta, Ahmed Galal and Ekram H. El-Ads",authors:[{id:"30072",title:"Prof.",name:"Nada",middleName:null,surname:"F. Atta",slug:"nada-f.-atta",fullName:"Nada F. 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Here, we present the general concept and the classification of biosensors, their advantages and drawbacks, the main strategies in electrochemical biosensor technology and the materials used in electrochemical sensors, such as electrodes and supporting substrates, materials for improved sensitivity and selectivity, materials for bioreceptor immobilization, and biological recognition elements. Various nanomaterials, such as carbon-based materials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanoparticles), inorganic and organic nanoparticles (magnetic and metal nanoparticles, nanosized clays), conductive and insulating polymers (nanosized and nanostructured polymers, molecularly imprinted polymers), and hybrid materials, etc., have been successfully applied for the enhancement of the electroanalytical performance of biosensors and for the immobilization of biorecognition elements. Among these, due to their unique physiochemical features, carbon-based materials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphenes, have received special attention in recent years, and examples of surface functionalization using various types of nanoparticles are presented. The future trends in sensor research activities and areas of development that are expected to have an impact in biosensor performance, like immobilization techniques, nanotechnology, miniaturization and multisensor array determinations, are also examined.",book:{id:"4624",slug:"biosensors-micro-and-nanoscale-applications",title:"Biosensors",fullTitle:"Biosensors - Micro and Nanoscale Applications"},signatures:"Robert Săndulescu, Mihaela Tertiş, Cecilia Cristea and Ede Bodoki",authors:[{id:"28983",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:"Valentin",surname:"Sandulescu",slug:"robert-sandulescu",fullName:"Robert Sandulescu"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"72990",title:"Nanoprecipitation: Applications for Entrapping Active Molecules of Interest in Pharmaceutics",slug:"nanoprecipitation-applications-for-entrapping-active-molecules-of-interest-in-pharmaceutics",totalDownloads:903,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Nanoprecipitation technique, also named solvent injection, spontaneous emulsification, solvent displacement, solvent diffusion, interfacial deposition, mixing-induced nanoprecipitation, or flash nanoprecipitation, is recognized as a useful and versatile strategy for trapping active molecules on the submicron and nanoscale levels. Thus, these particles could be intended among others, for developing innovative pharmaceutical products bearing advantages as controlled drug release, target therapeutic performance, or improved stability and organoleptic properties. On this basis, this chapter offers readers a comprehensive revision of the state of the art in research on carriers to be used for pharmaceutical applications and developed by the nanoprecipitation method. In this sense, the starting materials, the particle characteristics, and the in vitro and in vivo performances of the most representative of these carriers, i.e., polymer, lipid, and hybrid particles have been analyzed in a comparative way searching for a general view of the obtained behaviors.",book:{id:"10116",slug:"nano-and-microencapsulation-techniques-and-applications",title:"Nano- and Microencapsulation",fullTitle:"Nano- and Microencapsulation - Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Oscar Iván Martínez-Muñoz, Luis Fernando Ospina-Giraldo and Claudia Elizabeth Mora-Huertas",authors:[{id:"320030",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia Elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Mora Huertas",slug:"claudia-elizabeth-mora-huertas",fullName:"Claudia Elizabeth Mora Huertas"},{id:"326041",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Ospina Giraldo",slug:"luis-fernando-ospina-giraldo",fullName:"Luis Fernando Ospina Giraldo"},{id:"326042",title:"Mr.",name:"Oscar Iván",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Muñoz",slug:"oscar-ivan-martinez-munoz",fullName:"Oscar Iván Martínez Muñoz"}]},{id:"71786",title:"Microemulsion Formulation of Botanical Oils as an Efficient Tool to Provide Sustainable Agricultural Pest Management",slug:"microemulsion-formulation-of-botanical-oils-as-an-efficient-tool-to-provide-sustainable-agricultural",totalDownloads:885,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Microemulsion formulation is among the most suitable carrier for the delivery of bioactive and, therefore, has excellent potential for industrial applications. The microemulsion system is thermodynamically and kinetically stable. Due to the smaller droplet size of the microemulsion system, the bioactive covers a larger surface of the target pest. Botanicals and essential oils, in particular, are green options to control various soil and seed-borne pathogens. Each oil contains several bioactive constituents that practically avoid microbe-resistance against it. Nevertheless, to improve the handling and shelf-life of botanicals, microemulsion formulation is the best option available. The current chapter provides the insight of a microemulsion system and explores the possibility of botanical oil-based biopesticides for a sustainable agro-ecosystem. We believe that botanical oil microemulsion could be a better alternative to synthetic pesticides and opens a new corridor for the promotion of the greener way of plant protection in India and across the globe.",book:{id:"10116",slug:"nano-and-microencapsulation-techniques-and-applications",title:"Nano- and Microencapsulation",fullTitle:"Nano- and Microencapsulation - Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Abhishek Sharma, Saurabh Dubey and Nusrat Iqbal",authors:[{id:"314853",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhishek",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"abhishek-sharma",fullName:"Abhishek Sharma"},{id:"315502",title:"Dr.",name:"Saurabh",middleName:null,surname:"Dubey",slug:"saurabh-dubey",fullName:"Saurabh Dubey"},{id:"317856",title:"Ms.",name:"Nusrat",middleName:null,surname:"Iqbal",slug:"nusrat-iqbal",fullName:"Nusrat Iqbal"}]},{id:"48359",title:"Immunosensors",slug:"immunosensors",totalDownloads:3113,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"Immunosensors are solid-state devices in which the immunochemical reaction is coupled to a transducer. They form one of the most important classes of affinity biosensors based on the specific recognition of antigens by antibodies to form a stable complex, in a similar way to immunoassay. Depending on the type of transducer there are four types of immunosensor: electrochemical, optical, microgravimetric and thermometric. The most commonly used bioelements for the development of electrochemical immunosensors are antibodies (Ab), followed by aptamers (Apt) and, in the last five years, microRNA (miRNA). In order to perform an early diagnosis, a method that is able to measure peptides and proteins directly in a sample, without any sample pre-treatment or any separation, is preferred. This direct detection can be performed with methods making use of the specific interaction of proteins with Ab, Apt and miRNA. The recent developments made in the immunosensor field, regarding the incorporation of nanomaterials for increased sensitivity, multiplexing or microfluidic-based devices, may have potential for promising use in industry and clinical analysis. Some examples of assays for several commercially available biomarkers will be presented. The main application fields, beside biomedical analysis, are drug abuse control, food analysis and environmental analysis.",book:{id:"4624",slug:"biosensors-micro-and-nanoscale-applications",title:"Biosensors",fullTitle:"Biosensors - Micro and Nanoscale Applications"},signatures:"Cecilia Cristea, Anca Florea, Mihaela Tertiș and Robert Săndulescu",authors:[{id:"28983",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:"Valentin",surname:"Sandulescu",slug:"robert-sandulescu",fullName:"Robert Sandulescu"}]},{id:"48575",title:"Impedimetric Sensors for Bacteria Detection",slug:"impedimetric-sensors-for-bacteria-detection",totalDownloads:3705,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"The application of electrochemical biosensors based on impedance detection has grown during the past years due to their high sensitivity and rapid response, making this technique extremely useful to detect biological interactions with biosensor platforms. This chapter is focused on the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for bacterial detection in two ways. On one hand, bacteria presence may be determined by the detection of metabolites produced by bacterial growth involving the media conductivity changes. On the other hand, faster and more selective bacterial detection may be achieved by the immobilization of bacteria on a sensor surface using biorecognition elements (antibodies, antimicrobial peptides, aptamers, etc.) and registering changes produced in the charge transfer resistance (faradic process) or interfacial impedance (nonfaradic process). Here we discuss different types of impedimetric biosensors for microbiological applications, making stress on their most important parameters, such as detection limits, detection times, selectivity, and sensitivity. The aim of the paper was to give a critical review of recent publications in the field and mark the future trends.",book:{id:"4624",slug:"biosensors-micro-and-nanoscale-applications",title:"Biosensors",fullTitle:"Biosensors - Micro and Nanoscale Applications"},signatures:"Sergi Brosel-Oliu, Naroa Uria, Natalia Abramova and Andrey Bratov",authors:[{id:"174122",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Bratov",slug:"andrey-bratov",fullName:"Andrey Bratov"},{id:"175939",title:"MSc.",name:"Sergi",middleName:null,surname:"Brosel-Oliu",slug:"sergi-brosel-oliu",fullName:"Sergi Brosel-Oliu"},{id:"175940",title:"Dr.",name:"Naroa",middleName:null,surname:"Uria",slug:"naroa-uria",fullName:"Naroa Uria"},{id:"175941",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Abramova",slug:"natalia-abramova",fullName:"Natalia Abramova"}]},{id:"58296",title:"Recent Advances in Bioimaging for Cancer Research",slug:"recent-advances-in-bioimaging-for-cancer-research",totalDownloads:1498,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Molecular imaging techniques as well as nanoparticle applicable to molecular imaging are being explored to improve the cancer detection accuracy, which help to manage efficiently at the early stage. Among the various imaging technologies, optical imaging is a highly sensitive detection technique that allows direct observation of specific molecular events, biological pathways, and disease processes in real time through imaging probes that emit light in a range of wavelengths. Recently, nanoparticles have provided significant progresses that can be simultaneously used for cancer diagnosis and therapy (cancer theranostics). Theranostics aims to provide “image-guided cancer therapy,” by integrating therapeutic and imaging agents in a single platform. In addition, molecular imaging techniques facilitate “image-guided surgery” enabling maximization of tumor excision and minimization of side effects. The optical signals generated by fluorescence nanoparticles offer the possibility to distinguish tumor sites and normal tissues during surgery by real-time guidance, thereby increasing the long-term patient survival. These techniques will considerably contribute to reducing cancer recurrence and developing more effective cures. In this chapter, we will introduce diverse research on nanomaterials-based optical imaging for effective cancer therapy.",book:{id:"6398",slug:"state-of-the-art-in-nano-bioimaging",title:"State of the Art in Nano-bioimaging",fullTitle:"State of the Art in Nano-bioimaging"},signatures:"Jae-Woo Lim, Seong Uk Son and Eun-Kyung Lim",authors:[{id:"217456",title:"Dr.",name:"Eun-Kyung",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"eun-kyung-lim",fullName:"Eun-Kyung Lim"},{id:"226257",title:"Mr.",name:"Jae-Woo",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"jae-woo-lim",fullName:"Jae-Woo Lim"},{id:"226259",title:"Mr.",name:"Seong Uk",middleName:null,surname:"Son",slug:"seong-uk-son",fullName:"Seong Uk Son"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"205",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"82777",title:"Sustainability and Social Investment: Community Microhydropower Systems in the Dominican Republic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105995",signatures:"Michela Izzo, Alberto Sánchez and Rafael Fonseca",slug:"sustainability-and-social-investment-community-microhydropower-systems-in-the-dominican-republic",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82387",title:"Kept Promises? 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