\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6707",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Caesarean Section",title:"Caesarean Section",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In this book, we present recent advances in surgical techniques as well as the most common perioperative complications in patients that undergo a cesarean section. Moreover, we discuss appropriate measures to reduce unnecessary procedures.",isbn:"978-1-78923-932-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-931-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-661-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72159",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"caesarean-section",numberOfPages:154,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5efff2e8c75a9e3dc96206b2929c59e7",bookSignature:"Georgios Androutsopoulos",publishedDate:"September 26th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6707.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11324,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:7,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 10th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 1st 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 30th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 20th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 19th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"173834",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Androutsopoulos",slug:"georgios-androutsopoulos",fullName:"Georgios Androutsopoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173834/images/system/173834.jfif",biography:"Georgios Androutsopoulos completed his Degree in Medicine in 1995, at the National and Kapodestrian University of Athens. \r\nHe received his Medical Specialization in 2006, at the Department of Obstetrics - Gynecology of the University of Patras. He also completed his Doctorate of Medicine 'Pregnancy complications in Greek women with inherited thrombophilia” in 2007, at the same Department.\r\nHe started his clinical career in 1-8-2006, as Obstetrician - Gynecologist at the General, Maternity and Pediatric Hospital of Athens 'Mitera” and he served up until 20-1-2009. In 23-1-2009 he became Consultant of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the General Hospital of Amfissas and he served up until 3-1-2012.\r\nHe started his academic career in 3-1-2012, as Lecturer and Consultant of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Patras and he served up until 20-10-2014. In 20-10-2014, he became Assistant Professor and Consultant of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the same University and holds the position until today. Between 1-11-2016 and 31-10-2017, he was Honorary Clinical Research Fellow in Gynaecological Oncology at Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre (NGOC), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom. Currently, he is the Head of the Division of Gynecological Oncology of the University of Patras.\r\nHe has got both academic and clinical experience as well as a heavy workload of research and educational duties. Moreover, he has active participation in Medical Students Educational Program as well as in Residency Training Program at the Department of Obstetrics - Gynecology of the University of Patras. His research interests are mainly focused in Gynecological Oncology.\r\nEditor in Scientific Journals: 29.\r\nEditorial Board Member in Scientific Journals: 47.\r\nReviewer in Scientific Journals: 99.\r\nParticipation in Authorship of Scientific Books: 6.\r\nPublications in International Scientific Journals with Reviewers: 82.\r\nPublications in National Scientific Journals with Reviewers: 11.\r\nCitations of Publications: 765.\r\nh-index (Scopus): 6, h-index (Scholar): 13, i10-index (Scholar): 25.",institutionString:"University of Patras",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Patras",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"189",title:"Obstetrics and Gynecology",slug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology"}],chapters:[{id:"63340",title:"Introductory Chapter: Is It Time to Reconsider the Importance of Cesarean Section?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80297",slug:"introductory-chapter-is-it-time-to-reconsider-the-importance-of-cesarean-section-",totalDownloads:790,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Georgios Androutsopoulos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63340",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63340",authors:[{id:"173834",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Androutsopoulos",slug:"georgios-androutsopoulos",fullName:"Georgios Androutsopoulos"}],corrections:null},{id:"61562",title:"Trends in Cesarean Section",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77309",slug:"trends-in-cesarean-section",totalDownloads:1175,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cesarean section (CS) is part of the standard of care in modern obstetrics. Its availability, practicity, high acceptance among patients, and the permanent improvement in surgical techniques, anesthesia, blood replacement, and neonatal care have popularized the procedure as a safe and reasonable alternative to vaginal delivery for any individual born in the twenty-first century. Beyond an established recommended rate of 15% for all births, presently the main challenge in obstetrical care is to limit its use to patients that need the procedure in order to keep an adequate perinatal outcome. The rate of CS has been used in many healthcare settings as an indicator of an individual or institutional obstetrical performance. The issue of overuse of CS as a birth alternative beyond clear maternal or fetal indications has received extensive analysis not only from the reproductive medicine point of view but also from neonatal, ethical, financial, and public health stakeholders. Its place in modern obstetrics, and its impact on short-and long-term maternal and neonatal outcomes, health financial budgets, and in public health policies, have positioned CS a mayor issue to take care of in modern medicine.",signatures:"Andres Sarmiento",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61562",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61562",authors:[{id:"233687",title:"M.D.",name:"Andres",surname:"Sarmiento",slug:"andres-sarmiento",fullName:"Andres Sarmiento"}],corrections:null},{id:"61216",title:"Value of Caesarian Section in HIV-Positive Women",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76883",slug:"value-of-caesarian-section-in-hiv-positive-women",totalDownloads:950,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The international main goal is to reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission. The appropriate birth delivery for seropositive woman has been analyzed since the beginning of the twenty-first century. Although at the beginning of HIV pandemic delivery by caesarian section (C-section) was considered mandatory in many studies and meta-analyses, recent information reveal limited benefits. Mother-to-child transmission is higher when mothers are diagnosed late during pregnancy, in advanced stages with a high HIV viral load, and labor with membranes ruptured for more than 4 h, especially when the antiretroviral treatment is not respected. During vaginal delivery, the risk of HIV transmitting to infant is due to microtransfusions during uterine contractions or by newborn exposure to cervicovaginal secretions or blood. Although the indication of C-section in HIV-positive women is controversial, there are some situations in which C-section remains mandatory. In mothers diagnosed late during pregnancy, in situation in which HIV viral load is not affordable in real time in the last trimester of pregnancy, and in mothers with poor adherence to antiretroviral treatment, C-section remains one of the most important measures of prevention for HIV mother-to-child transmission.",signatures:"Simona Claudia Cambrea and Anca Daniela Pinzaru",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61216",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61216",authors:[{id:"189887",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Simona Claudia",surname:"Cambrea",slug:"simona-claudia-cambrea",fullName:"Simona Claudia Cambrea"},{id:"250093",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca Daniela",surname:"Pinzaru",slug:"anca-daniela-pinzaru",fullName:"Anca Daniela Pinzaru"}],corrections:null},{id:"62854",title:"The Surgical Technique of Caesarean Section: What is Evidence Based?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78040",slug:"the-surgical-technique-of-caesarean-section-what-is-evidence-based-",totalDownloads:2465,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Caesarean section is the most frequent obstetric operation which is associated with increased maternal morbidity and mortality. Although these risks are low, affected women may suffer from severe consequences and this may affect subsequent pregnancies and deliveries. A variety of surgical approaches have been described, however, on low evidence level. The objective of this chapter is therefore to systematically search the literature and analyse the available evidence including preoperative workup, prophylactic antibiotics, skin disinfection, preoperative bladder catheterization as well as details of the individual steps of the actual operation itself such as skin incision types, preparation of soft tissue and womb, removal of the placenta, cervical dilatation and stitching of the womb, peritoneum, rectus muscle, fascia, subcutaneous fat, and skin. We systematically searched for meta-analysis, systematic reviews, and big studies and evaluated the evidence for each individual step.",signatures:"Jan-Simon Lanowski and Constantin S. von Kaisenberg",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62854",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62854",authors:[{id:"100660",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",surname:"Von Kaisenberg",slug:"constantin-von-kaisenberg",fullName:"Constantin Von Kaisenberg"},{id:"240353",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan-Simon",surname:"Lanowski",slug:"jan-simon-lanowski",fullName:"Jan-Simon Lanowski"}],corrections:null},{id:"60123",title:"Pros and Cons of Myomectomy during Cesarean Section",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75365",slug:"pros-and-cons-of-myomectomy-during-cesarean-section",totalDownloads:1360,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Additional surgical interventions apart from emergencies during cesarean section are not recommended in the textbooks; thus, surgical procedures like myomectomy as an adjunct to cesarean section remains a hot topic of discussion. There are many publications supporting serosal myomectomy during cesarean section, but studies published so far are poor in quality of evidence. To clarify the efficacy and safety of cesarean myomectomy, large-scale randomized controlled studies and studies explaining the mid-term and long-term outcomes of the cesarean myomectomy are required. Traditionally, cesarean myomectomy is performed from the uterine serosa as in the usual abdominal myomectomy. Although the surgical technique is the same as intracapsular myomectomy, a novel cesarean myomectomy technique, endometrial myomectomy, introduced into the obstetrics practice for minimizing the risk of adhesion formation and diminishing the blood loss during surgery. Further, strong studies are needed to overcome the controversy on cesarean myomectomy.",signatures:"Cengiz Tokgöz, Şafak Hatirnaz and Oğuz Güler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60123",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60123",authors:[{id:"235275",title:"M.D.",name:"Şafak",surname:"Hatırnaz",slug:"safak-hatirnaz",fullName:"Şafak Hatırnaz"},{id:"240855",title:"Dr.",name:"Cengiz",surname:"Tokgöz",slug:"cengiz-tokgoz",fullName:"Cengiz Tokgöz"},{id:"240856",title:"Dr.",name:"Oğuz",surname:"Güler",slug:"oguz-guler",fullName:"Oğuz Güler"}],corrections:null},{id:"60912",title:"Complications of Cesarean Operation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75901",slug:"complications-of-cesarean-operation",totalDownloads:1407,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the last decades, there has been a huge increase in the incidence of the cesarean section that worldwide became a routine procedure in most hospitals despite the potential complications which in some cases can cause permanent damage or can even be fatal, affecting both the mother and the fetus. In this chapter, we will discuss the most frequent complications that occur in the cesarean section both in the surgical act and after the event.",signatures:"Enrique Rosales Aujang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60912",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60912",authors:[{id:"237635",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",surname:"Rosales",slug:"enrique-rosales",fullName:"Enrique Rosales"}],corrections:null},{id:"63427",title:"Caesarean Section: Reasons for and Actions to Prevent Unnecessary Caesareans",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76582",slug:"caesarean-section-reasons-for-and-actions-to-prevent-unnecessary-caesareans",totalDownloads:1225,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"According to data from 150 countries, the worldwide caesarean section rate increased from 7% in 1990 to 19% in 2014. Latin America and the Caribbean region reported the highest CS rate 42%, followed by North America 32%, Oceania 31%, Europe 25%, Asia 19%, and Africa 7%. This trend is accompanied by increasing reports of severe adverse outcomes, such as invasive placenta, peripartum hysterectomy, and massive obstetric bleeding. The World Health Organization stated in 2015 that caesareans are effective in saving maternal and infant lives only when they are required for medically indicated reasons and that caesarean rates higher than 10–15% at a population level are not associated with reduced maternal or newborn mortality rates. More than 90% of women claim that they want to give birth in a natural way. In contrast, recent studies suggest that the majority of planned caesareans are carried out for psychosocial or nonmedical reasons. Knowledge about the indications for caesareans is a prerequisite in order to define actions to prevent unnecessary caesareans. The aim of this chapter was to present a review of the history behind, and to evaluate the indications for, caesarean sections in order to suggest appropriate actions to prevent unnecessary caesareans.",signatures:"Ylva Vladic Stjernholm",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63427",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63427",authors:[{id:"238942",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ylva",surname:"Vladic Stjernholm",slug:"ylva-vladic-stjernholm",fullName:"Ylva Vladic Stjernholm"}],corrections:null},{id:"62348",title:"Improving Obstetrical Outcomes in Cesarean Sections, by Utilizing Evidence-Based Strategies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78667",slug:"improving-obstetrical-outcomes-in-cesarean-sections-by-utilizing-evidence-based-strategies",totalDownloads:959,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cesarean sections are the most commonly performed surgery in the USA. Changing policies and clinical information have resulted in improved outcomes for both mothers and babies. We describe evidence-based best practices for a multi-strategy approach to reduce cesarean section rates, increasing safety and success of vaginal births after cesarean section, decreasing complication rates in higher order cesarean sections, and accurate estimations of blood loss. In addition, we present a novel approach of utilizing venous lactate levels to identify the need for blood transfusions in the resuscitation of women with postpartum hemorrhage. Given that pregnancy is a life event, we describe increased self-reported stress levels in women during pregnancy and after the birth. In summary, adoption of the best practices outlined herein will greatly enhance the safe practice of cesarean sections.",signatures:"Donald Morrish and Iffath A. Hoskins",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62348",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62348",authors:[{id:"235201",title:"Dr.",name:"Iffath",surname:"Hoskins",slug:"iffath-hoskins",fullName:"Iffath Hoskins"},{id:"236201",title:"Dr.",name:"Donald",surname:"Morrish",slug:"donald-morrish",fullName:"Donald Morrish"}],corrections:null},{id:"60224",title:"Vaginal Delivery after Cesarean Section",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75900",slug:"vaginal-delivery-after-cesarean-section",totalDownloads:993,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cesarean delivery is needed (indicated) for many reasons such as failure to progress, cephalopelvic disproportion, antepartum hemorrhage, preeclampsia, and repeated cesareans. The increase of the cesarean delivery rate is accompanied with an increase in the maternal and perinatal morbidities and increase in maternal mortality such as complications of anesthesia, injury to the nearby structure, respiratory distress syndrome, childhood allergy and childhood obesity. Vaginal delivery after cesarean section (VBAC) is one of the tools that aimed to reduce the rate of cesarean delivery. Here in this chapter we would like to highlight the different guidelines for VBAC, the success rate of VBAC, the determinant of the success rate, maternal and perinatal outcomes of VBAC. Then the arena of using oxytocic drugs in VBAC is discussed in details too.",signatures:"Zaheera Saadia, Nadiah AlHabardi and Ishag Adam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60224",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60224",authors:[{id:"180747",title:"Prof.",name:"Ishag",surname:"Adam",slug:"ishag-adam",fullName:"Ishag Adam"},{id:"242606",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaheera",surname:"Saadia",slug:"zaheera-saadia",fullName:"Zaheera Saadia"},{id:"242607",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadiah",surname:"AlHabardi",slug:"nadiah-alhabardi",fullName:"Nadiah AlHabardi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6191",title:"Selected Topics in Breastfeeding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3334b831761ffa52e78de6fc681e33b3",slug:"selected-topics-in-breastfeeding",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría P.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6191.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10460",title:"Current Topics in Caesarean Section",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e59550fca39fd09ff4addfe39ca822a0",slug:"current-topics-in-caesarean-section",bookSignature:"Panagiotis Tsikouras, Nikolaos Nikolettos, Werner Rath and Georg Friedrich Von Tempelhoff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10460.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"48837",title:"Prof.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Tsikouras",slug:"panagiotis-tsikouras",fullName:"Panagiotis Tsikouras"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8557",title:"Empowering Midwives and Obstetric Nurses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6d90f0978fbce94e13061740cb1d4bc",slug:"empowering-midwives-and-obstetric-nurses",bookSignature:"Amita Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8557.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"251100",title:"Prof.",name:"Amita",surname:"Ray",slug:"amita-ray",fullName:"Amita Ray"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10929",title:"The Gynecological Papyrus Kahun",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b8818312089bdfb0423707a231e104d8",slug:"the-gynecological-papyrus-kahun",bookSignature:"Helena Trindade Lopes and Ronaldo G. 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In 2010, he received a Ph.D. in Egyptology from the University of Basel, Switzerland.\nFrom 2012 to 2017, Dr. Pereira was a post-doctoral fellow at CHAM/FCSH – Universidade Nova de Lisboa.\nIn 2018, he became an Onassis Fellow, hosted by the Department of Mediterranean Studies, University of the Aegean, Greece. \nIn 2019, he became an auxiliary researcher at CHAM/FCSH – Universidade Nova de Lisboa. 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\r\n\tMarine Ecosystems are very productive and include the open ocean, the deep-sea ocean, and coastal marine ecosystems, each of which has different physical and biological characteristics. The biodiversity of some of these ecosystems is very rich and abundant offering unique opportunities for high-yield production of proteinaceous material, being a source of high-quality foods. Biodiversity is fundamental to sustaining marine ecosystem services, such as food, maintenance of water quality, and recovery from perturbations, being threatened worldwide. The main threats to marine biodiversity are habitat loss, eutrophication, overexploitation, pollution by hazardous substances, the introduction of non-native species, and other human activities. Efforts to reduce these pressures are essential for coastal water quality, recovery of ecosystem services, global food security, and ecosystem stability. Bioindicators to assess the presence of stressors are important tools to be used as early warning signals to early detect their presence, monitor and management of these ecosystems, and thus promote ecosystem health.
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\tThe protection of biodiversity is a major target of the European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive, requiring an assessment of the status of biodiversity on the level of species, habitats, and ecosystems including genetic diversity and the role of biodiversity in food web structure and functioning. The restoration of marine ecosystems can support the productivity and reliability of goods and services that the ocean provides to humankind, to maintain ecosystem integrity and stability. Some of the goods produced by the marine ecosystem services are fish harvests, wild plant and animal resources, water, some of the services provided recreation, tourism, breeding and nursery habitats, water transport, carbon sequestration, erosion control, and habitat provision.
Learning disability (LD) is an umbrella term that includes
Currently, all treatments for LD involve medications and rehabilitative techniques that focus on managing the symptoms. Thus, there is a need to explore other treatments which will work at the cellular level. Stem cell therapy is a new evolving field of regenerative medicine and has shown great potential as a treatment strategy for various disorders such as autism, intellectual disability, and cerebral palsy among many neuro-developmental conditions. It addresses the core underlying pathology of LD. In experimental studies, stem cell therapy has been shown to repair the hypoxia-damaged neural networks and restore the lost neuronal connections [7]. Stem cells, when injected, migrate to the target tissue and differentiate into mature cells. Along with regenerating and restoring the neurons and glial cells, they have a neuroprotective effect [8]. Several vertebrates regenerate tissues and organs, like the salamanders, regenerate lost body parts through the de-differentiation of specialized cells into new precursor cells. These de-differentiated cells then proliferate and later form new specialized cells of the regenerated organ. Stem cells or progenitor cells are the common denominators for nearly all types of regeneration [9]. The goal of stem cell therapy is thus to enable the localization of therapeutic cells to impaired/injured regions of the brain, to stimulate tissue repair and maintenance via a paracrine effect, and potentially even to generate new neurons [10]. Therefore, stem cells, through re-perfusion of the damaged brain regions in SLD can lead to improved neurological functions. This can increase academic performance and chances of employability in the future. Stem cell therapy has shown improved brain function and quality of life in similar neurological impairments such as autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability.
This chapter focuses on the Regenerative capacity of Stem Cell Therapy in learning disability. It has a detailed description of what stem cells are, where they are obtained from, how they are injected into the body, and their mechanism of action. Furthermore, it explains how stem cell therapy results in a positive outcome in children with learning disabilities. We have included neuroimaging techniques such as PET CT brain scan as a monitoring tool to study the effect of stem cell therapy.
With increasing awareness, the prevalence of learning disability has risen considerably. Most often LD is managed with medications and rehabilitative therapies which include behavioral therapy, alternate methods of learning like remedial education, individualized education plan (IEP), and intervention programs. However, these treatment strategies do not address the underlying neuropathology of LD. Hence, there is a need for a treatment that focuses on cellular repair and further addresses the cognitive deficit.
Stem cells provide the building blocks for every organ in the body. They have the unique ability to divide asymmetrically and to differentiate into the various cell types of the body. They simultaneously replicate to maintain a stem cell lineage. Stem cells are present in almost every human tissue. In embryos, they differentiate into all the tissues and organs of the body and provide a renewal capacity in most organs in fully developed humans. In neurological disorders wherein the neurons are damaged or defective, stem cell therapy repairs and replaces damaged/lost neurons [10]. Cell therapy is based on allogenic (patient receives stem cells from a healthy donor), or autologous transplantation (patient receives their own stem cells) of cells, with the goal of regenerating the damaged tissue or organ of the patient and replenishing specific stem cell populations [11].
Classification of stem cells depend on major characteristics such as (Figure 1):
Types of stem cells based on differentiation potential and source.
Intra-arterial—Cell delivery involves endovascular infusion of progenitor cells directly in the artery perfusing the ischemic tissue. This route of cell delivery bypasses the peripheral filtering organs, thereby increasing cell delivery. It is less invasive than intracerebral transplantation, it is repeatable, it would allow for a systemic biological effect, and could lead to a widespread distribution in the affected brain regions [38]. Bioluminescent Imaging has shown that intra-arterial injected neural cells engraft in the hypoxia/ischemia-injured brain and engraftment efficiency for intra-arterial injection was 12× higher compared with intravenous delivery [39]. However, it is an invasive procedure with an increased risk of complications.
Stem cells have a unique property of homing and targeting specific damaged areas on administration. The homing mechanism is attributed to the expression of growth factors, chemokine, and extracellular matrix receptors on the surface of cells. On administration, they survive, migrate, proliferate, and differentiate into the required cell types [40]. They not only replace the damaged cells but also carry out the repair process via paracrine mechanisms [41]. Transplanted stem cells express paracrine signaling factors including cytokines and other growth factors, which are involved in the repair process through neuroprotection, increasing angiogenesis, decreasing inflammation, preventing apoptosis, activation of resident/satellite cells, etc. (Figure 2).
Mechanism of action of stem cells.
Stem cells secrete a vast array of neuroprotective growth factors including BDNF, nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), fibroblast growth factor-2, and insulin-like growth factor type 1. These growth factors activate signaling pathways, enhance the differentiation, survival of neurons and maintain neuronal functions [42].
Stem cells secrete signaling molecules like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) resulting in improved perfusion, regional blood flow, enhanced angiogenesis, and oxygenation [43].
Stem cells impart an immunomodulatory effect as they reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory molecules TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-6 and increase levels of anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-10 therefore, enhancing endogenous brain repair [44].
The resident stem cells may possess growth factor receptors that can be activated to induce their migration and proliferation and promote both the restoration of dead tissue and the improved function in damaged tissue. Transplanted cells stimulate these endogenous cells to carry out the repair process [45].
To our knowledge, there are no clinical studies of stem cell therapy in learning disability. However, it has been greatly explored in various pediatric neurological disorders such as autism, cerebral palsy, and intellectual disability [46].
Sharma et al. have established the safety and efficacy of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells in autism and intellectual disability. In 254 cases of autism spectrum disorder, 95.27% of patients showed an improved score on CARS while 94.48% of cases showed improvement in ISAA. Symptomatic improvements were observed in eye contact, attention and concentration, hyperactivity, sitting tolerance, social interaction, stereotypical behavior, aggressiveness, communication, speech, command following, and self-stimulatory behavior. Eighty six patients who underwent a repeat PET CT scan showed improved brain metabolism after intervention in areas that correlated to the symptomatic changes [47].
In intellectual disability, the outcome of 29 patients of the intervention group was compared to that of 29 patients from only the rehabilitation group and it was found that all patients in the intervention group showed improvement while there was no improvement in 20.69% of patients from only the rehabilitation group. Improvement was noted in cognition, memory, problem-solving, understanding of relationships, social inhibitions, toilet training, command-following, eye contact, aggressive behavior, and attention and concentration. Comparative PET-CT scan study in patients of the intervention group showed improved metabolism in the frontal, parietal cortex, thalamus, mesial temporal structures, and cerebellum. No serious adverse events were recorded [48].
We have studied the outcome of autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells in 20 individuals diagnosed with learning disability.
Demographically, 14 male and 6 female patients were included, where 6 patients were within ages 1–10 years, 13 within 11–20 years, and 1 patient in the 21–30 years age range. Symptomatically, these patients presented with dysfunctions in academic performance, attention and concentration, reading, writing and mathematical skills, spelling, comprehension and recognizing words, problem-solving, and memory issues. Their functional capacity was measured by functional independence measure (FIM) and intelligence and/or social quotient through various tests such as BKT and VSMS measures.
For the procedure of stem cell transplantation, autologous bone marrow mononuclear stem cells (BMMNCs) were selected as they were easily obtainable, safe, and did not involve any ethical issues. Intrathecal route of administration is a minimally invasive, safe, and effective procedure as compared to other routes. Studies have also shown that a mixture of cells exhibits more benefits as compared to a single subfraction of cells [49]. Hence, intrathecal autologous BMMNC transplantation was carried out in our study.
The patients were administered Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (GCSF) before the harvest and transplantation of BMMNCs. On the day of the transplantation, 80–100 ml bone marrow was aspirated using a bone marrow aspiration needle from the right anterior superior iliac spine. This was collected in heparinized tubes and transported to the laboratory. Thereafter, in the culture laboratory, MNCs were separated by the density gradient technique. CD34 counts were performed and transported back to the operation theater in a cool sterile container. With the patient in a left lateral position, using a spinal needle, the thecal sac was punctured at L4-L5 space and the cells were injected through that spinal needle. Following this, Methylprednisolone 500 ml isolyte P was given intravenously, and the patient was observed for any adverse events.
After the stem cell transplantation, all patients underwent specialized rehabilitation such as special education, occupational and physical therapy, psychological counseling, and speech therapy.
No major procedure-related adverse events were recorded. One patient reported a slight increase in absence seizures, which was controlled with medications. On an average follow-up of 26 months, 94.7% patients showed an improved clinical status. Reading skills improved in 75% patients, writing skills in 88% patients and mathematical skills improved in 70% affected patients, attention increased in 94% patients, memory skills in 78.5% patients, problem-solving skills improved in 69% patients, and comprehension skills in 72.7% patients. Spelling and vocabulary skills improved in 75% and 60% patients respectively. Overall increased academic performance was reported in 70% patients (Figure 3).
Improvements were seen in various areas in 20 patients with learning disability post stem cell transplantation.
Evidence suggests that exercise induces mobility in the injected stem cells, thereby helping in the migration of the cells and helping upregulate neural plasticity [50]. Exercise also improves oxygenation and blood supply to the brain. Hence, the synergistic effect of stem cell therapy and neurorehabilitation brings about maximum functional recovery. Post stem cell therapy, the aim of rehabilitation in individuals with LD is to address the specific deficits that impair their ability to learn through sensory integration therapy, context-specific training, psychological counseling, and vocational training. Occupational therapy interventions use sensory integration methods to enhance sensory processing skills such as understanding, attention, sitting tolerance, and memory skills along with higher cognitive skills like judgment and problem-solving skills. Focusing on fine motor hand functions, handwriting grip, and writing skills are facilitated. Making use of visual schedules and timers to enhance time organization. Some studies showed direct instruction and modeling of letter formation, combined with memory retrieval, self-evaluation, fluency, and/or orthographic coding activities, led to improvements in students’ legibility and writing fluency in the studies [51, 52, 53], and improvements in correct word sequences [54]. Speech therapists may collaborate with instructors to incorporate instruction that involves multiple modalities to facilitate connections between letters and sounds, as well as between written and oral language that incorporates visual and auditory cues. Students with LD benefit from explicit and systematic instruction that is closely related to their area of instructional need [55]. Special education differs from general education for students with LD when it is more explicit, intensive, and supportive [49]. Some ways of facilitating improved academic performance and life skills are through controlling task difficulty, teaching students in small, interactive groups, modeling and teaching strategies for generating questions and thinking aloud while reading, writing, or working on a scientific or mathematical problem, direct and explicit instructional practices, higher-order processing skills and problem-solving along with learning when, where, and how to apply strategies, ongoing progress monitoring of specific skills, teaching the building blocks of reading and writing like phonemic awareness, writing speed, the process of writing and the organizational and mechanical aspects of writing [56, 57, 58, 59, 60]. These strategies enhance the specific skills of reading, writing, arithmetic and inculcate generalization of strategies in life. Alternatively, Art therapy can be used in people with SLD who have difficulties in expressing themselves. It is a form of psychotherapy using art media as its primary mode of communication. Making artwork can facilitate expression and communication for people who find it difficult to express their thoughts and feelings verbally, and it is an accessible approach for children and adults with learning disabilities [61].
Brain tissue requires glucose for functional activity. The PET-CT scan records brain metabolism by using fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake. The active neural tissue absorbs glucose in direct proportion to its function. In turn, FDG uptake measures glucose metabolism and detects neuronal activity, which is the level of brain function. It is a promising technology to detect cellular effects of neurorestoration [62, 63]. In our study, a PET-CT scan was performed for all patients prior to cell transplantation to determine the dysfunctions in the brain. In the patients who underwent a repeat stem cell transplantation, PET images were compared to study the changes in brain metabolism after cell therapy. The images prior to stem cell therapy revealed hypo-metabolism in bilateral cerebellar hemispheres, medial temporal lobe, anterior and posterior cingulate gyri, and bilateral thalami with basal ganglia involvement, whereas hyper-metabolism was seen in the prefrontal cortex in many cases. These areas showed improved metabolism after cell therapy (Figures 4 and 5).
Improvements were seen in reduced hypometabolism in areas of cerebellum and basal ganglia 12 months post stem cell therapy (the blue hypometabolic areas turn green post cellular therapy).
Improvements were seen in reduced hypometabolism in areas of the cerebellum, temporal and parietal lobes 8 months post stem cell therapy.
Stem cell therapy in combination with standard treatment and rehabilitation is a novel therapeutic option for learning disability. Its safety and efficacy have already been established in other incurable pediatric conditions such as autism, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability. Likewise, the results of our study conducted on patients with a learning disability have demonstrated a positive outcome and is an excellent foundation upon which future research can be advanced. Future studies should focus on analyzing the benefits of different cell types, the number of cells, and the route of administration for optimal use of cell therapy in learning disability.
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ASD is associated with deficiencies in communication and social interaction, as well as restricted and repetitive behavioural patterns, according to the fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). By using the ISI Web of Knowledge as the reference data basis, we perform a bibliometric study of the use of VR as an educational tool for high-functioning ASD children. By this study we can quantify, on the one hand, the up to day importance of the different types of VR applied to this field: immersive or non-immersive, as well as the use of human or agent avatars. On the other hand, we can also differentiate amongst those interventions that work on emotional and social competences. The analysis of periods of research scarce, research abundance and research trends provides a dynamic view of the strategies used in this field in the last 20 years and suggests future lines of research.",book:{id:"6327",slug:"contemporary-perspective-on-child-psychology-and-education",title:"Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education",fullTitle:"Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education"},signatures:"Jorge Fernández-Herrero, Gonzalo Lorenzo-Lledó and Asunción\nLledó Carreres",authors:[{id:"187920",title:"Prof.",name:"Gonzalo",middleName:null,surname:"Lorenzo",slug:"gonzalo-lorenzo",fullName:"Gonzalo Lorenzo"},{id:"189580",title:"Prof.",name:"Asunción",middleName:null,surname:"Lledó",slug:"asuncion-lledo",fullName:"Asunción Lledó"},{id:"213024",title:"Mr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez-Herrero",slug:"jorge-fernandez-herrero",fullName:"Jorge Fernandez-Herrero"}]},{id:"68639",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88569",title:"Social Media and Young People’s Mental Health",slug:"social-media-and-young-people-s-mental-health",totalDownloads:2078,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Evidence suggests that social media can impact detrimentally on children and young people’s mental health. At the same time, social media use can be beneficial and have positive effects. This chapter outlines the detrimental and positive effects of social media use for young people. Schools play a critical role in educating young people about how to use social media safely and responsibly. However, schools cannot address all the issues and parents, social media and advertising companies also have a responsibility to protect children and young people from harm. This chapter outlines some of the potential solutions to the issues that are identified.",book:{id:"7927",slug:"selected-topics-in-child-and-adolescent-mental-health",title:"Selected Topics in Child and Adolescent Mental Health",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Child and Adolescent Mental Health"},signatures:"Jonathan Glazzard and Samuel Stones",authors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"},{id:"309587",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:"Oliver James",surname:"Stones",slug:"samuel-stones",fullName:"Samuel Stones"}]},{id:"57391",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71287",title:"Influence of Parental Divorce on Anxiety Level of Adolescents",slug:"influence-of-parental-divorce-on-anxiety-level-of-adolescents",totalDownloads:1864,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Family divorce might have an effect on some aspects of child development. Adolescence as a transitional stage is marked by process of seeking identity, the need for intimate relationship, as well as the struggle for psychological independence from family. Anxiety is defined as a state of extreme worry, fear, and uncertainty which results from the expectation of a threatening event or situation. The aims of study are: to explore the differences in anxiety levels among adolescents from divorced and intact families; to explore the level of anxiety of adolescents from divorced and intact families with respect to their genders. A demographic questionnaire was created and The Beck Anxiety Inventory was applied to measure anxiety. The scale was applied with 162 participants who were chosen randomly from 5 different high schools in Istanbul province. The study found out that there are statistically significant differences in anxiety level of adolescents between children from divorced and intact families. Descriptive measures are in range as follows: (17.67 ± 9.645). The adolescents from divorced families had a higher level of anxiety (t = 17.322; p < .05). The result related to the second study aim shows that there are no statistically significant differences in anxiety between male and female adolescents from divorced and intact families (p > .05).",book:{id:"6327",slug:"contemporary-perspective-on-child-psychology-and-education",title:"Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education",fullTitle:"Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education"},signatures:"Senija Tahirović and Gokce Demir",authors:[{id:"214445",title:"Dr.",name:"Senija",middleName:null,surname:"Tahirovic",slug:"senija-tahirovic",fullName:"Senija Tahirovic"},{id:"214465",title:"MSc.",name:"Gokce",middleName:null,surname:"Demir",slug:"gokce-demir",fullName:"Gokce Demir"}]},{id:"57686",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71672",title:"Children and Young People’s Vulnerabilities to Grooming",slug:"children-and-young-people-s-vulnerabilities-to-grooming",totalDownloads:2219,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Child abuse is evolving, pervasive and complex and children are vulnerable to its widespread reach in many aspects of their lives, from face-to-face interactions to those they have online. This chapter aims to review contemporary literature which outlines the vulnerabilities of children to face-to-face and online grooming as part of a process leading to child abuse and exploitation. The chapter will undertake a review of literature on two aspects of grooming: child sexual exploitation (CSE) and radicalisation. It will draw on contemporary case examples to illustrate grooming drawn from UK Serious Case Reviews (SCR) on CSE and, on radicalisation, the case of the three girls from Bethnal Green who were groomed for travel to Syria. It will then reflect on the push and pull factors of grooming to highlight the similarities between CSE and radicalisation. Moving on, the chapter will then consider how and if interactive social media simulations, linked to an innovative, preventative educational approach and designed with reference to Vygotsky’s social construction theory, have the potential to educate young people to help protect them from being groomed. The chapter will then make reference to the findings of a small pilot study which evaluated the use of this approach with young people.",book:{id:"6327",slug:"contemporary-perspective-on-child-psychology-and-education",title:"Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education",fullTitle:"Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education"},signatures:"Jane Reeves, Emma Soutar, Sally Green and Tracy Crowther",authors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"},{id:"211838",title:"Dr.",name:"Tracy",middleName:null,surname:"Crowther",slug:"tracy-crowther",fullName:"Tracy Crowther"},{id:"211839",title:"Mrs.",name:"Emma",middleName:null,surname:"Soutar",slug:"emma-soutar",fullName:"Emma Soutar"},{id:"211840",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sally",middleName:null,surname:"Green",slug:"sally-green",fullName:"Sally Green"}]},{id:"57269",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71265",title:"Enhancing Young Children’s Access to Early Childhood Education and Care in Tanzania",slug:"enhancing-young-children-s-access-to-early-childhood-education-and-care-in-tanzania",totalDownloads:1477,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter draws on the current situation of limited access of young children to early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings in Tanzania. It offers information and evidence on early childhood education and care (ECEC) from an international perspective to those who are, directly or indirectly, involved with young children and their families. Basically, early childhood education and care in Tanzania is still unsatisfactory. Many children have no access to early childhood settings for various reasons including: lack of parents’ awareness on the importance of early investment in education, lack of support from the government, low socio-economic status of parents, gender discrimination, and traditional norms and cultural values. To improve the situation, there is need for a forging of partnership between the government, parents, and the community. Government policy-makers have to set clear policies regarding how quality early childhood education and care can be equitably funded and conducted throughout the country.",book:{id:"6327",slug:"contemporary-perspective-on-child-psychology-and-education",title:"Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education",fullTitle:"Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education"},signatures:"Ignasia Mligo",authors:[{id:"212055",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignasia",middleName:null,surname:"Mligo",slug:"ignasia-mligo",fullName:"Ignasia Mligo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"57686",title:"Children and Young People’s Vulnerabilities to Grooming",slug:"children-and-young-people-s-vulnerabilities-to-grooming",totalDownloads:2217,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Child abuse is evolving, pervasive and complex and children are vulnerable to its widespread reach in many aspects of their lives, from face-to-face interactions to those they have online. This chapter aims to review contemporary literature which outlines the vulnerabilities of children to face-to-face and online grooming as part of a process leading to child abuse and exploitation. The chapter will undertake a review of literature on two aspects of grooming: child sexual exploitation (CSE) and radicalisation. It will draw on contemporary case examples to illustrate grooming drawn from UK Serious Case Reviews (SCR) on CSE and, on radicalisation, the case of the three girls from Bethnal Green who were groomed for travel to Syria. It will then reflect on the push and pull factors of grooming to highlight the similarities between CSE and radicalisation. Moving on, the chapter will then consider how and if interactive social media simulations, linked to an innovative, preventative educational approach and designed with reference to Vygotsky’s social construction theory, have the potential to educate young people to help protect them from being groomed. The chapter will then make reference to the findings of a small pilot study which evaluated the use of this approach with young people.",book:{id:"6327",slug:"contemporary-perspective-on-child-psychology-and-education",title:"Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education",fullTitle:"Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education"},signatures:"Jane Reeves, Emma Soutar, Sally Green and Tracy Crowther",authors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"},{id:"211838",title:"Dr.",name:"Tracy",middleName:null,surname:"Crowther",slug:"tracy-crowther",fullName:"Tracy Crowther"},{id:"211839",title:"Mrs.",name:"Emma",middleName:null,surname:"Soutar",slug:"emma-soutar",fullName:"Emma Soutar"},{id:"211840",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sally",middleName:null,surname:"Green",slug:"sally-green",fullName:"Sally Green"}]},{id:"68639",title:"Social Media and Young People’s Mental Health",slug:"social-media-and-young-people-s-mental-health",totalDownloads:2070,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Evidence suggests that social media can impact detrimentally on children and young people’s mental health. At the same time, social media use can be beneficial and have positive effects. This chapter outlines the detrimental and positive effects of social media use for young people. Schools play a critical role in educating young people about how to use social media safely and responsibly. However, schools cannot address all the issues and parents, social media and advertising companies also have a responsibility to protect children and young people from harm. This chapter outlines some of the potential solutions to the issues that are identified.",book:{id:"7927",slug:"selected-topics-in-child-and-adolescent-mental-health",title:"Selected Topics in Child and Adolescent Mental Health",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Child and Adolescent Mental Health"},signatures:"Jonathan Glazzard and Samuel Stones",authors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"},{id:"309587",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:"Oliver James",surname:"Stones",slug:"samuel-stones",fullName:"Samuel Stones"}]},{id:"57391",title:"Influence of Parental Divorce on Anxiety Level of Adolescents",slug:"influence-of-parental-divorce-on-anxiety-level-of-adolescents",totalDownloads:1860,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Family divorce might have an effect on some aspects of child development. Adolescence as a transitional stage is marked by process of seeking identity, the need for intimate relationship, as well as the struggle for psychological independence from family. Anxiety is defined as a state of extreme worry, fear, and uncertainty which results from the expectation of a threatening event or situation. The aims of study are: to explore the differences in anxiety levels among adolescents from divorced and intact families; to explore the level of anxiety of adolescents from divorced and intact families with respect to their genders. A demographic questionnaire was created and The Beck Anxiety Inventory was applied to measure anxiety. The scale was applied with 162 participants who were chosen randomly from 5 different high schools in Istanbul province. The study found out that there are statistically significant differences in anxiety level of adolescents between children from divorced and intact families. Descriptive measures are in range as follows: (17.67 ± 9.645). The adolescents from divorced families had a higher level of anxiety (t = 17.322; p < .05). The result related to the second study aim shows that there are no statistically significant differences in anxiety between male and female adolescents from divorced and intact families (p > .05).",book:{id:"6327",slug:"contemporary-perspective-on-child-psychology-and-education",title:"Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education",fullTitle:"Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education"},signatures:"Senija Tahirović and Gokce Demir",authors:[{id:"214445",title:"Dr.",name:"Senija",middleName:null,surname:"Tahirovic",slug:"senija-tahirovic",fullName:"Senija Tahirovic"},{id:"214465",title:"MSc.",name:"Gokce",middleName:null,surname:"Demir",slug:"gokce-demir",fullName:"Gokce Demir"}]},{id:"57167",title:"The Early Childhood Educators’ Attitudes Towards Innovative Instructional Applications about Digital Learning Activities for Young Children",slug:"the-early-childhood-educators-attitudes-towards-innovative-instructional-applications-about-digital-",totalDownloads:1179,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The innovative value and practices of digital learning activities assist early childhood educators in employing effective instruction to improve young children’s performance as well as advance their own professional autonomy to implement digital learning activities for young children. This study examined the factors and relationships about early childhood educators’ attitudes towards the integration and behavioral intention of digital learning tools into young children’s innovative pedagogical activities using a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire consisted of five factors, including digital innovative value (DIV), digital innovative practices (DIP), perception of instructional use (PIU), instructional professional autonomy (IPA), and behavioral intention to use (BIU). The researcher used structural equation modeling to analyze the survey data. The results showed that early childhood educators’ perceptions about innovative value and applications of digital learning activities play a key role in the success of young children’s performance and competence in preschool. The early childhood educators with positive attitudes towards the innovative consideration and practical instructional applications of digital learning activities had more behavioral intention to plan and design instructional activities with innovative applications of digital learning tools.",book:{id:"6327",slug:"contemporary-perspective-on-child-psychology-and-education",title:"Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education",fullTitle:"Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education"},signatures:"Ru-Si Chen",authors:[{id:"211677",title:"Prof.",name:"Ru-Si",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"ru-si-chen",fullName:"Ru-Si Chen"}]},{id:"57680",title:"Thinking and Learning Demands in Contemporary Childhood",slug:"thinking-and-learning-demands-in-contemporary-childhood",totalDownloads:1454,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Is today’s childhood is the same as the past’s? Frankly speaking, we cannot answer this question as a clear yes. It is obvious that children today are more into tablet computers, social networks and online games than traditional child games. Besides, our communication styles have been changed significantly for the past years. We, no longer need to meet others face to face to ask for help or to chat. Artificial intelligence, machine learning and robots are another story of the contemporary world. Robots capable of perceiving their surroundings and making decisions have started to deprive many people of their jobs. But what kind of jobs will human beings perform? The increasing emphasis on innovation, cooperation, critical thinking, being creative, problem solving, communication skills and project management is an indicator of what kind of a business world will today’s children meet in the future. This on-going trend also includes clues about how should children be educated. This study is focusing on thinking and learning demands expected contemporary children to meet. Throughout the chapter, the changing world was depicted briefly and then demands of the contemporary age on critical thinking, creative thinking, problem solving and learning were explored respectively.",book:{id:"6327",slug:"contemporary-perspective-on-child-psychology-and-education",title:"Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education",fullTitle:"Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education"},signatures:"Cenk Akbiyik",authors:[{id:"212205",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cenk",middleName:null,surname:"Akbiyik",slug:"cenk-akbiyik",fullName:"Cenk Akbiyik"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1390",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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