Seven Classes of Congestion Impact and Potential Business Responses
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8678",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Mobile Computing",title:"Mobile Computing",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Mobile computing is defined as the union between humans and mobile devices that allows people to be connected to the Internet through a network in order to transmit and receive information. This book presents a vision of the present and future of mobile computing. It identifies and examines the most pressing research issues in the field. Comprising chapters by leading researchers and academics, this volume includes recent publications in key areas of interest, including Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs), Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs), 5G, energy-efficient networks, localization in mobile networks, algorithms of mobile core networks, user interfaces, metabolic health analysis, and many others. This volume is suitable as a text for graduate students and professionals in the industrial sector and general engineering areas.",isbn:"978-1-78984-940-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-939-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-550-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80095",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"mobile-computing",numberOfPages:174,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"3c2cf4e62010e495199b294278d852c4",bookSignature:"Jesus Hamilton Ortiz",publishedDate:"May 20th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8678.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7139,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:19,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:18,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:37,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 10th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 27th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 28th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 17th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 15th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"283288",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus Hamilton",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jesus-hamilton-ortiz",fullName:"Jesus Hamilton Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283288/images/system/283288.jpg",biography:"Jesus Hamilton Ortiz has a Ph.D. in Computer and Telecommunication Engineering. He is an international reviewer, editor, scientist, and entrepreneur in computer, telecommunication, and aerospace engineering. Dr. Ortiz has edited approximately nine books on ad hoc networks, telecommunication networks, wearables, Industry 4.0, mobile networks, mobile computing, and more. He is an associate editor of the journal IEEE Access. He is currently working on drone swarms, flying ad hoc networks (FANETs), bio-inspired algorithms, urban air mobility, air taxis, artificial intelligence, machine learning, the Volocopter, big data, blockchain, business intelligence, vertical–horizontal integration, and 5.0 society, and different disruptive technologies including cobots and humanoid robots.",institutionString:"CloseMobile R&D",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"536",title:"Mobile Computing",slug:"communications-and-security-mobile-computing"}],chapters:[{id:"67574",title:"Wireless Communications Challenges to Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANET)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86544",slug:"wireless-communications-challenges-to-flying-ad-hoc-networks-fanet-",totalDownloads:1381,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The increasing demand for Internet access from more and more different devices in recent years has provided a challenge for companies and the academic community to research and develop new solutions that support the increasing flow in the network, applications that require very low latencies and more dynamic and scalable infrastructures, in this context the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) emerged as a possible solution and applying this technology in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) was developed the flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) which are wireless networks independent, its main characteristics are to have high mobility, scalability for different applications and scenarios and robustness to deal with possible communication failures. However, they still have several constraints such as limited flight time of UAVs and routing protocols that are capable of supporting network dynamics. To analyze this scenario, two simulations were developed where it was possible to observe the behavior of FANET with different routing protocols both during data transmission and video transmission. The results show that the choice of the best routing protocol must take into account the mobility of the UAVs and the necessary communication priority in the network.",signatures:"Miguel Itallo B. Azevedo, Carlos Coutinho, Eylon Martins Toda, Tassio Costa Carvalho and José Jailton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67574",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67574",authors:[{id:"290776",title:"Dr.",name:"José",surname:"Jailton",slug:"jose-jailton",fullName:"José Jailton"},{id:"290799",title:"Dr.",name:"Tassio",surname:"Costa Carvalho",slug:"tassio-costa-carvalho",fullName:"Tassio Costa Carvalho"},{id:"298486",title:"BSc.",name:"Miguel Itallo B.",surname:"Azevedo",slug:"miguel-itallo-b.-azevedo",fullName:"Miguel Itallo B. Azevedo"},{id:"298488",title:"BSc.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Coutinho",slug:"carlos-coutinho",fullName:"Carlos Coutinho"},{id:"298489",title:"BSc.",name:"Eylon Martins",surname:"Toda",slug:"eylon-martins-toda",fullName:"Eylon Martins Toda"}],corrections:null},{id:"69849",title:"An Overview of Query-Broadcasting Techniques in Ad Hoc Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89609",slug:"an-overview-of-query-broadcasting-techniques-in-ad-hoc-networks",totalDownloads:751,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents query-broadcasting techniques used to minimize expenses of the route discovery in ad hoc networks. A broad variety of such techniques have been proposed that improved the effectiveness and efficiency in various aspects of route discovery considering time and energy. Time-to-live based broadcast is the most common controlled flooding scheme widely used in routing protocols. One category of such techniques leveraged the routing history, while other category used broadcast repealing strategy to cancel the query-broadcast after successful route discovery.",signatures:"Naeem Ahmad and Shuchi Sethi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69849",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69849",authors:[{id:"296384",title:"Dr.",name:"Naeem",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"naeem-ahmad",fullName:"Naeem Ahmad"},{id:"308250",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuchi",surname:"Sethi",slug:"shuchi-sethi",fullName:"Shuchi Sethi"}],corrections:null},{id:"69128",title:"Importance of Fifth Generation Wireless Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89345",slug:"importance-of-fifth-generation-wireless-systems",totalDownloads:840,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fifth generation wireless communications are denoted by 5G technology. 5G schemes are coming from first generation analog communication, 2G of Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), then 3G of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), after that fourth generation of long-term evaluation (LTE), and now fifth generation World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW). This research investigation presents issues, challenges, and the importance of 5G Wifi communication. In the 5G digital cellular network, the coverage area of the service providers is separated into small area called cells. All the audio, video, and image files are digitized and converted by an ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) and transmitted through stream of bits. 5G wireless devices are communicated using radio waves in a geographically reusable common pool of frequency band. Using wireless backhaul connection, the local antennas are connected with the internet/telephone network. Spectrum speed is substantially higher in millimeter wave. Hence, this was considered in this work.",signatures:"K. Sakthidasan Sankaran, G. Ramprabu and V.R. Prakash",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69128",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69128",authors:[{id:"302194",title:"Dr.",name:"K. Sakthidasan",surname:"Sankaran",slug:"k.-sakthidasan-sankaran",fullName:"K. Sakthidasan Sankaran"},{id:"302195",title:"Dr.",name:"V.R.",surname:"Prakash",slug:"v.r.-prakash",fullName:"V.R. Prakash"},{id:"302202",title:"Prof.",name:"G.",surname:"Ramprabu",slug:"g.-ramprabu",fullName:"G. Ramprabu"}],corrections:null},{id:"69979",title:"Softwarization in Future Mobile Networks and Energy Efficient Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89607",slug:"softwarization-in-future-mobile-networks-and-energy-efficient-networks",totalDownloads:587,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The data growth generated by pervasive mobile devices and the Internet of Things at the network edge (i.e., closer to mobile users), couple with the demand for ultra-low latency, requires high computation resources which are not available at the end-user device. This demands a new network design paradigm in order to handle user demands. As a remedy, a new MN network design paradigm has emerged, called Mobile Edge Computing (MEC), to enable low-latency and location-aware data processing at the network edge. MEC is based on network function virtualization (NFV) technology, where mobile network functions (NFs) that formerly existed in the evolved packet core (EPC) are moved to the access network [i.e., they are deployed on local cloud platforms in proximity to the base stations (BSs)]. In order to reap the full benefits of the virtualized infrastructure, the NFV technology shall be combined with intelligent mechanisms for handling network resources. Despite the potential benefits presented by MEC, energy consumption is a challenge due to the foreseen dense deployment of BSs empowered with computation capabilities. In the effort to build greener 5G mobile network (MN), we advocate the integration of energy harvesting (EH) into future edge systems.",signatures:"Thembelihle Dlamini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69979",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69979",authors:[{id:"291620",title:"Dr.",name:"Thembelihle",surname:"Dlamini",slug:"thembelihle-dlamini",fullName:"Thembelihle Dlamini"}],corrections:null},{id:"67993",title:"Localization Enhanced Mobile Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88110",slug:"localization-enhanced-mobile-networks",totalDownloads:755,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The interest in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) and often more precisely vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) is steadily growing with many new applications, and even anticipated support in the emerging 5G networks. Particularly in outdoor scenarios, there are different mechanisms to make the mobile nodes aware of their geographical location at all times. The location information can be utilized at different layers of the protocol stack to enhance communication services in the network. Specifically, geographical routing can facilitate route management with smaller overhead than the traditional proactive and reactive routing protocols. In order to achieve similar advantages for radio resource management (RRM) and multiple access protocols, the concept of virtual cells is devised to exploit fully distributed knowledge of node locations. The virtual cells define clusters of MANET nodes assuming a predefined set of geographically distributed anchor points. It enables fast response of the network to changes in the nodes spatial configuration. More importantly, the notion of geographical location can be generalized to other shared contexts which can be learned or otherwise acquired by the network nodes. The strategy of enhancing communication services by shared contexts is likely to be one of the key features in the beyond-5G networks.",signatures:"Salman Al-Shehri, Pavel Loskot and Michael J. Hirsch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67993",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67993",authors:[{id:"17608",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Loskot",slug:"pavel-loskot",fullName:"Pavel Loskot"},{id:"212143",title:"Mr.",name:"Salman",surname:"Al-Shehri",slug:"salman-al-shehri",fullName:"Salman Al-Shehri"},{id:"297181",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael J.",surname:"Hirsch",slug:"michael-j.-hirsch",fullName:"Michael J. Hirsch"}],corrections:null},{id:"69472",title:"Architecture and Operation Algorithms of Mobile Core Network with Virtualization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89608",slug:"architecture-and-operation-algorithms-of-mobile-core-network-with-virtualization",totalDownloads:883,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The analysis of the current situation in the wireless communication market shows an increase in the workload, which leads to an increase in the need in additional resources. However, the uneven loading of the infrastructure nodes leads to their loss of use; so, there is a need in introducing technologies that both do not lead to downtime of equipment and ensure the quality of load service during the day. An overview of the NFV virtualization technology has shown that it is appropriate to build wireless networks, since it provides the necessary flexibility and scalability. The method for determining the location and capacity of reserved computer resources of virtual network functions in the data centers of the mobile communication operator, method for determining the size of computing resources constant configuration time interval, and distributed method of local reconfiguration of the virtual network computing resources in the case of a failure or overload are proposed. Thus, configuration, operation, and reconfiguration processes in mobile core network with virtualized functions are described.",signatures:"Larysa Globa, Svitlana Sulima, Mariia Skulysh, Stanislav Dovgyi and Oleksandr Stryzhak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69472",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69472",authors:[{id:"105085",title:"Prof.",name:"Larysa",surname:"Globa",slug:"larysa-globa",fullName:"Larysa Globa"},{id:"281033",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariia",surname:"Skulysh",slug:"mariia-skulysh",fullName:"Mariia Skulysh"},{id:"295095",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Svitlana",surname:"Sulima",slug:"svitlana-sulima",fullName:"Svitlana Sulima"},{id:"295097",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleksandr",surname:"Stryzhak",slug:"oleksandr-stryzhak",fullName:"Oleksandr Stryzhak"},{id:"312644",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanislav",surname:"Dovgyi",slug:"stanislav-dovgyi",fullName:"Stanislav Dovgyi"}],corrections:null},{id:"67391",title:"Mobile Distributed User Interfaces",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86563",slug:"mobile-distributed-user-interfaces",totalDownloads:682,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The success of a mobile application is due to the usability that the graphical user interface provides. A feature of mobile devices is the limited space for the interaction and the deployment of the graphical user interface. For this reason, user interfaces can have different interaction modalities. However, to work with information that can be complex to display, the use of modalities may not solve this problem. A possible alternative to provide more workspace to the users is through a distributed user interface (DUI). A mobile DUI allows the mobile applications to use two or more devices to execute the user interface. These devices can be Smart TVs or wearable such as smart watches. In this work the concepts of mobile DUI design are discussed, some use cases are presented and it is shown that its development in mobile devices is feasible.",signatures:"Erika Hernández-Rubio, Amilcar Meneses-Viveros and Sonia G. Mendoza-Chapa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67391",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67391",authors:[{id:"289740",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Erika",surname:"Hernández-Rubio",slug:"erika-hernandez-rubio",fullName:"Erika Hernández-Rubio"},{id:"289742",title:"Dr.",name:"Amilcar",surname:"Meneses-Viveros",slug:"amilcar-meneses-viveros",fullName:"Amilcar Meneses-Viveros"},{id:"301053",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia G.",surname:"Mendoza-Chapa",slug:"sonia-g.-mendoza-chapa",fullName:"Sonia G. Mendoza-Chapa"}],corrections:null},{id:"69042",title:"Metabolic Health Analysis and Forecasting with Mobile Computing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88872",slug:"metabolic-health-analysis-and-forecasting-with-mobile-computing",totalDownloads:603,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The goal of this paper is to demonstrate feasibility of a concept of mobile computing to help users to reach and maintain metabolic health. For this purpose, we analyze data from 12 clinical studies with a total of 39 study arms from the international literature to show that insulin resistance measured by HOMA-IR could be followed and its changes could be predicted using our weight-fat mass-energy balance calculations taking advantage of the significant and strong correlation between changes of HOMA-IR and state variables of the energy metabolism like changes of weight, fat mass, R-ratio, Rw-ratio, and fat burning fraction of the energy production. We introduce here our extended weight-fat mass-energy balance calculation to assess de novo lipogenesis, adaptive thermogenesis, and the 24-hour nonprotein respiratory quotient. We show how we can analyze and predict individualized state variables of the metabolism, which serve as metrics for the quantification of the interrelationship between energy metabolism and insulin resistance facilitating management and self-management of insulin-resistance related conditions including obesity, fatty liver, prediabetes, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. The feedback of individualized metrics using tools of the digital health era may amount to channeling focus also to patient-centered individualized care and to accelerating nutrition research.",signatures:"Zsolt P. Ori",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69042",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69042",authors:[{id:"273754",title:"M.D.",name:"Zsolt P.",surname:"Ori",slug:"zsolt-p.-ori",fullName:"Zsolt P. Ori"}],corrections:null},{id:"71868",title:"Energy Consumption Model for Green Computing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92129",slug:"energy-consumption-model-for-green-computing",totalDownloads:659,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter shows the environmental measurement factors that define the indicators within an architecture composed of Goods, Networks and Services (GNS). These references are obtained from the energy consumptions in the measurement processes. This lets obtaining several analyses important from the behavior in the energy consumption schemes. The application of these factors was determined from the energy generation processes, whose units are in metrics adequate for electricity and heat according to each system observed, and the same from the energetic consumption of the same data centers that helped to determine these characteristics. These indicators applied in an environment of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) define comparisons and be specified as the basis characterizing the analysis of energetic performance. The tests show the energy consumption and carbon footprint. This experiment seeks to increase the quality of services and decrease the energy consumption. This let us use efficiently the computational resources minimizing the environment impact. To achieve this target, it was used to apply indicators in green computing environment, like it can be mentioned: The Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) and Data Center Effectiveness (DCE). With the use of these indicators can derive a generic model of energy consumption for a GNS system.",signatures:"Jesus Hamilton Ortiz, Fernando Velez Varela and Bazil Taha Ahmed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71868",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71868",authors:[{id:"283288",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus Hamilton",surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jesus-hamilton-ortiz",fullName:"Jesus Hamilton Ortiz"},{id:"26364",title:"Dr.",name:"Bazil Taha",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"bazil-taha-ahmed",fullName:"Bazil Taha Ahmed"},{id:"319427",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Velez Varela",slug:"fernando-velez-varela",fullName:"Fernando Velez Varela"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10417",title:"Collaborative and Humanoid Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd42dd44dc386e591e8ff04956762023",slug:"collaborative-and-humanoid-robots",bookSignature:"Jesús Hamilton Ortiz and Ramana Kumar Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10417.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"283288",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus Hamilton",surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jesus-hamilton-ortiz",fullName:"Jesus Hamilton Ortiz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"858",title:"Recent Developments in Mobile Communications",subtitle:"A Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d9051720bd0c3f7ff7f171bcbbb599f0",slug:"recent-developments-in-mobile-communications-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Juan P. 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As traffic volumes and congestion grows on highways and urban roadways, freight and delivery service operators become increasingly challenged to maintain dependable and reliable schedules. This affects supply chains and truck-dependent businesses both of which are of increasing importance for both public policy and private sector operators. From the public perspective, there is a need to make investment, financing and policy decisions based on an understanding of public infrastructure needs, costs and broader economic stakes involved. From the perspective of shippers and carriers, there are the day-to-day cost implications of delay and reliability as it affects supply chain management, and well as a longer-range need to assess opportunities, risks and returns associated with location, production and distribution decisions. Both perspectives need to be recognized when considering the full range of impacts that traffic congestion can have on the economy.
\n\t\t\tA barrier to considering these two perspectives together is the gap that exists between theoretical simulation modeling and real world observations of business responses to congestion. A review of research literature reveals a number of theoretical models which posit that the generalized growth of traffic congestion adds to total transport costs for delivered products, causing firms to shift location and shipment size configurations to re-optimize net revenues. However, industry publications and business interviews reveal a wider variety of behavioral responses that depend on the type and timing of congestion delays (bottlenecks at specific ports, intermodal facilities, highways or urban road networks) and their frequency, leading to a range of operational responses as a hedge against both expected and unexpected delay. The nature of the affected parties, and the form of operational responses, can vary widely by industry. The impacts can span different supply chain configurations – including not only the movement of material and parts to producers and then to distributors, but also local distribution and delivery of finished goods to retail markets, and even local delivery of parts and repair services to businesses and households. For service-oriented economies, more sophisticated changes in operations – especially those that depend on efficiency of over-the-road operations – can be limited or entirely foreclosed by congestion. In a broad sense, all of these forms of movement have supply chain elements. And they share a common factor, which is that they are very much affected by the degree of of unpredictability and variation in delays associated with growing congestion.
\n\t\t\tWhile there is also a separate line of research on bottlenecks at ports, this chapter focuses on the most ubiquitous and fastest growing form of congestion delay, which is that occurring on urban roads and highways. It examines how growing traffic congestion on urban roads and highways leads to delays for the delivery of both goods and services. It also shows how impacts on urban goods delivery and worker commuting can become interrelated. It covers two forms of congestion delay: (1)
Here, we draw on information from business interviews and findings from prior studies conducted by the authors for North American regional organizations in Portland, OR, Vancouver, BC and Chicago, IL, which examined the business and economic implications of alternative scenarios for future growth of traffic congestion. We provide a framework for defining the different forms of impacts that urban traffic congestion can have on various types of supply chains affecting different industries. We then discusses how performance indicators and economic modeling approaches can be applied to better inform industry and transport planners of the broader consequences of growing congestion so that they can take steps to either minimize it or mitigate its adverse consequences.
\n\t\tTraffic congestion has been defined as “
Another line of transportation research has highlighted the business productivity impact of growing traffic congestion. A US study laid out a framework for defining congestion and then viewing the ways in which it can affect regional economic competitiveness and growth by nullifying some of the agglomeration benefits (returns to scale) associated with operating a business in larger urban markets (Weisbrod et al, 2001, 2003). More recent work in the UK has shown how urban road traffic congestion, by constraining the benefits of agglomeration, can serve to reduce achievable levels of productivity in congested urban areas (Graham, 2007). However, all of these studies focused at a general level when discussing productivity and accessibility, and none of them investigated the “micro-level” mechanisms by which businesses actually see their productivity eroded by traffic congestion.
\n\t\t\t\tMost of the existing research literature on economic costs of urban traffic congestion is at a very broad-brush level, demonstrating that increased congestion can affect business productivity by increasing operating costs and reducing the size of market areas served from any given business location. However, there is little information beyond that level to explain the ways in which congestion affects different types of freight movement, different types of businesses, or the ways in which businesses can respond to those conditions. These issues and their economic consequences can only be addressed through more detailed micro-level analysis of business processes and business decision-making.
\n\t\t\tA separate line of research studies on supply chain behavior have used systems dynamics models to show how traffic congestion can change the optimal decisions of producers, distributors and retailers along a supply chain. The most basic impact is that congestion delay and uncertainty increases requirements for (and hence costs of) product inventory (Disney et al., 1997; Mason-Jones et al., 1997). That, in turn, can affect supply chain behavior by encouraging shipment of smaller lot sizes to reduce cost risk (e.g., Moinzadeh et al., 1997). More recent research has extended this beyond delivery lot size, to also affect delivery frequency, spread of deliveries over time of day, and also total trips made per day (Sankaran & Wood, 2007). Surveys of corporate managers confirm that there is a range of ways in which traffic congestion can affect delivery decisions for retail (Fernie et al., 2000) and trucking industries (Golob & Regan, 2003).
\n\t\t\t\tSimulation modeling has also been used to show how traffic congestion can lead to fluctuations along a supply chain, as retailers adjust their inventory which in turn “reverberates upstream” via a “bullwhip” effect on inventory requirements for distributors and suppliers (Lee et al., 1997). However, since significant congestion delays may occur on a non-predictable basis, the optimal responses of affected parties may critically depend on both where they are in the supply chain and the probability of occurrence (Wilson, 2008). In the longer run, firms may also change their location decisions to minimize congestion impacts (Geunes & Konur, 2009). Yet most of these studies are based on simulations, and there has been relatively little attention to the question of how business decisions regarding location, scheduling, and deployment of vehicles and labor resources can also contribute to congestion or be used to minimize the effects of rising traffic congestion.
\n\t\t\tFrom a business development and economic growth perspective, concern about congestion impacts on supply chain flows is seen as introducing growing risk for maintaining regional competitiveness in a global economy. This risk is magnified as the move from push to pull supply chains depends on tight schedules and reliable performance, both of which can be threatened by flow uncertainty and variation that occurs as congestion grows (Colledge, 2007). As a result, it becomes important to recognize that decisions made by public planners of transportation facilities and business supply chain planners can interact and involve tradeoffs related to congestion. This becomes most critical as failure to adequately address congestion impacts can cause business relocation away from congested areas (see Geunes & Konur, 2009, for discussion of congestion impacts on business location).
\n\t\t\t\tThese business cost and location issues have raised concern by various regional business organizations about the future viability of critical industries and freight transportation functions in the face of growing traffic congestion. That has led to a number of studies of the business impacts of urban traffic congestion across North America, including three by the authors of this chapter – conducted for the Gateway Council of Vancouver, Canada (Delcan and Economic Development Research Group, 2003), Chicago Metropolis 2020 (Economic Development Research Group, 2004) and the Portland Business Council and Oregon Business Alliance (Economic Development Research Group, 2005& 2007).
\n\t\t\t\tThese studies are notable because they focused on business and economic impacts, emphasizing need to better understand the economic role of freight movement and its sensitivity to rising traffic congestion. In each area, local business organizations helped to bring in the perspective of senior managers who had a history of dealing with transportation and logistics operations. Many of these businesses had long experience in their region, and were able to provide valuable insight into how their operations had adapted to congestion over time. The Vancouver and Chicago studies included meetings with business organization representatives, while the Oregon study included in-person and telephone interviews with executives of the region’s largest manufacturers and distributors. These experiences made it possible to better identify and classify the ways in which traffic congestion affects businesses, their locations, operating procedures and freight shipping patterns. Findings are reported in the rest of this chapter.
\n\t\t\tUsing a wide range of business interviews and studies of facilities and corridors with the most impact on business operations, the three studies pointed to a series of ways in which the growth of traffic congestion affects sectors of the economy. A key finding from all three studies is that the consequences of congestion go far beyond just the travel time and travel cost factors associated with delay and reliability. They also include fundamental impacts on the size of business markets, the scheduling of business processes, the deployment of personnel and vehicles, dispersion of business locations and use of intermodal connections. All of these issues bear directly on either the competitive cost of doing business in a region, or the ability to expand business operations to meet the demands of a growing region.
\n\t\t\t\tAlthough there are many ways of categorizing the impacts of congestion on businesses and the metropolitan business environment, we have defined a taxonomy for describing the ways in which congestion can lead to changes affecting businesses and their operations. It is based on seven types of congestion impact: (a) market & fleet size, (b) business & delivery schedules, (c) inventory management, (d) use of intermodal connections, (e) worker travel, (f) business relocation and (g) localized interactions with other activities. Within each of these seven classes, there are broader aspects of impact on business and the economy, as shown in Table 1. These broader impacts affect public policy insofar as they shift the locations, times and scale of business activities and traffic generation. Each of these impact classes is discussed in greater detail later in this section.
\n\t\t\t\tThese categories of business and economic impact occurs as the logical consequence of a sequence of conditions, which are illustrated by flowchart in Figure 1. The top of the flowchart shows that congestion effects on delay and its uncertainty have four key elements: (1) they have a spatial pattern of occurrence at sites and routes with a high volume/capacity ratio, (2) they add a level of unreliability to travel times that depends on the degree of congestion and extent to which alternative routes are available, (3) they occur with severity that varies by time of day and is usually most severe during peak commuting periods, and (4) they affect different freight modes (and choices among those modes) depending on the extent to which traffic congestion occurs along truck corridors or access routes to major commercial and industrial clusters, seaports, airports or intermodal rail terminals.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Market and Fleet Size | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdelivery area, market scale, fleet size/type, delivery & reliability cost, assignment flexibility | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Business & Delivery Schedules | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdelivery time shifts, truck dispatch, backhaul operations, relief drivers, operating schedules | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Intermodal Connections | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\taccess to truck/rail/air/sea interchange terminals | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Business Inventory and Operations Management | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tinventory requirements, stocking costs, inventory management/control, cross-docking opportunities | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Worker Travel | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tworker time/expense; worker schedule reliability, service delivery cost | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Business Relocation | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdistribution from smaller, more dispersed locations, consolidation of production sites | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Externalities: Interactions with Other Activities | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tland use & development shifts, costs passed on to workers and customers | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Seven Classes of Congestion Impact and Potential Business Responses
Those four elements of congestion affect different aspects of business decision-making, as shown in Figure 1. We can view the business decision process as a sequence moving from fundamental long-term decisions to more flexible short-term decisions, as indicated by arrows moving from left to right on the flowchart. One of the most significant long-term decisions made by a firm is the location decision, followed by the scale of operations at that location. Both can involve significant capital investment. Those decisions, in turn, influence business requirements for workers, logistics of incoming materials and production/ inventory technologies. Outputs and final product distribution depends on the efficiency of the ground transport network (including connections to air and sea ports) to serve existing and future markets.
\n\t\t\t\tOf course, short-term adjustments to minimize costs of congestion are typically made in an opposite sequence, starting from the easiest to change, shown on the right side of the flowchart -- shifts in fleet deployment, shipment size and delivery schedules. When necessary, businesses can also move to more capital intensive decisions on the left half of the sequence, such as business size, location and operating model. Ultimately, all of these business location and operation decisions can affect broader changes in land use patterns, transportation demand and public infrastructure performance.
\n\t\t\t\tThe rest of this section provides a more detailed discussion of each of the seven types of congestion impact, and the ways that these congestion effects influence business decisions and the resulting effects on broader regional development. These discussions draw from findings and examples that emerged from the previously-cited regional business studies, as well as research studies by other authors (as cited in Section 2.3). Examples are provided primarily from a detailed set of interviews with corporate executives that were conducted as part of the Oregon study. The overall objective here is not to quantify or measure the severity of these impact elements, but rather to illustrate the wide breadth of different forms of impact that can occur, and the ways in which they interact with other elements of business decisions and public policy.
\n\t\t\t\tConceptual Model of Processes by Which Traffic Congestion Leads to Impacts on Business Activity
Two fundamental decisions for any delivery operation are the market area to be served and the vehicle fleet to serve it. Growth of traffic congestion can affect those decisions and lead to changes in a variety of related cost elements. These impacts can be viewed in terms of: (a) delivery area definition, (b) scale of markets served and (c) fleet size and type of vehicles used. These decisions also affect (d) delivery unit cost, (e) reliability cost and (f) route/ assignment flexibility.
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In theory, businesses can minimize congestion costs by rescheduling deliveries to avoid peak traffic periods, which are principally morning and evening commuting times. However, in practice, various factors can either limit the ability of delivery operations to adjust schedules or add to adjustment costs. These limitations and costs can be viewed in terms of implications associated with changing: (a) afternoon deliveries, (b) shift starts and relief drivers, (c) morning deliveries, (d) backhaul operations, (e) truck dispatch schedules, and (f) business operating schedules.
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Backhauls are of growing importance in a number of businesses – not just those involved in commercial distribution and retailing operations. Many businesses with their own fleets that are not in these sectors depend on backhaul operations to support various business activities. In Oregon, for example, Providence Health Systems [PHS] generates significant amounts of recycled materials (surgical and non-surgical), plastics and paper. Collection and recycling of these wastes and potentially toxic materials has depended on backhaul for efficient recovery of recyclables. Congestion during backhaul operations is becoming a growing problem because it limits loading times for the evening delivery cycle. As a result, smaller vehicles in greater numbers are now being used to service evening deliveries to the 29 clinics and hospitals served by PHS. Yet impacts of this type, which put more vehicles on roads, are most often not considered in public decisions about infrastructure investment.
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The impact of congestion delays can be magnified for intermodal freight movements that depend on truck deliveries meeting scheduled connections at: (a) intermodal rail terminals, (b) air cargo terminals or (c) marine terminals. The resulting impacts tend to be concentrated on specific classes of cargo and business locations.
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A longer term response being observed in large urban areas such as Chicago is a movement of rail-dependent manufacturing industries to outlying areas, which in turn is also leading railroads to open new intermodal facilities in those same outlying areas. A consequence of this trend is that manufacturing and distribution services are becoming more dispersed, and drays to and from the intermodal facilities are becoming longer. The end result is that there is a growth in total freight vehicles and average distances traveled to support freight intermodal freight movement. This becomes visible as growth in total vehicle-miles (or vehicle-km) of truck traffic.
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The issue of air freight schedules and capacity is also complicated by access time – especially for those businesses located some distance away from regional airports. Many businesses also rely in inbound shipments from global sources for materials and components involved in manufacturing. Both in-bound and out-bound shipments are consolidated at large airports offering belly capacity or airfreight service at the most competitive costs. Increasingly, time-sensitive imports and exports are being trucked long distances between origin/destination locations and the large international gateway airports. The primary reason for choosing longer and a more costly ground component of the air freight movement is avoidance of congestion (both on major highways and at the airports themselves) occurring at the times that products are ready to ship.
\n\t\t\t\tAs most air freight is time sensitive, congestion on roads to/from airports can have major economic consequences. For regions served by international air freight gateways, the stakes are even higher, since ground access constraints (caused by traffic congestion) can lead to diversion of demand to other airports further away. While that solution allows businesses to minimize schedule uncertainty, it also comes at a cost of reduced productivity.
\n\t\t\t\tThe reliance on air-truck transfers makes roadway congestion a particularly critical issue affecting scheduling for international air shipments, such as “high tech” manufacturing that relies on US-Asia production processes. For these shipments, congestion on routes to airports can also affect production schedules. That is because a missed flight can mean loss of inventory and production at the receiving location and the potential imposition of significant cost penalties if production of chip cutting and testing operations is affected.
\n\t\t\t\tCongestion on routes to airports also affects business and financial services. For instance, the pickup at overnight courier drop boxes in downtown Vancouver had been moved up two hours, partly in response to growing delay along the congested truck route between downtown Vancouver and its International Airport. Proposals to reduce congestion in major urban areas are focused specifically on addressing these types of problems affecting key freight corridors.
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The stakes for trucks delivering containers to port are substantial. A truck that is delayed and misses closing time at the port’s truck gate must wait till the next day. Depending on the day, it is possible that the container may miss its scheduled ship and have to several days or longer to get picked up on another ship heading for that same port. If a driver cannot ensure arrival time early enough to prevent that possibility, then it may be necessary to arrive earlier in the morning or one day earlier. Either way, there can be additional driver and vehicle scheduling, time reservation and operating costs incurred because of the congestion delay uncertainty. Some ports are trying to reduce the severity of this problem by extending their hours of operation at truck gates. Some are also instituting truck reservation systems at their container facilities, to even out the truck arrival times.
\n\t\t\tWhen schedule and fleet adjustments cannot mitigate rising congestion costs, shipper or consignee operations are likely to be directly affected. This may occur in the form of: (a) increased inventory requirements, (b) added retail stocking costs, (c) added cost of inventory management and control and/or (d) reduced cross docking opportunities.
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These efficiencies are beginning to erode due to both roadway congestion (on highways) and reduced levels of service at intermodal carriers (primarily major railroads and ocean shipping services). Increased variation in delivery times attributable to congestion, more missed deliveries, and other uncertainties related to maintaining services tied to rail service and maintenance of delivery routes has contributed to keeping more inventory on-hand – both in distribution warehouses and in manufacturing operations.
\n\t\t\t\tMost retailers and distributors are faced with rapidly growing inventory management issues. Besides to having to move more of a particular item due increased sales volumes (often with shrinking profit margins), they are also stocking a larger number and greater diversity of items in order to remain competitive with large, “big-box” operators. Increases in volume and mix of products mean space constraints have become critical factors in their ability to serve customers and retail outlets. Inventory management and distribution efficiency are the most important factors in achieving the levels of productivity needed to remain competitive.
\n\t\t\t\tBoth limited space inside existing warehouses and lack of expansion space encourage just-in-time inventory systems, which are highly dependent on reliable deliveries. Congestion delays can significantly diminish the ability to manage the flow and inventory required in businesses that have rapid inventory turnover. This results in potential lost sales in addition to the costs of managing inventory and receiving emergency, unplanned, or late night/early morning shipments.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Squeezing as much efficiency as possible through high levels of automation in warehousing and load management has produced significant efficiencies in warehousing and distribution industries. However, the effects of congestion are eroding the significant progress that has been made in inventory management and warehouse control. Two types of changes appear to be happening simultaneously. First, reductions in labor costs attributable to in-warehouse efficiencies are being absorbed by the costs of the over-the-road operations (more equipment and drivers to deal with congestion and driver hours of service limitations). Second, by re-introducing uncertainty in shipping and receiving attributable to the over-the-road and “last mile” portion of the supply chain system, businesses are forced into looser scheduling, setting lower delivery targets, and adding additional inventory (a reversal of recent trends in lowering inventory) to allow for uncertainty in delivery times.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
While discussions about optimizing supply chains typically focus on cargo movement, labor is also an input to production processes and a significant component of delivery and distribution services. And in that sense, it can be useful to consider worker travel related costs as part of a broader and more comprehensive view of supply chains. The associated costs may occur as a result of changes in: (a) commuting time and expense, (b) worker schedule reliability or (c) service delivery related travel.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The costs of start-time delays and arrival reliability are difficult to quantify and have not traditionally posed a noticeable problem for businesses. However, the increasing frequency of start-time delays and the cumulative burdens of congestion on business operations are beginning to focus management attention on all aspects of congestion and its costs for business operations. This trend is illustrated by a recent US national survey of 1,200 construction contractors, which found that 93% of responding firms reported traffic congestion is affecting their operations, 64% reported at least one day of productivity loss per worker annually due to congestion, and 73% reported that congestion adds more than 1% to their total cost of doing business (Associated General Contractors, 2010). While the survey respondents may not be a totally random sample, the results nevertheless underscore the importance of traffic congestion as a source of loss for construction firms.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
Site location and expansion decisions typically shift as products, markets, technologies and input requirements evolve over time. As traffic congestion can effectively constrain both labor markets and freight delivery markets, it can also be a factor affecting the location or relocation of both: (a) distribution center sites and (b) production sites.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
As a consequence of these congestion effects, many new warehousing, distribution and transshipment facilities locate far from the metropolitan areas traditionally “home” to such operations. In the New York metropolitan area, warehousing serving the ports of New York and New Jersey are currently operating in central New Jersey. In several regions, major manufacturers and food distribution businesses have located new distribution and warehousing operations further away (as much as 200 miles or 320 km) from the core metro markets in order to remain competitive in serving multiple markets.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
As production and distribution activities shift location, partly in response to growth in traffic congestion delay, those decisions also lead to “externality impacts” – i.e., impacts on outside parties including (a) residents of urban areas and (b) workers at affected industries.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
For manufacturing businesses with regular, high-volume movements between intermediate and final production sites, a series of factors may significantly increase the time needed to move intermediate products, partial assemblies and raw materials. This may occur as a combination of generalized highway system congestion and specific bottlenecks where there is reduced capacity on elements of the arterial roadway system (such as bridges and viaduct underpasses). In some urban areas, especially where older manufacturing sites have been incorporated into new mixed use developments, the associated gentrification and conversion of older and unused warehousing space has combined with traffic congestion to compound delays in routine shipment patterns.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
While providing adequate alternative transportation is clearly not a traditional role of private businesses, the effects of congestion expansion across the workday, operational decisions required to address the business costs of congestion, and business location decisions can together shift the cost and time burden of maintaining job access to employees. These effects also tend to be most pronounced for longer-term employees who have worked at the same location and in the same industry for many years.
\n\t\t\tThe preceding discussion, covering seven classes of economic impact, indicates the importance of distinguishing key dimensions of congestion in transportation forecasting and impact models. This includes the composition of affected traffic (distinguishing trucks and service vehicles for supply chain impacts), time of day and spatial pattern of congestion, and effects on intermodal connectivity. There are several key reasons:
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
In an attempt to address these key dimensions of impact, all three of the impact studies identified in Section 2.3 (Vancouver, Chicago and Oregon) relied on regional travel demand forecasting systems to assess current and potential future congestion. In each case, the models could distinguish truck movements from car traffic to estimate peak vs. off-peak truck traffic changes and to include intermodal connections. Those analyses were also supplemented by special studies that identified conditions affecting: (a) highway corridors with particularly high levels of truck movement, (b) key rail and truck corridors providing access to industrial zones, and (c) road corridors serving airport, marine port and/or intermodal rail facilities.
\n\t\t\tThe traffic modeling developed for all three of those studies was used in a transportation economic impact framework now called TREDIS (Transportation Economic Development Impact System). This economic framework incorporates a multi-modal structure that is sensitive to changes in passenger and freight cost, travel time reliability and access conditions by mode and time of day. The access measures include size of labor markets and same-day delivery markets as well as connectivity to intermodal ports, terminals and gateways. Measures of change in transportation system performance and access are applied to information on how various industries rely on different combinations of transportation modes and inter-modal connections for access to supply chain and delivery markets. In this way, changes in modal performance and access conditions lead to different impacts on cost and economic growth opportunities for various industry sectors. (For a summary of TREDIS and discussion of model design policy issues, see Weisbrod, 2008.)
\n\t\t\t\tWhile all three studies required multi-modal analysis, there were very different policy issues in each case. For Chicago, a particularly critical issue was capacity and access for truck movements to rail yards and industrial corridors. For Vancouver, a critical issue was capacity of access routes to seaport and airport facilities. For Portland, Oregon, a critical issue was region-wide truck delivery times for warehousing and distribution facilities. Yet despite differences in local issues, all three cases shared a common need to examine economic impacts of congestion growth, and to do so from a multi-modal perspective.
\n\t\t\t\tAnother notable element of assessing economic impacts is the ability to distinguish between local-serving industries and “traded industries” (that serve national or international markets). It is important to recognize that even when businesses adjust delivery and worker shift schedules to avoid peak congestion, those activity shifts have some incremental cost for affected businesses. As noted in the Portland report: “...
In examining a range of congestion impacts on supply chains and related business activity, several conclusions arise. First, it is clear that supply chain simulation models based on systems dynamics can be useful to illustrate why congestion delays and uncertainty lead businesses to shift schedules, delivery lot sizes and sometimes even locations. However, the insights provided by interviews and discussions with businesses presented in this chapter show that there can be many more facets of congestion impact and associated change in business organization and behavior beyond those typically identified in such models. Specifically, congestion impacts can go far beyond mere changes in operating cost, to also affect the size and nature of business organizations, production processes and customer markets served. And businesses can have a wide range of responses, depending on the type of affected business activity and the nature of congestion growth.
\n\t\t\tIn this chapter, we described 26 different elements of business impact and response to traffic congestion growth, grouped into seven broad classes. These impact elements are inter-related and they tend to occur as a logical sequence, as illustrated by the conceptual model presented in Section 3.1. They can be important to consider in planning processes, policy development and economic impact analysis models. There are some situations where the economic impacts of traffic congestion can be less than expected because businesses adjust their operations to help mitigate congestion costs. However, in other situations, the economic impacts of traffic congestion can be greater than expected because of additional impacts on workers and on operators of other transport modes. In addition, there are effects on land use and business location patterns -- all of which are unaddressed by models that assess the direct cost impacts of delivery delay. Many of these additional elements of economic impact take place slowly over time and may not be noticed until their consequences are severe (i.e., entire business operations are rescheduled, reconfigured or relocated), at which time it may be too late to reverse business decisions.
\n\t\t\tFinally, it should also be clear that it can be misleading to focus research and policy attention on the overall incidence and average magnitude of congestion impacts on businesses as a group, since impacts can vary widely depending on the type of affected business activity (location, products or services offered, degree of localization of suppliers and customer base, and modal dependencies) and the nature of local congestion growth (including its severity, spatial and temporal patterns of incidence). In other words, even if only a small fraction of businesses change their fleets, locations or markets in response to congestion growth, the impact can be very important for particular business sectors. This can have significant economic development and public policy implications for some local areas, occupations and industries, especially if these business sectors are those for which future region-wide growth and development are dependent. It can also lead to a much wider and varied set of consequences for regional economies, as demonstrated by the examples of regional economic impact studies. Future policy and planning should consider and account for these distributional consequences.
\n\t\tSeven century’s
These days, there are number of software have been developed to generate 3D predictive modelling (e.g., [4]), visualisation, and digital conservation through virtual reality (VR) (e.g. [5]). It can be considered as a known to unknown journey of cultural heritage. Following the London Charter of 2006 and Seville Principles of 2011 are followed to generate the 3D predictive modelling and VR for visualisation and digitally preserve the world’s cultural heritage of the Buddhist Vihara of Paharpur. The norms of digitalisation of cultural heritage have not been officially initiated by UNESCO, and ICOMOS did not ratified it by the general assembly [5]. Therefore, the London Charter of 2006 and the Seville Principle of 2011 are widely accepted to digitalise the cultural heritage, which also been followed to systematise this research.
The essence of this initiative, particularly for generating predictive 3D modelling of Paharpur Vihara or
Paharpur has been archaeologically identified as
Geodetic position of Paharpur [
The square-shaped Mahavihara can be seen in Figure 2, where every wing is 281 m in length. The Pala dynasty, notably, Dharmapala (781–821 AD), the second Pala ruler, established this
A bird’s eye view of the Paharpur (Google earth, January 2018).
The central courtyard contains various small-scale and different structures such as, at the southeast corner structures, a group of five votive stupas or
The fragments of sculptures, potsherds, ornaments, coins, seals, sealings, votive stupas salvaged are a fair number from these cultural heritage sites. From 1807, 1812, and 1879, under the reign of the British Empire, there were a couple of field explorations, and archaeological excavations were carried out by the high professional British officers, e.g., Buchanon Hamilton, Westmacott, and Sir Alexander Cunnigham [2]. They have collected so many artefacts and preserved those in Kolkata Museum in India. In addition, the Varendra Research Museum of Rajshahi preserved a couple of artefacts by Saratkumar Ray,
In 1923, a joint excavation was started by the Archaeological Survey of India, Varendra Research Society of Rajshahi, and University of Kolkata. The excavation initiated under Professor Dr. Bhandarkar of ancient history and ex-superintendent of Archaeological Survey of India. He conducted the excavation from 1925 to 1926 in the northern part of the central mound. After his archaeological activities, KN Dikshit commenced the next session from 1926 to 1927 and 1930–1932. GC Chandra conducted excavations from 1932 to 1934. After that time frame, Paharpur became a part of Pakistan, and Rafique Mughal excavated the monastic cells of the east wings. As an independent state of Bangladesh, after 1971, the Department of Archaeology began excavations in different phases, within 1981–1982, 1984–1985, 1988–1989, 1990–1991, and 2007–2008 [2].
The clay seals revealed the historical connections among Shri-Somapure-Shri-Dharmapaladeva-Mahavihariyarya-bhiksu-sangghasya. Taranatha and other Tibetan sources state that it was built by Devapala. As the Pala rulers were devout Buddhists, an inscription on the pillar found in the central shrine was inscribed with the name of Bhiksu Ajayagrabha, who was identified with the Pala Dynasty. He was a worthy successor of Devapala. The data was crosschecked with the Jagjivanpur copperplate, where the same name was found inscribed. This can be taken as proof that the monastery received continuous patronage from the Mahendrapala. Tibetan writings, especially,
The Nalanda inscription of Vipulashrimitra showed that the
In statistical analysis, predictive modelling is related to data mining, and it forecasts the probability of outcomes. This forecasting always depends on several predictors to understand the future move. It is a futuristic prediction format despite the archaeologist’s motto, which is to predict the past. Usually, an archaeological predictive model is a map, that indicates the relative potential of encountering an archaeological site. Primarily, predictive location models were attempted to locate and identify the pattern of distribution of archaeological records. In this research, the ruins of
Specific initiatives were made under this study, to save the world heritage, predict the 3D modelling, and represent the world cultural heritage by VR. It is argued that digital technology is essential to visualise the unknown past for it to be known. Technologies and techniques are getting updated daily, and archaeologists may quickly grasp these valuable techniques and tools to establish their hypothesis. It is very unusual to find in situ archaeological records. In most cases, fragmented and ruined archaeological records have been dug out. In this case, typo-technology and spatiotemporal reality have only been imagined hypothetically. The 3D modelling tools help to make this virtually real. It is virtual reality that was used to visualise the predictive 3D models of ruins of the vihara at Paharpur. This structure is well preserved and renovated by the Department of Archaeology, Ministry of Cultural Affairs, People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
The 3D models of the present can feature architectures, monuments, and artefacts, making it possible, to generate the predictive 3D models to aid in understanding the future-past. This paper has presented a proposal for arranging some 3D presentations of the structures of the cultural heritage. 3D modelling in archaeology is not a recent phenomenon. In fact, it has been practised for digital conservation systems and predictive modelling of archaeological objects and architectures in the last three decades. Some papers have been published in this regard. As author, we published a couple of research papers [4, 5] in this regard. It is submitted that this paper can be considered as one of the in-depth introductory research where a digital initiative has been made. A chapter of PhD dissertation has been completed on 3D conservation of cultural heritage site [3].
Generating 3D modelling of this paper is not the first attempt. Previously P.R. Myer in 1961 and M.A. Naqi et al. in 1999 published two papers where they tried generating 3D modelling of the central temple of Paharpur Vihar. Myer and Naqi both have imagined the ruined structure central structure as a stupa. Developed the idea by following Nalanda and Pagan stupa architecture, and Naqi et al. characterised the structure based on the Hindu temples of Eastern India and Ananda Temple of Pagan. They failed to be philosophising the structure. They tried to follow the ground plane to erect the rest of the ruins and tried to compare the style with the nearby references of the stupa.
The purpose of the 3D modelling of
The ground plan of Somapura Mahavihara, Paharpur [
2D model of
Ground plan of the central shrine of
In
Garbhadhatu mandala (
As a Structural Principles for Generating the 3D Model of Mahavihara, here the basic principles of Vastu Shastra are applied in constructing buildings, i.e., residential buildings, commercial complexes, industry layouts, towns, temples. The Vastu Mandala always follow five basic principles, which are:
As an archaeological structural reference for generating the 3D model of the central shrine of
Bronze votive stupa, Ashrafpur [
Bronze votive stupa, Shallban Vihara [
Votive stupa from Saranth [
Votive stupa from Bodhgaya [
Philosophising the Bangla regions’ Buddhism and understanding the existing vihara structure to negotiate the prediction of
To generate the Predictive 3D modelling and VR of
3D model of the front view of the resent structure of
Ware frame for generating the 3D model of the central shrine of
Long view of the 3D model of existing
Close view of the 3D model of
Mid shot of the central shrine of the
Partial close view of the central shrine of the
Top view of the 3D model of the
Going with the aforesaid logical background, the following predictive 3D model has been developed. Shown here is the ground plan to develop the structure morphologically using the
Design of corbel arch.
Partial view of predictive 3D model of the central structure of the
Partial top view of the predictive 3D model of the
Front view of the predictive 3D model of the central shrine of the
Ware frame of the central gateway of the predictive 3D model of the
Ware frame of partial view of predictive 3D model of the central shrine of the
Ware frame of the horizontal view of the predictive 3D model of the
Ware frame of the vertical view of the predictive 3D model of the
Top view of the predictive 3D model of the
Vajrayana Buddhism philosophised the yantra mandala style of vihara of Paharapur in this paper, and structurally Votive Stupas, notably, Shallbanvihar, Ashrafpur, Saranath, and Bodhgaya phenomenally characterised the superstructure of this vihara. The discovered Votive stupa belongs to the Vajrayana Buddhism. The Figures 19–26 are the logical interpretation of the Vajrayana style. Meanwhile, a question has been raised inquiring into the real necessity to regenerate these structures virtually. The answer is: yes, it is vital for a better understanding of accuracy and preservation capability. A case in point is the predictive 3D modelling of Paharpur Vihara has been generated on the idea of Yantra Mandala and the central shrine predicted on the notion of Vajrayana. Heritage sites are continuously exposed to threats such as weathering erosion and anthropogenic erosion, and especially, the problematic safeguarding mechanism [15]. Therefore, it is necessary to conserve the Paharpur Vihara or
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. 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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"66b46ee5dfa426cb08d97d2f261e5e0e",slug:"renin-angiotensin-system-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Anna Naidenova Tolekova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5504.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143727",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Naydenova",surname:"Tolekova",slug:"anna-tolekova",fullName:"Anna Tolekova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55894",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69513",title:"The Function of Renin and the Role of Food-Derived Peptides as Direct Renin Inhibitors",slug:"the-function-of-renin-and-the-role-of-food-derived-peptides-as-direct-renin-inhibitors",totalDownloads:1521,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Food proteins contain active peptide fragments encrypted within their structure that can exert beneficial effects on human health above and beyond their expected nutritional value. Among many types of food-derived peptides, peptides with antihypertensive activity have received the most significant attention due to the prevalence of hypertension and its associated complications with pharmacological interventions. One strategy for the selection of potential food-derived antihypertensive peptides is to search for in vitro renin inhibitory activity. Thus far, various food protein-derived peptides and protein hydrolysates have shown in vitro renin inhibitory capacity. Many of these peptides have induced antihypertensive effects when orally administered to spontaneously hypertensive rats, and also, antihypertensive effects in hypertensive humans have been reported. Indeed, the results indicate that antihypertensive food protein-derived peptides may be acting at the same time via multiple pathways at the protein level as well as at the gene level modulating the renin-angiotensin system. Important knowledge on structure-function parameters of peptides is increasing constantly, which can greatly enhance the production and processing of peptides with high physiological efficacy. By means of novel nutrigenomic approaches, it is possible and, in future, perhaps essential to investigate the impact of peptides on the expression of genes and hence endeavor to optimize the nutritional and health effects delivered by peptides. Novel technologies are available to standardize and stabilize the concentrations of active peptides in the products in down-stream processing. The existing data provide strong potential for developing new added-value products with scientifically approved health effects for consumers. This review provides an overview of food-derived peptides that may mediate the antihypertensive activities through inhibiting renin, one of the key enzymes in renin-angiotensin system, and reviews also the safety and applicability aspects of the these peptides.",book:{id:"5504",slug:"renin-angiotensin-system-past-present-and-future",title:"Renin-Angiotensin System",fullTitle:"Renin-Angiotensin System - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Anne Pihlanto and Sari Mäkinen",authors:[{id:"191941",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Pihlanto",slug:"anne-pihlanto",fullName:"Anne Pihlanto"},{id:"192566",title:"Dr.",name:"Sari",middleName:null,surname:"Mäkinen",slug:"sari-makinen",fullName:"Sari Mäkinen"}]},{id:"53100",doi:"10.5772/66076",title:"Signaling Pathways of Cardiac Remodeling Related to Angiotensin II",slug:"signaling-pathways-of-cardiac-remodeling-related-to-angiotensin-ii",totalDownloads:1799,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Heart failure affects more than 23 million people worldwide, and its prognosis remains poor. Hypertension is one of the most prominent human health problem and places individuals at a higher risk for heart failure. Several factors interplay the development of hypertension contributing for decompensated heart hypertrophy. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been shown to be the foremost regulator of blood pressure. Many evidences have pointed out the importance of RAS and its key mediator, angiotensin II (Ang II), on signaling pathways involved in cardiac remodeling. The Ang II-induced hypertrophic effects seem to be related to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under oxidative stress conditions, as those observed in hypertension and heart failure, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) is activated. Ang II is connected with TNF-α and TGF-β by ROS-NF-κB-MMP mechanisms, which are involved in heart failure. The rationale of the present chapter is structured on the progression of heart failure related to Ang II, TNF-α and TGF-β by common signaling pathways. Pharmacotherapeutics approaches to the heart failure abound, but the mortality rates remain high. This chapter will also describe molecular mechanisms involved in heart failure highlighting that TGF-β and/or TNF-α inhibitors could contribute to treatment to this serious clinical condition.",book:{id:"5504",slug:"renin-angiotensin-system-past-present-and-future",title:"Renin-Angiotensin System",fullTitle:"Renin-Angiotensin System - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Carolina Baraldi Araujo Restini, Arthur F. Engracia Garcia, Henrique\nMelo Natalin, Guilherme Melo Natalin and Elen Rizzi",authors:[{id:"178144",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Baraldi A. Restini",slug:"carolina-baraldi-a.-restini",fullName:"Carolina Baraldi A. Restini"},{id:"193457",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique",middleName:null,surname:"Melo Natalin",slug:"henrique-melo-natalin",fullName:"Henrique Melo Natalin"},{id:"193458",title:"Dr.",name:"Arthur",middleName:null,surname:"Feierabend Engracia Garcia",slug:"arthur-feierabend-engracia-garcia",fullName:"Arthur Feierabend Engracia Garcia"},{id:"193459",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:null,surname:"Melo Natalin",slug:"guilherme-melo-natalin",fullName:"Guilherme Melo Natalin"},{id:"193460",title:"Dr.",name:"Elen",middleName:null,surname:"Rizzi",slug:"elen-rizzi",fullName:"Elen Rizzi"}]},{id:"54072",doi:"10.5772/65919",title:"Local Renin-Angiotensin System at Liver and Crosstalk with Hepatic Diseases",slug:"local-renin-angiotensin-system-at-liver-and-crosstalk-with-hepatic-diseases",totalDownloads:1821,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"The systemic renin-angiotensin system mainly regulates blood pressure and maintains kidney function. Recent studies have realized that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been found in many tissues, such as heart, liver, and kidney. Although RAS in heart and kidney has been well documented, the RAS in the liver has been evaluated in a few studies. Therefore, this chapter will be assessed it. Based on findings, RAS in the liver has presented almost all of its components, such as angiotensin-I (Ang-I), angiotensin-II (Ang-II), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin type-1 receptor (AT1), angiotensin type-2 receptor (AT2), named as classical RAS. Expect these components, the local RAS has had alternative pathway components, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and chymase. Classical RAS has an opposite effect of alternative RAS. Although these local RAS might not be such a crucial for the tissue, it could be a more vital function under pathophysiologic conditions. The chapter the local RAS in the liver the under both physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions is highlighted.",book:{id:"5504",slug:"renin-angiotensin-system-past-present-and-future",title:"Renin-Angiotensin System",fullTitle:"Renin-Angiotensin System - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Eylem Taskin and Celal Guven",authors:[{id:"192567",title:"Prof.",name:"Eylem",middleName:null,surname:"Taskin",slug:"eylem-taskin",fullName:"Eylem Taskin"},{id:"195229",title:"Dr.",name:"Celal",middleName:null,surname:"Guven",slug:"celal-guven",fullName:"Celal Guven"}]},{id:"54082",doi:"10.5772/67016",title:"Regulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System by Reactive Oxygen Species",slug:"regulation-of-the-renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system-by-reactive-oxygen-species",totalDownloads:1921,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Angiotensin II (Ang II), the major effector of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are critically involved in Ang II-induced effects. Noteworthy, accumulating evidence indicates that ROS also regulate the activation of RAAS, contributing to the fine-tuning of this system under physiological conditions or to the amplification of the deleterious signaling in several pathologies. This chapter aims at giving an overview of the role of ROS in the regulation of expression, secretion and/or activity of several RAAS components.",book:{id:"5504",slug:"renin-angiotensin-system-past-present-and-future",title:"Renin-Angiotensin System",fullTitle:"Renin-Angiotensin System - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Manuela Morato, Marta Reina-Couto, Dora Pinho, António Albino-\nTeixeira and Teresa Sousa",authors:[{id:"140800",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:null,surname:"Albino-Teixeira",slug:"antonio-albino-teixeira",fullName:"António Albino-Teixeira"},{id:"142410",title:"Prof.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa",slug:"teresa-sousa",fullName:"Teresa Sousa"},{id:"193340",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuela",middleName:null,surname:"Morato",slug:"manuela-morato",fullName:"Manuela Morato"},{id:"193341",title:"M.D.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Reina-Couto",slug:"marta-reina-couto",fullName:"Marta Reina-Couto"},{id:"193342",title:"Prof.",name:"Dora",middleName:null,surname:"Pinho",slug:"dora-pinho",fullName:"Dora Pinho"}]},{id:"53588",doi:"10.5772/66997",title:"Renin-Angiotensin System on Reproductive Biology",slug:"renin-angiotensin-system-on-reproductive-biology",totalDownloads:1375,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In the female reproductive system, angiotensin II (ANG II) is a potential signaling molecule involved in ovarian follicle development, which acts through two transmembrane receptors. Within the ovarian follicle, there appear to be species differences in the precise pattern of localization of AGTR2 protein and it has an important role in in vitro maturation of oocytes in mammals. The infusion of ANG II induced ovulation in rabbits and the use of ANG II antagonists inhibited ovulation in rabbits, rats, and cattle. In fetal ovaries, AGTR2 protein was detected in ovigerous cords and preantral follicles throughout porcine and bovine gestation. In the oviduct, ANG II is responsible for the orchestration of the transport of gametes. In the male reproductive system, there is considerable evidence for the local synthesis of components of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in male reproductive tissues. The roles of RAS in local processes at these sites are still uncertain, although there is evidence for involvement in tubular contractility, spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, capacitation, acrosomal exocytosis, and fertilization.",book:{id:"5504",slug:"renin-angiotensin-system-past-present-and-future",title:"Renin-Angiotensin System",fullTitle:"Renin-Angiotensin System - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Anthony C.S. Castilho, Patrícia K. Fontes, Fernanda F. Franchi,\nPriscila H. Santos and Eduardo M. Razza",authors:[{id:"191450",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anthony",middleName:"César Souza",surname:"Castilho",slug:"anthony-castilho",fullName:"Anthony Castilho"},{id:"191848",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Patricia",middleName:"Kubo",surname:"Fontes",slug:"patricia-fontes",fullName:"Patricia Fontes"},{id:"191860",title:"MSc.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Franchi",slug:"fernanda-franchi",fullName:"Fernanda Franchi"},{id:"191862",title:"MSc.",name:"Priscila",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",slug:"priscila-santos",fullName:"Priscila Santos"},{id:"191906",title:"MSc.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Razza",slug:"eduardo-razza",fullName:"Eduardo Razza"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"53100",title:"Signaling Pathways of Cardiac Remodeling Related to Angiotensin II",slug:"signaling-pathways-of-cardiac-remodeling-related-to-angiotensin-ii",totalDownloads:1799,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Heart failure affects more than 23 million people worldwide, and its prognosis remains poor. Hypertension is one of the most prominent human health problem and places individuals at a higher risk for heart failure. Several factors interplay the development of hypertension contributing for decompensated heart hypertrophy. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been shown to be the foremost regulator of blood pressure. Many evidences have pointed out the importance of RAS and its key mediator, angiotensin II (Ang II), on signaling pathways involved in cardiac remodeling. The Ang II-induced hypertrophic effects seem to be related to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under oxidative stress conditions, as those observed in hypertension and heart failure, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) is activated. Ang II is connected with TNF-α and TGF-β by ROS-NF-κB-MMP mechanisms, which are involved in heart failure. The rationale of the present chapter is structured on the progression of heart failure related to Ang II, TNF-α and TGF-β by common signaling pathways. Pharmacotherapeutics approaches to the heart failure abound, but the mortality rates remain high. This chapter will also describe molecular mechanisms involved in heart failure highlighting that TGF-β and/or TNF-α inhibitors could contribute to treatment to this serious clinical condition.",book:{id:"5504",slug:"renin-angiotensin-system-past-present-and-future",title:"Renin-Angiotensin System",fullTitle:"Renin-Angiotensin System - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Carolina Baraldi Araujo Restini, Arthur F. Engracia Garcia, Henrique\nMelo Natalin, Guilherme Melo Natalin and Elen Rizzi",authors:[{id:"178144",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Baraldi A. Restini",slug:"carolina-baraldi-a.-restini",fullName:"Carolina Baraldi A. Restini"},{id:"193457",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique",middleName:null,surname:"Melo Natalin",slug:"henrique-melo-natalin",fullName:"Henrique Melo Natalin"},{id:"193458",title:"Dr.",name:"Arthur",middleName:null,surname:"Feierabend Engracia Garcia",slug:"arthur-feierabend-engracia-garcia",fullName:"Arthur Feierabend Engracia Garcia"},{id:"193459",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:null,surname:"Melo Natalin",slug:"guilherme-melo-natalin",fullName:"Guilherme Melo Natalin"},{id:"193460",title:"Dr.",name:"Elen",middleName:null,surname:"Rizzi",slug:"elen-rizzi",fullName:"Elen Rizzi"}]},{id:"54072",title:"Local Renin-Angiotensin System at Liver and Crosstalk with Hepatic Diseases",slug:"local-renin-angiotensin-system-at-liver-and-crosstalk-with-hepatic-diseases",totalDownloads:1816,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"The systemic renin-angiotensin system mainly regulates blood pressure and maintains kidney function. Recent studies have realized that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been found in many tissues, such as heart, liver, and kidney. Although RAS in heart and kidney has been well documented, the RAS in the liver has been evaluated in a few studies. Therefore, this chapter will be assessed it. Based on findings, RAS in the liver has presented almost all of its components, such as angiotensin-I (Ang-I), angiotensin-II (Ang-II), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin type-1 receptor (AT1), angiotensin type-2 receptor (AT2), named as classical RAS. Expect these components, the local RAS has had alternative pathway components, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and chymase. Classical RAS has an opposite effect of alternative RAS. Although these local RAS might not be such a crucial for the tissue, it could be a more vital function under pathophysiologic conditions. The chapter the local RAS in the liver the under both physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions is highlighted.",book:{id:"5504",slug:"renin-angiotensin-system-past-present-and-future",title:"Renin-Angiotensin System",fullTitle:"Renin-Angiotensin System - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Eylem Taskin and Celal Guven",authors:[{id:"192567",title:"Prof.",name:"Eylem",middleName:null,surname:"Taskin",slug:"eylem-taskin",fullName:"Eylem Taskin"},{id:"195229",title:"Dr.",name:"Celal",middleName:null,surname:"Guven",slug:"celal-guven",fullName:"Celal Guven"}]},{id:"54082",title:"Regulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System by Reactive Oxygen Species",slug:"regulation-of-the-renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system-by-reactive-oxygen-species",totalDownloads:1921,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Angiotensin II (Ang II), the major effector of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are critically involved in Ang II-induced effects. Noteworthy, accumulating evidence indicates that ROS also regulate the activation of RAAS, contributing to the fine-tuning of this system under physiological conditions or to the amplification of the deleterious signaling in several pathologies. This chapter aims at giving an overview of the role of ROS in the regulation of expression, secretion and/or activity of several RAAS components.",book:{id:"5504",slug:"renin-angiotensin-system-past-present-and-future",title:"Renin-Angiotensin System",fullTitle:"Renin-Angiotensin System - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Manuela Morato, Marta Reina-Couto, Dora Pinho, António Albino-\nTeixeira and Teresa Sousa",authors:[{id:"140800",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:null,surname:"Albino-Teixeira",slug:"antonio-albino-teixeira",fullName:"António Albino-Teixeira"},{id:"142410",title:"Prof.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa",slug:"teresa-sousa",fullName:"Teresa Sousa"},{id:"193340",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuela",middleName:null,surname:"Morato",slug:"manuela-morato",fullName:"Manuela Morato"},{id:"193341",title:"M.D.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Reina-Couto",slug:"marta-reina-couto",fullName:"Marta Reina-Couto"},{id:"193342",title:"Prof.",name:"Dora",middleName:null,surname:"Pinho",slug:"dora-pinho",fullName:"Dora Pinho"}]},{id:"54743",title:"Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Healthy and Pathological Pregnancies",slug:"role-of-the-renin-angiotensin-system-in-healthy-and-pathological-pregnancies",totalDownloads:1384,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Introduction: Pregnancy is a physiological process that necessitates many cardiovascular and hemodynamic adaptations to ensure the survival of the foetus and well‐being of the mother. The renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) has been suggested as key player in many of these changes as it is critical for blood pressure control as well as fluid and salt homeostasis in the non‐pregnant state.",book:{id:"5504",slug:"renin-angiotensin-system-past-present-and-future",title:"Renin-Angiotensin System",fullTitle:"Renin-Angiotensin System - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Émilie Pepin, Shahin Shabanipour Dehboneh, Nozha Raguema,\nMaedeh Talebi Esfandarani and Julie L. Lavoie",authors:[{id:"191471",title:"Dr.",name:"Julie",middleName:"L.",surname:"Lavoie",slug:"julie-lavoie",fullName:"Julie Lavoie"},{id:"197626",title:"Dr.",name:"Émilie",middleName:null,surname:"Pépin",slug:"emilie-pepin",fullName:"Émilie Pépin"},{id:"197627",title:"MSc.",name:"Shahin",middleName:null,surname:"Shabanipour Dehboneh",slug:"shahin-shabanipour-dehboneh",fullName:"Shahin Shabanipour Dehboneh"},{id:"197628",title:"MSc.",name:"Nozha",middleName:null,surname:"Raguema",slug:"nozha-raguema",fullName:"Nozha Raguema"},{id:"197629",title:"MSc.",name:"Maedeh",middleName:null,surname:"Talebi Esfandarani",slug:"maedeh-talebi-esfandarani",fullName:"Maedeh Talebi Esfandarani"}]},{id:"53588",title:"Renin-Angiotensin System on Reproductive Biology",slug:"renin-angiotensin-system-on-reproductive-biology",totalDownloads:1374,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In the female reproductive system, angiotensin II (ANG II) is a potential signaling molecule involved in ovarian follicle development, which acts through two transmembrane receptors. Within the ovarian follicle, there appear to be species differences in the precise pattern of localization of AGTR2 protein and it has an important role in in vitro maturation of oocytes in mammals. The infusion of ANG II induced ovulation in rabbits and the use of ANG II antagonists inhibited ovulation in rabbits, rats, and cattle. In fetal ovaries, AGTR2 protein was detected in ovigerous cords and preantral follicles throughout porcine and bovine gestation. In the oviduct, ANG II is responsible for the orchestration of the transport of gametes. In the male reproductive system, there is considerable evidence for the local synthesis of components of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in male reproductive tissues. 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Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. 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(2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular Economy, Contingency Planning and Response to Disasters, Ecosystem Services, Integrated Urban Water Management, Nature-based Solutions, Sustainable Urban Development, Urban Green Spaces",scope:"