Pros/cons of a test situation in a sensory laboratory.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"889",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Robotic Systems - Applications, Control and Programming",title:"Robotic Systems",subtitle:"Applications, Control and Programming",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book brings together some of the latest research in robot applications, control, modeling, sensors and algorithms. 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From 1994 to 2000 he was with the Bhabha Atomic Research Center (India) where he worked on telemanipulator design and control for nuclear applications. Since 2002 he has been working with the department of mechanical engineering in the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, in addition to working as an assistant professor in Nagoya University, Japan from 2006 to 2007 in the department of Mechanical Science and Engineering. 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Sohel Murshed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7272.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10374",title:"Advances in Microfluidics and Nanofluids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b7ba9cab862a9bca2fc9f9ee72ba5eec",slug:"advances-in-microfluidics-and-nanofluids",bookSignature:"S. M. Sohel Murshed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10374.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. 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Hashim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"54133",title:"Nanostructured Spinel Ferrites: Synthesis, Functionalization, Nanomagnetism and Environmental Applications",doi:"10.5772/67513",slug:"nanostructured-spinel-ferrites-synthesis-functionalization-nanomagnetism-and-environmental-applicati",body:'Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) have been the focus of intense studies, both at the fundamental and at the technological level. Among many promising materials, nanostructured spinel ferrites occupy a special place. These iron oxide‐based materials are easy and cheap to synthesize, are stable under a wide range of conditions and some family members present low toxicity for living organisms. Besides, due to their high reactivity toward several organic groups, ferrite surface offers a great versatility for ligand functionalization, which in many cases defines the ultimate application. In addition, one of the most prominent properties of spinel ferrite NPs is the onset of superparamagnetism. This phenomenon is a crucial feature for several biomedical applications [1], catalytic processes [2, 3] and environmental remediation strategies [1, 4–7]. Currently, there are available in the literature several extensive reviews covering these issues in detail [8, 9]. In this chapter, we focus primarily on adsorption and oxidation technologies for water decontamination using nanostructured spinel ferrites where particle functionalization plays a major role. In particular, we focus on basic topics concerning spinel ferrite NPs with an emphasis on the surface manipulation by chemical methods and how it is reflected in the properties and performances of the ultimate nanomaterial. Also, attention is paid to the machinery that governs the adsorption process in order to try to systematize the available data. Every step in this direction is aimed to improve and design newer and better solutions for the great challenge of water remediation.
Spinel ferrites are mixed valence oxides where oxygen anions form a close‐packed cubic array, while metallic cations occupy randomly one‐eighth of the tetrahedral (
In the spinel structure (left panel of Figure 1), magnetic moments of sublattice
Magnetic NPs differ from bulk magnetic materials mainly due to the finite size and surface effects. The reduction of size leads to a single magnetic domain at a particular size and the onset of superparamagnetism, while surface effects result in symmetry breaking of the crystal structure, which could also alter the magnetic properties. These new features are treated briefly below.
Large magnetic particles usually have a multidomain structure, each domain separated from its neighbors by domain walls. As the particle diameter
Here,
Here,
The product
Here, τ0 is a characteristic time of the system and the actual magnetic state at a given
One of the main advantages of ferrites is the possibility for tuning the magnetic properties by varying simply either the divalent cation or the arrangement of the metals into the spinel structure. For instance, in a series of nanoparticle ferrites MFe2O4 (M = Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+), Mohapatra
Progressive decrease in NPs’ size makes the number of atoms on the surface comparable with the number of atoms in the bulk. For magnetic NPs, this trend lowers
The effect of surface coating in order to tune the magnetic properties of NPs is another area of active investigations. The adsorption of organic ligands could alter the particle size distribution, the interparticle interactions and the spin canting at the surface [21]. The overall effect seems to be the result of a complex interplay between the coordination mode, the capping density and the surface disorder in the synthesized sample [22]. In a careful study of adsorption of stilbene carboxylates and phosphonates as capping agents of 39 nm Fe3O4 NPs, Daou
In an interesting paper, Vestal and Zhang [28] performed a systematic study of the correlation between the nature of the capping ligand (substituted benzenes) and the magnetic properties of MnFe2O4 ferrites with different particles’ diameter. They found that for very small NPs (4 nm),
The presence of magnetic interactions between particles has a great influence on superparamagnetism [31–33]. This effect alters the energy barrier for coherent rotation, which is no longer governed by only anisotropic contributions. The system becomes very complex and results in the difficulty to separate the contributions of different factors [34]. For ferrite NPs, the ordinary kinds of magnetic interactions are dipolar‐dipolar and direct exchange interactions between spins at the interface of particles in close contact [35]. The first contribution is almost ubiquitous in any system, given its anisotropic and long‐range nature, which could favor either ferro or antiferromagnetic alignment of the spins. The minimization of such an effect can only be achieved in samples where individual particles are well separated from each other, either by steric or by coulombic repulsions [25, 36]. The dipolar magnetic field generated by a single spherical particle is proportional to its volume; hence, the effect is more pronounced for large particles. In that case, the magnetic energy between two spheres decays with
In the presence of interparticle interactions (IPI), Eq. (4) for
Here,
In Eq. (6),
Synthesis of spinel ferrite NPs is a challenging task owing to their colloidal nature. A good methodology must yield well‐dispersed particles with uniform size and good crystallinity; besides, it is desirable that the synthetic setup allows for the tuning of structure and properties of the materials by simple modification of the conditions. Other important features entail the use of nontoxic reagents, low‐temperature processes and the requirement of simple scalable operations. The procedures for the synthesis of ferrite NPs are given in several reviews [2, 8]. Here, we outline some of the most common examples.
Co‐precipitation is straightforward and efficient and can be extended for a wide variety of simple and mixed ferrites [12, 43, 44]. This method, developed by Massart, consists of the joint precipitation of an aqueous solution containing inorganic salts in the proper stoichiometry by increasing the solution pH. Ageing of the resulting particles can be assessed at room or higher temperatures. By changing experimental conditions (e.g., concentration of metal precursors, pH of the final solution, anion of initial salts, reaction time, reaction temperature and ionic strength), it is possible to obtain a wide variety of particle sizes and shapes [45, 46]. The main drawback relies on the difficulties for a proper separation of nucleation and growth stages, which leads to relative broad size distribution [45]. Besides, in some instances, the resulting powder is subjected to thermal annealing to enhance crystallinity [12, 43].
Nucleation and growth of NPs can be affected by the addition of surfactant molecules like sodium dodecyl sulfate [47], poly(acrylic) acid (PAA) chains [48] and hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) [49]. Variations in the surfactant content give rise to different particle sizes and morphologies of the as‐synthesized material. Other employed additives aiming to decrease the particle size dispersion are polymeric matrices like cellulose [50] and chitosan [51, 52]. A similar approach entailed the use of graphene oxide (GO) during the co‐precipitation step. After the formation of the ferrite/GO composite, GO is reduced to yield porous nanocomposites containing superparamagnetic ferrite NPs and reduced GO (rGO) is used as a functional material. The resulting material possesses high surface area since rGO avoids ferrite particle agglomeration. Ni, Co and Mn ferrites/rGO nanocomposites have been synthesized with this strategy [53–55]. Alternatively, some investigations have reported the use of organic amines, which can act as precipitating and stabilizing agents [17, 56, 57]. Alkanolamines limit and control the particle growth by forming surface complexes with M2+ cations resulting in a marked reduction in Co ferrite size as compared when using NaOH [56].
This method utilizes thermal decomposition of organic metal complexes in a high boiling point solvent and in the presence of a surfactant. This approach yields monodisperse highly crystalline NPs and allows for the fine‐tuning of NP size and morphology by controlling several parameters like the solvent nature, kind and concentration of surfactant, aging temperature and reaction time. The typical setup with oleic acid (OA)/oleylamine (OAm) as surfactants can be used to obtain (Zn
In an important report on the synthesis of Fe3O4 and other ferrite NPs, Hyeon
One drawback of the thermal decomposition method is that the as‐synthesized ferrite NPs do not disperse in water due to the hydrophobic surfactant adsorbed onto the surface, which leads to further phase transfer steps. To obtain directly water‐soluble NPs, the groups of Li [29] and Verma [58] introduced a variation in which 4–5 nm Fe and Co ferrites are obtained through the decomposition of metal acetylacetonates in the presence of pyrrolidones that act either as solvents or as hydrophilic stabilizing agents.
This is a variation of the thermal decomposition in which a given polyol acts as a high‐boiling solvent, reducing and stabilizer agent. Metal precursors are generally organic complexes like acetylacetonates and other carboxylate complexes [65]. Given that the reaction mixture is refluxed at the boiling point of the polyol, changing either the kind or concentration of the polyol leads to different particle
Hydrothermal methodology consists of the formation of an aqueous (or aqueous‐alcoholic) solution of the metal salts followed by the addition of a base until basic pH is reached. The resulting mixture is then transferred to a pressurized autoclave and subjected to
Solvothermal synthesis can be understood as a modified hydrothermal process where water is replaced by an organic solvent. For instance, n‐octanol along with sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate has been employed for the preparation of mixed ferrite NPs of Ni and Co with several compositions and varying sizes (7–16 nm), which was tuned as a function of the reaction time [26]. OA can also be used as a steric stabilizer in the reaction mixture using n‐pentanol as a solvent [22]; increasing OA content decreases
Surface functionalization of nanostructured ferrites is a crucial step in the design of nanodevices for many applications since proper functionalization determines the final use and allows control over the physico‐chemical processes at the surface, thus tuning several magnetic, optical and electrical properties in the desired direction. Although several synthetic methods allow in situ functionalization of obtained ferrite NPs, this approach is not always enough, and postsynthetic surface functionalization becomes necessary. For example, biomedical and environmental applications require hydrophilic NPs with definite chemical groups. The crucial feature that allows for surface functionalization is the availability of superficial transition metal
There are mainly three approaches to make hydrophilic functional NPs: (i) ligand exchange reaction, (ii) silica coating and (iii) polymer coating. Ligand exchange reactions effectively transfer hydrophobic particles to aqueous medium by the replacement of hydrophobic ligands with hydrophilic ones, without affecting the magnetic core considerably. However, for some applications, magnetic NPs can also be transferred from polar to nonpolar mediums [98, 99]. Small ligands stabilize the NPs mainly by coulombic repulsion of ionized groups, like quaternary ammonium cations and carboxylates [100]; charged groups not only stabilize the magnetic suspension but also reinforce water affinity by facile solvation. Conversely, macromolecular ligands stabilize NPs by interparticle steric repulsions due to extended conformations that they can adopt in contact with good solvents [101]. In cases when the polymer carries ionisable groups, as PAA [34, 93, 101], coulombic repulsions enhance their capabilities as a stabilizer.
Silica coating has the advantage that provides excellent chemical stability to the magnetic core while preventing magnetic interactions, which is traduced into colloidal stability. Following the hydrolysis‐condensation method established by Stöber [102], it is possible to achieve silica shells with controlled thickness by careful addition of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) to the NP dispersion without the appearance of individual silica particles, which in turn allows for a fine‐tuning of magnetic interactions [103]. Furthermore, silica coating can be functionalized with several organosilanes containing suitable groups like ‐SH [104–106] and ‐NH [105], as depicted in Figure 2.
Scheme of the synthesis of amine and thiol functionalization of core magnetite NPs protected with a silica shell (Adapted from Ref. [
Two main routes for polymer coating of NPs [107, 108] are: (i) functionalization of the NP surface with a molecule that acts as an initiator for further interfacial‐controlled polymerization [109, 110] and (ii) synthesis of the polymer as the first step followed by surface anchoring [111–114]. The latter is simpler and allows for a wide variety of macromolecules, provided they bear suitable functional groups for surface binding. The former, although more laborious, has the advantage that it is possible to control the surface density of the grafted polymer and the length of the growing chains [115]. A shortcoming concerning macromolecular coating of magnetic NPs emerges when high mass magnetizations are required. Since polymers do not contribute to magnetization, mass magnetization of highly functionalized NPs drops noticeably, and so they might disable the whole system.
Conjugation after primary NP synthesis and water stabilization constitutes the final step prior to environmental and biomedical applications. It affords the ultimate precise chemical functions. Several strategies have been reported to achieve this goal entailing many known organic reactions [107]. For example, Zhao
Synthesis of EDTA‐containing magnetic NPs by amidation of chitosan (Adapted from Ref. [
Synthesis of diphosphonic acid‐containing magnetic NPs by a facile thiol‐ene reaction (Adapted from Ref. [
Coordination reactions like MOF construction have also been developed at ferrite surface. Fe3O4 NPs decorated with carboxyl groups were conjugated with a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐8) for the adsorption of contaminants [123, 124]. Such MOF was grown in a step‐by‐step assembly, initiated by the Zn2+ chelation to the oxide surface through carboxyl groups, resulting in a magnetic core surrounded by the ZIF shell. By varying the number of growth cycles, it is possible to tune the thickness of the MOF shell and hence, the interparticle distance between the magnetic cores. Another inorganic reaction at the interface of magnetic NPs reported recently [125] consists of the deposition of hydrous lanthanum oxide over Fe3O4@SiO2 core‐shell NPs simply by adding LaCl3 at basic pH in the presence of the magnetic material. Nanostructures composed of ferrites and noble metals have interesting and promising optical and magnetic properties; the synthesis of such materials can be easily performed by reduction of the corresponding metal salt in the presence of ferrite NPs [126].
In the case of surface thiol‐decorated nanostructures, special care must be taken, since free thiol groups are prone to be oxidized during the synthetic procedures. For example, several papers have reported the oxidation of DMSA and cysteine to disulfide and sulfoxide compounds in the presence of Fe3O4 NPs [24, 127–129]; these undesirable processes not only reduce the effective amount of –SH groups but also could alter magnetite phase. To overcome this drawback, Maurizi
Two methods for thiol protection.
Since the nature of the metal‐ligand interactions at the interface of the ferrites plays a key role in the properties of NPs, efforts have been devoted to unravel the structure and implications of the surface complexes occurring for different types of ligands. For this purpose, spectroscopic techniques like FTIR, XPS, EXAF and XANES are usually employed [22, 24, 58, 122, 131–133]. Mössbauer spectroscopy has also been used since iron spectra are sensitive to spin reorganization after ligand binding and to the kind of iron site that participates in the surface complexes [23, 58, 131].
Specifically, Daou
In this section, we focus on two applications of nanostructured spinel ferrites for environmental remediation technologies in connection with water decontamination: adsorption and oxidation technologies.
Adsorption is often the most suitable choice for removal of toxic substances in drinking or waste waters, mainly due to its simplicity and high efficiency; the main disadvantage is the sorbent separation after the adsorption process, which can become tedious and energy consuming. However, the use of magnetic materials for adsorption makes the task of sorbent separation easier by allowing magnetic decantation with a permanent magnet. The high surface area of ferrite NPs along with their room temperature superparamagnetism and the great versatility for binding specific functional groups on their surfaces for specific contaminants makes them ideal candidates for the design and development of innovative adsorption strategies. Although several recent reviews covering this subject are available [6, 7, 139, 140], these have generally focused on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the adsorption process and relatively less attention has been paid to unravel the atomic and molecular nature of the interactions occurring at the interface. Although this is a difficult task, this information is crucial for the improvement and optimization of the nanoadsorbent.
Heavy metal cations, found in natural and waste waters resulting from industrial activities, comprise a wide family of hazardous substances with a high impact on human health [141]. Here, we concentrate on those reported studies with a focus on two directions: (i) improving the adsorption capacity and/or selectivity toward a given contaminant by surface functionalization of ferrite NPs and (ii) shedding light on the adsorption mechanism at a molecular and atomic level.
Fe3O4 NPs functionalized with several amino‐containing polymers were tested as Cr(VI) and Cu(II) sorbents in aqueous medium [142], showing the increase of adsorption capacity for both cations with the number of –NH moieties in the ligand incorporated to the magnetic nanoplatform. Adsorption and spectroscopic data suggested that metal removal involves coulombic interactions, ion exchange processes and formation of complexes between amine groups and metal ions, although the structure of such complexes was not revealed. Similar results were reported by Huang and Chen [113], in which Fe3O4@PAA NPs decorated with amine groups were proved as a good adsorbent for several heavy metals with positive and negative charges; based on pH studies, authors suggested that cations are adsorbed through chelate complexes while anions are incorporated after ion exchange mechanisms. New insights about Cr(VI) adsorption with an amino‐decorated magnetic sorbent were reported by Zhao
Amino‐functionalized Fe3O4 NPs were tested as a sorbent for Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) [144]. Adsorption decreased at acid pH values and adsorption capacity for Cu(II) was higher than that for softer Lewis acids Cd(II) and Pb(II). Both results, along with thermodynamic and kinetic data, could indicate the prevalence of coulombic and complexing reactions between surface –NH moieties and the cations. Similar results were presented in other reports [52, 145]. Co‐ferrite NPs coated with a polystyrene shell modified with amino and thioether groups were tested for Hg(II) adsorption [146]. Authors proposed the Hg(II) complexation by these functional groups, followed by partial reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(I), although no proof for this mechanism was presented.
Several reports have focused on the adsorption of heavy metal cations by EDTA‐modified magnetic nanosystems in order to take advantage of the high chelating ability of this multifunctional ligand. The key role of EDTA has been confirmed since the adsorption capacity decreases when no EDTA was used in the preparation of the sorbents. Indeed, Ren
Fe3O4 NPs functionalized with a polythiolated ligand was probed as Hg(II) adsorbent [118]. XPS studies supported the occurrence of Hg(II)‐S interactions and the simultaneous reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(I) likely at the expense of Fe(II) cations at the surface of the magnetic core. Curiously, no sign of thiol oxidation was encountered. Recently, Wang
Zhu
Fe3O4 NPs functionalized with a copolymer obtained by the partial modification of PAA with thio‐salicyl‐hydrazide were tested for several divalent cations [153]. This system contains both soft (thiol) and hard (carboxyl and amine) moieties, which might explain the good adsorption properties toward soft Cd(II) and hard Co(II) cations. Regarding Pb(II) uptake, XPS studies confirmed the presence of Pb‐S interactions; it is interesting that only one contribution was proposed for the deconvolution of the Pb 4f spectrum, which implies that there is only one coordination environment for Pb(II) cations. The prevalence of Pb‐S interactions is coherent with the small interference effect produced by alkaline/earth metals, since these hard cations largely prefer hard ligands.
Surface ion imprinting techniques can also be used for efficient and selective sequestration of heavy metal cations. Guo
Yantasee
Fe3O4/PAM nanocomposites functionalized with hydroxamic acid moieties were shown to adsorb Pb(II), Cd(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) ions by forming bidentate chelating complexes [116]. The key role of hydroxamic groups was demonstrated, which agrees with the fact that the stability constant of metal‐hydroxamic complexes follows the same order as the maximum adsorption capacity. The structure of these surface complexes was determined from IR and DFT studies and the system was selective toward Pb(II) uptake.
Rutledge
Given that surface magnetite NPs biosynthesized by microorganisms are richer in Fe(II) content with respect to stoichiometric Fe3O4, this biomaterial has been tested for the adsorption and reduction of toxic oxyanions containing Cr(VI) and m99Tc(VII) [85]. Results confirm that bio‐magnetite is a better absorber compared to a commercial magnetite of similar size, and the removal capacity changes with the particular iron substrate that was used for bacteria culture. The adsorption‐reduction mechanism of chromate anions was studied by means of XPS and X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). Authors suggested that after the fast electron transfer reactions between Cr(VI) and surface Fe(II), Cr(III) ions are incorporated into the spinel structure and occupy octahedral interstices, thus forming a layer of ferrimagnetic CrFe2O4 spinel.
In a careful spectroscopic study, Liu
Zhang
Another recent report uses Fe3O4@ZIF‐8 as a sorbent [123]. In this case, arsenic adsorption is entirely caused by the ZIF‐8 shell, while magnetite core only acts as a magnetic device to remove the contaminant in a facile and efficient way. Alternatively, magnetite particles encapsulated with calcium alginate were tested as an adsorbent for inorganic and organic As(V) species [159]. The authors found that inorganic species are better adsorbed than monomethyl arsenate. Based on IR and XPS measurements, they suggested that arsenic incorporation likely occurs through the partial reduction of As(V) to As(III) species and the oxidation of both alginate and magnetite. However, spectroscopic studies were not conclusive.
A recent report from Penke
The use of metal hydroxides can be extended to other elements of group V like phosphorus. Thus, Lai
Extensive use of organic dyes has become a serious environmental problem since this family of organic compounds is difficult to decompose and transforms to carcinogenic amines. A series of ferrite MFe2O4/rGO (M = Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+) nanocomposites were tested as combined magnetic materials for adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light [81] (see Section 6.2). Authors devoted the high adsorption capacity and fast removal rate to the large surface area of the material. For this system, though electrostatic interactions cannot be ruled out, dye retention is mainly caused by the rGO sheets, comprising π‐π stacking interactions between the aromatic moieties of the dyes and the extended π‐conjugated regions in the graphene structure. The same mechanism was claimed earlier using Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposites for MB adsorption [164]; this report also tested other materials like activated carbon and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCN).
Cobalt ferrites covered by PEG chains were shown to be good adsorbents for several dyes such as methyl orange (MO), MB and Congo red (CR) [75]. Adsorption data indicate that electrostatic interactions are not the prominent cause for adsorption; instead, H‐bonding interactions between –OH groups of PEG and functional groups in the dyes seem to be the responsible cause. The interactions are depicted in Figure 9. H‐bonding has also been claimed as the main interaction of several dyes with naked MnFe2O4 NPs [43].
In a recent work, Dolatkhah and Wilson [114] functionalized Fe3O4 NPs with chitosan grafted with PAA and poly(itaconic) acid (PIA) chains. This polymeric material displays reversible pH‐responsive behavior, which was tested for MB adsorption. As the pH increases, the ionization of the chitosan‐grafted acid groups also increases, favoring the expansion of the grafted chains and the ionic interactions with MB, since this dye is cationic. Hence, adsorption is favored. Afterward, the desorption of MB is accomplished simply by acidification until dye‐sorbent interactions become very weak and the polymeric chains no longer stabilize the colloid, leading to the collapse of the dye‐free NPs. The process is represented in Figure 10.
Rodovalho
Surface ion imprinting technique for selective adsorption of Pb(II) ions onto magnetic NPs (Adapted from Ref. [
Advanced oxidation technologies consist of the assisted degradation of a given pollutant by using a source of highly oxidizing transient species. Such species are generally activated by the action of another substance that acts as a catalyst. Since the removal, reuse and toxicity of catalysts are major concerns, investigations have focused on the development of heterogeneous magnetic materials that can activate efficiently the oxidative degradation of the pollutants and at the same time minimize secondary contamination events. Taking into account these requirements, it is not surprising that the growing interest in ferrite NPs is due to the following reasons: (i) large surface area enhances the catalytic activity; (ii) the onset of superparamagnetism enables facile removal of the catalyst; (iii) versatility of ferrite compositions makes feasible the tuning of the optical band gap of the material enabling photo‐degradation approaches and (iv) chemical stability of the ferrite structure avoids metal leaking to the environment.
Nanostructured CoFe2O4 is shown to be a promising material for heterogeneous peroximonosulfate (HSO5−) activation in order to generate sulfate radicals (SO4−
An improvement in the catalytic properties of ferrites can be assessed by using composites with rGO [53, 54, 81] and MWCNs [83]. Such a synergic effect is attributed to the large surface area of the composites and to the electronic properties of these carbon‐based functional materials. The proposed mechanism is outlined below [171]. It comprises the initial formation of the electron‐hole pair in the ferrite phase by photon absorption (I), followed by the rapid electron transfer reaction from the ferrite conduction band to the rGO sheets (II). H2O2 is then decomposed in the vicinity of the rGO producing highly oxidative •OH radicals (III), which are also formed from the remaining holes in the ferrite (IV). As can be seen, step (II) is crucial for the efficient separation of photo‐generated carriers, which is facilitated by the high electron conductivity of the conjugated π structure of the rGO sheets, which inhibits electron‐hole recombination [172]. Moreover, •OH radicals are generated close to the rGO‐adsorbed target organic pollutants, thus enhancing the decomposition rate.
MFe2O4 +
MFe2O4 (
rGO (
MFe2O4 (
Along the same lines, Fu
Proposed mechanism for CR adsorption onto PEG‐functionalized MFe2O4 NPs (Adapted from Ref. [
Mechanism of reversible pH‐responsive behavior (Adapted from Ref. [
Synthesis techniques for nanostructured spinel ferrites are available to tune their magnetic properties.
The nanoparticle surface is able to bind a wide variety of molecules with distinct functional groups that not only contribute to colloidal stabilization but also serve as the starting point for further conjugation steps. Many organic and inorganic reactions can be driven at the surface of ferrites, which allow for the tailoring of specific ligands with the desired binding affinity.
The combination of these two advantages—tuning of magnetic properties and surface versatility—makes ferrites useful and promising materials for applications where superparamagnetic behavior is required.
Functionalized ferrite NPs, especially Fe3O4, are useful for removing a wide variety of heavy metals. In the case of cations, amino, carboxyl and thiol functional groups prevail as preferred candidates for metal uptake, although phosphonic and hydroxamic acids constitute promising ligands. Multifunctional ligands (synthetic and natural polymers) contribute to increase the stability and the adsorption capacity of the sorbent. At intermediate pH values, the tendency between metal‐ligand affinities shows that for carboxyl and amino groups, the NPs are more selective toward hard Lewis acids, while for softer ligands like sulfur groups, the tendency is inverted.
For removing arsenic, additional studies are warranted since controversy exists about the structure of the inner‐sphere complexes and the nature of redox reactions at the interface. Also, the use of organic ligands to drive arsenic removal has not been exhausted yet.
Most adsorption studies are limited to thermodynamic and kinetic analysis and the investigations of metal‐binding interactions are supported by phenomenological models. But the mode of coordination and the geometry of the surface complexes are not clear and so detailed spectroscopic studies are still needed. Since this is a tough task due to the inherent difficulties for the achievement of a rigorous surface picture, the use of theoretical calculations could help in this regard.
Organic dyes are preferentially adsorbed by ligand‐decorated magnetic NPs. Composites with functional carbonaceous materials and grafting of smart polymers are promising lines of development.
Spinel ferrites are useful materials for different advanced oxidation technologies, especially as composites with graphene‐based materials due to the electronic and adsorptive properties of these carbon‐based functional materials, which enhance the overall efficiency of the process.
The preparation of this chapter was partially supported by the CONACyT (Mexico) Projects 2013‐05‐231461, CB‐2014‐01‐235840 and 2015‐270810.
In natural sciences, the standardization of operation procedures, aiming at methodologies and the reliability as well as the validity of resulting data, is most important.
Thinking of test settings in sensory science, especially to control and monitor panelist and panel performance during the panel work in defined test settings is necessary. In the context of sensory evaluation of olive oil specifically, several official requirements do exist—on the one hand the EEC regulation 2568/91 [1], as amended, as well as several underlying documents and guidelines from the International Olive Council (IOC) [2, 3, 4] and moreover the general EN ISO/IEC 17025 regulations for any kind of testing laboratories [5].
Data quality must be the overriding objective in natural sciences and therefore is indispensable. Assuring a high data quality during data collection and assessment requires a clear focus on “data reliability” (high precision → same/similar results) and “data validity” (high accuracy → correct results). Well known is that one can gain high precision in measuring something, but at the same time can miss the target—meaning that results are precise, but not correct. So, overall high data quality can only be achieved, if data are on the one hand precise (reliable) and at the same time as well accurate (valid).
Reliability: consistency and precision of measurement (in sensory analysis—repeatability of results—over time, of single panelists, of whole panels, indifferent test locations, …)
Validity: accuracy and trueness of measurement (in sensory analysis—homogeneity of results—between panels, in different test locations, …)
Factors that might have a negative impact on data quality in sensory science are manifold. They can be related to the execution of the general procedure (test methodology), to the handling of test samples (blinding, distribution, temperature), to training and monitoring aspects of panelists and panels, to statistical analysis and data management as well as to the test infrastructure.
All above-named regulations and guidelines have in common to standardize and control procedures and finally to minimize “noise” in resulting data. This is helpful and valuable, but nevertheless, not all possible and focused so-called “influencing factors” cause a similar or even a relevant impact on data quality—some of them, presupposing a specific framework of instructions and settings, even have none.
The study at hand focuses on the aspect of different test locations for objective sensory analysis and their possible impact on the quality of resulting data.
Normally tests in sensory analysis take place as central location tests (CLT) in standardized testing rooms, such as sensory laboratories. Most of the regulations and guidelines propose these “
But how about panelists in so-called “external panels,” who must travel to be able to participate in regular on-site and synchronic trainings and test situations? Such dates can be organized and scheduled only medium or long-term presupposed. Rather flexible and spontaneous testing under such conditions is almost not possible. This consideration shows us—independently from pandemic situations—the need for additional appropriate test settings, that on the one hand can secure high standards of data quality/validity in sensory analysis and are on the other hand flexible as well as time and cost-efficient. Doing sensory trainings and tests with panelists “remote” (off-site), meaning that panelists work at home respectively at defined and standardized “home-testing-stations,” cause less costs for traveling (time per panelist, transportation). Data can be collected and exchanged online (web-based) either synchronously or asynchronously and as well panel meetings can take place remotely. Moreover, the latest data even show a better availability of panelists, due to less necessary time effort for traveling and thereby as well a higher motivation for contribution in panel work, compared to more elaborate (
The aim of the study at hand is to prove the overall performance of participating sensory panels and the quality of the collected data. The focus lies on the evaluation of the suitability of “
The study at hand compares results from two sensory olive oil panels, namely the German Olive Oil Panel/DOP and the Swiss Olive Oil Panel/SOP.
Both panels are objective expert panels whose members have many years of experience in the sensory evaluation of olive oil. Specific infrastructure makes it possible to either carry out sensory tests synchronously and “
The SOP consists overall of 38 panelists and was founded in 2002. Since 2006 the SOP is accredited in accordance with EN ISO/IEC 17025 [5] and has been recognized by the International Olive Council (IOC) between 2009 and 2021. In the study at hand, the same nine panelists contributed “
The DOP consists overall of 25 panelists and was founded in 1999. Since 2012 the DOP is accredited in accordance with EN ISO/IEC 17025 [5] and has been recognized by the International Olive Council (IOC) between 2012 and 2021. In the study at hand, the same 11 panelists contributed “
There are at least two options to conduct sensory tests—on the one hand “
The sensory laboratory of SOP is located on the ZHAW campus in Wädenswil. It consists of 12 separate test booths. Each booth is equipped with a computer (incl. data acquisition software FIZZ by Biosystemes) and a heating device by Ettore Pasquali (mod. 145). Each heating device is recorded in a device list of the QMS and is checked regularly. Detailed information concerning the procedure of testing in the sensory laboratory (and concerning additional equipment, such as test glasses, spittoons, and palate-cleansing agents) is described in the QMS (internal document: Standard Operation Procedure: LMT-SEN-A5-302_translated EN → Sensory Evaluation at ZHAW (Sensory Laboratory)).
The sensory laboratory of DOP is in Nuremberg, Maxfeldstrasse 50. It consists of 12 separate mobile test booths. Each booth is equipped with a computer (incl. data acquisition software SENSORY by IMEDIA) and a heating device by Ettore Pasquali (mod. 145). Each heating device is recorded in a device list of the QMS and is checked regularly. Detailed information can be found in the QMS (internal document: Standard Operation Procedure SOP 07-02-02).
On the “Pro” side (Table 1) there is of course a high level of standardization. Samples are prepared in an absolute neutral way by the panel leader (or a technician), the testing takes place synchronously (at the same time) and electronic equipment is used for data collection and analysis.
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
ISO 17025 accreditation leads to a high level of standardization (controlled test situation, panelist/panel performance, etc.) | Synchronous testing causes low flexibility in terms of timing/scheduling tests → all testers have to be available at the same time |
Sample preparation (pouring 15 ml) in coded glasses is done by the panel leader | Necessity for testers to get on-site requires traveling-time and is rather time-consuming for them |
Synchronous testing (8–12 panelists) | Other potential influencing factors (malfunction interruption, noise, etc.) … |
Use of electronic equipment to collect, compile and analyze data |
Pros/cons of a test situation in a sensory laboratory.
On the “Contra” side (Table 1) we see low flexibility in terms of scheduling tests, especially because panelists must be available at the same time. If panelists are not collaborators and work on-site, they must travel. This is time- (and cost-) consuming. Moreover, even in a sensory lab, there is potential for additional interruptions (noise, malfunction, or else) with negative effects.
Within the SOP, each panelist has set up a personal testing station in a room in his or her home. Each testing station is equipped with a heating device (Rosenstein & Söhne), a thermometer (Testo Mini penetration thermometer), and blue glasses including cover glasses. Each heating device and the thermometer is recorded in a device list of the QMS and is checked regularly. Detailed information concerning the procedure of testing in a home testing station is described in the QMS (internal document: Standard Operation Procedure: LMT-SEN-A5-303_translated EN → Sensory Evaluation at Home Testing Stations).
Within the DOP each panelist has set up a personal testing station in a room in his or her home, which meets the test conditions of the IOC in terms of light, temperature, noise, and odors (COI/T.20/DOC. No 6/Rev. 1). The mobile booth is made up of folding elements in such a way that the panelist is isolated from negative ambient conditions. Each test station is equipped with a heating device (Ettore Pasquali, mod. 145), a thermometer (Testo Mini penetration thermometer), and blue glasses, including a cover glass. Each heating device and the thermometer is recorded in a device list of the QMS and is checked regularly. Detailed information can be found in the QMS (internal document: Standard Operation Procedure SOP 07-02-02).
On the “Pro” side (Table 2) there is—like for a lab situation—as well a high level of standardization because as well home testing stations provide ISO accreditation. Asynchronous testing increases flexibility for scheduling tests, meaning that testers do not have to be available at the same time, only in a defined period. Less traveling time and costs are positive and of course—like in the lab situation—as well at home testing stations, electronic equipment for data collection and analysis is used.
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
ISO 17025 accreditation leads to a high level of standardization → controlled test situation, panelist/panel performance, etc. | Sample dispatch is needed → 30 ml (per olive oil) in dark glass bottles and use of styroporous boxes which secure sample temperature |
Asynchronous testing enables high flexibility in terms of timing/scheduling tests → testers do not have to be available at the same, they have to respect deadlines, but otherwise can plan rather independently | Sample preparation (pouring 15 ml) in coded glass is done by each panelist → half of the whole 30 ml quantum |
Asynchronous testing (8–12 panelists) → no relevance because of training status | |
Less requirement of traveling-time because of remote testing (at home) | Other potential influencing factors (malfunction interruption, noise, etc.) … |
Use of electronic equipment to collect, compile and analyze data |
Pros/cons of a test situation at a home testing station.
On the “Contra” side (Table 2), we see that a sample dispatch is needed, which must be well organized regarding packaging and preparation of samples. For temperature protection during transport, Styrofoam boxes are used, and the oil is coded and bottled to dark 30 ml bottles. Sample preparation, directly before testing, is done by the panelist. He or she must pour out exactly half of the bottle (15 from 30 ml). Asynchronous testing is of course different compared to asynchronous lab testing situation, but since panelists are well trained on using the methodology and it is always (as well in the lab) a single panelist evaluation before compiling data, this does not lead to any problems. Finally, and again like in the lab situation, there is of course potential for additional interruptions (noise, malfunction, or else).
The applied sensory methodology is based on the official panel test according to the regulation EEC regulation 2568/91 [1] and related IOC documents.
To be able to record high data quality in the context of sensory evaluation of olive oil, the reliability and validity of raw data must be ensured. Therefore, a study concept, based on the recommendations of the IOC (COI/T.28/Doc. No.1/Rev. 5 2019), was considered. Among other criteria, analyzing the panelist and panel performance, the concept focuses especially on the aspect of the test situation (sensory laboratory versus home testing stations) (Table 3).
Validation criteria.
Both participating panels did evaluate the same selection of 10 olive oils (same lot number) “
No. | Sample code* | Product information |
---|---|---|
P1 | 104 | 100% Italian olive oil; different varieties, extra virgin |
P2 | 507 | European Blend; different varieties, extra virgin |
P3 | 620 | 100% Italian olive oil, 100% Nocellara, extra virgin |
P4 | 733 | 100% Italian olive oil; different varieties, extra virgin |
P5 | 249 | 100% French olive oil; different varieties, extra virgin |
P6 | 362 | Olive Oil from IOC Org 2—2020, extra virgin |
P7 | 878 | Olive Oil from IOC Org 1—2020, defective |
P8 | 168 | Olive Oil from IOC Org 1—2020, extra virgin |
P9 | 055 | Olive Oil from IOC Org 2—2020, defective |
P10 | 652 | Olive Oil from IOC Org 2—2020, defective |
Test samples.
For each test situation, individual three-digit codes were used to avoid influencing the testers.
Both participating panels did evaluate the test samples in the same period, but independently. The evaluation criteria on the used profile sheets from both panels (electronically/paper) were identical, corresponding with the EEC regulation 2568/91 [1].
To collect data in the sensory laboratory of ZHAW, panelists from SOP are provided with PC’s in the test booth, equipped with the sensory software “Fizz” (Biosystemes Fizz for Windows 2.46 A), which allows direct electronic recording of individual panelist data on an electronic profile sheet.
For the collection of data at home testing stations, panelists from SOP use a profile sheet (paper) and transfer individual panelist data, online via the internet, to the panel leader, using the software “LimeSurvey.”
To collect data in the sensory laboratory situation, panelists from DOP are provided with PC’s in the test booth, equipped with the software “SENSORY” (IMEDIA), which allows direct electronic recording of individual panelist data on an electronic profile sheet.
For the collection of data at home testing stations, panelists from DOP use a profile sheet (paper) and transfer individual panelist data, online via the internet, to the panel leader, using the software “SENSORY” (IMEDIA).
All results of the different tasting sessions with all panelists and all panels were combined to a common data set, using the software program “Excel” (Microsoft Office Excel 365). The following data evaluation was done with help of the Add-in Software “XLStat” (version 2020).
In the study at hand altogether 10 olive oils (seven of them extra virgin and three defective ones) were independently tested by the Swiss Olive Oil Panel/SOP (nine panelists) and the German Olive Oil Panel/DOP (11 panelists) in different test situations—namely in sensory laboratories (
Agreement between test situation (
Agreement (homogeneity) between panels (SOP versus DOP)
Individual performance of both panels (SOP, DOP)
All data/panel results were valid according to IOC specifications (e.g., Cvr < 20%).
First, and for both panels separately, the agreement between data collected in different test situations—sensory laboratory (
Looking at the attribute fruitiness, Figure 1 shows the comparison of the two medians per sample of all seven extra virgin olive oils. The maximum difference found was 0.4 for sample 249 (Figure 2). So, one can say, that—for the attribute fruitiness—there is no significant difference between results coming from
Median of fruitiness (SOP)—
Median of bitterness (SOP)—
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | P-value | Significant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.142 | 0.991 | 2.120 | 0.336 | No |
Mixed model ANOVA for fruitiness (SOP)—
For bitterness, you can easily see in Figure 3 that there were found as well similar medians for all analyzed oils. The maximum difference was 0.3 for sample 104. Similar to fruitiness, as well as bitterness, there is no significant difference between results coming from the
Median of main defect (SOP)—
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | P-value | Significant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.065 | 0.532 | 2.120 | 0.602 | No |
Mixed-model ANOVA for bitterness (SOP)—
For pungency, not surprisingly the comparison of medians in all seven oils in Figure 4 shows only slight differences. The maximum difference found is 0.5 for sample 249. Again, there is no significant difference between results coming from the lab (
Median of pungency (SOP)—
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.017 | 0.125 | 2.120 | 0.902 | No |
Mixed-model ANOVA for pungency (SOP)—
Finally, Figure 5 focuses on defects and visualizes the comparison of medians of the main defect of the three defective olive oils. The maximum difference between medians was 0.4 for sample 878. So as well for defects, we can see no significant difference between results coming from the
Median of bitterness (DOP)—
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.082 | 0.289 | 2.086 | 0.775 | No |
Mixed-model ANOVA for main defects (SOP)—
Looking at the attribute fruitiness, Figure 6 visualizes the comparison of the medians of all seven extra virgin olive oils analyzed. Like for SOP, as well for DOP the maximum difference between medians for very small, in this case, 0.4 for sample 362. This proves that there is no significant difference between results coming from the
Median of fruitiness (DOP)—
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.004 | 0.044 | 2.086 | 0.966 | No |
Mixed-model ANOVA for fruitiness (DOP)—
For bitterness, Figure 5 visualizes the comparison of the median of all extra virgin olive oils analyzed. The maximum difference between medians is 0.2 for samples 104 and 507. There is no significant difference between results coming from
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.095 | 1.500 | 2.086 | 0.149 | No |
Mixed-model ANOVA for bitterness (DOP)—
For pungency, Figure 7 visualizes the comparison of the median of all extra virgin olive oils analyzed. The maximum difference between medians is 0.3 for samples 104 and 362. There is no significant difference between results coming from the
Median of pungency (DOP)—
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.134 | 1.958 | 2.086 | 0.064 | No |
Mixed-model ANOVA for pungency (DOP)—
Finally, Figure 8 focuses on defects and visualizes the comparison of the median of the main defect of the 3 defective olive oils. The maximum difference between medians is 0.2 for samples 055 and 652. There is no significant difference between results coming from the
Median of main defect (DOP)—
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.078 | 0.142 | 2.120 | 0.889 | No |
Mixed-model ANOVA for main defects (DOP)—
Second, mixed-model ANOVA was used to analyze whether there exist differences between the data collected from the two IOC-recognized panels separately. It was found that there are statistically significant differences between the two panels. The largest difference for the mean value is 0.5 on a 10 cm scale. This means, that panels show variance, but nevertheless, results are within the expected and accepted variation proposed by the IOC.
For the attribute fruitiness “
Median of fruitiness (SOP versus DOP)—
Median of fruitiness (SOP versus DOP)—remote.
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOP versus DOP | 0.181 | 2.702 | 1.978 | 0.008 | Yes |
Mixed-model ANOVA for fruitiness (SOP versus DOP).
This is as well the case for the other positive attributes—bitterness and pungency. Regardless that the comparisons of panels show significant differences, it can be stated, that the maximum deviation in the mean value was in all attributes only 0.5.
A similar situation is found for the main defects “
Median of main defect (SOP versus DOP)—
Median of main defect (SOP versus DOP)—remote.
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOP versus DOP | 1.449 | 3.853 | 2.002 | <0.0001 | Yes |
Mixed-model ANOVA for main defect (SOP versus DOP).
Based on the shown data, it can be concluded, that even if the “difference between panels” (DOP/SOP) is significant, the variance in all cases is well below the IOC accepted differences between recognized panels.
Third, and based on the document COI/T.28/Doc. No.1/Rev. 52,019, the panel performance for both panels were analyzed according to the following selected criteria:
The calculation of the
*Reference result = median of results from all four considered test situations (DOP remote, DOP
SD = maximum standard deviation of the method = ±0.7
Warning limit = ±2
Action limit = ±3
→ Proof of trueness/homogeneous results (statistically acceptable)
We can see in Figures 13 and 14 for the attribute fruitiness, that for
The calculation of the DNp (deviation number for panels) focuses on the sum of differences (squared) between duplicate results (median) and the reference result (median) in relation to the number of reference samples (in our case 4). The reference result (in this study) is defined as the mean over all four test results.
DNp = sum of differences (squared) between duplicate results (median) and the reference result* (median) in relation to the number of reference samples (4).
*Reference result = median of results from all considered test situations (DOP remote, DOP
Duplicate = comparison between
Number of samples building the reference mean = 4
→ Proof of trueness/homogeneous results (statistically acceptable)
Figure 15 shows for the attribute fruitiness, that the deviation number for SOP is in line with the requirements, that is: well below the warning limit of 1.0 and the action limit of 2.0). This is the case for bitterness and pungency as well, not shown here. Based on these findings, it is proven that results of SOP are homogeneous between different test situations and statistically acceptable (= aspect of trueness).
DNp (SOP) fruitiness (
The calculation of the
Duplicate = comparison between
SD = maximum standard deviation of the method (or maximum error) ± 0.7
→ Proof of precision/consistent results (statistically acceptable)
Coming to the aspect of “Precision” (repeatability, consistency), we can see in the figure for fruitiness (Figure 16) that results of the normalized error from SOP are in line with the requirements, that is—well below the action limit of 1.0. This is the case for bitterness and pungency as well, not shown here. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that results of SOP are repeatable between different test situations and statistically acceptable (precise, consistent).
The calculation of the PNp (the precision number for panels) focuses on the sum of differences (squared) between duplicate panel results (mean) in relation to the number of duplicate samples (in this study 10).
PNp = sum of differences (squared) between duplicate panel results (mean) in relation to the number of duplicate samples (10)
Duplicate = comparison between
Number of duplicate samples = 10
→ Proof of precision/consistent results (statistically acceptable)
We can see in the figure for fruitiness (Figure 17) that the results of the precision number for panels from SOP are in line with the requirements, that is—well below the action limit of 2.0. This is the case for bitterness and pungency as well, but not shown here. Based on these findings, it is proven that results of SOP are consistent and precise between different test situations and statistically acceptable.
PNp (SOP) fruitiness (
To prove data quality in terms of reliability and validity, 10 olive oils (seven of them extra virgin and three defective ones) were independently tested by the Swiss Olive Oil Panel/SOP (nine panelists) and the German Olive Oil Panel/DOP (11 panelists) in different test situations—namely in sensory laboratories (
Analyzing the raw data, various aspects of panel performance were looked at—especially the different test situations (
The individual panel performance per panel [3] shows that both panels meet the requirements from IOC.
Significant differences between the two considered olive oil panels were found, but the variation is within the accepted limits required by the IOC.
No significant differences between test situations (
Overall, results show that the influence of testing through different panels (SOP versus DOP) is bigger than the impact of testing in different test situations (
Besides the convincing findings from this study—many comparison tests over the last years took place proofing reliability and precision of tests taking place either
In the future, it will be valuable to set up advanced follow-up studies with even more participating panels from different countries to regularly confirm findings and strengthen the trust in the data and conclusions of the study at hand.
Our thanks go especially to the panelists from the two involved panels—the German Olive Oil Panel DOP and the Swiss Olive Oil Panel SOP—as well as to their panel leaders: Richard Retsch from DOP and Martin Popp/Annette Bongartz from SOP.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. 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