Stereoselective and/or specific enzymes of alkaloid and flavonoid compound biosynthesis in plant extract.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5179",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",subtitle:"From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book, Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes, is intended to provide an overview of emerging researchable issues related to the use of organic fertilizers that highlight recent research activities in applied organic fertilizers toward a sustainable agriculture and environment. We aimed to compile information from a diversity of sources into a single volume to give some real examples extending the concepts in organic fertilizers that may stimulate new research ideas and trends in the relevant fields.",isbn:"978-953-51-2450-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2449-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5436-5",doi:"10.5772/61454",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",numberOfPages:384,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"93748f3bd6a9c0240d71ffd350d624b1",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",publishedDate:"June 30th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5179.jpg",numberOfDownloads:36109,numberOfWosCitations:61,numberOfCrossrefCitations:55,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:103,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:4,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:219,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 7th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 28th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 1st 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 1st 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 31st 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14764/images/system/14764.jpg",biography:"Marcelo L. Larramendy, Ph.D., serves as Professor of Molecular Cell Biology at the School of Natural Sciences and Museum (National University of La Plata, Argentina). Appointed Senior Researcher of the National Scientific and Technological Research Council of Argentina. Former Member of the Executive Committee of the Latin American Association of Environmental Mutagenesis, Teratogenesis and Carcinogenesis. Author of more than 450 contributions, including scientific publications, research communications and conferences worldwide. Recipient of several national and international awards. Prof. Larramendy is a regular Lecturer at the international A. Hollaender Courses organized by the IAEMS and former guest scientist at NIH (USA) and the University of Helsinki, (Finland). He is an expert in Genetic Toxicology and is, or has been, referee for more than 20 international scientific journals. Member of the International Panel of Experts at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, WHO, Lyon, France) in 2015 for the evaluation of DDT, 2,4-D and Lindane. Presently, Prof. Dr. Larramendy is Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genotoxicology at the UNLP.",institutionString:"National University of La Plata",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"20",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14863/images/system/14863.jpg",biography:"Sonia Soloneski has a Ph.D. in Natural Sciences and is Assistant Professor of Molecular Cell Biology at the School of Natural Sciences and Museum of La Plata, National University of La Plata, Argentina. She is a member of the National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET) of Argentina in the Genetic Toxicology field, the Latin American Association of Environmental Mutagenesis, Teratogenesis and Carcinogenesis (ALAMCTA), the Argentinean Society of Toxicology (ATA), the Argentinean Society of Biology (SAB) and the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC). She has authored more than 380 contributions in the field, including scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and research communications. She has served as a review member for more than 30 scientific international journals. She has been a plenary speaker in scientific conferences and a member of scientific committees. She is a specialist in issues related to Genetic Toxicology, Mutagenesis, and Ecotoxicology.",institutionString:"National University of La Plata",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"338",title:"Arboriculture",slug:"arboriculture"}],chapters:[{id:"50076",title:"Compost Process and Organic Fertilizers Application in China",doi:"10.5772/62324",slug:"compost-process-and-organic-fertilizers-application-in-china",totalDownloads:2190,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Composting is an inexpensive and sustainable treatment for solid wastes. The composting industry has been growing rapidly because of a boom in the animal industry in China over the past decades. In this chapter, we introduce composting process and status in China, especially in Jiangsu Province. Meanwhile, the developed novel spectroscopy techniques are also introduced, which are more suitable for assessment of compost maturity than the conventional techniques in view of ease of sample preparation, rapid spectrum acquisition, and nondestructive nature of the analysis. These novel spectroscopy techniques include near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)––partial least squares (PLS) analysis and fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy––parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis. In addition, organic fertilizer amendments can not only improve soil fertility but also offset chemical fertilizers’ nanoscale changes. Emerging cutting-edge technologies of synchrotron-based X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) were used to identify the composition of organic carbon and minerals and their correlations, respectively. Recently, investigators have shown that organic fertilizer amendments could enhance the production of highly reactive minerals, for example, allophane, imogolite, and ferrihydrite, which further benefit for soil carbon storage and soil fertility improvement.",signatures:"Guanghui Yu, Wei Ran and Qirong Shen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50076",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50076",authors:[{id:"179294",title:"Dr.",name:"Guanghui",surname:"Yu",slug:"guanghui-yu",fullName:"Guanghui Yu"},{id:"185610",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",surname:"Ran",slug:"wei-ran",fullName:"Wei Ran"},{id:"185611",title:"Prof.",name:"Qirong",surname:"Shen",slug:"qirong-shen",fullName:"Qirong Shen"}],corrections:null},{id:"50613",title:"Organic Fertilizers in Alabama: Composition, Transformations, and Crop Response in Selected Soils of the Southeast United States",doi:"10.5772/63084",slug:"organic-fertilizers-in-alabama-composition-transformations-and-crop-response-in-selected-soils-of-th",totalDownloads:2351,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rapid growth in organic production in the past 20 years is due to consumer concerns about the impacts of conventional agriculture on the environment, food safety, and quality. There are considerable variations in nutrient concentration and the rate of mineralization among organic fertilizers. Some organic fertilizers and application rates are specific to soil types, which affect the nutrient potential. Two organic fertilizers produced in Alabama and added to soils are the chicken or poultry litter (1.8 million Mg annually) and the hydrolyzed liquid fish protein. The under- or overestimation of the total N content of the litter may result in its over- or underapplication with potential environmental consequences to surface waters. The overestimation of the total N may result in its inadequate application. The inorganic forms (ammonium, NH4+–N; nitrate, NO3−–N; and nitrite, NO2−–N) are found in small but sometimes significant amounts especially when broiler litter is stored under environmental conditions favorable to nitrification. Limited information is available on the usefulness of the various modifications of the regular Kjeldahl method in poultry litter analysis and transformations when added to soils. This chapter provides information and our experiences on the sources of organic fertilizers produced in the southeastern United States (Alabama).",signatures:"Kokoasse Kpomblekou-A and Desmond Mortley",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50613",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50613",authors:[{id:"185050",title:"Dr.",name:"Kokoasse",surname:"Kpomblekou-A",slug:"kokoasse-kpomblekou-a",fullName:"Kokoasse Kpomblekou-A"},{id:"185051",title:"Dr.",name:"Desmond",surname:"Mortley",slug:"desmond-mortley",fullName:"Desmond Mortley"}],corrections:null},{id:"50612",title:"Green Manures and Crop Residues as Source of Nutrients in Tropical Environment",doi:"10.5772/62981",slug:"green-manures-and-crop-residues-as-source-of-nutrients-in-tropical-environment",totalDownloads:2611,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tropical areas have prevalence of soils with low fertility, which makes the management of soil fertility a necessary practice to maintain a farming system economically and environmentally sustainable. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate the importance of green manure and the use of crop residues as management for soil fertility. We highlight the potential of these practices to increase/sustain productivity by providing nutrients. First, we made a short review on the main factors influencing the decomposition and mineralization processes. Subsequently, we discuss green manure techniques, presenting the main green manures, criteria for choosing, managements, potential for nutrient accumulation, and advantages and disadvantages of this practice. Finally, we use some examples to demonstrate the potential nutrient supply of crop residues from the main crops grown in the tropics. The difficulties and limitations involved are also discussed.",signatures:"Rafael Vasconcelos Valadares, Lucas de Ávila‐Silva, Rafael da Silva Teixeira, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Leonardus Vergütz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50612",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50612",authors:[{id:"179932",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Vasconcelos Valadares",slug:"rafael-vasconcelos-valadares",fullName:"Rafael Vasconcelos Valadares"},{id:"183947",title:"MSc.",name:"Lucas",surname:"De Avila-Silva",slug:"lucas-de-avila-silva",fullName:"Lucas De Avila-Silva"},{id:"183948",title:"MSc.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Da Silva Teixeira",slug:"rafael-da-silva-teixeira",fullName:"Rafael Da Silva Teixeira"},{id:"183949",title:"Mr.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Nogueira De Sousa",slug:"rodrigo-nogueira-de-sousa",fullName:"Rodrigo Nogueira De Sousa"},{id:"184785",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonardus",surname:"Vergutz",slug:"leonardus-vergutz",fullName:"Leonardus Vergutz"}],corrections:null},{id:"50720",title:"Use of Organic Fertilizers to Enhance Soil Fertility, Plant Growth, and Yield in a Tropical Environment",doi:"10.5772/62529",slug:"use-of-organic-fertilizers-to-enhance-soil-fertility-plant-growth-and-yield-in-a-tropical-environmen",totalDownloads:5127,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:18,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Soils rarely have sufficient nutrient for crops to reach their potential yield. Applying organic fertilizers without prior knowledge of their properties may cause yield decline under low application or pollute the environment with excessive application. Understanding the nutrient variability and release pattern of organic fertilizers is crucial to supply plants with sufficient nutrients to achieve optimum productivity, while also rebuilding soil fertility and ensuring protection of environmental and natural resources. This chapter presents the authors’ experiences with different organic amendments under Hawaii's tropical conditions, rather than an intensive literature review. For meat and bone meal by‐products (tankage), batch‐to‐batch variability, nutrient content/release pattern and quality, and plant growth response to the liquid fertilizer produced from tankage were evaluated. For animal livestock, dairy manure (DM) and chicken manure (CM) quality, changes in soil properties, and crop biomass production and root distributions were evaluated. For seaweed, an established bio‐security protocol, nutrient, especially potassium (K) variability, and plant growth and yield response were evaluated in different tropical soils.",signatures:"Amjad A. Ahmad, Theodore J.K. Radovich, Hue V. Nguyen, Jensen\nUyeda, Alton Arakaki, Jeana Cadby, Robert Paull, Jari Sugano and\nGlenn Teves",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50720",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50720",authors:[{id:"178933",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"amjad-ahmad",fullName:"Amjad Ahmad"},{id:"184973",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore",surname:"Radovich",slug:"theodore-radovich",fullName:"Theodore Radovich"},{id:"184974",title:"Prof.",name:"Hue",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"hue-nguyen",fullName:"Hue Nguyen"},{id:"184975",title:"MSc.",name:"Jensen",surname:"Uyeda",slug:"jensen-uyeda",fullName:"Jensen Uyeda"},{id:"184976",title:"MSc.",name:"Alton",surname:"Arakaki",slug:"alton-arakaki",fullName:"Alton Arakaki"},{id:"184977",title:"Mr.",name:"Glenn",surname:"Teves",slug:"glenn-teves",fullName:"Glenn Teves"},{id:"184978",title:"MSc.",name:"Jeana",surname:"Cadby",slug:"jeana-cadby",fullName:"Jeana Cadby"},{id:"184979",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Paull",slug:"robert-paull",fullName:"Robert Paull"},{id:"184980",title:"MSc.",name:"Jari",surname:"Sugano",slug:"jari-sugano",fullName:"Jari Sugano"}],corrections:null},{id:"50478",title:"Bio-Organo-Phos: A Sustainable Approach for Managing Phosphorus Deficiency in Agricultural Soils",doi:"10.5772/62473",slug:"bio-organo-phos-a-sustainable-approach-for-managing-phosphorus-deficiency-in-agricultural-soils",totalDownloads:2096,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:18,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sustainable agriculture is essential for a positive relationship between supply and demand of food for the growing world population. This relationship was found to be affected by many environmental factors, including biotic and abiotic. From the point of view of crop nutrition, sustainability in the supply of essential nutrients particularly phosphorus is vital. Due to the energy crisis, the fluctuation in the prices of chemical fertilizers, environmental concerns, and cessation in the supply of high quality rock phosphate (RP) are hindering the use of chemical phosphatic fertilizers for sustainable crop production. Therefore, there is great need for a sustainable solution to this problem. It could be solved by employing a strategy to use native low quality RP. It is only possible by composting of organic material in the presence of RP and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms. During composting, most of organic P is mineralized. Due to release of organic acids, P availability to crop plants increases. In this chapter, the importance of economical and sustainable sources of P and comparative efficacy of the use of organic fertilizer containing RP for legumes is critically reviewed.",signatures:"Allah Ditta and Azeem Khalid",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50478",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50478",authors:[{id:"149636",title:"Dr.",name:"Allah",surname:"Ditta",slug:"allah-ditta",fullName:"Allah Ditta"}],corrections:null},{id:"50233",title:"Integrated Use of Phosphorus, Animal Manures and Biofertilizers Improve Maize Productivity under Semiarid Condition",doi:"10.5772/62388",slug:"integrated-use-of-phosphorus-animal-manures-and-biofertilizers-improve-maize-productivity-under-semi",totalDownloads:2482,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Phosphorus unavailability and lack of organic matter in the soils under semiarid condition are the major reasons for low crop productivity. Field trial was conducted to investigate the impact of different animal manures (poultry, cattle, and sheep manures) and phosphorus levels (40, 80, 120, and 160 kg P2O5 ha−1) on yield and yield components of hybrid maize (CS-200) with (+) and without (−) phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) seed treatment at the Agronomy Research Farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar, during summer 2014. Our results confirmed that the application of poultry manure significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased yield and yield components of maize. Phosphorus applied at the rate of 120 kg P2O5 ha−1 increased ear length, grains ear−1, and shelling percentage, while the highest rate of 160 kg P ha−1 increased grains weight, grain yield, and harvest index. Maize seeds treated with PSB (+) before sowing had produced higher yield and yield components than untreated seeds (−). We concluded from this study that combined application of 160 kg P2O5 ha−1 + poultry manure and seed treatment with PSB (+) could improve crop productivity and profitability under semiarid condition.",signatures:"Dr. Amanullah and Shah Khalid",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50233",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50233",authors:[{id:"178825",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr.",surname:"Amanullah",slug:"dr.-amanullah",fullName:"Dr. Amanullah"}],corrections:null},{id:"50516",title:"Soil Amendments for Agricultural Production",doi:"10.5772/63047",slug:"soil-amendments-for-agricultural-production",totalDownloads:2391,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The word organic, applied to fertilizers, indicates that the nutrients are derived from the remains or by‐products of a once‐living organism. Farmers are continually searching for alternatives to synthetic inorganic fertilizers to alleviate the escalating production costs associated with the increasing costs of energy and fertilizers and the problems of soil and surface water deterioration associated with intensive use and release of inorganic fertilizers such as N and P fertilizers. One of the advantages of organic fertilizers is that they provide their nutrients especially the principal nutrients (NPK) to growing plants over a long period of time in a slow release process. The soil has to be moist and warm enough to allow soil microorganisms to decompose and breakdown the complex forms of organic fertilizers. Generally, the application of organic amendments to agricultural soils makes good use of natural resources and reduces the need of synthetic inorganic fertilizers. Soil structure, nutrient composition, and microbiological activity of soil are usually increased following the application of organic amendments. This is because of the presence of sugars and amino acids as simple molecules in organic amendments that contribute to microbiological activity and fertility and elevated levels of enzymes secreted by soil microbes. To investigate the soil microbiological activity after the addition of soil amendments, three enzymes that control the C, N, and P cycles should be monitored in the plant rhizosphere zone, which is defined as the zone of increased microbial and enzyme activity where soil and root make contact. An increase of organic waste originated from different humans and productive activities is a continuous concern. Waste application (i.e., municipal sewage sludge, chicken manure, horse manure, and cow manure) to soil is proposed as a solution to disposal problem. This practice is popular in the agricultural fields because of the value of this waste as organic fertilizer. At KSU, numerous studies have been conducted on organic soil amendments and their impact on crop yield and quality, soil erosion and nutrient availability, soil enzymes activity, and bioremediation of heavy metals in organic amendments.",signatures:"George F. Antonious",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50516",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50516",authors:[{id:"174916",title:"Dr.",name:"George",surname:"Antonious",slug:"george-antonious",fullName:"George Antonious"}],corrections:null},{id:"50484",title:"Physicochemical Properties of a Red Soil Affected by the Longterm Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers",doi:"10.5772/62528",slug:"physicochemical-properties-of-a-red-soil-affected-by-the-longterm-application-of-organic-and-inorgan",totalDownloads:1864,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Red soils are widespread throughout subtropical and tropical regions and are the most important resources for grain production in South China. Application of chemical fertilizers alone or chemical fertilizers combined with organic amendments is commonly practiced to improve physicochemical properties and fertility for red soils. This chapter summarizes the findings of a 22-year long-term field experiment conducted in the red soil region of south central China. Changes in soil pH, soil organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and aggregate distribution and stability as affected by the long-term fertilization treatments were examined and discussed. Combined application of chemical fertilizer and rice straw or pig manure significantly increased soil pH in the first 7 years, but soil pH decreased linearly at a rate of 0.04–0.07 unit yearly since then. Soil total N and total P content significantly increased during the long-term fertilization, and the effects of pig manure addition on N and P build-up were greater than that of rice straw addition. In contrast, soil total potassium (K) contents significantly decreased by the long-term fertilization. There was a significant difference between the effect of rice straw addition and pig manure amendment on various aggregate size distribution in the red soil.",signatures:"Yanling Wang and Hailin Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50484",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50484",authors:[{id:"179670",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanling",surname:"Wang",slug:"yanling-wang",fullName:"Yanling Wang"},{id:"180089",title:"Prof.",name:"Hailin",surname:"Zhang",slug:"hailin-zhang",fullName:"Hailin Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"50244",title:"An Overview of the Studies on Biochar Fertilizer Carried Out at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century in Japan",doi:"10.5772/62526",slug:"an-overview-of-the-studies-on-biochar-fertilizer-carried-out-at-the-beginning-of-the-twentieth-centu",totalDownloads:2062,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Biochar is a recently coined term for charred organic matter used as a soil amendment. Although the term is relatively new, the substance has been used for a long time throughout the world, including Japan. After we read a Japanese book entitled Nibai Shukaku Tenri Nouhou (How to Double Crop Yield by Almighty Farming System) originally published in 1912, we found that there were conflicting opinions between the author (Mr. Katsugoro Oyaizu) and soil scientists of the time (Dr. Gintaro Daikuhara and others) on the benefits of the use of biochar fertilizer. Previous publications on this topic have been written in Japanese from a sociological viewpoint. By referring to the literature published at the beginning of the twentieth century in Japan, we attempt to shed light on the conflict between traditional knowledge of biochar fertilizer and new concepts of soil science imported from the Western countries. We also describe briefly the socioeconomic impacts on the use of biochar fertilizer in the later generations.",signatures:"Naoki Moritsuka and Kaori Matsuoka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50244",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50244",authors:[{id:"179714",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoki",surname:"Moritsuka",slug:"naoki-moritsuka",fullName:"Naoki Moritsuka"}],corrections:null},{id:"50686",title:"C‐CO2 Emissions, Carbon Pools and Crop Productivity Increased upon Slaughterhouse Organic Residue Fertilization in a No‐Till System",doi:"10.5772/63123",slug:"c-co2-emissions-carbon-pools-and-crop-productivity-increased-upon-slaughterhouse-organic-residue-fer",totalDownloads:1300,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The use of slaughterhouse organic residues (SORs) as a form of fertilization in no‐till systems could be an alternative to promote their appropriate disposal. This chapter reports a study on a Haplic Cambisol (Inceptisol) regarding the influence of different rates of SORs applied isolated or together with synthetic mineral fertilizers (SMFs) for 5.5 years in a no‐till system with diverse crop rotation. We evaluated crop productivity and several soil organic matter pools affected by the SOR and SMF combinations in a field experiment. In addition, a laboratory incubation experiment was performed with different rates of SORs to evaluate C‐CO2 emissions and C dynamics. The SOR applications provided significant increases in crop productivity, soil organic matter pools and C‐CO2 emissions. The SOR applications provided significant increases in crop productivity, soil organic matter pools and C-CO2 emissions. The treatment with 50% SOR + 50% SMF was the best alternative to provide higher crop productivity, while the higher use of SOR promoted more increments in soil organic matter levels. Despite the increase in C‐CO2 emissions due to the use of SORs, higher C levels were observed as a function of SOR rates. We conclude that the application of SORs combined with SMFs represents an efficient strategy to reduce costs and increase C levels, providing agronomic and environmental benefits.",signatures:"Jucimare Romaniw, João Carlos de Moraes Sá, Ademir de Oliveira\nFerreira and Thiago Massao Inagaki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50686",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50686",authors:[{id:"76249",title:"Dr.",name:"João Carlos De Moraes",surname:"Sá",slug:"joao-carlos-de-moraes-sa",fullName:"João Carlos De Moraes Sá"},{id:"180642",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Jucimare",surname:"Romaniw",slug:"jucimare-romaniw",fullName:"Jucimare Romaniw"},{id:"185052",title:"MSc.",name:"Thiago",surname:"Massao Inagaki",slug:"thiago-massao-inagaki",fullName:"Thiago Massao Inagaki"},{id:"185069",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademir",surname:"de Oliveira Ferreira",slug:"ademir-de-oliveira-ferreira",fullName:"Ademir de Oliveira Ferreira"}],corrections:null},{id:"50260",title:"Organic Waste as Fertilizer in Semi-Arid Soils and Restoration in Mine Sites",doi:"10.5772/62665",slug:"organic-waste-as-fertilizer-in-semi-arid-soils-and-restoration-in-mine-sites",totalDownloads:1842,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The use of organic waste such as tannery sludge which has high organic matter, N and P content, as organic fertilizer is suitable for improving soil fertility in semi-arid soils and for remediation of abandoned mine sites. Retention of heavy metals on fractional processes of organic matter cannot be generalized, it depends on the chemical characterization of organic waste and soil. Addition of tannery sludge containing high concentrations of Cr and carbonates to semi-arid soils resulted in an increase in Cr loss in infiltration and runoff after 6 months of incubation followed by simulated rainfall. Under these characteristics, results suggest that tannery sludge represents a potential ha\nls amended with organic compost. Chemical characteristics of organic waste such as nitrogen content, humified organic matter, pH, EC, CEC, ESP (interchangeable sodium percent), and SAR (sodium absorption ratio) are important properties to consider in organic matter amendment to semi-arid soils participating on the complexity and leaching of heavy metals and nutrients in the matrix of soil.",signatures:"Martha Barajas-Aceves",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50260",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50260",authors:[{id:"179468",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Martha",surname:"Barajas-Aceves",slug:"martha-barajas-aceves",fullName:"Martha Barajas-Aceves"}],corrections:null},{id:"50413",title:"Use of Pasteurised and N-Organic-Enriched Sewage Sludge (Biosolid) as Organic Fertiliser for Maize Crops: Grain Production and Soil Modification Evaluation",doi:"10.5772/62813",slug:"use-of-pasteurised-and-n-organic-enriched-sewage-sludge-biosolid-as-organic-fertiliser-for-maize-cro",totalDownloads:1529,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Trough plot-field essay, the effects of two pasteurised-N-enriched sludge loading (3000, 7000 kg ha−1) on Zea mays L. crop were studied for grain production and soil modifications evaluation. The results of pasteurised sewage sludge application (Plateau-ASP–Active Sludge Pasteurization-ActiSolids©) showed a more grain production by the two biosolid doses in comparison with mineral fertilization (NPK: 15:15:15, 1270 kg ha−1). The organic fertilization produced 11 tons ha−1 (grain dry matter) by 9 tons ha−1 (grain dry matter) for mineral application. No relationships were found between N and P application and grain production. The bisolid application (just for the large dose) derived in a low pH [with a low-aluminium saturation (%)], and low C: N, C: P and N: P soil ratios too, with a P soil content increment. By other hand, the heavy metal soil contents (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hi, Hg) are below Galiza-Spanish legislation levels (DOG 107/2012).",signatures:"Emilio Carral, Adolfo López-Fabal, Socorro Seoane, Teresa\nRodríguez, Carlos Caaveiro and Elvira López-Mosquera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50413",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50413",authors:[{id:"138544",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilio V.",surname:"Vilariño",slug:"emilio-v.-vilarino",fullName:"Emilio V. Vilariño"},{id:"140782",title:"Dr.",name:"Elvira",surname:"López -Mosquera",slug:"elvira-lopez-mosquera",fullName:"Elvira López -Mosquera"},{id:"140783",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",surname:"Rodríguez",slug:"teresa-rodriguez",fullName:"Teresa Rodríguez"},{id:"179522",title:"Dr.",name:"Adolfo",surname:"López",slug:"adolfo-lopez",fullName:"Adolfo López"},{id:"179523",title:"Dr.",name:"Socorro",surname:"Seoane",slug:"socorro-seoane",fullName:"Socorro Seoane"},{id:"179524",title:"BSc.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Caaveiro",slug:"carlos-caaveiro",fullName:"Carlos Caaveiro"}],corrections:null},{id:"50167",title:"On-Farm-Produced Organic Amendments on Maintaining and Enhancing Soil Fertility and Nitrogen Availability in Organic or Low Input Agriculture",doi:"10.5772/62338",slug:"on-farm-produced-organic-amendments-on-maintaining-and-enhancing-soil-fertility-and-nitrogen-availab",totalDownloads:1633,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Maintaining and enhancing soil fertility are key issues for sustainability in an agricultural system with organic or low input methods. On-farm–produced green manure as a source of soil organic matter (SOM) plays a critical role in long-term productivity. But producing green manure requires land and water; thus, increasing biodiversity, such as by intercropping with green manure crops, could be an approach to enhance the efficiency of renewable resources especially in developing countries. This article discusses soil fertility and its maintenance and enhancement with leguminous intercropping from four points of view: soil fertility and organic matter function, leguminous green manure, intercropping principles, and soil conservation. Important contributions of leguminous intercropping include SOM enhancement and fertility building, biological nitrogen (N) and other plant nutrition availability. Under a well-designed and managed system, competition between the target and intercropping crops can be reduced. The plant uptake efficiency of biologically fixed N is estimated to be double that of industrial N fertilizers. After N-rich plant residues are incorporated into soil, the carbon (C):nitrogen ratio of added straw decreases. Another high mitigation potential of legume intercropping lies in soil conservation by preventing soil and water erosion. Many opportunities exist to introduce legumes in short-term rotation, intercropping, living mulch, and cover crops in an organically managed farm system. Worldwide, long-term soil fertility enhancement remains a challenge due to the current world population and agricultural practices. Cropping system including legumes is a step in the right direction to meeting the needs of food security and sustainability.",signatures:"Yani Nin, Pinchun Diao, Qian Wang, Qingzhong Zhang, Ziliang\nZhao and Zhifang Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50167",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50167",authors:[{id:"178869",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhifang",surname:"Li",slug:"zhifang-li",fullName:"Zhifang Li"},{id:"180022",title:"BSc.",name:"Yani",surname:"Ning",slug:"yani-ning",fullName:"Yani Ning"},{id:"184348",title:"MSc.",name:"Pinchun",surname:"Diao",slug:"pinchun-diao",fullName:"Pinchun Diao"},{id:"184349",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",surname:"Wang",slug:"qian-wang",fullName:"Qian Wang"},{id:"184350",title:"Prof.",name:"Qingzhong",surname:"Zhang",slug:"qingzhong-zhang",fullName:"Qingzhong Zhang"},{id:"184351",title:"MSc.",name:"Ziliang",surname:"Zhao",slug:"ziliang-zhao",fullName:"Ziliang Zhao"}],corrections:null},{id:"50141",title:"Impact of Organic Fertilizers on Phenolic Profiles and Fatty Acids Composition: A Case Study for Cichorium intybus L.",doi:"10.5772/62325",slug:"impact-of-organic-fertilizers-on-phenolic-profiles-and-fatty-acids-composition-a-case-study-for-cich",totalDownloads:2237,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Radicchio (Cichorium intybus L.) is an increasingly appreciated leafy vegetable that exhibits great diversity in appearance, including different colored leaves, rosettes, or heads. Varieties of radicchio (‘Treviso’, ‘Verona’ ‘Anivip’, ‘Castelfranco’, and ‘Monivip’) commonly produced in Slovenia were investigated for their phenolic and fatty acid profiles. Plants were grown under organic and/or mineral fertilizer managements in greenhouse conditions. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis was used to study phenolic compounds in radicchio leaf samples. Thirty-three phenolic compounds were quantitatively evaluated. Significant differences were found between varieties and across different fertilizer managements. The total phenolic amount (TPA) was found in a wide range from 58 to 403 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW). Between varieties, the highest TPA was observed for var. ‘Treviso’ (300 mg/100 g FW) and the lowest TPA was observed for var. ‘Castelfranco’ (125 mg/100 g FW). The main phenolic compounds in radicchio leaves were represented by phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid and cichoric acid, respectively. The fatty acid levels of radicchio leaf samples were determined by the chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The analysis revealed the amounts of C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n9, C18:2n6, C18:3n3, and C20:0 fatty acids. The total fatty acid levels varied from 170 to 500 mg/100 g FW. The highest fatty acid quantity was represented by C18:3n3 (≤63%) followed by C18:2n6 (≤45%) and C16:0 (≤24%). All radicchio samples had a ratio of n-6/n-3 essential fatty acids below 1 and thus in accordance with the current dietary guidelines. Among different fertilizer managements, the highest total fatty acid levels were found for organic fertilizer (384 mg/100 g FW).",signatures:"Lovro Sinkovič and Dragan Žnidarčič",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50141",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50141",authors:[{id:"179063",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",surname:"Znidarcic",slug:"dragan-znidarcic",fullName:"Dragan Znidarcic"},{id:"180975",title:"Dr.",name:"Lovro",surname:"Sinkovič",slug:"lovro-sinkovic",fullName:"Lovro Sinkovič"}],corrections:null},{id:"51108",title:"Productivity and Structures of Marandu Grass Fertilized with Poultry Manure Both with and Without Soil Chiseling",doi:"10.5772/62488",slug:"productivity-and-structures-of-marandu-grass-fertilized-with-poultry-manure-both-with-and-without-so",totalDownloads:1645,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With annual increase in production poultry the use of manure can be for the fertilization of pastures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of Marandu grass fertilized with poultry manure applied to the soil with and without soil chiseling, betweenSeptember 2012 and September 2013. The study design was a randomized block with four replications in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement with five doses of manure (0, 1.073, 2.074, 4.148, 6.222 t ha-1) both with and without soil chiseling. The cuts were made with light interception of 95% of the canopy with a depth of residue of 0.15 m. With accumulated production during the period there was no interaction (Dose x Management, Cutting Number, Dry Mass (Total and Waste), Leaf Blade (Total and Waste) and Mass Dead of Waste). The application of poultry manure doses caused changes in the stem and the sheath(total and waste) and mass dead total as well asthe production of dry mass, blade blade and stems and sheath. All set to the linear model, and the production of dry mass and blade blade 19.31 and 13.52 Mg ha-1 at the highest dose of manure.Poultry manure can be an alternative fertilizer for productive of the leaf blade recovery of Marandu grass.",signatures:"Edson Sadayuki Eguchi, Ulysses Cecato, Antonio Saraiva Muniz, Luiz Juliano Valério Geron and Murilo Donizeti do Carmo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51108",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51108",authors:[{id:"178996",title:"Dr.",name:"Edson",surname:"Eguchi",slug:"edson-eguchi",fullName:"Edson Eguchi"},{id:"179693",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulysses",surname:"Cecato",slug:"ulysses-cecato",fullName:"Ulysses Cecato"},{id:"179694",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio Saraiva",surname:"Muniz",slug:"antonio-saraiva-muniz",fullName:"Antonio Saraiva Muniz"},{id:"179696",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Juliano Valério",surname:"Geron",slug:"luiz-juliano-valerio-geron",fullName:"Luiz Juliano Valério Geron"},{id:"179698",title:"MSc.",name:"Murilo Donizeti Do",surname:"Carmo",slug:"murilo-donizeti-do-carmo",fullName:"Murilo Donizeti Do Carmo"}],corrections:null},{id:"51059",title:"Organic Fertilizers: Public Health Intricacies",doi:"10.5772/64195",slug:"organic-fertilizers-public-health-intricacies",totalDownloads:2750,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Organic fertilizers are an essential source for plant nutrients and a soil conditioner in agriculture. Due to its sources and the composition of the organic inputs as well as the type, functionality and failures of the applied treatment process, the organic fertilizer may contain various amounts of infectious agents and toxic chemicals, especially the antibiotics that can be introduced to the subsequent food chain. A range of human and animal pathogens of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin have been the cause of food-borne epidemics due to unintended contamination from organic fertilizers. The use of antibiotics by humans and in animal feeds will also end up in the organic fertilizers. These antibiotics and other chemicals, depending on the sources of the organics, will enhance the likelihood of occurrence of resistant and multi-resistant strains of microorganisms in society and have been reported to cause ecotoxicological environmental effects and disruption of the ecological balance. Exposure of microorganisms to sublethal concentration of antibiotics in the organic products induces antibiotic resistance. WHO guidelines for the reuse of excreta and other organic matters identify the risk for the exposed groups to the reuse of the excreta and are applicable in the use of organic fertilizers in agriculture.",signatures:"Anthony A. Adegoke, Oluyemi O. Awolusi and Thor A. Stenström",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51059",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51059",authors:[{id:"175730",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony Ayodeji",surname:"Adegoke",slug:"anthony-ayodeji-adegoke",fullName:"Anthony Ayodeji Adegoke"},{id:"180623",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluyemi Olatunji",surname:"Awolusi",slug:"oluyemi-olatunji-awolusi",fullName:"Oluyemi Olatunji Awolusi"},{id:"186321",title:"Prof.",name:"Thor Axel",surname:"Stenstrom",slug:"thor-axel-stenstrom",fullName:"Thor Axel Stenstrom"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"65",label:"highly cited contributor"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"923",title:"Herbicides",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54a8eb808c05a5fe01c676e7047d4576",slug:"herbicides-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/923.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5184",title:"Environmental Health Risk",subtitle:"Hazardous Factors to Living Species",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aa20266ad595ce73a9396f4ab0f8112e",slug:"environmental-health-risk-hazardous-factors-to-living-species",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5184.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5362",title:"Toxicology",subtitle:"New Aspects to This Scientific Conundrum",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2061f273c8b3134dffbcb5256969ecab",slug:"toxicology-new-aspects-to-this-scientific-conundrum",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5362.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6310",title:"Genotoxicity",subtitle:"A Predictable Risk to Our Actual World",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14a0966cec5283fdbc781a6bb47ed4e3",slug:"genotoxicity-a-predictable-risk-to-our-actual-world",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6310.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4637",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6aff74df1ea32df7f1e20e29c8363ff5",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4637.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5358",title:"Soil Contamination",subtitle:"Current Consequences and Further Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4d136df9f1658ae17f3ba7b3c992460",slug:"soil-contamination-current-consequences-and-further-solutions",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5358.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5170",title:"Green Nanotechnology",subtitle:"Overview and Further Prospects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d4dc551be023ba3525e6126076af90",slug:"green-nanotechnology-overview-and-further-prospects",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5170.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5101",title:"Invertebrates",subtitle:"Experimental Models in Toxicity Screening",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebef5298af7d87ad3c9c7f5fe808fa2c",slug:"invertebrates-experimental-models-in-toxicity-screening",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5101.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4606",title:"Emerging Pollutants in the Environment",subtitle:"Current and Further Implications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1502287827685f0b71235bd45fe35ae4",slug:"emerging-pollutants-in-the-environment-current-and-further-implications",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4606.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. 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Racemization occurs when isomerization leads in the creation of a racemic mixture. As a result, chiral inversion influences drug stability throughout drug discovery and development. Biological activity, toxicity, shelf-life and dosage of the compound are affected by the stability of the drug [2]. The process of chiral inversion is affected by a lot of variables, consequently, the strength of chiral inversion under different situations and in various substances can vary significantly. The primary elements that were acknowledged to play a vital part in the process of chiral inversion were reported to be interspecies differences and tissue types. Some recent researches have demonstrated that additional variables, such as administration route or interaction with other xenobiotics, can also impact enantiomeric conversion.
Plants create a vast diversity of physiologically active metabolites, many of which have stereochemical variants on the same molecular scaffold. These alterations in stereochemistry have a significant influence on biological function. Notably, plant stereoisomers of alkaloids and flavonoids exhibit a wide range of pharmacological effects. Alkaloids are cyclic chemical molecules with a negative oxidation state of nitrogen. They are found throughout the flora and play an important function in plant protection, sprouting, and encouraging plant development. Plants containing alkaloids are frequently employed as traditional remedies, and these chemicals typically have specific pharmacological actions. The majority of alkaloids are in a chiral form which is often appeared in products as racemic compounds, while their enantiomers have been proved to have different pharmacological actions [3]. Flavonoids are a vast category of polyphenolic chemicals with a benzo—pyrone structure that is found in all plants. Phenylpropanoid is their produce’s pathway. Recent interest in these chemicals has been sparked because of the possible health advantages of these antioxidant polyphenolic compounds [4]. The relevance of racemic flavanones stereospecific pomological disposition has been determinated and described in the last 20 years. The majority of these studies report on the measurement of flavanones in citrus fruit juices and herbs [5].
Can all chiral compounds undergo chiral inversion? Maybe no, many compounds still can be considered stable in metabolize process. Why are some enantiomers of plants inverted by enzymes and others are not attacked? The reason lies in the structure. The intent of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive, rather than an exhaustive, appraisal of chiral bio-inversion. This chapter will discuss enzymatic chiral inversion of plants in secondary metabolize and its importance create pharmacology effect. Therefrom, it helps a better understanding of chiral compounds in plants, facilitating the application for drug development from medicinal herbs.
Under selective conditions, racemization or enantiomerization defined as the chiral conversion of enantiomer into its antipode may present in many plants metabolizing. When the chiral molecule enantiomers in herbals interact with a chiral macromolecule-like enzyme, they generate a pair of diastereoisomeric complexes that vary energetically. It is not surprising, then, that the results of enzyme-mediated reactions performed on a pair of enantiomers may differ in type and/or extent. Indeed, given the structure of the enzyme-substrate complex, it is plausible to believe that enantioselectivity is the rule rather than the exception in metabolism. Likewise, the binding of a prochiral substrate to an enzyme may orient two enantiotopic groups differently about the enzyme catalytic site, causing these two groups to become diastereotopic within the enzyme-substrate complex. It’s simple to see how the production of a chiral metabolite from a prochiral substrate may result in stereoselectivity for one isomeric product [6].
At the substrate and product levels, xenobiotic metabolic reactions exhibit two forms of stereoselectivity. As a result, they can be classed according to their stereoselectivity or, if such selectivity is complete, their stereospecificity. Caution while using this latter phrase, because the ability to determination “specificity” is clearly dependent on the analytical approach of the research. The words substrate and product “stereospecificity” were initially introduced to the enzyme-mediated reduction of ketones by Prelog [7], and were later extended to drug metabolic processes by Jenner and Testa [8]. Substrate stereoselectivity is the preferred metabolism of one of two stereoisomers over the other, whereas product stereoselectivity is the preferential production of one stereoisomer over the other stereoisomers that may exist. These two “selectivities” may be so closely related that substrate-product stereoselectivity, i.e., the selective metabolism of one of a pair of enantiomers to form one of several possibly diastereoisomeric products, may also be seen. If the enantiomeric composition of medication or metabolite is detected in the analysis process, data collected from in vivo research on stereochemistry in plants must be regarded with caution (Table 1).
Plant | Enzyme | Stereoselective | Stereospecificity | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Opium poppy | 1,2-dehydroreticuline reductase | (R)-reticuline | [9] | |
Catharanthus roseus | tetrahydroalstonine synthase | (3S,19S,20S)-Tetrahydroalstonine | [10] | |
Claviceps purpurea | Dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase | L-tryptophan | [11] | |
Hyoscyamus niger | Hyoscyamine 6β-hydroxylase | L-hyoscyamine | [12] | |
Berberis koetineana | Tetrahydrobenzyliso-quinoline- | ( | [13] | |
Soybean | Chalcone isomerase | (2S)-flavanone | [14] | |
Dahlia variabilis | Flavanone 4-reductase | (2S)-flavanone | (2S, 4R)-flavan-4-ol | [15] |
Citrus unshiu | Flavonol synthase | (2R,3R)-dihydroflavonol | [16] | |
Glycyrrhiza echinata | Flavanone 2-hydroxylase | (2S)-flavanone | [17] | |
Ginko biloba Pseudotsuga menziesii | Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase | (2R,3R)-dihydroflavonol | (2R, 3S, 4S)-flavan-2,3-trans-3,4-cis-diol | [18] |
Medicago truncatula | Anthocyanidin reductase | (2R, 3R)-flavan-3-ol | [19] | |
Medicago sativa | Isoflavone reductase | (2R)-isoflavanone | [20] | |
Pisum sativum | Hydroxymaackiain-3-Omethyltransferase | (+)-6a-hydroxymaackiain | [21] | |
Desmodium uncinatum | Leucoanthocyanidin 4-reductase | flavan-2,3-trans-3,4-cisdiol | (2R, 3S)-flavan-3-ol | [22] |
Stereoselective and/or specific enzymes of alkaloid and flavonoid compound biosynthesis in plant extract.
Plants are thought to generate over 12,000 distinct alkaloids, which may be classified based on their carbon skeleton structures. Many catalytic stages in alkaloid biosynthesis in plants are catalyzed by enzymes from various protein families.
Since the discovery of morphine in 1806, the complex relationships between opium poppy and the human condition have fueled substantial study into the production of morphinan alkaloids [23]. During the 1960s, significant progress toward route elucidation was made, which supported a major theory [24] that morphine was generated by 1-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid metabolism [25]. Because only the (R)-conformer could undergo additional phenol coupling to the morphinan scaffold, (S)-reticuline emerged as the primary 1-benzylisoquinoline intermediate, with its stereochemical inversion to (R)-reticuline thought to be a critical gateway reaction [26].
The pathway makes use of opium poppy reticuline epimerase, a multi-domain protein composed of the P450 CYP82Y2 linked to an aldo-keto reductase (AKR). CYP82Y2 (1,2-dehydroreticuline synthase, DRS) catalyzes the conversion of (S)-reticuline to 1,2-dehydroreticuline, which is then converted to (R)-reticuline by the AKR module (1,2-dehydroreticuline reductase, DRR) [26]. A second P450 called CYP719B1 then tranforms (R)-reticuline into salutaridine [27, 28]. This procedure includes (R)-reticuline twisting, reorientating and oxidative C–C bond coupling stimulated by CYP719B1 (Figure 1).
Proposed chiral inversion of (S)-reticulin to (R)-reticulin catalyzed by 1,2- dehydroreticuline reductase (DRR) and 1,2-dehydroreticuline reductase (DRR) in
Catharanthus roseus, a medicinal plant, creates three of these isomers: ajmalicine (raubasine), tetrahydroalstonine, and 19-epi-ajmalicine (mayumbine) (Figure 2) [30]. These heteroyohimbines are produced from deglycosylated strictosidine (strictosidine aglycone), as are the bulk of monoterpene indole alkaloids [31]. A glucose unit removal from strictosidine by strictosidine glucosidase (SGD) leads to the formation of a reactive dialdehyde intermediate that can rearrange to generate a variety of isomers [32]. The stability of these isomers by enzyme-catalyzed reduction is thought to be the first step toward the vast chemical variety found in monoterpene indole alkaloids. The tetrahydroalstonine synthase (THAS) is a zinc-dependent medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (MDR) that manufactures the heteroyohimbine tetrahydroalstonine (Figure 2) [33]. Although, these studies showed that THAS is an important enzyme for the heteroyohimbine production, the mechanism by which this enzyme controls the stereoselectivity of the reduction remained unexplained. Moreover, the fact that strictosidine aglycone is also a predrug of some alkaloid scaffolds so constitutes a major branch point in the monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis process [29].
Heteroyohimbine alkaloid biosynthesis. Red highlighted compounds indicate the three diastereomers identified in
Most flavonoid biosynthesis enzymes are extremely stereoselective and/or stereospecific; nonetheless, this assertion is based on just one or a few published findings for numerous enzymes. Flavonoids are produced by the phenylpropanoid pathway, which begins with the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase deamination of phenylalanine (PAL). D-phenylalanine is not a substrate for PAL; it is selective for the naturally occurring L-isomer of phenylalanine [34]. The process mediated by chalcone–flavanone isomerase (CHI), which sets the stereochemistry at C-2 of the flavonoid heterocyclic ring, maybe the most stereo-chemically crucial in flavonoid biosynthesis. CHI is a chemically and structurally well-characterized enzyme that creates (2S)-flavanones from chalcones (Figure 3) [14, 35].
General outline of the flavonoid pathway (PAL: Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, CHS: Chalcone synthase, CHI: Chalcone isomerase, FHT: Flavanone 3β-hydroxylase, FNS Ι: Flavone synthase Ι, FLS: Flavonols synthase, DFR: Dihydroflavonols reductase, ANS: Anthocyanidin synthase). Chiral inversion in flavonoid metabolizes was highlighted by red frame.
Unlike other flavonoid enzymes such as PAL or CHI, the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases flavonol synthase (FLS) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) have wide substrate and product selectivities in vitro (both take flavanone, dihydroflavonol, and leucoanthocyanidin as substrates). Prescott et al. have reported a detailed structural and in vitro research on recombinant flavonol synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana, with a focus on the stereochemistry of substrate and product, have provided information on how they catalyze reactions with their real substrates in vivo [36]. FLS and ANS prefer substrates with natural C-2 and C-3 stereochemistry [(i.e. (2R,3R)- dihydroquercetin for FLS and (2R,3S, 4R/S)- leucoanthocyanin for ANS], but hydroxylate both (2R)- and (2S)-naringenin equally well in vitro, indicating that the C-3 hydroxyl group is important in biasing substrate selectivity [37].
The flavan-3-ols (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin serve as the foundation for proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), a family of molecules of great interest due to their effects on animal health [38]. The C-2 and C-3 stereochemistries of (+)-catechin (2,3-trans) are identical to those of flavonoid pathway intermediates, and a pathway leading from (2R, 3S, 4S)-leucoanthocyanidin to (+)-catechin, catalyzed by leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR), has been illustrated and affirmed by the cloning of a leucoanthocyanidin reducta [22]. LAR belongs to the Reductase–Epimerase–Dehydrogenase protein family, which also includes isoflavone reductase and similar homologs (Figure 4) [39].
The pro-anthocyanidin pathway showing the LAR reaction.
The process catalyzed by anthocyanidin reductase (ANS) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) leads from leucocyanidin to (−)-epicatechin [40]. By operating on an achiral intermediate, ANR, an enzyme with limited sequence similarity to dihydroflavonol reductase, can introduce the 2,3-cis stereochemistry (anthocyanidin). Mechanisms for this reaction have been hypothesized, and it is plausible that more ANR-like enzymes with the potential to introduce different stereochemistries exist (Figure 5) [41].
Pathway for CT biosynthesis placing BAN immediately downstream of ANS.
Chiral inversion is always mediated by enzymes and varies with solvent, pH and temperature. When a molecule has two or more elements of chirality, one of which is configurationally labile, enantiomerization can occur. Many studies have been reported about the chiral compounds inversion such as: evodiamine in Evodia rutaecarpa [42], ephedrine and atropine (Figures 6 and 7) [43].
Structures of (A): (1R,2S)-(−)-ephedrine and (1S,2R)-(+)-ephedrine; (B); (S)-(−)- hyoscyamine and (R)-(+)-hyoscyamine.
Chemical structure of (1a) R-(−)-evodiamine, (1b) S-(+) evodiamine.
Chiral inversion is always mediated by enzymes. One of the most valuable synthetic features of enzymes is their ability to discriminate between enantiomers of racemic substrates [44]. The ratio of stereoisomers is changed mainly by stereospecificity and stereoselectivity of enzymes transformation. The stereoselectivity and stereospecificity of enzymes change dramatically the ratio of drug enantiomers and metabolites enantiomers in biological systems. The enzyme-mediated chiral inversion can be affected by determining expression, substrate affinity and activity of the enzyme. The difference of species and tissue can be different in the rate of the chiral inversion occursion as well as of the routes and mechanisms of inversion [2].
On another hand, the development of strategies that improves the stereoselectivity of enzyme-catalyzed resolutions has been researching. Modification of the substrate, recycling of the product and changing of the reaction conditions are the three most common ways. From now, even enzymes with modest stereoselectivity can be used successfully [44]. Configurational stability depends mainly on the structure and the conditions, especially with solvent, pH and temperature [2].
According to Ngoc Van Thi Nguyen et al. (2013) research, extraction conditions are also can affect the enantiomerization while this study investigated the optimization of the extraction procedure, more specifically the solvent, pH and temperature [42].
In the metabolic chiral inversion research, avoiding spontaneous or chemical racemization of enantiomers is one of the important things [2]. The organic solvent characterism is one other parameter that can significantly interfere with this chiral inversion [45]. The study of Yang SK [46] has shown that racemization half-lives t1/2 of enantiomeric oxazepam were 4.8 min in methanol, while it was 840 min in diethyl ether, and 5000 min in hexane, 4500 min in acetonitrile, etc.
Based on the result of the study of Glass Amanda M. et al. (2012), the data collectively prove that pH has a minute effect on the chiral inversion rate (Figure 8) [48].
Time-dependent changes of D-luciferin substrate. Luciferin racemization under various pHs of 150 mM GTA buffer, under ddH2O, and under a medium was monitored for 12 days. The results are highlighted by colors: pH 5 (purple), pH 6 (blue), pH 7 (orange), pH 8 (wine red), pH 8.5 (green), ddH2O (pink) and DMEM (brown). Even under acidic to neutral conditions, obvious racemization that could not be ignored for long-term experiments were observed. The best condition for inhibiting racemization to maintain D-luciferin optical purity was dissolution in ddH2O [
The pH effect on proton extraction to give the enolate-form of CoA-thioester resulting in chiral inversion [47]. Chiral inversion and sufficient emission intensity were observed at basic pH 8 and 8.9, respectively, whereas only little emission was observed under neutral to acidic conditions.
Enzyme activity is also affected by temperature, which can lead to the chiral inversion efficiency. The research of the effect of temperature on enzyme activity showed that the hydrogen peroxidase activity’s best temperature is 41°C. When this condition is decreased to 37° C, the enzyme activity decreased. Continuing to decrease to 9°C can decrease dramatically the activity of the enzyme. The influence on enzyme flexibility is because of the temperature effect on hydrogen bonds and covalent (Figure 9) [49].
The effect of temperature on enzyme activity [
One of the three majorities of racemic pharmaceuticals are the racemic drugs that only have one eutomer, but the distomer could be transformed into its bioactive antipode by chiral inversion in the body (Table 2) [60].
Plant | Stereoisomer compound | Pharmacological effect | Test model | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Huperzia serrata | Huperzine A and B | Anticholinesterase activity | Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory assay | [50] |
Narcissus jonquilla quail | Jonquailine | Anticancer | Human cancer cell line: A549; OE21; Hs683 U373;SKMEL B16F10 | [51] |
Uncaria rhynchophylla | Speciophylline | Antiplasmodial activity | [52] | |
Isatis indigotica | Isatindigotindoline | Inhibitory effects on β-amyloid aggregation | Thioflavin T (ThT)-binding assay | [53] |
Centaurea maculosa | Trans-flavan-3-ol (+)-catechin | Antibacterial | [54] | |
Citrus fruit | Narirutin, naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin | Antioxidant | DPPH assy | [55] |
Psidium guajava | Quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside | anti-Streptococcus mutans activity | [56] | |
Rhus retinorrhoea | Persicogenin | Anticancer | MCF-7, HeLa, and HT-29 cells | [57] |
Silybum marianum | Silibinin A and Silibinin B | Anticancer | MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells of the control mice | [58] |
Leucosceptrum canum | S-(+)- and R-(−)-leucoflavonines | Aticholinesterase activity | Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory assay | [59] |
Pharmacologic effect of stereoisomer compound in plant extract.
Based on many studies about unnatural alkaloid enantiomers, and the results reviewed here the pharmacological effect of natural isomers is enantioselective. However, unnatural enantiomers also have a pharmacological effect of their own which can be discovered in the future. Morphinans of the unnatural (+)-series, in contrast to the (−)-series which are chemically connected with natural morphine, were found to be do not have pharmacological effects as analgesics in vivo, instead, presented useful antitussive properties (Figure 10) [62].
Biosynthesis of morphine in plants. * These metabolic conversions are highly stereoselective [
(+)- and (−)-spondomine-racemic and dimeric indole alkaloids have been reported in the study of Tian-Yun Jin (2021) [63], especially, (+)-spondomine displayed cytotoxic against the K562 cell line and exhibited Wnt and HIF1. Moreover, all of them were found to be active in promoted angiogenesis and moderate antiinflammation.
Oleracein E (OE) (8,9-dihydroxy-1,5,6,10b-tetrahydro-2H25 pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline-3-one), an alkaloid possessing tetrahydroisoquinoline and pyrrolidone skeletons. It was reported to have a lot of pharmacological effects such as: anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-hypoxia, anti-oxidant, skeleton-relaxant, hypolipidaemic, analgesic, hypoglycemic, cognition-improvement and neuroprotective functions, especially the optical isomer of (+)-oleracein E (OE) called (−)-trolline has remarkable antibacterial as well as moderate antiviral activity against influenza viruses A and B [64].
According to Blair, Lachlan M. (2016) [65], (−)-Foveoglin A (5) exhibited cytotoxicity against a panel of cancer cell lines, while (+)-isofoveoglin (7) and (−)-cyclofoveoglin (8) were weakly cytotoxic, and (+)-foveoglin B (6) was inactive (Figures 11 and 12).
Aglain and aglaforbesin flavoalkaloids 1–7, 10–12 [
Aglain and aglaforbesin flavoalkaloids 8, 9 [
Characterize the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of pinocembrin and pinostrobin and their bioactivity in some in vitro investigation with relevant roles in heart disease, colon cancer, and diabetes etiology and pathophysiology [66]. These investigations have revealed that chiral differences in the chemical structure of these compounds result in significant pharmacodynamic differences. Pinocembrin and pinostrobin demonstrated concentration-dependent alpha amylase inhibitory activity. While pinocembrin also has anti-inflammatory antioxidant in the pure S-enantiomer and racemate.
Racemic liquiritigenin is proved to be a dose-dependent inhibition of alpha-amylase enzyme whereas its pure enantiomers did not have this bioactivity. Racemic liquiritigenin showed moderate antiproliferative activity on an HT-29 cancer cell line that was also dose-dependent and had inhibitory effects on the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme [67].
Racemic liquiritigenin, which was dose-dependent, has been proved its moderate antiproliferative activity on a cancer cell line_ HT-29, and inhibitory effects on the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme [67]. The nature type of naringenin, hesperetin and hesperidin is S - enantiomer, but both R and S enantiomers can have biological activities such as: antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory [68]. The two enantiomers of equol: R-(+)-equol and S-(−)-equol have been researched in antitumor activity which shown a significant decrease in the number of palpable tumors presented in animals feeding R-(+)-equol compared to the S-(−)-equol’s result (Figure 13).
Chemical structure of daidzein (a) and its metabolites (b and c).
Chiral inversion is always mediated by enzymes and varies with solvent, pH and temperature. Considerable attention should be paid to the mechanism of the inversion reaction and its pharmacological and toxicological results. Recent advances in chiral analysis for the herbal plants in clinical research & forensic toxicology by experiments in which one enantiomer was given to the experiment subjects in a specific situation. Demonstration of metabolic chiral inversion demonstration may give an answer for the development of a new pharmaceutical entity. Understanding more about the factors facilitating such interconversions may considerably aid herbal plant development thanks to this feature determination at an early stage and thereby reducing bioanalytical and toxicology workload.
The authors would like to express their hearty gratitude to Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy. We also thank all of our colleagues for their excellent assistance.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Tidal energy influences deltaic components, regulates morphodynamic processes and facilitates onshore sedimentation worldwide [1, 2, 3]. Regular inundation of the intertidal terrain sustains the Ganga-Brahmaputra (G-B) deltaic plain. Since the pre-colonial era, the unified G-B delta region in both India and Bangladesh, witnessed construction of earthen embankments along the tidal channels, rivers, coastal stretches and also within the deltaic plain to prevent flooding, salinity intrusion and land erosion [4, 5]. Referred to by the Dutch term ‘polder’, there are low-lying floodplain tracts which are enclosed by the dykes and used for rice cultivation and aquaculture in Bangladesh [2]. These partly-engineered structures not only restrain standard range of tidal flooding but also seize large areas of formerly intertidal landscape. Over the years, the entangled network of rivers fuelling life to the vast stretch of mangrove forests in both India and Bangladesh Sundarbans, has been reduced and the fresh water discharge has been deterred since the rivers got disconnected due to upstream interferences like large barrage and dam installations [5, 6]. In addition, more complex human interventions due to increased population, irrigation, economic activities in terms of flow of goods and requirement for maintaining larger scale infrastructure have magnified the fragilities of the delta over time. For past centuries, a number of embankments have been built in the south-western side (the Indian Sundarban) totaling to about 3638 km in length [6, 7]. In Bangladesh Sundarban, emerging, more than 129 polders have been constructed in the upstream areas encompassing 13,000 km2 of land or, about 44 percent of the total area in deltaic Bangladesh [6, 8].
Several researches in past few years have documented substantial lowering of coastal tracts indicating greater risk of submergence by sea-level rise and amplified inundation by storm surges [2, 7, 9]. This elevation loss is attributed to the sedimentation within embanked channels conjoined with sediment compaction within intertidal platform and removal of forest biomass [2, 9]. Middlekoop
Created by the confluence of the Ganges, Meghna and Brahmaputra rivers and their myriad distributaries, the Sundarbans constitutes the southern end of the Ganga- Brahmaputra delta in Bangladesh and West Bengal (India). The geographically undivided Sundarban tract (Figure 1) stretches approximately 260 km. west–east along the Bay of Bengal from the Hugli River estuary at the western segment in India to the Meghna River at the east in Bangladesh. Situated at the littoral fringe of the world’s largest deltaic landscape and shrouded by magnificent thicket of mangroves, the Sundarbans has a total area of roughly 10,200 km2, about 60 percent of which is in Bangladesh and 40 percent in India [6]. This intertidal region receives saline influx from the Bay of Bengal twice a day, whilst is also bathed with freshwater flow from the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna River System [12]. Constituted by total 102 islands, the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve (SBR) in India is bordered by 54 inhabited islands to the north with a repugnantly contrasting human-modified landscape and the rest are within the mangrove Reserve Forest area. In Bangladesh the mangroves are sheltered in the Sundarban Reserve Forest which is starkly surrounded by polders, shrimp farms and settlement to the north.
The integrated indo-Bangladesh Sundarbans. Image details: True color image, (Landsat TM, 1992).
Constructed primarily by fluvial processes, the delta is now maintained almost exclusively by tidal actions and contributed by acute water-surface gradients along the interconnecting tidal channels. The major fluvial systems has either disjoined or migrated to the east and eliminated the most direct fluvial input at the Indian section of the delta due to the Farakka barrage or the Ganges Treaty which was operationalized between India and Bangladesh in 1975. Inevitably, it decreased the perennial flow by diverting a maximum 1133 cumec of water through the feeder canal through Bhagirathi-Hugli river system of West Bengal (India) [6]. Due to this upstream diversion, the distributaries of the Bhagirathi-Hugli have either been disconnected by siltation or dried. Presently freshwater in the rivers contributing to Sundarban is negligible or mostly absent except during monsoon months [6]. In eastern section (Bangladesh) Gorai-Modhumoti-Passur river systems still contribute substantially unlike the Mathabhanga-Kapotaksha-Sibsa river system which once was significant but deteriorated subsequently.
Coupled with this severe shortage in fresh water discharge from upstream, especially at the Bengal section, incessant embanking at the downstream water courses has notably affected the salinity regimes in the rivers and creeks of the lower section of the delta including Sundarbans. The lower-gradient fluvio-tidal section in the south-east (Bangladesh) is advancing into the sea with comparatively steady-state channels contrary to the fluvially discarded tidal section in the south-west (India) which is accreting vertically but also declining irreversibly in certain sections [6, 13]. However, periodic flooding of the land surface during the tidal cycle coupled with enormous sediment delivery during the monsoon (wet season) promotes sediment accumulation and heterogeneous surface elevation gain through time [9, 14]. Sediment transport is landward and to the south-west in the Bengal section (India) [13]. Indeed, the flood defensive structures have terminated the pathways of sediment conveyance and inland sediment transport for much of the lower delta region, especially at the south-west section. Thriving at the southern end of the G-B delta and constituting about 47 percent of the deltaic coastline, the Sundarbans as a complex socio-ecological system with i) extended fluvio-deltaic plains, ii) agriculture and shrimp farming and iii) tide-dominated morphodynamic processes, is the focus area of the chapter.
At the dawn of colonial period the Sundarbans was sparsely populated teeming with profuse flora and fauna as pointed out by Hunter in an essay published in his book ‘A Statistical Account of Bengal’ [15]. The East India Company presented an image of the tracts that were not under the government’s lease and thus, they conferred tenure and activated their revenue-yielding process through the conversion of inaccessible ‘wastelands’ into paddy lands as early as 1770s [16, 17]. At this time, they also noticed the dilapidated condition of the hitherto built ‘public’ embankments or mud bunds which were supposed to be maintained by
According to Hunter [15] a major part of reclamation work included in keeping out the lateral flow of saline water and thus, bringing the marsh lands under rice cultivation. In availing this method, all the inlets from the channels were embanked, and smaller channels called
In almost all shallow and active tide-dominated platforms like the southern part of G-B delta, tidal inlets or creeks play a crucial role in governing local morphodynamic behavior and maintaining equilibrium at the landscape level. The equilibrium is achieved by the dynamic interplays among the landscape components which are materials, processes and forms. When the river influx and tidal forcing, averaged over a seasonal cycle are sufficiently steady, tidal channels can evolve towards near-stable morphology. In high discharge phases during wet seasons sediment export is promoted by high transport capacity of rivers which reduces tidal deformation. In contrast, stunted river discharge as a sequel of dry seasons, advocates flooding and facilitates sediment imports only from the estuarine mouth [14]. Hence, the tidal motion balances the delta morphology at the landscape scale as the sediment import during low flow balances sediment export during maximum flow within a seasonal cycle [14, 27]. In fact, the tidal distributaries or creeks, exhibit lesser migration rates and also, are not easily flooded by the river because of opposing non-linear interactivity between river discharge and the tide [28]. This results in more uniform and balanced distribution of discharge across the channels. Historical satellite imagery from the Sundarban mangrove forest depicts that the tidal-channel network in the region has been quasi stable since the 1970s with <2 percent net change in the length of waterways and meager changes in channel widths. Indeed, morphological equilibrium of the tidal inlets is not only dependent on the freshwater discharge, but also sediment transport coupled with grain size characteristics, tidal prism and tidal asymmetry i.e. high energy short duration flood tides, and low energy long duration ebb tides [29].
The bi-directional flow associated with tidal rise and fall, generating huge volume of water inland with amplitude reaching more than 4–7 m during spring tides, is called tidal prism. As the tidal oscillations conduct sediment from the shelf across the delta plain, up to 120 km towards hinterland the tidal prism retains substantial suspended sediment concentrations [30]. Suspended sediment amount may be estimated by the widely applied form:
where, Qs represents suspended sediment discharge (kg s−1) and Q indicates water discharge (m3 s−1). With the propagation of tidal wave up channel non-linear frictional distortions and relative depths of channel beds induce differences in magnitude and duration between flood and ebb tidal waves, also known as tidal asymmetry [33, 34]. The tidal approach of within G-B delta of south-western section (India) depicts pronounced flood dominance and rising tide turns the estuarine channels into sediment sink. Sediment convergence takes place at the turbidity maximum zone (Figure 2) where sediments are trapped by outrushing freshwater discharge and onshore tidal deluge. The sediments typically precipitate as velocities decline at the end of the transport path along the upstream reaches of the tidal channels or on the intertidal mangrove platform and small creeks and the process is further sustained by relatively low flow velocity of the falling tide [30, 35]. This tidal pumping [33] is imperative in facilitating vertical accretion in the plains which receive little or no sediment influx from upstream barring Hugli (India) and Baleshwari river (Bangladesh). Sediment deposition at the Sundarbans mangrove platform is measured up to 96x106 tons per year which is 10 percent of the annual sediment content of the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system [6].
(a) Sediment transport pattern within the tide-dominated estuarine landscape, after ozCoasts (
A unit-scale analysis [2] at 48 stations of deltaic Bangladesh, reports that the annual sediment content of the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system (~1.1 Gt yr.−1) is competent to aggrade the entire deltaic system at rates of >0.5 cm yr.−1, provided there is an effective riparian energy enabling dispersal of sediment to various reaches of the delta and also, substantial tidal exchanges carrying the sediment inland supplementing to vertical accretion of the delta. Through their seasonal investigations Rogers
Province | Surface area (km2) | Storage (106 t a−1) | Percent of total sediment discharge of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra* |
---|---|---|---|
Bangladesh | 4800 | 62.4 | 6.2 |
India | 3000 | 13–32 | 1.3–3.2 |
Total | 8000 | 77.4–96.4 | 8–10 |
As implied by the studies of Hale
On other hand, Syavitski
Based on the model of Syvitski
Reclamation of the landscape (Figure 3) with hard, consolidated embankment causes wave and current deflection from the base of the wall causing basal scouring and subsequent subsidence and overtopping. As the cross-sectional area is reduced due to exclusion of intertidal part by reclamation, sedimentation takes place on the channel bed and thereby, raises its elevation [39]. On the flip side, the interior part of islands remains sediment starved and thus subsides due to compaction and de-watering [40, 41]. This develops a reverse gradient with lower central position. Once flooded, water enters into the island and is unable to drain back to the channels (Figure 4b).
Embankments and polders in the indo-Bangladesh Sundarbans [
(a) Typical south-western deltaic landscape with embankment, (b) cross-section of the delta plain: River bed lies above the land behind embankment, (c) post-cyclone (‘Amphan’, 2020) damages of earthen embankment in Indian Sundarban.
Formerly, widespread sedimentation could be possible in the active stretches as the tidal distributaries tended to migrate or witness landward transgression across the plain for maintaining their position within coastal energy gradient [38]. But unplanned construction of these flood defensive walls have hindered the channel migration process and reduced the capacity of small channels to navigate into the larger one. Estuarine transgression, however, is a two-stage process in which lateral erosion of the seaward margins of salt marshes and upper mudflats is balanced by vertical accretion on their surfaces so that their landward margins frontier forward. But the embankments are standing between these two processes, permitting the erosion to take place to seaward preventing the accretion to landward [41]. Moreover, a number of interior creeks and estuaries are exposed to unprecedented siltation, especially at the western part of the lower delta stretch, as a consequence of reduction in tidal spill [42].
Four types of embankments are commonly built at the south-western section of the delta: i) 2 m high earthen wall bordering small tidal channels, ii) 2 m high earthen wall with brick pitching on island margins, iii) 3 m high wall with brick pitching on wave exposed coastal tracts, iv) 3.67 m high wall with boulder pitching on eroding stretches [6]. On other hand the tidal creeks of Sundarbans are classed as meso-macro tidal having amplitude ranging from 2 to 5.5 m. The incoming tidal waves during spring tides and wet months often achieve the height of more than 3 m (often 4 m) to overtop the barrier and thereby, enter into the agricultural lands [40]. Clearly, this positive feedback loop discards the embankments as a protective wall from saline water. Further, deep foundation of embankments impairs the dynamic interconnection between ground water table and river by retarding influent and effluent seepage [43]. The embankment on the bank is affected by the hydrostatic pressure causing uplift and dislodgement of such structures. The scouring of the bank along the concave side of meander and heavy weight of overlying structure often leads to collapse of the banks.
Beginning in the late 1960s and continuing to the early 1980s, ~5000 km2 of the low-lying tidal delta plain of Bangladesh section was embanked and converted to densely inhabited, agricultural islands i.e., polders. From this section of Bangladesh Wilson
Standard polder system of the south-eastern section (Bangladesh) of the delta. Siltation within tidal channels result in formation of
Year | Poldered Area | Natural Area | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1973 | 2003 | 2013 | 1973 | 2003 | 2013 | |
Length of tidal channels outside of polders (km) | 1891 | 783 | 782 | 1964 | 1987 | 1981 |
Length of tidal channels obstructed by polders (km) | 0 | 1108 | 1108 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Length of tidal channels outside of polders with >50% obstruction [ | 0 | 355 | 420 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
−59% | 1% | |||||
45% | 54% | 0% |
Summary of results from GIS analysis (1973–2013), after Wilson
The massive shrinkage in inter-tidal areas by the artificial barriers affected natural ability of the system to respond to and dissipate flood energy. In many parts of the delta, the land behind the barriers is now lower than the inter-tidal areas or channel beds: an apparent sign that the system dynamics has been disrupted (Figure 4). Construction of marginal levees increases channel depth and accentuates flood dominance which further, aggravate sedimentation at the channel bed as the channel tries to restore its equilibrium [46]. The major waterways lose their original widths. Consequently, the ‘conduit’ channel beds procure substantial elevation by infilling processes as opposed to the land behind the embankments. In the state of morphological equilibrium, length of a resonant macro-tidal estuary like the Hugli (Indian section), tends to equal a quarter of the tidal wavelength (L) [46, 47], i.e. 0.25 L. As explained by Bandyopadhyay (1997), the tidal wavelength (L) is determined by the following equation:
Where, T is tidal period (constant in a given locality), g is gravitational acceleration (a constant) and D is mean depth of the estuary (the only variable). Reclamation by restricting the area of tidal spill through marginal embankments increases the mean depth and leaves the estuary out of equilibrium to which it tries to return by active in-channel sedimentation and bank erosion to decrease mean depth [5]. With its length 0.17 (i.e. less than a quarter) of its tidal wavelength, this is the situation of the Hugli estuary [5].
Post-storm (category-I cyclone ‘Aila’, 2009) investigation of Auerbach
On other hand, there has been substantial channel infilling by interlaminated silt and mud in association with reduced tidal prism and current velocities outside polder walls. The combination of these geomorphic responses has led to many channel beds becoming shallower than polder elevations, which exacerbates water-logging in polders [2, 13]. Wilson
Mangrove swamps, with interspersed tidal channels flanked by the estuary, serve as a depocentre for fine sediment. It is important to note that, interaction between fresh water and saline tidal water at the mineral-rich turbidity maximum zone leads to flocculation or aggregation of clay or silt particles, followed by the settlement of macro-flocs [26, 50]. Diurnal and semi-diurnal tidal deluge deforms significantly inside the mesh of mangrove trees and intertwining roots. As the sediment-laden tidal water enters to the platform, the flow speed is slackened by the dense distribution of aerial roots and further, turbulence is generated by flow around the trees and roots. The turbulence induces eddy formation leading to collision of particles and development of flocs. Here, settling of flocculated sediments takes a shorter time (<30 minutes) during the flood-ebb transition. Settling is also enabled by sticking of microbial mucus and percolation of water through animal burrows on the swamp floor [50]. Hence, sediment trapping on the floor plays a dominant role in building new land and further, sheltering mangrove ecosystem.
Reversing tidal flows complement exchange of materials, such as nutrients, dissolved oxygen, mangrove litter etc. between mangrove areas and coastal waters [36]. In addition, viviparous germination of mangroves in association with unique propagule dispersal and subsequent, seedling establishment processes are supported by the gentle slope of bottom substrate, loose bottom sediments and water inundation into the swamp area and channels during the tidal period. Mangrove propagules have an obligate dispersal phase for several weeks before the radicle extends for root development. The dispersal depends on their buoyancy, longevity and action of tides and currents. After the period of obligate dispersal the healthy propagules anchor at the soft, muddy slope of channel banks and swamps. Mangrove propagules are not only the key to mangrove propagation and regeneration, but also are significant storage potentials to atmospheric carbon [51]. Moreover, species-level zonation and distribution of mangroves are attributable to the dispersal and seedling anchorage patterns. For instance, freshly fallen gray mangrove propagules, such as
The mangrove environment should be understood as a component of the total ecosystem that comprises the river basin, river, and estuarine and coastal waters, forming an ecohydrology system that should be considered holistically [17]. Physical processes within the mangrove swamps of the Sundarbans, especially, processes of water movement, are imperative in maintaining the functional characteristics of the mangrove ecosystem and building new land. Water circulation and the dispersion of material in mangrove swamps control both the aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity and nourish mangrove colonies. Frequency of tidal inundation, volume of tidal prism, duration of flooding at long time scales and salinity gradients determine species-level structural and phenological variability of mangrove forests [36]. But the brick dykes along the water bodies have fragmented the network of tidal channels and mangrove areas in the lower stretch of the delta, especially at the south-western section. As the embankments disjoin forest-river alliance in the buffer and transition areas of the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve (SBR, India), it inevitably, influence the tidal inundation pattern at the core area forest swamps. As mentioned before, inflated tidal prism within the enclosed tidal channel further reduces sediment entrainment towards the forest swamps, instead deposit it on the channel bed giving it a higher elevation. Hence, the swamp elevation gets lowered by sediment deprivation over time which, in turn, affects the zonation pattern of mangroves. Looy
Representative vegetation profile along a mud bank without embankment [
Excavation of burrows or ‘bioturbation’ by fiddler crabs (genus
Embankment structures, surrounding the islands, hinder free dispersal of mangrove propagules and thereby, affect mangrove regeneration in the Indian Sundarban (IRS 1D, LISS-III, 2002).
The embanked and poldered landscape is incompetent to withstand the current pace of sea-level rise and storm surges. Even, implementation of management plan is seemingly complicated at the present form of social and political alignments in both the countries. However, there prevails severe lack of researches about environmentally and socially suitable management aspects. Wilson
The role of mangroves in protecting coasts against storms and coastal erosion has been widely acknowledged. Sea level rise and tidal hydraulics entanglements often result in erosion of sea-facing islands and estuary margins and thereby curtail the land area progressively. Indeed, conservation and restoration of mangrove forests are crucial in order to protect the island as well as prevent the surge of sediment input inland. At this juncture, planting mangroves on the artificially built sediment terraces alternated by brick blocks on the embankment slopes might occupy some amount of sediment as well as protect the banks. However, Aamir and Sharma [55] have experimented with the novel ‘Porcupine system’ which regulates flow energy at a definite reach of river, prevents scouring at the bottom river bank and induces sedimentation. A Porcupine is a unit with six bars which are joined by iron nuts and bolts giving it a tetrahedral frame. In real sense, the frame acts as a substitute of a tree in effectuating turbulence generation and resisting sediment entrainment by flow of water (Figure 8). The technique, however, might be applicable in poldered tracts by linking the area with the surrounding tidal channel through a narrow conduit. Once a part of the excessive sediment-laden water is passed to the depressed polder area the porcupine frames on the depressed area could retard the flow energy and facilitate sediment accumulation. Indeed, the height and spacing between the Porcupine frames need to be relative to the amount of incoming water within a tidal cycle.
(a) Sediment deposition around porcupine units in river Brahmaputra, (b) three-dimensional sketch of a porcupine unit, after Aamir and Sharma [
Already established earthen walls pressurize the soft, compressible riverine soils and the collapsing tendency temporarily brings disastrous impacts on the livelihoods of the region. Geotextile as a state-of-the-art geosynthetic-reinforced structure is considered to be one of the useful and cost-effective environmental applications, especially for embankment management [56, 57]. Geotextiles are flexible and permeable continuous sheets of woven, non-woven or knitted fibers or yarns. Geogrids which are uniformly placed array of apertures between their longitudinal and transverse elements, permit direct contact between soil particles on either side of the sheet. Geocells are relatively thick, three-dimensional networks constructed from strips of polymeric sheet. The strips are conjoined to form interconnected cells which are filled with soil and sometimes concrete (Figure 9). Geotextile layers intensify the embankment stability by virtue of two primary functions: tensile reinforcement and as a drainage element reducing pore pressures [58].
Different types of geosynthetic methods to control stability and settlement of embankments. (a) Two-layered geotextiles with folded ends, (b) embankment with vertical piles or geogrids and (c) embankment with geocells [
Apart from the aforementioned methods, plantation of long-rooted vetiver grass (Figure 10) (
Naturally grown clump of vetiver grass at Kuakata, Bangladesh. Image courtesy: Islam [
Estuarine stretch of the G-B delta plain is considered to be a broad system with nature-wetland subsystem and human-social sub-system being interconnected to one another. Embankment as a product of the human-social processes plays a key role in governing the steady-state of the entire system. The ever escalating population has left this fragile plain densely settled. Furthermore, as livelihood generation and increasing demand for food are two key concerns behind agriculture, the inhabitants of this region perform a consistent task of protecting their lands from being swallowed by saline water. Embankments, in fact, made cultivation in apparent saline soil possible since historical past. The system is, however, disturbed and the functions of different components of the landscape are modified due to the stark separation between the two subsystems. While embankment breaching is seemingly destructive to the land use and livelihoods of the inhabitants, the long-term impacts of these walls by far more dubious to the deltaic physical and ecological processes. This chapter documents here, i) changing tidal inundation pattern and morphodynamic characteristics within the tidal channels or primary creeks due to the artificial structures, ii) shifting of sediment deposition and channel infilling as contrasted to previously intertidal deltaic plain and iii) gradual alteration to mangrove functionalities and habitat with respect to seedling establishment, swamp flooding and fragmentation. Most of the suspended sediment that is imported landward on flood tides is instead deposited within channels, resulting in the infilling and closure of >600 km of intertidal channels and emergence of ~90 km2 of new land in the southwest delta [13]. Current researches as representative of mean annual sedimentation in the central fluvial-tidal G-B delta indicates that the cumulative vertical accretion rate (2.3 cm y−1) is over two times higher than sedimentation within the natural intertidal setting of the Sundarbans [61]. Explicitly, the chapter attempts to reassess the previous studies and searches for feasible and sustainable routes to delimit the degree of nature-society conflicts in this embanked landscape.
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\\n\\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\\n\\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\\n\\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\\n\\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\\n\\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\\n\\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\\n\\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Pristupom na stranicu www.intechopen.com slažete se s ovim odredbama, sa svim primjenjivim zakonskim odredbama, te se slažete s poštovanjem svih lokalnih zakona. Korištenje i/ili pristup ovoj stranici temelji se na potpunom prihvaćanju ovih odredbi. Svi materijali na ovoj stranici zaštićeni su primjenjivim zakonima o autorskim pravima i žigu.
\n\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\n\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\n\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\n\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\n\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\n\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\n\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\n\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\n\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\n\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\n\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Presently, SEMDP is focused on drought and heavy precipitation monitoring over Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Space-based data and derived products form critical part of meteorological services’ operations for weather monitoring; however, satellite products are still not fully utilized for climate applications. Using SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products, it would be possible to monitor extreme precipitation events with uniform spatial coverage and over various time periods – pentad, weekly, 10 days, monthly and longer time-scales. In this chapter, SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products over the Asia-Pacific region produced by the Earth Observation Research Center/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (EORC/JAXA) and the Climate Prediction Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (CPC/NOAA) are introduced. Case studies for monitoring (i) drought in Australia in July-October 2007 and September 2018 and (ii) heavy precipitation over Australia in December 2010 and Thailand and the Peninsular Malaysia in November-December 2014 which caused widespread flooding are also presented. Satellite observations are compared with in situ data to demonstrate value of satellite-derived estimates of precipitation for drought and heavy rainfall monitoring.",book:{id:"7767",slug:"rainfall-extremes-distribution-and-properties",title:"Rainfall",fullTitle:"Rainfall - Extremes, Distribution and Properties"},signatures:"Yuriy Kuleshov, Toshiyuki Kurino, Takuji Kubota, Tomoko Tashima and Pingping Xie",authors:[{id:"102903",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuriy",middleName:null,surname:"Kuleshov",slug:"yuriy-kuleshov",fullName:"Yuriy Kuleshov"}]},{id:"51411",doi:"10.5772/63960",title:"Coastal Tsunami Warning with Deployed HF Radar Systems",slug:"coastal-tsunami-warning-with-deployed-hf-radar-systems",totalDownloads:1736,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"We describe the evolution of coastal HF radar observations of tsunamis, first proposed in 1979 and developed after the 2004 Indonesia and 2011 Japan tsunamis to allow routine monitoring to detect an approaching tsunami. Oceanographic tsunami theory is summarized, both for the fundamental equations of motion and in the ray optics and Green's Law approximations; the latter can be applied when water depths are slowly varying. Observations of the current velocities caused by the 2011 Japan tsunami off the Japanese, the US West, and Chilean coasts are described and examples are shown. These observations led to the development of an empirical tsunami detection method, which is outlined. Examples of offline tsunami detections are given and detection times are compared with arrival times at neighboring tide gauges. We describe the observation and offline detection of the June 2013 meteotsunami off the New Jersey coast using coastal radar systems and tide gauges. Methods to model and simulate tsunami velocities are described and videos of the resulting velocity/height maps are given. We describe preliminary methods for evaluating the suitability of radar sites for tsunami detection using simulated tsunami velocities. Factors affecting tsunami detectability are discussed and methods are described for the alleviation of false alarms.",book:{id:"5316",slug:"tsunami",title:"Tsunami",fullTitle:"Tsunami"},signatures:"Belinda Lipa, Donald Barrick and James Isaacson",authors:[{id:"184807",title:"Dr.",name:"Belinda",middleName:null,surname:"LIpa",slug:"belinda-lipa",fullName:"Belinda LIpa"}]},{id:"51183",doi:"10.5772/63956",title:"Tsunamis in Sweden: Occurrence and Characteristics",slug:"tsunamis-in-sweden-occurrence-and-characteristics",totalDownloads:1725,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"In the last 13,000 years, there are 17 tsunami events recorded in Sweden. This chapter highlights the characteristics of two high-magnitude events from the deglacial period and three events from Late Holocene age.",book:{id:"5316",slug:"tsunami",title:"Tsunami",fullTitle:"Tsunami"},signatures:"Nils-Axel Mörner",authors:[{id:"15619",title:"Dr.",name:"Nils-Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Morner",slug:"nils-axel-morner",fullName:"Nils-Axel Morner"}]},{id:"64194",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80037",title:"Geo-Statistical Assessment of the Intensity, Duration, Frequency and Trend of Drought over Gangetic West Bengal, Eastern India",slug:"geo-statistical-assessment-of-the-intensity-duration-frequency-and-trend-of-drought-over-gangetic-we",totalDownloads:1568,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"This chapter presents spatio-temporal (1901–2002) appraisal of the intensity, duration, frequency and trend of drought over Gangetic West Bengal (GWB), Eastern India using standardized precipitation index (SPI). The study reveals that, after 1950s the magnitude of deficit precipitation has increased substantially. Stepping up of the mean intensity of most intense drought events; average drought duration; severe and extreme drought frequency in this agricultural tract at the latter half of the twentieth century are also some alarming events. The western degraded plateau is more sensitive to extreme droughts but, the impact is expected to be rigorous over the adjacent areas. In an nutshell this work provides the evidences demonstrating the intensification of aridity in the northern Rarh plain and moribund delta which may corresponds to degradation and lowering of water resources especially ground water which may also lead to increase of socio-economic vulnerability to drought. Such altered hydrolo-meteorological system hence calls for review of the agricultural practices and water use in this counterpart.",book:{id:"7484",slug:"topics-in-hydrometerology",title:"Topics in Hydrometerology",fullTitle:"Topics in Hydrometerology"},signatures:"Krishna Gopal Ghosh",authors:[{id:"257980",title:"Dr.",name:"Krishna Gopal",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",slug:"krishna-gopal-ghosh",fullName:"Krishna Gopal Ghosh"}]},{id:"67666",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86774",title:"Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Patterns in Jeddah City, KSA: Future Impacts",slug:"statistical-analysis-of-rainfall-patterns-in-jeddah-city-ksa-future-impacts",totalDownloads:1200,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Recently, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has been facing significant changes in rainstorm patterns (rainstorm intensities, frequencies, distributions) causing many flash flood events. The city of Jeddah is located in a coastal plain area, in the middle of the western side of the KSA, which represents a clear case of changing rainstorm patterns. Jeddah has been hit by many rainstorm events, which increased dramatically since 2009 (e.g., one in 2009, one in 2011, one in 2015, and another one happened in 2017). However, in 2018 about six rainstorms occurred. Two major flash flood events occurred in the city in November 2009 and in January 2011. There were significant impacts of these two events causing severe flooding. During these events, 113 persons were announced dead (in the 2009 event), and infrastructures and properties were damaged (roads and highways, more than 10,000 homes and 17,000 vehicles). In addition to that, dam failure occurred in the 2011 event. This situation gives clear evidence in changing the climate system that could cause more storms in the future across the KSA. Generally, Jeddah city has a lack of short-duration data in rainfall stations. In addition to that, there are a limited number of studies that have been done in determining rainstorm patterns. Consequently, the approach of the current study will focus on understanding and determining rainstorm patterns in the period between 2011 and 2017 depending on some digital rainfall stations that have been installed recently in Jeddah city. Rainstorm pattern and the method of distribution are the most crucial factors affecting peak flow and volume calculations. Our findings showed that there are two pattern types for the rainstorms in Jeddah city. Finally, a comparison with SCS-type II distribution was carried out.",book:{id:"7767",slug:"rainfall-extremes-distribution-and-properties",title:"Rainfall",fullTitle:"Rainfall - Extremes, Distribution and Properties"},signatures:"Mazen M. Abu Abdullah, Ahmed M. Youssef, Fawzy Nashar and Emad Abu AlFadail",authors:[{id:"188462",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Youssef",slug:"ahmed-youssef",fullName:"Ahmed Youssef"},{id:"289794",title:"Mr.",name:"Mazen",middleName:"Mustafa",surname:"Abu Abdulla",slug:"mazen-abu-abdulla",fullName:"Mazen Abu Abdulla"},{id:"296737",title:"Mr.",name:"Fawzy",middleName:null,surname:"Nashar",slug:"fawzy-nashar",fullName:"Fawzy Nashar"},{id:"296738",title:"Mr.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Abu AlFadail",slug:"emad-abu-alfadail",fullName:"Emad Abu AlFadail"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"75865",title:"The Role of Statistical Methods and Tools for Weather Forecasting and Modeling",slug:"the-role-of-statistical-methods-and-tools-for-weather-forecasting-and-modeling",totalDownloads:404,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The need to understand the role of statistical methods for the forecasting of climatological parameters cannot be trivialized. This study gives an in depth review on the different variations of the Mann-Kendall (M-K) trend test and how they can be applied, regression techniques (Simple and Multiple), the Angstrom-Prescott model for solar radiation, etc. The study then goes ahead to apply some of them with data obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet), and applying tools like the python programming language and Wolfram Mathematica. Results show that the maximum ambient temperature for Calabar is increasing (Z = 2.52) significantly after the calculated p-value <0.05 (significant level). The seasonal M-K test was also applied for the dry and wet seasons and both were found to be increasing (Z = 3.23 and Z = 4.04 respectively) after their calculated p-values <0.05. The relationship between refractivity and other meteorological parameters relating to it was discerned using partial differential equations giving the gradient of each with refractivity; this was compared with results from the correlation matrix to show that the water vapor contents of the atmosphere contributes significantly to the variation of refractivity. Multiple linear regression has also been adopted to give an accurate model for the prediction of refractivity in the region after the residual error between the calculated refractivity and predicted refractivity was minimal.",book:{id:"8485",slug:"weather-forecasting",title:"Weather Forecasting",fullTitle:"Weather Forecasting"},signatures:"Emmanuel P. Agbo",authors:[{id:"337554",title:"Mr.",name:"Emmanuel P.",middleName:"Paul",surname:"Agbo",slug:"emmanuel-p.-agbo",fullName:"Emmanuel P. Agbo"}]},{id:"70625",title:"Response of the Coastal Ocean to Tropical Cyclones",slug:"response-of-the-coastal-ocean-to-tropical-cyclones",totalDownloads:719,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The Northwest Pacific and the South China Sea region are the birthplaces of most monsoon disturbances and tropical cyclones and are an important channel for the generation and transmission of water vapor. The Northwest Pacific plays a major role in regulating interdecadal and long-term changes in climate. China experiences the largest number of typhoon landfalls and the most destructive power affected by typhoons in the world. The hidden dangers of typhoon disasters are accelerating with the acceleration of urbanization, the rapid development of economic construction and global warming. The coastal cities are the most dynamic and affluent areas of China’s economic development. They are the strong magnetic field that attracts international capital in China, and are also the most densely populated areas and important port groups in China. Although these regions are highly developed, they are vulnerable to disasters. When typhoons hit, the economic losses and casualties caused by gale, heavy rain and storm surges were particularly serious. This chapter reviews the response of coastal ocean to tropical cyclones, included sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, storm surge simulation and extreme rainfall under the influence of tropical cyclones.",book:{id:"8974",slug:"current-topics-in-tropical-cyclone-research",title:"Current Topics in Tropical Cyclone Research",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Tropical Cyclone Research"},signatures:"Zhiyuan Wu and Mack Conde",authors:null},{id:"51562",title:"About the Concept of the Environment Recycling—Energy (ERE) in the Romanian Steel Industry",slug:"about-the-concept-of-the-environment-recycling-energy-ere-in-the-romanian-steel-industry",totalDownloads:1815,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This paper takes as its starting point an analysis of the ecological functioning of the electric arc furnace (EAF). Thus, we present a classification of emissions generated by EAF, including limits of variation in chemical composition of “dust” issued by EAF in various countries and limit values for permissible concentrations of these emissions.The paper presents and analyzes various abstraction and treatment-related emissions for hipo-polluting operation of EAF. In this chapter, the correlations between macro system represented by metallurgical environment and interacting systems: System-Energy-Recycling Environment (ERE), Ecological system (ECO), and Recycling, Reclamation System (REC-REV) are presented. These correlations are presented in the spirit of sustainable development concepts (DC) and total quality (TQ).",book:{id:"5219",slug:"greenhouse-gases-selected-case-studies",title:"Greenhouse Gases",fullTitle:"Greenhouse Gases - Selected Case Studies"},signatures:"Adrian Ioana and Augustin Semenescu",authors:[{id:"177153",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Ioana",slug:"adrian-ioana",fullName:"Adrian Ioana"},{id:"193573",title:"Prof.",name:"Augustin",middleName:null,surname:"Semenescu",slug:"augustin-semenescu",fullName:"Augustin Semenescu"}]},{id:"51481",title:"Effect of Dopants on the Properties of Zirconia‐Supported Iron Catalysts for Ethylbenzene Dehydrogenation with Carbon Dioxide",slug:"effect-of-dopants-on-the-properties-of-zirconia-supported-iron-catalysts-for-ethylbenzene-dehydrogen",totalDownloads:1528,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Due to the harmful effects of carbon dioxide to the environment, a lot of work has been carried out aiming to find new applications, which can decrease the emissions or to capture and use it. An attractive application for carbon dioxide is the synthesis of chemicals, especially for producing styrene by ethylbenzene dehydrogenation, in which it increases the catalyst activity and selectivity. In order to find efficient catalysts for the reaction, the effect of cerium, chromium, aluminum, and lanthanum on the properties of zirconia‐supported iron oxides was studied in this work. The modified supports were prepared by precipitation and impregnated with iron nitrate. The obtained catalysts were characterized by thermogravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, specific surface area measurement, and temperature‐programmed reduction. The catalysts showed different textural and catalytic properties, which were associated to the different phases in the solids, such as monoclinic or tetragonal zirconia, hematite, maghemite, cubic ceria, monoclinic or hexagonal lantana, and rhombohedral chromia, the active phases in ethylbenzene dehydrogenation. The most promising dopant was cerium, which produces the most active catalyst at the lowest temperature, probably due to its ability of providing lattice oxygen, which activates carbon dioxide and increases the reaction rate.",book:{id:"5219",slug:"greenhouse-gases-selected-case-studies",title:"Greenhouse Gases",fullTitle:"Greenhouse Gases - Selected Case Studies"},signatures:"Maria do Carmo Rangel, Sirlene B. Lima, Sarah Maria Santana\nBorges and Ivoneide Santana Sobral",authors:[{id:"94651",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Do Carmo Rangel",slug:"maria-do-carmo-rangel",fullName:"Maria Do Carmo Rangel"}]},{id:"66825",title:"WMO Space-Based Weather and Climate Extremes Monitoring Demonstration Project (SEMDP): First Outcomes of Regional Cooperation on Drought and Heavy Precipitation Monitoring for Australia and Southeast Asia",slug:"wmo-space-based-weather-and-climate-extremes-monitoring-demonstration-project-semdp-first-outcomes-o",totalDownloads:988,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"To improve monitoring of extreme weather and climate events from space, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) initiated the space-based weather and climate extremes monitoring demonstration project (SEMDP). Presently, SEMDP is focused on drought and heavy precipitation monitoring over Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Space-based data and derived products form critical part of meteorological services’ operations for weather monitoring; however, satellite products are still not fully utilized for climate applications. Using SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products, it would be possible to monitor extreme precipitation events with uniform spatial coverage and over various time periods – pentad, weekly, 10 days, monthly and longer time-scales. In this chapter, SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products over the Asia-Pacific region produced by the Earth Observation Research Center/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (EORC/JAXA) and the Climate Prediction Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (CPC/NOAA) are introduced. Case studies for monitoring (i) drought in Australia in July-October 2007 and September 2018 and (ii) heavy precipitation over Australia in December 2010 and Thailand and the Peninsular Malaysia in November-December 2014 which caused widespread flooding are also presented. Satellite observations are compared with in situ data to demonstrate value of satellite-derived estimates of precipitation for drought and heavy rainfall monitoring.",book:{id:"7767",slug:"rainfall-extremes-distribution-and-properties",title:"Rainfall",fullTitle:"Rainfall - Extremes, Distribution and Properties"},signatures:"Yuriy Kuleshov, Toshiyuki Kurino, Takuji Kubota, Tomoko Tashima and Pingping Xie",authors:[{id:"102903",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuriy",middleName:null,surname:"Kuleshov",slug:"yuriy-kuleshov",fullName:"Yuriy Kuleshov"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"838",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:332,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:143,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. 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This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
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