Overview of some irrigation methods.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5976",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Drosophila melanogaster - Model for Recent Advances in Genetics and Therapeutics",title:"Drosophila melanogaster",subtitle:"Model for Recent Advances in Genetics and Therapeutics",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'This book contains 12 chapters divided into two sections. Section 1 is "Drosophila - Model for Genetics." It covers introduction, chromosomal polymorphism, polytene chromosomes, chromosomal inversion, chromosomal evolution, cell cycle regulators in meiosis and nongenetic transgenerational inheritance in Drosophila. It also includes ecological genetics, wild-type strains, morphometric analysis, cytostatics, frequencies of early and late embryonic lethals (EEL and LEL) and mosaic imaginal discs of Drosophila for genetic analysis in biomedical research. Section 2 is "Drosophila - Model for Therapeutics." It explains Drosophila as model for human diseases, neurodegeneration, heart-kidney metabolic disorders, cancer, pathophysiology of Parkinson\'s disease, dopamine, neuroprotective therapeutics, mitochondrial dysfunction and translational research. It also covers Drosophila role in ubiquitin-carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) protein, eye development, anti-dUCH antibody, neuropathy target esterase (NTE), organophosphorous compound-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). It also includes substrate specificities, kinetic parameters of recombinant glutathione S-transferases E6 and E7 (DmGSTE6 and DmGSTE7), detoxification and insecticidal resistance and antiviral immunity in Drosophila.',isbn:"978-953-51-3854-9",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3853-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4011-5",doi:"10.5772/66545",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"drosophila-melanogaster-model-for-recent-advances-in-genetics-and-therapeutics",numberOfPages:268,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"46ff086c2ae55b49970a648d604634cc",bookSignature:"Farzana Khan Perveen",publishedDate:"February 28th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5976.jpg",numberOfDownloads:29280,numberOfWosCitations:27,numberOfCrossrefCitations:30,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:47,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:104,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 7th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 21st 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 16th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 16th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 16th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"75563",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzana Khan",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"farzana-khan-perveen",fullName:"Farzana Khan Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75563/images/system/75563.jpg",biography:"Dr. Farzana Khan Perveen (FLS; Gold Medalist) obtained her BSc (Hons) and MSc in Entomology from the University of Karachi, Pakistan, and MAS (Monbusho Scholarship) in Agronomy from Nagoya University, Japan, and a Ph.D. in Toxicology from the University of Karachi. She is the founder of the Department of Zoology and former controller of examinations at Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Hazara University, and Kohat University of Science and Technology. She is the author of 150 high-impact research papers, 135 abstracts, 40 authored books, 9 chapters, and 9 edited books. She is also a student supervisor. Her fields of interest are entomology, toxicology, forensic entomology.",institutionString:"Classes et Events in Sciences (C.E.S.)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"347",title:"Pestology",slug:"insectology-pestology"}],chapters:[{id:"54451",title:"Introduction to Drosophila",doi:"10.5772/67731",slug:"introduction-to-drosophila",totalDownloads:12272,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Farzana Khan Perveen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54451",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54451",authors:[{id:"75563",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzana Khan",surname:"Perveen",slug:"farzana-khan-perveen",fullName:"Farzana Khan Perveen"}],corrections:null},{id:"59005",title:"Drosophila Chromosomal Polymorphism: From Population Aspects to Origin Mechanisms of Inversions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73246",slug:"drosophila-chromosomal-polymorphism-from-population-aspects-to-origin-mechanisms-of-inversions",totalDownloads:1280,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"High rates of chromosomal rearrangements are remarkably abundant in Drosophila Fallén, 1832 (Insecta, Diptera) genus, highlighting the paracentric inversions. Since different species of this genus are paradigms for genetics, evolutionary, and population studies, polymorphism analyses for chromosomal inversions have provided basic knowledge for beautiful biological questions. Chromosomal inversions suppress meiotic recombination and thus, natural selection can act to preserve favorable gene complexes. Analyses of natural and laboratory populations show that these polymorphisms provide adaptive advantages to their carriers in relation to diverse factors, such as niche exploration and climatic factors. In addition, due to their monophyletic origin, they also serve as genetic markers for the construction of unrooted phylogenies. With the increasing domain of molecular techniques and genome sequencing, factors such as the reuse of breakpoints by different inversions and the mechanisms that give rise to these polymorphisms have been exploited with scientific refinement. These analyses show the presence of regions that are hot spots for breakpoints, fitting the fragile breakage chromosomal evolution model, as well as the involvement of transposition elements at the origin of chromosomal inversions.",signatures:"Carolina Garcia and Vera L. S. Valente",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59005",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59005",authors:[{id:"204362",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",surname:"Garcia",slug:"carolina-garcia",fullName:"Carolina Garcia"},{id:"204415",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"L. S. Valente",slug:"vera-l.-s.-valente",fullName:"Vera L. S. Valente"}],corrections:null},{id:"57519",title:"Cell Cycle Regulators in Female Meiosis of Drosophila melanogaster",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70671",slug:"cell-cycle-regulators-in-female-meiosis-of-drosophila-melanogaster",totalDownloads:1336,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Meiosis is a highly regulated and complex variation on the canonical cell cycle. It depends on the activity of most of the known mitotic cell cycle regulators, as well as many meiosis-specific factors that interact with and modify the activities of this core cell cycle machinery. This review will examine the roles of known mitotic cell cycle regulators and meiosis-specific factors in Drosophila female meiosis, focusing on three important meiotic events: nuclear envelope breakdown or maturation, establishment of the meiosis I spindle, and release from metaphase I arrest at ovulation. Many meiotic processes are controlled by the mitotic kinase, Cdk1 with its cyclin partners, cyclins A, B, and B3. Other major mitotic kinases, including Polo and Aurora B have been found to play multiple roles in Drosophila meiosis. The Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C) controls many meiotic processes through regulation of Cdk1, the sister chromatid cohesion regulator, Separase and other targets. This review will focus on these and other meiotic regulators, emphasizing some of the technical advances that have driven the field forward in recent years, and highlighting gaps that need to be filled to achieve a more complete picture of how meiosis is regulated in Drosophila.",signatures:"Mohammed Bourouh and Andrew Swan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57519",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57519",authors:[{id:"119027",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Swan",slug:"andrew-swan",fullName:"Andrew Swan"},{id:"203182",title:"BSc.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Bourouh",slug:"mohammed-bourouh",fullName:"Mohammed Bourouh"}],corrections:null},{id:"57586",title:"Non-genetic Transgenerational Inheritance of Acquired Traits in Drosophila",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71643",slug:"non-genetic-transgenerational-inheritance-of-acquired-traits-in-drosophila",totalDownloads:1345,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"It is increasingly recognized that acquired traits may be transgenerationally transmitted through non-DNA sequence-based elements, with epigenetics as perhaps the most important mechanism. Here we review examples of non-genetic transgenerational inheritance in Drosophila, highlighting transgenerational programming of metabolic status and longevity, one particular histone modification as an evolutionarily conserved underlying mechanism, and important implications of such studies in understanding health and diseases.",signatures:"Brian Xia and J. Steven de Belle",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57586",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57586",authors:[{id:"218815",title:"Mr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Xia",slug:"brian-xia",fullName:"Brian Xia"},{id:"221917",title:"Dr.",name:"Steven",surname:"De Belle",slug:"steven-de-belle",fullName:"Steven De Belle"}],corrections:null},{id:"58489",title:"Drosophila Imaginal Discs as a Playground for Genetic Analysis: Concepts, Techniques and Expectations for Biomedical Research",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72758",slug:"drosophila-imaginal-discs-as-a-playground-for-genetic-analysis-concepts-techniques-and-expectations-",totalDownloads:1560,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Drosophila imaginal discs are epithelial tissues perfectly suited to use them as a playground to define the functional contribution of genes to epithelial development and organ morphogenesis. The more we know about the discs and the mechanisms directing their development, the best prepared we are to assign specific “functions” to individual genes based on phenotypic observations. Conversely, and thinking from the perspective of the gene, the more we know about its function, the best inferences we could make about the mechanisms underlying imaginal disc development. This reciprocal relationship, coupled to the arsenal of possible experimental approaches available in Drosophila genetics, genomics and cellular biology, makes these tissues excellent systems to address biological problems with biomedical relevance. In this review, an overview of three interconnected aspects related to the use of Drosophila imaginal discs as an experimental system to analyze gene function is given: (i) imaginal discs biology, with a focus in the genetic mechanisms involved in pattern formation; (ii) concepts and available experimental tools for the analyses of gene function and (iii) uses of Drosophila and the imaginal discs for addressing biomedical problems.",signatures:"Cristina M. Ostalé, Ana Ruiz-Gómez, Patricia Vega, Mireya Ruiz-\nLosada, Carlos Estella and Jose F. de Celis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58489",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58489",authors:[{id:"201401",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose F.",surname:"De Celis",slug:"jose-f.-de-celis",fullName:"Jose F. De Celis"},{id:"201405",title:"BSc.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Martínez-Ostalé",slug:"cristina-martinez-ostale",fullName:"Cristina Martínez-Ostalé"},{id:"227839",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",surname:"Ruiz-Gómez",slug:"ana-ruiz-gomez",fullName:"Ana Ruiz-Gómez"},{id:"227840",title:"MSc.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Vega",slug:"patricia-vega",fullName:"Patricia Vega"},{id:"227842",title:"MSc.",name:"Mireya",surname:"Ruiz-Losada",slug:"mireya-ruiz-losada",fullName:"Mireya Ruiz-Losada"},{id:"227844",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Estella",slug:"carlos-estella",fullName:"Carlos Estella"}],corrections:null},{id:"58694",title:"The Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster: The Making of a Model (Part I)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72832",slug:"the-fruit-fly-drosophila-melanogaster-the-making-of-a-model-part-i-",totalDownloads:2527,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830) has been established as a cornerstone for research into a wide array of subjects including diseases, development, physiology, and genetics. Thanks to an abundance of genetic tools, publicly available fly stocks, and databases, as well as their considerable biological similarity to mammalian systems, Drosophila has been solidified as a key model organism for elucidating many aspects of human disease. Herein is presented an overview of what makes Drosophila such an appealing model organism. In Part I of this chapter, basic Drosophila biology is reviewed and the most relevant genetic tools available to Drosophila researchers are covered. Then in part II, we outline the use of Drosophila as a model organism to study a wide array of pathologies in which Drosophila has been used, along with key advances made in the specific field using the fly as a model organism.",signatures:"Mariateresa Allocca, Sheri Zola and Paola Bellosta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58694",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58694",authors:[{id:"219543",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Paola",surname:"Bellosta",slug:"paola-bellosta",fullName:"Paola Bellosta"},{id:"233005",title:"MSc.",name:"Mariateresa",surname:"Allocca",slug:"mariateresa-allocca",fullName:"Mariateresa Allocca"},{id:"233006",title:"MSc.",name:"Sheri",surname:"Zola",slug:"sheri-zola",fullName:"Sheri Zola"}],corrections:null},{id:"58858",title:"The Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster: Modeling of Human Diseases (Part II)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73199",slug:"the-fruit-fly-drosophila-melanogaster-modeling-of-human-diseases-part-ii-",totalDownloads:2466,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830) has been established as a key model organism thanks in part to their considerable biological similarity to mammals and an abundance of available genetic tools. Drosophila have been used to model many human disease states and have been critical in elucidating the genetic mechanisms contributing to them. Part I of this chapter covered basic Drosophila biology and relevant genetic tools available to Drosophila researchers. Here in part II, we review the use of Drosophila as a model organism to study neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, cancer, metabolic disorders, and immune disorders, as well as key findings made in those fields thanks to Drosophila research.",signatures:"Mariateresa Allocca, Sheri Zola and Paola Bellosta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58858",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58858",authors:[{id:"219543",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Paola",surname:"Bellosta",slug:"paola-bellosta",fullName:"Paola Bellosta"}],corrections:null},{id:"57879",title:"Parkinson’s Disease: Insights from Drosophila Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72021",slug:"parkinson-s-disease-insights-from-drosophila-model",totalDownloads:1421,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a medical condition that has been known since ancient times. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population over 50 years. It is characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. Most of PD cases are sporadic while 5–10% cases are familial. Environment factors such as exposure to pesticides, herbicides and other heavy metals are expected to be the main cause of sporadic form of the disease. Mutation of the susceptible genes such as SNCA, PINK1, PARKIN, DJ1, and others are considered to be the main cause of the familial form of disease. Drosophila offers many advantages for studying human neurodegenerative diseases and their underlying molecular and cellular pathology. Shorter life span; large number of progeny; conserved molecular mechanism(s) among fly, mice and human; availability of many techniques, and tools to manipulate gene expression makes drosophila a potential model system to understand the pathology associated with PD and to unravel underlying molecular mechanism(s) responsible for dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD—understanding of which will be of potential assistance to develop therapeutic strategies to PD. In the present review, we made an effort to discuss the contribution of fly model to understand pathophysiology of PD, in understanding the biological functions of genes implicated in PD; to understand the gene-environment interaction in PD; and validation of clues that are generated through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in human through fly; further to screen and develop potential therapeutic molecules for PD. In nutshell, fly has been a great model system which has immensely contributed to the biomedical research relating to understand and addressing the pathology of human neurological diseases in general and PD in particular.",signatures:"Mohamad Ayajuddin, Abhik Das, Limamanen Phom, Priyanka Modi,\nRahul Chaurasia, Zevelou Koza, Abuno Thepa, Nukshimenla Jamir,\nPukhrambam Rajesh Singh, Sentinungla Longkumer, Pardeshi Lal\nand Sarat Chandra Yenisetti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57879",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57879",authors:[{id:"181774",title:"Prof.",name:"Sarat Chandra",surname:"Yenisetti",slug:"sarat-chandra-yenisetti",fullName:"Sarat Chandra Yenisetti"}],corrections:null},{id:"59235",title:"Drosophila Model in the Study Role of UCH-L1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73578",slug:"drosophila-model-in-the-study-role-of-uch-l1",totalDownloads:1368,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"UCH-L1 (ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1) is a protein, which plays an important role in ubiquitin-proteasome system. Many previous reports showed the relation between UCH-L1 and neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, as well as cancer. However, the mechanism still remains unclear. In the aim to investigate the functions and regulatory mechanism of UCH-L1 in living organism, Drosophila melanogaster model was utilized to examine the role of UCH-L1. This chapter provides a summary on recent findings related to the roles of UCH-L1 based on the model. First, abnormal expression of Drosophila ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase (dUCH) leads to the defects on fly tissue development and function. Gain function of dUCH in the eye imaginal discs induced a rough eye phenotype in the adult, partly resulting from induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis, upset of photoreceptor cell distribution and ommatidium apical mispatterning. Interestingly, the dUCH overexpression of induced rough eye phenotype was completely recused by co-expression either Sevenless or Draf of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Besides, knockdown dUCH in dopaminergic neurons resulted in some Parkinson’s disease—like phenotypes in fly. Taken together, those findings in Drosophila model contributed a significant dUCH in tissue development and function.",signatures:"Dang Thi Phuong Thao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59235",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59235",authors:[{id:"202162",title:"Prof.",name:"Thao",surname:"Dang",slug:"thao-dang",fullName:"Thao Dang"}],corrections:null},{id:"58710",title:"Swiss Cheese, Drosophila Ortholog of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Gene NTE, Maintains Neuromuscular Junction Development and Microtubule Network",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73077",slug:"swiss-cheese-drosophila-ortholog-of-hereditary-spastic-paraplegia-gene-nte-maintains-neuromuscular-j",totalDownloads:1333,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is a molecular target for the organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) and also one of the genetic factors responsible for the development of the hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), characterized by axon degeneration of motoneurons causing progressive lower-limb spastic paralysis. Both HSP and OPIDN are characterized by the distal axonopathy. The molecular mechanisms underlying the axonopathy involved in HSP and OPIDN are poorly understood. In order to have a better understanding of the mechanisms that NTE is involved in, we used one of the homologs, human NTE. Swiss cheese (sws) is a Drosophila melanogaster ortholog of NTE with 39% homology. Mutations in sws as it was shown before lead to age-dependent neurodegeneration, structure alteration of glia cells, and reduced insect life span. To study SWS functions, we used the system of the third-instar larval neuromuscular junctions of D. melanogaster. In this study, we show that mutations in sws (sws1\n and sws76−1\n) and SWS knockdown alter neuromuscular junction’s morphology and synaptic microtubules organization.",signatures:"Elena Ryabova, Nataliya Matiytsiv, Olena Trush, Iryna Mohylyak,\nGalina Kislik, Pavel Melentev and Svetlana Sarantseva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58710",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58710",authors:[{id:"219724",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana",surname:"Sarantseva",slug:"svetlana-sarantseva",fullName:"Svetlana Sarantseva"},{id:"228876",title:"Ms.",name:"Elena",surname:"Ryabova",slug:"elena-ryabova",fullName:"Elena Ryabova"},{id:"228877",title:"Dr.",name:"Nataliya",surname:"Matiytsiv",slug:"nataliya-matiytsiv",fullName:"Nataliya Matiytsiv"},{id:"228879",title:"Ms.",name:"Olena",surname:"Trush",slug:"olena-trush",fullName:"Olena Trush"},{id:"228880",title:"Dr.",name:"Iryna",surname:"Mohylyak",slug:"iryna-mohylyak",fullName:"Iryna Mohylyak"},{id:"228881",title:"Ms.",name:"Galina",surname:"Kislik",slug:"galina-kislik",fullName:"Galina Kislik"},{id:"228883",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Melentev",slug:"pavel-melentev",fullName:"Pavel Melentev"}],corrections:null},{id:"58828",title:"Substrate Specificities and Kinetic Parameters of Recombinant Drosophila melanogaster Glutathione S-Transferases E6 and E7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72970",slug:"substrate-specificities-and-kinetic-parameters-of-recombinant-drosophila-melanogaster-glutathione-s-",totalDownloads:1004,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"D. melanogaster glutathione transferases E6 and E7 (DmGSTE6 and DmGSTE7) were successfully cloned, purified, and biochemically characterized. The recombinant proteins were readily purified using the combination of both anionic and BSP/GSH-agarose affinity chromatography. Although both GSTs have significant identity in their amino acid sequence, each enzyme displayed unique biochemical characteristics. Both recombinant proteins were only active toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB), and p-nitrobenzyl chloride (p-NBC) with significant difference in catalytic activities. The findings have shown that neither GSTE6 nor GSTE7 was able to counter oxidative stress. Comparatively, GSTE7 was a more efficient enzyme at turning over DCNB and p-NBC, based on its kcat/Km values which were of 0.183 and 2.25 min−1 mM−1, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography analysis showed that both isoforms were not able to conjugate several tested insecticides. The inhibition kinetics of natural products and dyes toward GSTs in vitro revealed that phenol red possessed inhibition effects only on GSTE6 while rose bengal and cardiogreen inhibit significantly on both GSTE6 and GSTE7. In contrast, methylene blue dye and trans-chalcone have been shown to stimulate GSTE7 activity toward CDNB.",signatures:"Vennobaashini Venu and Zazali Alias",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58828",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58828",authors:[{id:"176212",title:"Dr.",name:"Zazali",surname:"Alias",slug:"zazali-alias",fullName:"Zazali Alias"},{id:"230983",title:"Ms.",name:"Vennobaashini",surname:"Venu",slug:"vennobaashini-venu",fullName:"Vennobaashini Venu"}],corrections:null},{id:"55560",title:"Antiviral Immunity in the Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69293",slug:"antiviral-immunity-in-the-fruit-fly-drosophila-melanogaster",totalDownloads:1372,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an extremely useful model to study innate immunity mechanisms. A fundamental understanding of these mechanisms as they relate to various pathogens has come to light over the past 30 years. The discovery of Toll‐like receptors and their recognition of shared molecules (pathogen‐associated molecular patterns or PAMPs) among pathogenic bacteria were the first detailed set of receptors to be described that act in innate immunity. The immune deficiency pathway (Imd) described in D. melanogaster functions in a very similar way to the Toll pathway in recognizing PAMPs primarily from Gram‐negative bacteria. The discovery of small interfering RNAs (RNAi) provided a means by which antiviral immunity was accomplished in invertebrates. Another related pathway, the JAK/STAT pathway, functions in a similar manner to the interferon pathways described in vertebrates, also providing antiviral defense. Recently, autophagy was also shown to function as a protective pathway against virus infection in D. melanogaster. At least three of these pathways (Imd, JAK/STAT, and RNAi) show signal integration in response to viral infection, demonstrating a coordinated immune response against viral infection. The number of pathways and the integration of them reflect the diversity of pathogens to which innate immune mechanisms must be able to respond. The viral pathogens that infect invertebrates have developed countermeasures to some of these pathways, in particular to RNAi. The evolutionary arms race of pathogen vs. host is ever ongoing.",signatures:"Wilfredo A. Lopez, Alexis M. Page, Brad L. Ericson, Darby J. Carlson\nand Kimberly A. Carlson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55560",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55560",authors:[{id:"202812",title:"Dr.",name:"Kimberly",surname:"Carlson",slug:"kimberly-carlson",fullName:"Kimberly Carlson"},{id:"202815",title:"Mr.",name:"Wilfredo",surname:"Lopez",slug:"wilfredo-lopez",fullName:"Wilfredo Lopez"},{id:"202817",title:"Ms.",name:"Alexis",surname:"Page",slug:"alexis-page",fullName:"Alexis Page"},{id:"202818",title:"Dr.",name:"Brad",surname:"Ericson",slug:"brad-ericson",fullName:"Brad Ericson"},{id:"202819",title:"Mr.",name:"Darby",surname:"Carlson",slug:"darby-carlson",fullName:"Darby Carlson"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"843",title:"Insecticides",subtitle:"Pest Engineering",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88f3cc3c937f853057f544c152ef7491",slug:"insecticides-pest-engineering",bookSignature:"Farzana 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Miatello",slug:"roberto-m.-miatello",email:"rmmiatello@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"54438",slug:"vascular-repair-and-remodeling-a-review",signatures:"Nicolás F. Renna, Rodrigo Garcia, Jesica Ramirez and Roberto M.\nMiatello",dateSubmitted:"May 26th 2016",dateReviewed:"January 16th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 5th 2017",book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"192616",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",middleName:null,surname:"Renna",fullName:"Nicolás Renna",slug:"nicolas-renna",email:"nicolasfede@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National University of Cuyo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"202536",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Damián",surname:"García",fullName:"Rodrigo García",slug:"rodrigo-garcia",email:"rodridg@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202537",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesica",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez",fullName:"Jesica Ramirez",slug:"jesica-ramirez",email:"jesicamagali@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202539",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto M.",middleName:null,surname:"Miatello",fullName:"Roberto M. Miatello",slug:"roberto-m.-miatello",email:"rmmiatello@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11889",leadTitle:null,title:"Sexual Disorders and Dysfunctions",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe book explains and educates the reader regarding normal sexual function, sexual dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction disorders both in males and females. The objective of the book will be to highlight the importance of sex education and explain normal human sexuality. With the growing number of males and females reporting sexual dysfunction the need for a ready reckoner of sexual dysfunction may be relevant and necessary.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book will have chapters on normal human sexuality, sexual health, Sexual dysfunction in the male and female, sexual dysfunction disorders related to libido, orgasm, ejaculation, erection, and genetic or hormonal or developmental or sexuo-erotic orientation defects.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book will also highlight the importance of sex counselors and therapists.
\r\n\tThere will be a chapter on secondary causes of sexual dysfunction disorders related to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. A chapter on remedial measures to enhance sexual activity and maintain human relationships will be discussed. As there is a growing number of cancer survivors a chapter on cancer-related sexual dysfunction will be welcomed for including it.
Plants often experience unfavorable environmental conditions such as high salinity, drought, cold, heat, depletion of soil nutrients, and excess of toxic ions, etc. that hamper the plant growth and development [1, 2, 3]. These stresses not only play a major role in determining the crop yield and productivity but they also contribute to the differential distribution of plant species across different parts of the earth [4]. About 90% of the arable lands around the globe are susceptible to one or more of the above stresses causing up to 70% annual yield loss of major food crops [5]. The changing climate is further aggravating the impact of abiotic stress factors on the overall growth and development of various crops [6]. It is believed that exposure to salt stress in irrigated lands has been increased by 37% during the last 20 years [7]. Moreover, the occurrence of drought is increased due to alteration in the evapotranspiration and pattern of precipitation caused by global warming [8]. As per a recent meta-analysis study, a further increase of 2.0 to 4.9°C in the average earth temperature by 2100 is speculated which will further impose a huge challenge for sustainable agriculture in the future [9].
Plants respond to different environmental constraints through complex intricate mechanisms [1]. The ability of plants to adjust to different environmental conditions is directly or indirectly related to two major plant strategies - plant stress avoidance and plant stress tolerance. Plant’s stress avoidance is a physiologically non- active phase like mature seeds, while stress tolerance is an active reversible adjustment which is generally referred to as acclimation [10]. Acclimation to stress is particularly mediated through profound changes at the level of gene expression which results in changes or modifications in the composition of plant transcriptome, proteome as well as metabolome [11]. During the last few decades, researchers have focused on recognizing and elucidating the different components and molecular partners underlying abiotic stress responses in plants [12]. Several attempts have been made to produce crops/species with improved abiotic stress adaptive traits including drought and salinity. However, one of the massive challenges in modern sustainable agriculture is the development of abiotic stress-resilient crops with new and desired agronomical traits using different approaches. For this purpose, understanding the mechanisms by which plants perceive stress signals and further transmit them to cellular machinery for activating adaptive responses is of huge importance [13, 14, 15, 16]. In this context, marrying the various physiological, biochemical, and gene regulatory network knowledge is essential that will aid up in the development of stress-tolerant high-yielding food crop cultivars [17, 18]. Therefore, a holistic understanding of the different responses associated with abiotic stress adaptation by taking advantage of various available high throughput tools like proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics is critical. Hence, the present chapter deals with the various responses associated with abiotic stress stimuli in plants and the current status, and future prospects of different approaches used to date for developing stress-resilient crops.
Plants face several types of variations in their physical environment that hampers their growth and development. They respond to these oscillating environmental conditions through a series of external and internal changes [19, 20]. These stress-specific responses are associated with an array of molecular players that modulates the morphology, anatomy, and physiology of plants [12, 13].
Plant cells can sense changing environmental signals leading to significant changes in their physiology, metabolism, and gene expression [12, 13]. The stress stimuli are first perceived at the level of cellular membranes that initiates a cascade of events to transmit the signal to various organelles thus activating the appropriate molecular network [21]. In plants, the primary cell wall is composed of cellulose fibrils connected by hemicellulose tethers embedded in a pectin gel providing mechanical strength for load-bearing. It also contains several structural proteins, phenolics, and calcium [22]. These components are often modified when plants are exposed to abiotic stresses. The overall architecture of the cell wall is affected by exposure to abiotic stress depending upon the species, the stress intensity, plant phenotype, plant genotype as well as the age of plant. It appears to result in both loosening and tightening of the cell wall [23].
The viscoelastic properties of the primary cell wall are improved by elevating the levels of cell wall remodeling and biosynthetic enzymes, and by modulating the other cell wall loosening agents such as pectin, thus contributing to higher hydration status of the plant which aids up in maintaining turgor pressure necessary for growth [23]. The viscoelastic properties are also modulated by reinforcement of the secondary wall with the accumulation of cellulose and non-cellulosic components. In response to abiotic stress stimuli, the biosynthesis of xyloglucan (the most abundant non-cellulosic components of type I primary walls), and cellulose is induced [24, 25]. It is associated with an up-regulation of EXP (expansin), XTH (xyloglucan endo-β-transglucosylases/hydrolases) and Ces A (Cellulose Synthase) encoding genes [25] Moreover, the comparative analysis of changes in the cell wall of two- different drought-resistant varieties of wheat under stress showed an increase in pectin polymers RGI and RGII (rhamnogalacturonan I and II) side chains that probably leads to hydrogel formation of pectin, limiting the damage to the cells [26]. Also, methyl esterification of homogalacturonan (HG) levels regulated by PME (pectin methylesterase) reduces upon exposure to stress stimuli [27]. Such modifications in the cell wall architecture lead to relative maintenance of cell wall extensibility required to cope up with particular abiotic stress. Moreover, the genes encoding for cell wall proteins including arabinogalactan protein (AGP), glycine-rich protein (GRP), and proline-rich protein (PRP) are also induced in response to abiotic stress that could contribute to the cell wall strengthening [23].
One of the alternative responses against abiotic stress stimuli is to decrease the cell wall expansion and cell extensibility that can thus limit the water loss and prevent cell collapse due to dehydration stress [23, 28]. A decrease in cell wall extensibility or turgor pressure is often associated with the rigidification of the secondary cell wall by lignin deposition. As monolignols are the building blocks of lignin, they are synthesized from phenylalanine through the general phenylpropanoid and monolignol-specific pathways in the cytosol. The monolignols are then transported to the cell wall where they are polymerized by apoplastic peroxidase (PRX) and laccases into lignin [23].
A large number of integral plasma membrane proteins are also known to participate in stress perceptions which are the members of different receptor-like kinases RLKs (receptor-like kinases) [29]. Abiotic stresses are often responsible for alterations in wall-associated kinases (WAK) that are required for cell elongation and development [22]. In plants exposed to abiotic stresses, the expression of genes encoding for WAK proteins is up-regulated hinting towards the perception of stress at the cell wall or plasma membrane interface through the detection of released plant cell wall fragments [24, 30]. Thus, it can be concluded that modulation of the cell wall architecture is often a direct response that plays a vital role in the sensitization of the plant against abiotic stress stimuli. However, critical information on understanding this response comes from transcriptomics rather than biochemical analysis [26]. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach is required for gaining an in-depth knowledge of this complex mechanism in the future.
Plants suffer numerous physiological reactions on exposure to environmental stress. These responses include alterations in photosynthetic rates, assimilate translocation, nutrient uptake and translocation, changes in water uptake, and evapotranspiration [31]. Among these, photosynthesis is one of the most critical plant processes affected by various abiotic stresses [31, 32]. These stresses negatively influence the photosystems (PS I and PS II) thus reducing the photosynthetic activity along with reduced chlorophyll biosynthesis, and photosynthetic electron transport. They also lead to impaired RuBp (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate) regeneration that substantially affects the Rubisco activity. Generally, the stress-derived inhibitory effects on photosynthesis in plants may occur due to limitations in CO2diffusion factors and/or metabolic factors. Some reports provide evidence that stomatal closure is the key event under stress conditions resulting in a decrease in the sub-stomatal as well as chloroplast CO2 concentration (Ci and Cc, respectively) thus producing a decline in CO2 assimilation [32, 33, 34, 35, 36].
Under moderate drought stress, decreased stomatal conductance (
Abiotic stresses particularly salt and heavy metal stress are majorly responsible for an imbalance in ionic composition inside the plant cells [10]. For a normal metabolic function of plants, cells need to maintain high K+ and low Na+ levels. Thus, systematic exclusion of excess Na+ ions from the cytoplasm or their accumulation within the vacuoles are the main adaptive mechanisms against ionic stress in plants [21]. This occurs through a highly sophisticated mechanism of ion homeostasis which involves the interplay of different molecular players. Ion homeostasis is maintained by ion pumps like symporters, antiporters, and carrier proteins located on the cell membranes [39]. At the plasma membrane of the cell, the stress signal is perceived by a sensor or a receptor which is generally regulated by the coordination of various ion pumps [40]. Exclusion of ions is typically carried out by transmembrane transport proteins excluding Na+ from the cytosol, however, compartmentalization is carried out by H+- pyrophosphatase proteins and vacuolar membrane H+ -ATPase [12].
Salt Overly Sensitive also known as SOS pathway is an excellent example of intracellular ion management or homeostasis which is turned ‘on’ after the activation of the receptor in response to stress and transcriptional induction of genes by signaling intermediate compounds along with certain downstream interacting partners which result in the efflux of excess ions [41].
In plants, potassium (K+) is one of the most abundant inorganic cations involved in various aspects of plant growth and development including abiotic stress management [44]. Thus, the maintenance of K+ homeostasis through K+ ion transporters and channels across the plasma membrane is necessary for the survival of plants, especially during stress conditions [45]. Plants have developed a unique transport system for K+ acquisition and release using the high-affinity K+ uptake transporters (HKTs) [46]. There are two sub-groups of these transporters (class I and class II) which have been identified to play a critical role in selective Na+ ion transport and cationic co-transport of Na+/K+, respectively [12]. They also play a significant role in the maintenance and distribution of Na+ ions between plant shoots and roots [47]. In
Cl− is a plant micronutrient which regulates turgor pressure, leaf osmotic potential, and stimulates growth in plants by acting as a critical messenger in plant developmental processes [49]. Cl− ion signaling and transporters also regulate different pathways conferring abiotic stress tolerance in plants [50]. For instance, as an early salt stress response, the Cl− ion signal in the soil with elevated salt concentration has been connected to stomatal closure in an ABA dependent manner [21]. However, increased deposition of these ions during ionic stress is detrimental to plant growth and development [51]. Thus, plants tend to decrease the net levels of Cl− ions during stress through reduced net Cl− uptake by roots, decreased intracellular compartmentation, reduced net xylem loading of Cl−, and phloem recirculation and translocation [52]. Also, inside the cytosol, threshold levels of Cl− ions are maintained primarily through its sequestration with the help of ion transporters and voltage-gated ion channels inside the vacuole [53]. A voltage gradient is maintained between the vacuole and the cytoplasm because of a slightly positive charged vacuole and a negatively charged cytoplasm. Hence, a large number of the Cl− ions are sequestered through voltage-gated anion channels of the CLC family which are present on the tonoplast. Different CLC proteins function as anion/H+ exchangers or anion-selective channels. In reports, AtCLCa has been characterized as a two-anion/H+ exchanger which drives the active uptake of anions inside the vacuoles of Arabidopsis guard cells and mesophyll with higher selectivity for NO3− ions over Cl− ions [54]. Besides, CLCs play a vital role in loading anions in the vacuole of guard cells for stomatal opening in response to light and later releasing them during ABA-induced stomatal closure [55].
The intracellular water loss from the cell due to drought and salinity stress results in cellular dehydration thus imposing osmotic stress in plants [56]. To counteract the effects of osmotic stress, plants and bacteria accumulate certain organic solutes like quaternary ammonium compounds, polyamines, fructose, sucrose, sugar alcohols, trehalose, fructans, oxalate, malate, and many others. These metabolites are referred as osmoprotectants or compatible solutes and may accumulate in large quantities without disturbing the intracellular biochemistry [57]. Among these osmoprotectants, quaternary ammonium compounds including proline and glycine betaine (GB) abundantly accumulate in response to abiotic stresses. The imino acid proline is known to be deposited in considerable amounts in plant cells under the influence of drought, salinity, and other stresses [58]. It is synthesized inside the cytoplasm and plastids while it is degraded to glutamate (Glu) in the mitochondria. In addition to its role in osmotic adjustment, proline contributes in the stabilization of the cellular membranes and vital proteins by making clusters with water molecules that later get attached to membranes and proteins, thus, inhibiting their denaturation [59, 60]. Proline also scavenges free radicals to maintain or buffer the redox potential inside the cell under stressful conditions. It alleviates the cytoplasmic acidosis and sustains NADP+/NADPH ratios at required levels for cellular metabolism, hence, supporting redox cycling [60, 61]. Researchers have observed a positive correlation between proline deposition and tolerance against various abiotic stresses in plants [58]. Furthermore, the exogenous application of proline has been used as an effective approach to improve stress tolerance in plants [62].
GB is another critical compound that plays an important role in osmoprotection, stroma adjustment as well as protection of thylakoid membranes for maintaining the photosynthetic activity during stress conditions [63, 64]. It protects the photosystem II (PS-II) complex from the impact of abiotic stresses [65]. GB also possesses a protective role for Rubisco against heat-induced destabilization [65]. The increased accumulation of GB provides abiotic stress resistance in several agronomically important crops including tobacco, potato, tomato, barley, and maize [11, 66, 67]. Moreover, the
The content of soluble carbohydrates also varies in response to abiotic stresses in plants. Simple and complex carbohydrates such as sugars, starch, and sugar alcohols accumulate under stress conditions in plants [68]. The major roles of these biomolecules are osmotic adjustment, carbon storage, and free radical scavenging. Their pattern of accumulation in response to stress varies under short- and long-term reactions. In short-term water stress conditions, decreased content of sucrose and starch were observed in the case of
Polyamines are small organic molecules ubiquitously present in all living organisms which play a vital role in diverse cellular processes. They are positively charged at physiological pH and are regarded as growth substances [73, 74, 75]. Under stress conditions, different plant species respond differently to polyamines levels. Some of the plants might increase the content of polyamines under stress conditions whereas others decrease their levels of endogenous polyamines when exposed to severe environmental conditions [73]. Exogenous application of polyamine and/or inhibitors of enzymes which are involved in polyamine biosynthesis also hints towards a possible role of such compounds in plant adaptation or defense process in response to environmental stresses [76]. Moreover, studies involving either transgenic overexpression or loss of function mutants support the protective, adaptive, or defensive role of polyamines in plant’s response to various abiotic stresses [76, 77].
Many evidences suggest that various environmental stresses lead to the generation of ROS in plants. Actually, in plants, each cellular compartment is equipped with its own ROS homeostasis control [78, 79, 80]. The ROS signaling is changed depending upon the cell type, developmental stage, and level of stress [81]. Under optimal growth conditions, ROS inside the cell is mainly produced at a low level in organelles like chloroplast, mitochondria, and peroxisomes [82]. It has been estimated that 1–2% of the O2 consumed by plant tissues, leads to the ROS formation that mainly involves 1O2, H2O2, O•−2, and OH• [83, 84]. At this low concentration, ROS acts as a signaling molecule that triggers signal transduction pathways involved in growth and development [21, 85]. However, in response to various abiotic stresses, the generation of increased levels of ROS causes irreversible damage to cells through their strong oxidative properties [86]. They possess lethal properties and cause extensive damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids thereby affecting normal cellular functioning [82]. Plants have developed an elaborate and efficient network of ROS generating and scavenging mechanisms to overcome this ROS toxicity. The two systems interplay with each other for maintaining a steady state in plants during stress acclimation [87, 88]. The delicate balance between the generation of ROS and its scavenging is responsible for duality in its function in plants which is orchestrated by a giant network of genes known as ‘ROS gene network’ [84].
Plant NADPH oxidases also referred as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) are the most studied enzymatic source of ROS in plants [88]. These are superoxide-producing enzymes that are widely involved in various processes including abiotic stress responses in plants [89]. The superoxide radical is a short-lived ROS molecule that is characterized by moderate reactivity and can trigger a series of reactions to produce other ROS species. It is produced inside mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and peroxisomes as a result of their normal metabolism [90]. The activity of plant NADPH oxidase is regulated by some key regulatory components like Ca2+, calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase, some small GTPases, and others. The production of ROS through NADPH oxidase may result in regulating the acclimation to abiotic stresses in plants. For instance, in barley, NADPH oxidase-mediated apoplastic ROS generation (acting upstream of xylem Na+ loading) that is linked to ROS-inducible Ca2+ uptake systems in the xylem parenchyma tissue is considered as a critical factor contributing to salt stress tolerance in plants [91]. In
Superoxide ions generated by NADPH oxidase are converted to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalyzed by the different isoforms of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme [93]. H2O2 production in plant cells not only occurs under normal conditions but also by oxidative stress which is caused by different abiotic factors. The major sources of H2O2 production in plant cells comprises of the electron transport chain in the chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, cell membrane, β-oxidation of fatty acid, and photorespiration along with various other sources including reactions comprising photo-oxidation by NADPH oxidase. The rates of H2O2 accumulation in peroxisomes, as well as chloroplasts, may be 30–100 times higher as compared with H2O2 generated in the mitochondria. It acts as a systemic signal that alerts various plant tissues to respond and adapt in response to the upcoming stress stimuli [94, 95]. H2O2 confer acclamatory stress tolerance by regulating osmotic adjustment, photosynthesis, ROS detoxification, and phytohormones signaling [95]. Studies have suggested that seeds pre-treated with H2O2, or together with the application of H2O2 and abiotic stress, induce an inductive pulse which aids up in protecting plants under abiotic stresses by the restoration of redox-homeostasis and mitigation of oxidative damage to membranes, lipids, and proteins by modulating the stress signaling pathways [95].
The stress-induced ROS activating responses occur rapidly with the appearance of the stress and it should decay immediately to protect the plants against their toxic effects. For this, plants are equipped with an array of ROS detoxifying proteins that mitigate the toxic effects of ROS generated as a result of different types of stresses [96]. In plants, the redox homeostasis during stressful conditions is maintained by the two arms of the antioxidant machinery—the enzymatic components consisting of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and the non-enzymatic molecular compounds like reduced glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (AA), α-tocopherol, phenolics, carotenoids, flavonoids, and proline. These antioxidant enzymes are situated in different sites of the plant cells and work together to detoxify ROS. The omnipresent behavior of both arms of the antioxidant machinery explains the basic necessity of detoxification of ROS for cell survival [97].
Various strategies have been undertaken by the researchers from time to time to improve the abiotic stress tolerance in plants, particularly crop plants [98]. Plant breeding is the most traditional and widely used method for achieving the desired trait in given plants including stress adaptation [99]. However, the success of crop-breeding programs greatly depends on the availability of natural genetic variations among the germplasm resources and tedious selection procedures that are too slow and equally expensive [100]. Moreover, the various environmental factors such as plant developmental stage along with the logistical constraints of physiological screening of large breeding populations on a field-scale can affect the differential selection of a particular stress tolerant plant. Thus, plant breeding is almost always limited by the genetic complexity of the underpinning mechanisms along with the potential interaction among genetic determinants [101]. In this regard, the identification and recognition of discrete chromosomal regions having a major effect on the specific tolerance trait via quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and marker-assisted selection remain a valuable option for the success of many breeding programs [102]. Although, QTL mapping holds great promise, but still it remains complicated as the introgression of QTL regions in elite lines is tedious due to linkage drag that may introduce non-target regions. As an alternative, the cellular-based mutant introduction and subsequent selection under controlled
In the past few decades, the genetic engineering approach has attracted the interest of the research community for producing stress-tolerant elite crops [104]. Genetic transformation with stress-inducible genes has been employed by the researchers to gain an understanding of their functional role in stress tolerance and ultimately to improve the traits in the target genotype [105]. The genetic manipulation techniques including insertional mutagenesis have largely contributed to deciphering the function of genes and thereby identifying the suitable candidates for crop improvement [106]. However, though success has been achieved in introducing desired tolerance traits into various crop varieties from wild relatives like barley and tomato, a restricted success has been reported in achieving abiotic stress tolerance with elite germplasm [107]. Moreover, the integration of transgenes into the host genome is sometimes non-specific and unstable [108]. Recently, the use of targeted genome editing using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein9 nuclease (Cas9) (CRISPR/Cas) has generated a lot of interest in various fields of plant biology including abiotic stress management [109]. CRISPR/Cas has been adopted in the field of plant developmental biology for characterizing genes as well as to underpin the molecular mechanisms behind various plant traits [110]. It has been used in the model plants such as Arabidopsis and tobacco earlier and likewise, now it is being utilized effectively for crop plants like sorghum, rice, wheat, maize, soybean as well as woody plants. Researchers have worked on the potential use of the CRISPR/Cas9 technique for the production of abiotic stress-tolerant crops by targeting the key sensitivity (
In the last few decades, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the complex mechanisms governing abiotic stress tolerance in plants. However, still we are far from pinning the exact battery of gene activation mechanisms responsible for providing tolerance to various abiotic stresses. Our struggle to understand the complex mechanisms is ongoing and recent development of new tools for high-throughput phenotyping and genotyping gives us a new ray of hope. A complete understanding of the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms especially the signaling cascades in response to abiotic stresses in tolerant plants will help to manipulate susceptible crop plants and increase agricultural productivity in the near future. Moreover, advances in genomics strategies including genetic engineering and genome editing have provided new opportunities for crop improvement by employing precise genome engineering for targeted traits in crop plants. However, the selection of the key genes is critical for the success of these approaches.
Authors are thankful to the Department of Biotechnology, GOI, and Rashtriya Uchchattar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA-II) Program, Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), GOI.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Climate change and the excessive needs of human activities impact the water resource [1] and consequently its availability notably for the big water use of agriculture sector activity [2]. It accounts for 69% of global withdrawals [3], 2021. The irregularity of rainfall distribution and the faster and increasing water demand by 50% by 2030 [4] threat considerably some regions in the world. So, it is important to realize that in arid environments, challenges of preserving and saving water are crucial for achieving the Millennium Development Goals [5]. As the agriculture sector is the largest consumer of water, several researches and achievements aim to save water and ensure the minimum nutrient requirements for optimal growth of crops.
Reference to [3], Table 1 resumes some irrigation systems based on saving water use. In fact, these irrigation methods have their advantages and disadvantages but all of them require water sources, storage tanks, installation, etc. and incorporating nutrients under different forms.
System | Description | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|
Clay pot irrigation | A clay pot is buried and filled up with water to irrigate the plants placed around it. Water seeped through its wall, will be absorbed by the roots of the plants. | [6] |
Drip irrigation | Water and nutrients are delivered to the field in pipes called “drip system lines” containing smaller units called “drip systems.” Each drip system emits drops containing water and fertilizer, which allows a uniform application of water and nutrients directly to the root zone of each plant, over an entire field. | [7] |
Continuous irrigation | It uses a porous tube qualified as a semipermeable membrane (SPM). It delivers slowly and continuously water directly into the plant root zone. | [8] |
Hydrophilic polymers or hydrogels | Hydrophilic polymers or hydrogels were small granules that function like sponges: They retain water up to 500 times their weight with rain or watering then it will be released later slowly and in very small quantities when it is incorporated into the soil. | [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15] |
Overview of some irrigation methods.
Agricultural sector activity is on the other side a source of renewable and valuable waste. Many research works were carried out to enhance this green waste in the different fields enjoying their specific performances mainly thermal, lightness, and its organic material characteristic. In France, regarding the fight against climate change and the strengthening of resilience in the face of these effects, deputies adopted an amendment (No. 7012) relating to the use of bio-based materials in construction. It indicates that from January 1, 2028, bio-based materials must be used in at least 25% of renovations and constructions ordered by the public institute [16]. All green waste can be used as well in agriculture. It can be turned into humus and nutrients, which are essential for soil life and plant development.
Our contribution in this chapter will be divided into three sections—the first one will review the new concept of irrigation method based on the recovery of rainwater given by [3], called autonomous water and nutritional anti-stress device (AWANASD) for plants; the second section is reserved to introduce the process of obtaining the olive solid waste (OSW), its fields of application and its physical and chemical characteristics. The last section gives a new vision to improve AWANASD by the use of OSW as the main component to respond at the same time to the minimum of water and nutrients required to the plant.
The new concept of AWANASD, given by [3] (Video 1: https://vimeo.com/user163271525/review/665174900/0954b75438), is a genius new concept inspired by the ancient clay pot method of irrigation. The bottom line of AWANASD is collecting rainwater then storing them temporarily with soluble nutrients enrichment and delayed water transfer to the plant. It’s a regular cyclical of water storage and transfer in order to overcoming the water stress of the plant in drought periods taking advantage of the rainy season (Figure 1).
Simplified AWANASD function.
AWANASD is made up of three compartments—the first one is a rainwater receiver exposed to open air and designed to filter and convey the collected water to the second compartment; the latter is buried in the soil near the maximum root density of the plant and in which the temporary storage water is enriched by nutrients. This water will forward to the last compartment which is the key piece of AWANASD. It has a defined permeability to ensure a deferred daily volume rainwater outflow and consequently, it will fill the lack of water needed to plant survival in the dry season. The calculated permeability is related to multiple parameters mainly the climate of the target crops region.
AWANASD will be able to spare the underground water tables from intensive exploitation and eventually from the poor-quality water [17]. It also reduces water consumption [18] and water loss by evaporation and deep percolation [19] and consequently improper management of water resources [20].
The analytical model of AWANASD is based on the next water balance equation:
More numerical details were shown in Ref. [3].
According to the International Olive Council, the olive sector takes great importance in the economics of a large number of countries (Figure 2) and had tripled its production in the last 30 years [22]. The annual production of table olive for the period 2018–2019 was closed at 3 million tons [22]. This would indicate that the sector is expanding. As a consequence of the activity of this sector, large volumes of waste and by-products are generated. Among these agriculture wastes, those resulting from classic pressure processes, batch processes (super press), and continuous processes (centrifugation).
World olive oil production, 2018/19 crop year [
In classic (traditional) extraction units, the oil extraction process consists of the following different steps (Figure 3):
Grinding: It is carried out by granite stone grindstones, which rotate in a tank whose floor is also made of stone. This grinding is carried out manually or through an animal. This step, therefore, makes it possible to obtain a paste that contains solid matter and fluids (oil and water from vegetation).
Phase separation: The pulp produced is placed on scourtins (fiber discs plants). Then, oil extraction is carried out by pressure. The pressing generates a solid by-product called olive pomace. These olives pomaces are the residues solids recovered following the first pressing or centrifugation. They are made up of residues of the skin, pulp, almond, and fragments of olive pits.
A separation by settling of the liquid phases (oil and vegetation water) is performed. This separation takes place in the open air in cement, earthenware, or clay containers. A liquid by-product was generated at the end of this step, called vegetable waters. It is the brown aqueous liquid residue that separated from the oil by sedimentation after pressing or centrifugation. This liquid has a pleasant smell but a bitter taste. This effluent relatively rich in organic matter constitutes a pollution factor that creates a real problem for the olive industry.
Classic press and super press extraction systems.
The olives received in the traditional oil mills go directly through the following steps:
Grinding: It is carried out by grinding wheels. The grinding wheels used for grinding are slightly off-center with respect to the axis of rotation, which increases the possibility of crushing olives.
Mixing: This step releases as much oil as possible. Raclettes bring back permanently the dough under the grindstones which then play the role of kneading machines. The dough is obtained after about half an hour.
Phase separation: The dough is then placed in a layer approximately 2 cm thick on nylon fiber discs (the mats), themselves stacked on top of each other around a central pivot (called a needle) mounted on a small carriage. The set is placed on a hydraulic press piston which allows the dough to be subjected to a pressure of the order of 100 bars. The liquid phase flows into a tank. The pomace stays on the scourtins. This operation takes approximately 45 minutes. Then, each scourtin is cleared of its pomace by tapping it as when cleaning a carpet.
Decantation: The oil, having a lower density than that of water, goes back to the area. This is the natural settling. However, this method is almost no longer used, due to its slowness and the difficulty in separating the oil from the water vicinity of the interface between the two fluids. These are vertical plate centrifuges that today make it possible to separate olive oil from vegetable waters (Figure 3).
There are two types of the continuous extraction process—three-phase centrifuge system and two-phase centrifuge system.
The olives, once received, undergo preliminary treatments, such as stripping, stone removal, and washing to have good oil quality.
Grinding: This is carried out by mechanical disc or hammer grinders. These grinders can work continuously; the dough is obtained almost instantly.
Mixing: The dough is poured into a stainless-steel tank moderately thinned with water lukewarm, in which a spiral or worm turns, also in stainless steel.
Phase separation: This consists of separating the solid part (pomace) from the fluid (vegetable waters). The kneaded paste is injected by a pump into a centrifuge whose axis is horizontal (horizontal settling tank).
Decantation: Vertical centrifuges with plates are used which make it possible to separate olive oil from vegetable waters [23]. This extraction process is illustrated in Figure 4.
Three-phase centrifugal extraction system.
The olives undergo the same stages of stripping, stone removal, washing and grinding, mixing, and settling as those of the previous three-phase system. However, this olive oil extraction process works with a new decanter with two-phase centrifugation (oil and moist olive pomace) which does not require the addition of water for the separation of oil and solid phases containing pomace and the vegetable waters. This two-phase decanter allows for slightly higher oil yields than those obtained by the conventional three-phase decanter and the press system. In addition, it does not increase the volume of vegetable waters.
Figure 5 shows the different stages of olive oil extraction by a two-phase centrifugal extraction system.
Two-phase centrifugal extraction system.
As a renewable by-product source further its high added-value, the olive solid waste was valued in different areas. Table 2 summarizes the most important uses. Each of these uses will be detailed succinctly later in the text.
Application | Raw material | Pretreatment | Application sector | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Combustion | Stone and seed | Dried | All industries residential and commercial | [24, 25, 26] |
Activated carbon | Stone and seed | Pyrolysis activation | Food, chemical, petroleum, nuclear, mining, pharmacological industry | [27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32] |
Bio-oil | Stone and seed | Pyrolysis | Wide field of industries | [33] |
Furfural | Stone and seed | Acid hydrolysis | Wide field of industries as solvent | [34] |
Plastic filled | Stone | Grinding | Plastic and construction | [35, 36, 37, 38] |
Abrasive | Stone | Grinding | Cleaning | [39] |
Cosmetic | Stone | Grinding | Cosmetic | [40, 41, 42] |
Animal feed | Stone and seed | Grinding | Food | [43] |
Resins | Stone and seed | Pyrolysis or liquefaction | Electrochemical | [44, 45] |
Overview of some OSW uses.
The olive stone is a biomass fuel that has low N and S percentages [24] with a minimum environmental impact. The important power heating combustion is converted to electrical sector and for heating buildings [25]. Rodrıguez et al. [34] and Arvanitoyannis et al. [46] detailed more in their study the thermal treated olive stone used.
Activated carbon was used in many fields (mining, pharmaceutical industries, food, etc.) [27, 28]. Activated carbon from olive stone is mainly used for the removal of contaminants, such as arsenic [47] or aluminum [48], odors, unwanted colors, and tastes [49].
Olive stone pyrolysis gives interesting bio-oil and gas products [33].
There are many processes to produce furfural such as acid hydrolysis of xylose and some of which present the olive stone. Several industrial uses of furfural are performed, such as solvent or as a base for synthesizing its derived solvent [34].
The olive stone as a natural and biodegradable raw material [35, 36] was already studied to prepare a friendly environment product then a certain plastic structure by mixing it with a certain polypropylene to produce a new thermoplastic polymer [37].
The interested proprieties of olive stone in terms of resistance to rupture and deformation confers an abrasive quality that let it wide use in the industrial sector [39].
The olive composition depends on its variety (Figure 6), soil, and climate [23]. The contents olive is composed of epicarp (2–2.5% of weight) which is in fact the skin of the olive. It is covered with a waxy material, the cuticle, which is waterproof, then, the mesocarp (71.5–80.5% of weight) [50] which is the pulp of the fruit. It is made up of cells in which the drops of fat that will form olive oil will be stored, during the “lipogenesis” phase and finally, the endocarp or the stone (17.3–23% of weight).
Olive composition.
The olive solid waste (OSW) used in the tests reported in this chapter (Figure 7(a) and Table 3) was obtained from a three-phase centrifugal extraction process from “Botria oil” Tunisian company mills. After a centrifugal separation of the husk residue, the extracted olive solid waste (OSW) underwent a natural drying process in an open shelter.
Olive stone. (a) Sample used for testing. (b) Grain size distribution.
t (mn) | 0 | 15 | 30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 180 | 240 | 360 | 1440 | 2880 |
M0 (g) | 178 | 178 | 178 | 177 | 171 | 182 | 178 | 179 | 177 | 175 | 177 |
Mf (g) | 178 | 257 | 272 | 293.1 | 295 | 318 | 319 | 324 | 325 | 330 | 336 |
V0 (ml) | 279 | 279 | 279 | 279 | 279 | 279 | 279 | 279 | 279 | 279 | 279 |
Vf (ml) | 279 | 338 | 345 | 351 | 360 | 369 | 373.5 | 376 | 379 | 383 | 390 |
W (%) | 0 | 44 | 53 | 66 | 73 | 75 | 79 | 81 | 84 | 89 | 90 |
f (%) | 0 | 21 | 24 | 26 | 29 | 32 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 40 |
Water and profusion of OSW as a function of the immersion time.
The tested OSW showed 605 and 1490 kg/m3, respectively to bulk and relative density and 24-hour water absorption capacity of 11.5%. Figure 7(b) shows its particle-size distribution.
The organic nature and the porous structure of solid waste cores have been the subject of a specific study of their behavior in the presence of water and as a function of the immersion time. The following procedure has been adopted while not losing sight of RILEM recommendations [51]:
Weigh 200 g of a raw OSW
Dry the OSW sample in a 105°C oven and for 24 hours (until a constant mass of less than 0.1% is reached)
Weigh the dried sample (M0)
Place it in a graduated test tube and note the corresponding volume (V0)
Fill the test tube with water and put the dried OSW sample in it until a given time t.
Net volume (Vf) and weight (Mf) of wetted OSW corresponding to time t
Repeat the above operations for each time t equals to 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360, 1440, and 2880 mn)
Table 3 shows all measured values.
The water content W is given by Eq. (2).
The volume occupied by a given weight of dry OSW material increases at the same time as its humidity. This phenomenon is, therefore, called profusion. This is characterized by expansion coefficient f (expressed in %; Eq. (3)) as the increase in the volume corresponding to a given humidity compared to the volume occupied by the same quantity of bio-sourced but in the dry state [52]:
Figure 8 shows by using regression equation the approximation curves and their equations of the water content and profusion function of time. We note that, according to correlations coefficients R2, the two equations reflect well the tendency of W and f with time. We note as well that water saturation and the maximum profusion of OSW begin after 4 hours. In addition, we deduce the relation between w and f shown in Figure 9.
Water content and profusion function of time of OSW.
Profusion function of the water content of OSW.
ICP technique, short for “Inductively Coupled Plasma” was used for measuring the content of an inorganic element in a sample. This technique is applicable to all types of elementary chemical elements.
The results of ICP sample analysis of OSW for two samples (A and B) were given in Table 4.
N* | % | 0.915 | 0.854 | 0.884 | 0.581 | 0.49 | 0.536 | ||
Mineral matter | % | 4.72 | 5.2 | 4.96 | 1.06 | 1 | 1.03 | ||
Calcium* | mg/kg | 0.276 | 0.277 | 0.276 | 0.159 | 0.132 | 0.146 | ||
Phosphor* | 0.021 | 0.014 | 0.017 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | |||
Potassium* | 0.019 | 0.017 | 0.018 | 0.012 | 0.01 | 0.011 | |||
Sodium** | 0.044 | 0.035 | 0.039 | 0.055 | 0.059 | 0.057 | |||
Copper** | 7.488 | 7.186 | 7.337 | 4.893 | 4.695 | 4.794 | |||
Zinc** | 7.289 | 4.284 | 5.786 | 5.06 | 6.792 | 5.926 | |||
Manganese** | 10.28 | 9.482 | 9.883 | 3.395 | 3.496 | 3.446 | |||
Iron** | 335.9 | 364.7 | 350.3 | 67.009 | 66.426 | 66.718 |
Elementary chemical elements in the raw and dissolving OSW.
Macronutrients.
Micronutrients.
Adding to its organic material, the physical and chemical proprieties of OSW let confer it a potential and interesting material not only for its ability to stock water on it around the double of its weight but it is a useful nutrient element for plants even not with a big quantity but it can be required to thwart certain nutrition deficit. Medhioub et al. [3] gave a design of AWANASD for the governorate of Sfax (Tunisia). This design consists of filling the third compartments of AWANASD with grains sand of 3 mm in diameter to reach permeability equal to 10–7 m s1 to give a water flow of 0.4 L day1 at a depth of about 1 m. Nevertheless, the authors did not specify which and how the nutrient should be done. So, our proposed device concept named “AWANASD-OSW” is a new version of AWANASD which can be applied to the same location. AWANASD-OSW includes the same number of compartments of AWANASD (Figure 10) and ensures the goal of delayed water transfer to the roots of plants. However, the third compartment which is a cylinder (32 cm height; 16 cm of diameter) will be filled by a specific volume of OSW (VOSW) having a similar sand particular diameter. This is given by equation Eq. (4):
AWANASD-OSW design.
where Vs is the sand volume equal to 6410−3(m3); f is the profusion of OSW taken for the maximum of water content (40%).
As it is a living organ, a plant’s need is nutrition and a water supply. Different technical methods have been developed and applied to meet this need. The reliability of these methods varies in degree of performance. The recent one called AWANASD is given by Medhioub et al. [3], ensuring the minimum water flow and nutrition during drought months at the level of the maximum concentration of roots.
AWANASD applied for Sfax governate concluded the use of grain sand with a specific diameter to ensure the objective of delayed water transfer but it did not mention the nutrition issue. Our AWANASD-OSW new concept fully incorporates the said system but replaces the grain sand with olive solid waste with the same granulometry.
This renewable agriculture waste material has interesting physical and chemical properties besides its characteristic as a biodegradable organic material. It allows the release in the presence of water of nutrients for plants in addition to its role of water store.
A full-scale experimental device must be set up not only to ensure the expected theoretical performances but also to assess its longevity.
We are really grateful because we managed to complete our chapter assignment within the encouragement and the given time by Mrs. Jasna Bozic. This chapter could not be completed without the efforts and the cooperation of Mr. Slim Makhloufi, Mr. Dhia Hachicha, and Mrs. Abir Guesmi. Thanks for all. We also thank Botrial oil and Alfa group companies for their constant support.
IntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. To that end we maintain a flexible Copyright Policy guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Chapters",metaDescription:"IN TECH aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our authors. For that matter, we uphold a flexible copyright policy meaning that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and authors retain exclusive copyright to their work.\n\nWhen submitting a manuscript the Corresponding Author is required to accept the terms and conditions set forth in our Publication Agreement as follows:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-chapters",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\\n\\n1. DEFINITIONS
\\n\\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\\n\\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\\n\\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\\n\\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\\n\\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\\n\\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
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\\n\\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\\n\\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
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\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
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\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. 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Leaching is the vertical downward displacement of pesticides through the soil profile and the unsaturated zone, and finally to groundwater, which is vulnerable to pollution. Pesticides are frequently leached through the soil by the effect of rain or irrigation water. Pesticide leaching is highest for weakly sorbing and/or persistent compounds, climates with high precipitation and low temperatures, and soils with low organic matter and sandy texture. On the contrary, for pesticides with a low persistence that disappear quickly, the risk of groundwater pollution considerably decreases. Different and varied factors such as physical-chemical properties of the pesticide, a permeability of the soil, texture and organic matter content of the soil, volatilization, crop-root uptake, and method and dose of pesticide application are responsible for the leaching rate of the pesticides. Soils that are high in clays and organic matter will slow the movement of water, attach easily to many pesticides, and generally have a higher diversity and population of soil organisms that can metabolize the pesticides.",book:{id:"8533",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, Nuria Vela, Abderrazak El Aatik and Simón Navarro",authors:[{id:"202983",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"simon-navarro",fullName:"Simón Navarro"},{id:"202988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Vela",slug:"nuria-vela",fullName:"Nuria Vela"},{id:"206059",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Lucas",slug:"gabriel-perez-lucas",fullName:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas"},{id:"283154",title:"Mr.",name:"Abderrazak",middleName:null,surname:"El Aatik",slug:"abderrazak-el-aatik",fullName:"Abderrazak El Aatik"}]},{id:"48594",doi:"10.5772/60911",title:"Environmental Exposure and Health Effects Associated with Malathion Toxicity",slug:"environmental-exposure-and-health-effects-associated-with-malathion-toxicity",totalDownloads:2718,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:"Malathion (O,O-dimethyl-S-1,2-bis ethoxy carbonyl ethyl phosphorodithionate) is a non-systemic, wide-spectrum pesticide. It is widely used throughout the world for agricultural, residential, and public health purposes, mainly to enhance food production and to provide protection from disease vectors. Malathion preference over other organophosphate pesticides relates to its low persistence in the environment as it is highly susceptible to hydrolysis, photolysis, and biodegradation. However, numerous malathion poisoning incidents including acute and chronic cases have been reported among pesticide workers and small children through accidental exposure. Malathion toxicity is compounded by its reactive metabolites and also depends upon the product purity, route of exposure, nutritional status, and gender of exposed individuals. Its metabolic oxidation in mammals, insects, and plants leads to the formation of malaoxon which appears to be several times more acutely toxic and represents the primary cause of malathion’s toxicity. Depending on the level of exposure, several signs and symptoms of toxicity including numbness, tingling sensation, headache, dizziness, difficulty breathing, weakness, irritation of skin, exacerbation of asthma, abdominal cramps, and death have been reported. Similar to other organophosphate pesticides, malathion exerts it toxic action by binding to acetylcholinesterase enzyme and inhibiting its activity, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine in synaptic junctions, which in turn results in overstimulation of cholinergic, muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors, and subsequent induction of adverse biologic effects. This chapter provides an update and analysis of the production and use, environmental occurrence, molecular mechanisms of toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, and adverse human health effects associated with malathion exposure.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul B. Tchounwou, Anita K. Patlolla, Clement G. Yedjou and\nPamela D. Moore",authors:[{id:"113353",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Tchounwou",slug:"paul-tchounwou",fullName:"Paul Tchounwou"}]},{id:"48553",doi:"10.5772/60767",title:"Ecotoxicology of Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides — Toxicity to Wildlife and Humans",slug:"ecotoxicology-of-glyphosate-and-glyphosate-based-herbicides-toxicity-to-wildlife-and-humans",totalDownloads:2607,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"The use of agrochemicals, especially herbicides, is necessary to control pests in order to produce adequate food for the global population (estimated at 7 billion). Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides have been used extensively for this purpose but recent studies have reported these chemical substances to be found in aquatic ecosystems, wildlife and humans in various quantities. In this chapter, we reviewed the impacts of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on wildlife and humans using measured endpoint effects caused by genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and reproductive toxicity. We used findings from different current investigations to demonstrate adverse effects, or otherwise, of glyphosate exposure to wildlife and humans. Our review reveals that glyphosate and its formulations may not only be considered as having genotoxic, cytotoxic or endocrine disrupting properties but they may also be causative agents of reproduction abnormalities in both wildlife and humans. Furthermore, the extensive use of glyphosate-based herbicides in genetically modified glyphosate-resistant plants grown for food and feed should be of grave concern since they can be sources of genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity in wildlife and humans.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul K. Mensah, Carolyn G. Palmer and Oghenekaro N. Odume",authors:[{id:"169135",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Mensah",slug:"paul-mensah",fullName:"Paul Mensah"},{id:"173888",title:"Prof.",name:"Carolyn",middleName:null,surname:"Palmer",slug:"carolyn-palmer",fullName:"Carolyn Palmer"},{id:"175580",title:"Dr.",name:"Oghenekaro Nelson",middleName:null,surname:"Odume",slug:"oghenekaro-nelson-odume",fullName:"Oghenekaro Nelson Odume"}]},{id:"65766",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84161",title:"Pesticides, Anthropogenic Activities, and the Health of Our Environment Safety",slug:"pesticides-anthropogenic-activities-and-the-health-of-our-environment-safety",totalDownloads:1461,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Mankind depends on agricultural products for food consumption. Increasing population (more than 7 billion) requires significant growth in crop yield to meet essential demand. This aim was achieved through the use of pesticides to protect crops from diseases. Pesticides are toxic by design for organisms that can threaten food products. Their mode of action is by targeting systems or enzymes in the pests that may be similar to human system and therefore pose risks to human health and the environment as well. The WHO recommended classifying pesticides according to their toxicity and chemicals according to their chronic health and environmental hazards.",book:{id:"8533",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Mona Saud AL-Ahmadi",authors:[{id:"276726",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mona",middleName:null,surname:"AL-Ahmadi",slug:"mona-al-ahmadi",fullName:"Mona AL-Ahmadi"}]},{id:"48545",doi:"10.5772/60739",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Agrochemicals — A Critical Appraisal of Current Approaches",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-agrochemicals-a-critical-appraisal-of-current-approaches",totalDownloads:2588,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"This chapter provides insights into the difficulties and challenges of performing risk evaluations of agrochemicals. It is a critical review of the current methodologies used in ecological risk assessment of these chemicals, not their risks to humans. After an introduction to the topic, the current framework for ecological risk assessment is outlined. Two types of assessments are typically carried out depending on the purpose: i) regulatory assessments for registration of a chemical product; and ii) ecological assessments, for the protection of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, which are usually site-specific. Although the general framework is well established, the methodologies used in each of the steps of the assessment are fraught with a number of shortcomings. Notwithstanding the subjectivity implicit in the evaluation of risks, there is scepticism in scientific circles about the appropriateness of the current methodologies because, after so many years of evaluations, we are still incapable of foreseeing the negative consequences that some agrochemicals have in the environment. A critical appraisal of such methodologies is imperative if we are to improve the current assessment process and fix the problems we face today. The chapter reviews first the toxicity assessment methods, pointing to the gaps in knowledge about this essential part of the process and suggesting avenues for further improvement. Deficiencies in the current regulations regarding toxicity testing are discussed, in particular the effect of the time factor on toxicity and the issue of complex mixtures. Other matters of concern are the extrapolation of toxicity data from the individual to the population and community levels, and the sub-lethal effects. The exposure assessment methods are dealt with in a second place. These rely on modelling and actual measurements of chemical residues in the environment. Various techniques employed to determine to exposure and bioavailability of agrochemicals to the various organisms in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are reviewed. Again, the shortcomings and gaps in knowledge are addressed and suggestions for improvement are pointed out. Then, the process of putting together the information from the toxicity and exposure assessments to evaluate risks is discussed. Tiers I and II of the risk assessment are reviewed. The challenge here is to keep objectivity in the evaluations; this may require the introduction of new methods of risk assessment. Finally, the risk assessment implies establishing a management strategy that aims at reducing or minimising the impacts of agrochemicals under normal agricultural scenarios. Recommendations are often case-specific and need to be based on sound science as well as common sense principles. The chapter concludes with a summary of issues that need to be considered for improving risk assessments of agrochemicals.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Francisco Sánchez-Bayo and Henk A. Tennekes",authors:[{id:"74970",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Bayo",slug:"francisco-sanchez-bayo",fullName:"Francisco Sánchez-Bayo"},{id:"173845",title:"Dr.",name:"Henk",middleName:null,surname:"Tennekes",slug:"henk-tennekes",fullName:"Henk Tennekes"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"78542",title:"Mitigation of Climate Change by Nitrogen Managements in Agriculture",slug:"mitigation-of-climate-change-by-nitrogen-managements-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:301,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Soil is one of the important sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), which is generally producing through soil microbial processes, such as nitrification and denitrification. Agricultural soils receive chemical and organic fertilizers to maintain or increase crop yield and soil fertility, but several factors are influencing N2O emissions, such as types and conditions of soil and fertilizer, and rate, form, and timing of application. Mitigation of N2O is a challenging topic for future earth by using inhibitors, controlled-release fertilizers, and other amendments, but the cost and side effects should be considered for feasibility.",book:{id:"10360",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects"},signatures:"Kazuyuki Inubushi and Miwa Yashima",authors:[{id:"108366",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Inubushi",slug:"kazuyuki-inubushi",fullName:"Kazuyuki Inubushi"},{id:"429712",title:"Dr.",name:"Miwa",middleName:null,surname:"Yashima",slug:"miwa-yashima",fullName:"Miwa Yashima"}]},{id:"48594",title:"Environmental Exposure and Health Effects Associated with Malathion Toxicity",slug:"environmental-exposure-and-health-effects-associated-with-malathion-toxicity",totalDownloads:2718,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:"Malathion (O,O-dimethyl-S-1,2-bis ethoxy carbonyl ethyl phosphorodithionate) is a non-systemic, wide-spectrum pesticide. It is widely used throughout the world for agricultural, residential, and public health purposes, mainly to enhance food production and to provide protection from disease vectors. Malathion preference over other organophosphate pesticides relates to its low persistence in the environment as it is highly susceptible to hydrolysis, photolysis, and biodegradation. However, numerous malathion poisoning incidents including acute and chronic cases have been reported among pesticide workers and small children through accidental exposure. Malathion toxicity is compounded by its reactive metabolites and also depends upon the product purity, route of exposure, nutritional status, and gender of exposed individuals. Its metabolic oxidation in mammals, insects, and plants leads to the formation of malaoxon which appears to be several times more acutely toxic and represents the primary cause of malathion’s toxicity. Depending on the level of exposure, several signs and symptoms of toxicity including numbness, tingling sensation, headache, dizziness, difficulty breathing, weakness, irritation of skin, exacerbation of asthma, abdominal cramps, and death have been reported. Similar to other organophosphate pesticides, malathion exerts it toxic action by binding to acetylcholinesterase enzyme and inhibiting its activity, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine in synaptic junctions, which in turn results in overstimulation of cholinergic, muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors, and subsequent induction of adverse biologic effects. This chapter provides an update and analysis of the production and use, environmental occurrence, molecular mechanisms of toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, and adverse human health effects associated with malathion exposure.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul B. Tchounwou, Anita K. Patlolla, Clement G. Yedjou and\nPamela D. Moore",authors:[{id:"113353",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Tchounwou",slug:"paul-tchounwou",fullName:"Paul Tchounwou"}]},{id:"64602",title:"Environmental Risk of Groundwater Pollution by Pesticide Leaching through the Soil Profile",slug:"environmental-risk-of-groundwater-pollution-by-pesticide-leaching-through-the-soil-profile",totalDownloads:3088,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:69,abstract:"Adsorption, degradation, and movement are the key processes conditioning the behavior and fate of pesticides in the soil. Six processes that can move pesticides are leaching, diffusion, volatilization, erosion and run-off, assimilation by microorganisms, and plant uptake. Leaching is the vertical downward displacement of pesticides through the soil profile and the unsaturated zone, and finally to groundwater, which is vulnerable to pollution. Pesticides are frequently leached through the soil by the effect of rain or irrigation water. Pesticide leaching is highest for weakly sorbing and/or persistent compounds, climates with high precipitation and low temperatures, and soils with low organic matter and sandy texture. On the contrary, for pesticides with a low persistence that disappear quickly, the risk of groundwater pollution considerably decreases. Different and varied factors such as physical-chemical properties of the pesticide, a permeability of the soil, texture and organic matter content of the soil, volatilization, crop-root uptake, and method and dose of pesticide application are responsible for the leaching rate of the pesticides. Soils that are high in clays and organic matter will slow the movement of water, attach easily to many pesticides, and generally have a higher diversity and population of soil organisms that can metabolize the pesticides.",book:{id:"8533",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, Nuria Vela, Abderrazak El Aatik and Simón Navarro",authors:[{id:"202983",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"simon-navarro",fullName:"Simón Navarro"},{id:"202988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Vela",slug:"nuria-vela",fullName:"Nuria Vela"},{id:"206059",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Lucas",slug:"gabriel-perez-lucas",fullName:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas"},{id:"283154",title:"Mr.",name:"Abderrazak",middleName:null,surname:"El Aatik",slug:"abderrazak-el-aatik",fullName:"Abderrazak El Aatik"}]},{id:"77770",title:"Mycorrhizal Fungi and Sustainable Agriculture",slug:"mycorrhizal-fungi-and-sustainable-agriculture",totalDownloads:324,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The 20thcentury witnessed an augmentation in agricultural production, mainly through the progress and use of pesticides, fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus, and developments in plant breeding and genetic skills. In the naturally existing ecology, rhizospheric soils have innumerable biological living beings to favor the plant development, nutrient assimilation, stress tolerance, disease deterrence, carbon seizing and others. These organisms include mycorrhizal fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, etc. which solubilize nutrients and assist the plants in up taking by roots. Amongst them, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have key importance in natural ecosystem, but high rate of chemical fertilizer in agricultural fields is diminishing its importance. The majority of the terrestrial plants form association with Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) or Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This symbiosis confers benefits directly to the host plant’s growth and development through the acquisition of Phosphorus (P) and other mineral nutrients from the soil by the AMF. They may also enhance the protection of plants against pathogens and increases the plant diversity. This is achieved by the growth of AMF mycelium within the host root (intra radical) and out into the soil (extra radical) beyond. Proper management of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi has the potential to improve the profitability and sustainability of agricultural systems. AM fungi are especially important for sustainable farming systems because AM fungi are efficient when nutrient availability is low and when nutrients are bound to organic matter and soil particles.",book:{id:"10360",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects"},signatures:"Soibam Helena Devi, Ingudam Bhupenchandra, Soibam Sinyorita, S.K. Chongtham and E. Lamalakshmi Devi",authors:[{id:"301167",title:"Dr.",name:"E. Lamalakshmi",middleName:null,surname:"Devi",slug:"e.-lamalakshmi-devi",fullName:"E. Lamalakshmi Devi"},{id:"311911",title:"Dr.",name:"S.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Chongtham",slug:"s.k.-chongtham",fullName:"S.K. Chongtham"},{id:"345840",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingudam",middleName:null,surname:"Bhupenchandra",slug:"ingudam-bhupenchandra",fullName:"Ingudam Bhupenchandra"},{id:"423173",title:"Mrs.",name:"Soibam",middleName:null,surname:"Helena Devi",slug:"soibam-helena-devi",fullName:"Soibam Helena Devi"},{id:"423177",title:"Dr.",name:"Soibam",middleName:null,surname:"Sinyorita",slug:"soibam-sinyorita",fullName:"Soibam Sinyorita"}]},{id:"77147",title:"Influence of Heavy Metals on the Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants",slug:"influence-of-heavy-metals-on-the-nitrogen-metabolism-in-plants",totalDownloads:302,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"As an essential element, Nitrogen is needed in large quantities for being an important component of cellular constituents and for plant metabolism, and its deficiency is one of the most common limitations for plant development. The study of the toxic effects of metal in plants involves a complex system of reactions that can be better determined once having a large attention of the different backgrounds of occurence to determinate how to proceed. The objective of this review is to add scientific knowledge, addressing the main functionalities and characteristics of this relation heavy metals – nitrogen metabolism in plant. Increasing industrialization and urbanization had anthropogenic contribution of heavy metals in biosphere and had largest availability in ecosystems. This toxicity in plants varies with plant species, specific metal, concentration, soil composition, as many heavy metals are considered to be essential for plant growth. Were provided data and reviews regarding the effect of heavy metals on nitrogen metabolism of plants and the responses of plants and the cross-talk of heavy metals and various stressors factors. Is clear to understand the relation between metals amount and the benefit or harm caused on plants, determining then, which mechanism should be activated to protect your physiological system.",book:{id:"10360",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects"},signatures:"Vitor Nascimento, Glauco Nogueira, Gabriel Monteiro, Waldemar Júnior, Joze Melissa Nunes de Freitas and Cândido Neto",authors:[{id:"332095",title:"Dr.",name:"Cândido",middleName:null,surname:"Neto",slug:"candido-neto",fullName:"Cândido Neto"},{id:"332157",title:"Prof.",name:"Joze",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",slug:"joze-freitas",fullName:"Joze Freitas"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"28",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. She is also a member of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Academy.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11978,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. 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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"38",type:"subseries",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human Activity, Pollutants, Reduced Risks, Population Growth, Waste Disposal, Remediation, Clean Environment",scope:"
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11966,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"meng-chuan-ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",slug:"olga-anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82797",title:"Anatomical Guide to the Paranasal Sinuses of Domestic Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106157",signatures:"Mohamed A.M. 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