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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4543",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Alzheimer's Disease - Challenges for the Future",title:"Alzheimer's Disease",subtitle:"Challenges for the Future",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"There is a wide scope of clinical phenomenology in Alzheimers disease, regarding the age of onset, presenting features, rate of progression and appearance of other clinical manifestation. Although clinical appearance and neuropathological hallmarks have been defining AD since its first description, major factors which trigger pathology are still unknown. The role of comorbidity is discussed controversially. Important environmental risk factors in AD development are continuous stress, low education and cardiovascular risk factors such as alcohol intake, smoking, hypertension. The role of lipids and cholesterol has been recognized, but the relevant pathogenetic steps are still to be identified. There is an urgent need to understand molecular disease pathogenesis in order to develop early therapeutic targets for the disease.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2137-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7242-0",doi:"10.5772/58663",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"alzheimer-s-disease-challenges-for-the-future",numberOfPages:372,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"06a927cb5db884ece5679509729fd17a",bookSignature:"Inga Zerr",publishedDate:"July 1st 2015",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4543.jpg",numberOfDownloads:24533,numberOfWosCitations:28,numberOfCrossrefCitations:20,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:36,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:84,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 26th 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 23rd 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 20th 2014",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 19th 2014",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 18th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"26013",title:"Prof.",name:"Inga",middleName:null,surname:"Zerr",slug:"inga-zerr",fullName:"Inga Zerr",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26013/images/3753_n.png",biography:"Inga Zerr is Professor at the Department of Neurology and Chair of the Clinical Dementia Center at the University Medical School, Göttingen. She received her habilitation (venia legendi for neurology) in 2001 for her work on cerebrospinal fluid in human prion diseases. With over 180 publications, Inga Zerr\\'s current research interests include clinicopathological characterisation of molecular disease subtypes in neurodegenerative dementia (such as prion diseases, Alzheimer’s disease) and the understanding of the molecular basis which leads to the phenotypic diversity in these pathological conditions.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Augusta University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1056",title:"Neurology",slug:"neurology"}],chapters:[{id:"48105",title:"Epidemiology of Alzheimer's Disease with the Projection of Falls Among the Aged Population",doi:"10.5772/59876",slug:"epidemiology-of-alzheimer-s-disease-with-the-projection-of-falls-among-the-aged-population",totalDownloads:1773,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Aysegul Uludag, Sibel Cevizci and Ahmet Uludag",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48105",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48105",authors:[{id:"156413",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sibel",surname:"Oymak",slug:"sibel-oymak",fullName:"Sibel Oymak"},{id:"173003",title:"Dr.",name:"Aysegul",surname:"Uludag",slug:"aysegul-uludag",fullName:"Aysegul Uludag"},{id:"174158",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmet",surname:"Uludag",slug:"ahmet-uludag",fullName:"Ahmet Uludag"}],corrections:null},{id:"48347",title:"The Cascade of Oxidative Stress and Tau Protein Autophagic Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease",doi:"10.5772/59980",slug:"the-cascade-of-oxidative-stress-and-tau-protein-autophagic-dysfunction-in-alzheimer-s-disease",totalDownloads:2342,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Zhenzhen Liu, Peifu Li, Jiannan Wu, Yi Wang, Ping Li, Xinxin Hou,\nQingling Zhang, Nannan Wei, Zhiquan Zhao, Huimin Liang and\nJianshe Wei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48347",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48347",authors:[{id:"82755",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianshe",surname:"Wei",slug:"jianshe-wei",fullName:"Jianshe Wei"}],corrections:null},{id:"48126",title:"Neuroinflammation and Alteration of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Alzheimer´s Disease",doi:"10.5772/60024",slug:"neuroinflammation-and-alteration-of-the-blood-brain-barrier-in-alzheimer-s-disease",totalDownloads:2361,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Luis Oskar Soto-Rojas, Fidel de la Cruz-López, Miguel Angel\nOntiveros Torres, Amparo Viramontes-Pintos, María del Carmen\nCárdenas-Aguayo, Marco A. 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Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12081",leadTitle:null,title:"Dyes and Pigments - Insights and Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tColour, which contributes so much to the beauty of nature, is vital to the attraction and acceptability of most products used by modern society; as long ago as the 25th century BC, man colored his surroundings and clothes using a limited range of natural colorants of both animal (Cochineal) and vegetable (Indigo, Alizarin, Tyrian purple) origin. Dyes and pigments are substances that, once applied to a substrate, lead to cause selective reflection or the transmission of incident daylight. Most natural dyes are found in the roots, barks, leaves, bracts, flowers, skins, and shells of plants. They are categorized as organometallic and organic compounds and exhibit low solubility in organic solvents. As a result, they are essentially found in the solid-state during processing and when applied to the substrate.
\r\n\tThus, we call for research and review papers on the chemistry and physics of dyes, pigments, and their intermediates, including chemical constituents, spectroscopic aspects, surface, solution, crystal formation, photochemical, and ecological or biological properties. The book will be of interest to a wide variety of researchers worldwide whose work involves various fields of activity such as dyes and pigment synthesis, imaging, sensor, energy, medicine, polymers, food product, toxicological properties, etc.
Modern Bayesian data analysis is enabled by specialized computational tools. Except in relatively simple models, explicit solutions for quantities relevant to Bayesian inference are not available. This limitation has sparked the development of many different approximation methods.
Some approximation methods, such as Laplace approximation [1] and variational Bayes [2], are based on replacing the Bayesian posterior density with a computationally convenient approximation. Such methods may have the advantage of relatively quick computation and scalability, but they leave open the question of how much the resulting approximate Bayesian inference can be trusted to reflect the actual Bayesian inference. There is an inherent bias in the approximation that generally cannot be reduced by applying more intensive computation.
When accuracy is important, simulation-based (stochastic) methods offer an attractive alternative. The goal of these methods is to produce a simulation sample (though not necessarily an independent one) from the (joint) posterior distribution. A simulation sample can be used to approximate almost any quantity relevant to Bayesian inference, including posterior expectations, variances, quantiles, and marginal densities. Since the approximations become more exact as more samples are used, accuracy tends to be limited only by the computational resources available.
Random variates from a general probability distribution that has a known density may be simulated using many classical methods, such as accept/reject and importance sampling. However, such methods tend to be efficient only in special cases and often require analytical insight to improve efficiency. The past three decades have seen interest dramatically increase in the category of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Unlike most classical methods, MCMC can often be efficiently automated, even for moderately complicated models. A variety of MCMC methods are available, giving the analyst flexibility in implementation. Moreover, general software is now available that automates most computational details, allowing the analyst to focus on model formulation and inference.
The purpose of this chapter is to offer an introduction to Bayesian simulation methods, with emphasis on MCMC. The motivation and popularity of posterior sampling are illustrated in Section 2. Section 3 describes MCMC and the associated issues including convergence monitoring, mixing, and thinning. Varieties of specific sampling methods are provided in Sections 4 and 5, with the general-purpose software implementing them described in Section 6.
Bayesian inference requires access to the posterior distribution. Let
where the proportionality is in
Since
This explains the popularity of posterior sampling. Given a sample from the posterior of sufficient effective size, posterior expected values can be approximated by sample means, posterior quantiles by sample quantiles, posterior marginal densities by sample-based density estimates, and so forth. Most posterior inference is readily accomplished if an efficient method of sampling from the posterior is available.
Currently, the most efficient generally adaptable methods use
MCMC is a type of dependent sampling in which the samples are obtained from successive states of a discrete-time Markov chain [3]. The Markov chain is designed to be easy to simulate and intended to (eventually) produce samples that have a distribution arbitrarily close to the posterior distribution.
Specifically, the Markov chain is designed to have a particular
Since starting the chain in the stationary distribution is difficult, MCMC relies on the stationary distribution also being the (unique)
General convergence monitoring tools and techniques are available to determine by what time point convergence has been practically achieved, so that accurate samples can be collected thereafter. See [5] for an overview. Some tools rely on simulating the chain several times, independently, from different starting points.
Running the chain(s) until declaring convergence is called
The degree of dependence within a Markov chain determines the number of samples needed for a given level of approximation. Most MCMC methods produce chains with positive dependence, requiring a larger number of samples to be taken than if independent sampling were used. Chains that are highly dependent exhibit slow
When sampling is highly dependent, using only a regularly spaced subsample of the generated values may be almost as accurate as using all of the values. Retaining only the regularly spaced subsample is called
Characterizing Monte Carlo error in approximations from an MCMC sample is more difficult than from an independent sample. However, effective methods are available for most cases. See [6].
This section briefly summarizes the most practical and frequently used methods for forming a Markov Chain appropriate for sampling from a posterior distribution. All of them need only a function proportional to the posterior density of
where the proportionality is in
Consider a partition of
The
Gibbs sampling, in its purest form, is sequential sampling from the full conditional distributions of
Essentially, Gibbs sampling reduces the problem of sampling
where the proportionality is in
Performance of Gibbs sampling can sometimes be improved by modifying the algorithm. For example, the order in which the pieces are sampled can affect the mixing rate (e.g., [8]). Also, replacing some of the full conditional distributions with (partial) posterior marginals results in a
Even when a Gibbs sampler is easy to implement, its mixing can be arbitrarily slow. This happens especially when there is a high degree of posterior dependence among the pieces of
Gibbs sampling can be facilitated by techniques that involve sampling more than just the parameter
Data augmentation is natural in models that are defined using random effects. The random effects simply become latent variables to be sampled with the parameters. But it can also be used to add purely artificial latent variables designed to make full conditionals easy to sample. For example, data modeled with a location-scale
Parameter expansion involves defining a redundant parameter
Parameter expansion is typically used in conjunction with data augmentation, whence it is known as parameter expansion-data augmentation (PX-DA) [12].
One general-purpose method to sample from an arbitrary univariate continuous density is to first sample uniformly from the bivariate (unit area) region beneath its graph and then retain only the horizontal coordinate. The uniform sampling could be performed by a simple two-step Gibbs sampler, alternating between vertical and horizontal sampling. This general approach is called
For a multivariate
Though multivariate versions of slice sampling exist (e.g., [14]), practical implementations are often univariate and implemented as a single step within a Gibbs sampler framework, for continuous pieces that would otherwise be difficult to sample.
A general approach to posterior sampling is to perform a carefully controlled random walk over the parameter space. The steps are chosen such that the resulting Markov chain has the posterior as its stationary distribution. This is accomplished by the
In one popular version, the properties of the algorithm are determined by the choice of a random walk. The choice is arbitrary, but it is often such that each step is easy to simulate and can transition from any point in the parameter space to any other point. Let
(We assume
The transitions of the Markov chain are determined by the following algorithm: let
Sample
Compute
Set the next state of the chain to be
Note the possibility that the next state of the chain will be identical to the previous state, even if
General proof that this algorithm produces a Markov chain with the posterior as its stationary distribution can be found in, for example, [15]. Convergence properties have been extensively studied [4].
One important special case is the
Proposal distributions often admit a choice of scaling that can be tuned to improve sampling efficiency. Setting the scale too large leads to a low acceptance rate, hence slow mixing due to many repeated values. Setting the scale too small leads to a high acceptance rate, but each proposal will be close to the current value, and hence the mixing will also be slow. In some cases, theoretical results are available to guide the choice of scale. For example, for the Metropolis algorithm, research suggests that the optimal acceptance rate is about 0.44 for a one-dimensional
In addition, the shape of the proposal distribution can often be tuned. Perhaps the best shapes are ones that approximate the shape of the posterior distribution, since then proposals will tend to be in directions in which the posterior is wider. While the exact shape of the posterior may not be obvious, it may still be possible to choose a proposal that has a similar covariance structure.
The scale and shape of the proposal can be tuned in an automated manner, by making a preliminary run of the algorithm during which features of the proposal are modified adaptively to improve efficiency. This stage of
Although it may not be obvious, exact Gibbs sampling can actually be viewed as a special case of Metropolis-Hastings (e.g., [3]). The
Since the posterior density is analytically available (up to a constant factor), its local properties may suggest an efficient choice of proposal distribution. For a continuous posterior,
Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC), also called
HMC can be applied directly to
Then apply the Metropolis algorithm to sample
Directly generate
Starting from
for each element
Let
In the Metropolis acceptance step, we use
Actually, if the path is followed exactly, the acceptance probability will always be 1, since value of
To follow the differential equation numerically, we use the
If
The differential equation path of an HMC proposal has a tendency to loop back on itself, making the efficiency sensitive to the length of the path (i.e., the choice of
In theory, the computational cost of HMC scales better with the dimension of
The first non-local or cluster sampling for Monte Carlo simulation for large systems is the
Consider a Potts model with probability distribution
where
A SW Monte Carlo move is based on the following two steps: the first step transforms a Potts configuration to a bond configuration, and the second transforms back from bond to a new Potts configuration.
If
Clusters are identified as sets of sites connected by bonds (otherwise isolated sites). If there is a connected path of bonds joining two sites, they are said to be in the same cluster. A new Potts value is assigned to each cluster, chosen with equal probability among
With this approach, every state can be reached from any other state in one move with a non-zero probability. The two steps leave the probability distribution invariant and the method generates an equilibrium distribution Eq. (12).
One variation of the SW method is generalizing it to arbitrary sampling probabilities defined on graph partitions, which is achieved through considering it as a Metropolis-Hastings algorithm and computing the acceptance probability of the proposed Monte Carlo move [20]. The new inference algorithm begins by calculating graph edge weights using local image features and then is followed by two iterative steps:
The generalized cluster sampling implements ergodic and reversible Markov chain jumps on graph partitions. It is applicable to arbitrary posterior probabilities or energy functions in the space of graphs. Examples in image analysis (e.g., image segmentation) demonstrate that the cluster Monte Carlo is more efficient than the classical Gibbs sampler and performs better than the graph cuts and belief propagation.
In the statistics community, the first development of practical general-purpose software for MCMC was the BUGS (Bayesian inference using Gibbs sampling) project, starting in 1989. The original implementation, designed for the Windows operating system, was WinBUGS, which included a graphical interface. When development of WinBUGS ended, the OpenBUGS project was created as a successor. This software uses a special model specification language, the “BUGS language,” that is remarkably flexible. Usually, the analyst only needs to specify the model in the BUGS language and then leave the construction of appropriate samplers to the software. The basic structure is a Gibbs sampler, but the pieces may be sampled using specialized methods.
Inspired by BUGS, a parallel effort called JAGS (Just another Gibbs sampler) was developed. Like BUGS, it is based on Gibbs sampling and, in principle, requires the analyst to specify only a model (written in a variant of the BUGS language), leaving the construction of samplers to an automated engine. It tends to be faster than OpenBUGS, is more actively developed, and features better integration with the R language. It also incorporates efficient slice samplers in some of its steps. JAGS is entirely open-source and has versions for many operating systems.
PyMC’s development was an effort to generalize the process of building Metropolis-Hastings samplers, making MCMC more accessible to non-statisticians. It is now a Python package helping users define stochastic models and construct Bayesian posterior samples. A large number of problems are suitable for PyMC due to its flexibility and extensibility. Key features include ability to fit Bayesian statistical models via MCMC and other algorithms; a large set of well-documented statistical distributions; a module for modeling Gaussian processes; sampling loops can be manipulated manually, etc.
A more recently introduced tool (since 2012) is the language Stan, which remains under active development (as of this writing). Stan allows model specification, but in an inherently more flexible way than BUGS or its variants. Software for compiling Stan includes the option for MCMC using HMC and NUTS. It therefore tends to produce more nearly independent samples than software based on Gibbs sampling. (There are also options for inference not based on sampling, such as variational methods.) The Stan software integrates with R, Python, MATLAB, Julia, and Stata.
This chapter has merely touched upon the important concepts and methods of modern MCMC. Routine-use software automating the construction of samplers is also introduced. There are many good references that provide more detailed theoretical or practical treatment and further extensions, based on which future research can be developed.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the intestinal disorder induced by chronic gastrointestinal inflammation. Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are global health problems, with the highest incidence and a prevalence rate of 0.5–1.0% in Europe [1]. The incidence of IBD is increasing dramatically in Asian countries, especially in China. There is rising incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in India, topping the Southeast Asian (SEA) countries [2]. IBD is relatively complex disease that involves numerous factors such as commensal flora, genetic factors, immune system dysfunction, and environmental risk factors [3]. The human gastrointestinal tract serves as the first-line sensor, and defense against external environment stimuli is exposed to the external environment, particularly to bacterial antigens released from resident microbiota. It is the chronic inflammation in the intestinal surface that first leads to the development of UC, which can progress into CD and/or colon cancer [3]. Advances have been achieved in understanding the pathogenesis of IBD in the past few years, yet exact mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Patients usually suffer from severe pain, diarrhea, abscesses, fistulas, abdominal pain, and stenosis. Thus the development of effective treatments and/or reducing the symptoms of patients with IBD is urgently needed. The current mainstream management of IBD includes antibiotics, corticosteroids, thiopurines, anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies, and aminosalicylates [2]. They have severe side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, and osteoporosis when used for the long term. One-third of CD patients undergo surgery after long-term use of these mainstream treatments [4].
\nThe Indian System of Medicine which mainly comprises of Ayurveda (meaning the
Method of preparation of fermented preparations in Ayurveda.
The present review mainly discusses the fermented preparations used in
Gallotannins are a major constituent of plant materials used for the preparation of fermented preparation
Structures of compound present in
Possible changes during fermentation in
Ellagitannins are the other major phytoconstituents that are extracted during the boiling/maceration with water. This is mainly due to the presence of hexahydroxydiphenic (HHDP) moiety in ellagitannins [13]. Their extractability in water is more than the gallotannins. Terchebulin (
Flavonoid glycosides and phenolic glycosides are the other class of phytoconstituents that are extracted in substantial amount during the boiling of plants during preparation of formulation. These were evident when formulations like
RP-HPLC analysis of the decoction and the final processed formulation revealed that luteolin 4′-
Further, the addition of
5-Hydroxymethyl furfuraldehyde, 5-HMF (
Water-soluble constituents in cumin
5-HMF(
Flavonoid glycosides in sugarcane juice: (
From the evidences cited above, it is very clear that herbal formulations and their analysis for the presence of bioactive constituents are important as far as their efficacy is concerned. Three formulations have been cited, and major constituents present in them have proven to be good agents for IBD. Natural products and herbal medicine formulas have exhibited efficacy in preclinical evaluation, improved symptoms, and decreased medical costs for IBD patients. The components of natural products and herbs are complex and have multiple mechanisms of action that may synergize to produce their overall efficacy. Intensive studies based on murine models of IBD and human studies are required for evaluating the efficacy of natural products and herbal medicine as an alternative treatment for IBD. Thus identification of the active component(s) and optimization of the dosage and development of treatment protocol(s) are of primary importance. The modern hyphenated techniques having high-throughput technologies shall enable the identification of the effective ingredient(s) and reveal the mechanisms of action of natural products and herbs in treating IBD. Natural products and herbal formulations (as co-adjuvants) with existing medications may also provide new therapy options for IBD patients.
\nAuthors declare no conflict of interest.
\n"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
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\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
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\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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Shields"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6156",title:"Lepidoptera",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b5d586ee7920aa6388b521b833916453",slug:"lepidoptera",bookSignature:"Farzana Khan Perveen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6156.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"75563",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzana Khan",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"farzana-khan-perveen",fullName:"Farzana Khan Perveen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"56325",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70098",title:"Contact-Mediated Eyespot Color-Pattern Changes in the Peacock Pansy Butterfly: Contributions of Mechanical Force and Extracellular Matrix to Morphogenic Signal Propagation",slug:"contact-mediated-eyespot-color-pattern-changes-in-the-peacock-pansy-butterfly-contributions-of-mecha",totalDownloads:1277,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Butterfly wing color patterns are developmentally determined by morphogenic signals from organizers in the early pupal stage. However, the precise mechanism of color-pattern determination remains elusive. Here, mechanical and surface disturbances were applied to the pupal hindwing of the peacock pansy butterfly Junonia almana (Linnaeus, 1758) to examine their effects on color-pattern determination. Using the forewing-lift method immediately after pupation, a small stainless ball was placed on the prospective major eyespot or background of the developing dorsal hindwing to cause a wing epithelial distortion, resulting in deformation of the major eyespot. When the exposed dorsal hindwing was covered with a piece of plastic film or placed on a surface of a glass slide, an adhesive tape, or a silicone-coated glassine paper, the major eyespot was effectively reduced in size without a direct contact with the covering materials. The latter two treatments additionally induced the size reduction of the minor eyespot and proximal displacement and broadening of parafocal elements through a direct contact, being reminiscent of the temperature-shock-type modifications. These results suggest the importance of mechanical force and physicochemical properties of planar epithelial contact surface (i.e., extracellular matrix) to propagate morphogenic signals for color-pattern determination in butterfly wings.",book:{id:"6156",slug:"lepidoptera",title:"Lepidoptera",fullTitle:"Lepidoptera"},signatures:"Joji M. Otaki",authors:[{id:"208068",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Joji",middleName:"M.",surname:"Otaki",slug:"joji-otaki",fullName:"Joji Otaki"}]},{id:"56320",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70050",title:"Synergistic Damage Response of the Double-Focus Eyespot in the Hindwing of the Peacock Pansy Butterfly",slug:"synergistic-damage-response-of-the-double-focus-eyespot-in-the-hindwing-of-the-peacock-pansy-butterf",totalDownloads:887,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Eyespot color patterns in butterfly wings are determined by the putative morphogenic signals from organizers. Previous experiments using physical damage to the forewing eyespots of the peacock pansy butterfly, Junonia almana (Linnaeus, 1758), suggested that the morphogenic signals dynamically interact with each other, involving enhancement of activation signals and interactions between activation and inhibitory signals. Here, we focused on the large double-focus fusion eyespot on the hindwing of J. almana to test the involvement of the proposed signal interactions. Early damage at a single focus of the prospective double-focus eyespot produced a smaller but circular eyespot, suggesting the existence of synergistic interactions between the signals from two sources. Late damage at a single focus reduced the size of the inner core disk but simultaneously enlarged the outermost black ring. Damage at two nearby sites in the background induced an extensive black area, possibly as a result of the synergistic enhancement of the two induced signals. These results confirmed the previous forewing results and provided further evidence for the long-range and synergistic interactive nature of the morphogenic signals that may be explained by a reaction-diffusion mechanism as a part of the induction model for color-pattern formation in butterfly wings.",book:{id:"6156",slug:"lepidoptera",title:"Lepidoptera",fullTitle:"Lepidoptera"},signatures:"Mayo Iwasaki and Joji M. Otaki",authors:[{id:"208068",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Joji",middleName:"M.",surname:"Otaki",slug:"joji-otaki",fullName:"Joji Otaki"},{id:"208071",title:"MSc.",name:"Mayo",middleName:null,surname:"Iwasaki",slug:"mayo-iwasaki",fullName:"Mayo Iwasaki"}]},{id:"75753",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96637",title:"Managing a Transboundary Pest: The Fall Armyworm on Maize in Africa",slug:"managing-a-transboundary-pest-the-fall-armyworm-on-maize-in-africa",totalDownloads:511,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) invaded Africa in 2016, and has since spread to all countries in sub-Saharan Africa, causing devastating effects on mainly maize and sorghum. The rapid spread of this pest is aided by its high reproductive rate, high migration ability, wide host range and adaptability to different environments, among others. Since its introduction, many governments purchased and distributed pesticides for emergency control, with minimal regard to their efficacy. In this chapter, we review efforts towards managing this pest, highlight key challenges, and provide our thoughts on considerations for sustainable management of the pest.",book:{id:"9666",slug:"moths-and-caterpillars",title:"Moths and Caterpillars",fullTitle:"Moths and Caterpillars"},signatures:"Michael Hilary Otim, Komi Kouma Mokpokpo Fiaboe, Juliet Akello, Barnabas Mudde, Allan Tekkara Obonyom, Anani Yaovi Bruce, Winnifred Aool Opio, Peter Chinwada, Girma Hailu and Pamela Paparu",authors:[{id:"331168",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Hilary",surname:"Otim",slug:"michael-otim",fullName:"Michael Otim"},{id:"339328",title:"Dr.",name:"Girma",middleName:null,surname:"Hailu",slug:"girma-hailu",fullName:"Girma Hailu"},{id:"339330",title:"Dr.",name:"Pamela",middleName:null,surname:"Paparu",slug:"pamela-paparu",fullName:"Pamela Paparu"},{id:"339339",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Chinwada",slug:"peter-chinwada",fullName:"Peter Chinwada"},{id:"339340",title:"Ms.",name:"Winnifred",middleName:null,surname:"Aool Opio",slug:"winnifred-aool-opio",fullName:"Winnifred Aool Opio"},{id:"339341",title:"Dr.",name:"Anani",middleName:null,surname:"Bruce Yaovi",slug:"anani-bruce-yaovi",fullName:"Anani Bruce Yaovi"},{id:"339345",title:"Mr.",name:"Allan",middleName:"Obonyom",surname:"Tekkara",slug:"allan-tekkara",fullName:"Allan Tekkara"},{id:"339346",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliet",middleName:null,surname:"Akello",slug:"juliet-akello",fullName:"Juliet Akello"},{id:"339347",title:"Dr.",name:"Barnabas",middleName:null,surname:"Mudde",slug:"barnabas-mudde",fullName:"Barnabas Mudde"},{id:"339349",title:"Dr.",name:"Fiaboe",middleName:null,surname:"Komi K Mokpokpo",slug:"fiaboe-komi-k-mokpokpo",fullName:"Fiaboe Komi K Mokpokpo"}]},{id:"57286",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71158",title:"Mitochondrial Genomes of Lepidopteran Insects Considered Crop Pests",slug:"mitochondrial-genomes-of-lepidopteran-insects-considered-crop-pests",totalDownloads:1211,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In this chapter, the complete mitochondrial genome of Guatemalan potato moth, Tecia solanivora (Povolny, 1973) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is presented as a model to understand how to characterize and study a mitogenome in insects. It was sequenced, analyzed, and compared with other lepidopteran insects. T. solanivora mitogenome is a circular double-stranded molecule, typically found in insects and containing 37 genes, all them well described over the other lepidopteran mitogenomes sequenced. Interestingly, in this mitogenome was found a gene arrangement in the tRNA-Met gene different from the ancestral arrangement, but commonly present in insect mitogenomes. Other important characteristics are the high A + T-biased and negative AT- and GC-skews contents, but also unusual canonical start codons in 12 protein-coding genes and an incomplete stop codon in the cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene consisting of just a Thymine. Another common feature shared with lepidopteran mitogenomes is the A + T-rich region. It is characterized by having 325 bb, the ‘ATAGA’ motif, a 17 bp poly (T) stretch and a (AT)8 element preceded by the ‘ATTTA’ motif. Likewise, this mitogenome has 21 intergenic spacer regions. In addition, an update about other recent mitogenomes research done mainly over lepidopteran insects considered crop pests is presented. On the other hand, a novel development based on induced mutations by CRISPR-Cas9 in the mitogenomes seeking applicable capability for pest control is shown. The utility of this study is to improve scientific databases and support future studies of population genetic in lepidopteran.",book:{id:"6156",slug:"lepidoptera",title:"Lepidoptera",fullTitle:"Lepidoptera"},signatures:"Viviana Ramírez-Ríos, Javier Correa Alvarez and Diego Villanueva-\nMejia",authors:[{id:"206827",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:"F.",surname:"Villanueva-Mejía",slug:"diego-villanueva-mejia",fullName:"Diego Villanueva-Mejía"},{id:"214479",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Correa Alvarez",slug:"javier-correa-alvarez",fullName:"Javier Correa Alvarez"},{id:"219660",title:"MSc.",name:"Viviana",middleName:null,surname:"Ramírez-Ríos",slug:"viviana-ramirez-rios",fullName:"Viviana Ramírez-Ríos"}]},{id:"56208",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69958",title:"Molecular Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Lepidoptera with Special Reference to Influence of Wolbachia Infection in the Genus Polytremis",slug:"molecular-phylogeny-and-taxonomy-of-lepidoptera-with-special-reference-to-influence-of-wolbachia-inf",totalDownloads:1275,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter provides a case of genus Polytremis Mabille, 1904 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), to explain the molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of Lepidoptera and the influence of Wolbachia infection. Earlier studies of Lepidoptera were focused mainly on the morphological classification, population distribution, and identification of new species. As the supplementary to morphological research, analysis of DNA has been widely used in the phylogenetic studies of Lepidoptera. The study provides a conservative estimate that the Wolbachia infection rate in Polytremis nascens Leech (1893) is 31%, and no significant difference in the prevalence is found between the sexes. The Wolbachia infection mainly prevails in populations of P. nascens in southern China, which influence the diversity of mtDNA in P. nascens by a Wolbachia-induced sweep. The Wolbachia infection rate in Polytremis fukia Evans (1940) is 47% and shows a weak association existed between mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and wFuk1 infection status.",book:{id:"6156",slug:"lepidoptera",title:"Lepidoptera",fullTitle:"Lepidoptera"},signatures:"Weibin Jiang",authors:[{id:"207420",title:"Dr.",name:"Weibin",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"weibin-jiang",fullName:"Weibin Jiang"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"57369",title:"Introductory Chapter: Lepidoptera",slug:"introductory-chapter-lepidoptera",totalDownloads:7023,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"6156",slug:"lepidoptera",title:"Lepidoptera",fullTitle:"Lepidoptera"},signatures:"Farzana Khan Perveen and Anzela Khan",authors:[{id:"75563",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzana Khan",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"farzana-khan-perveen",fullName:"Farzana Khan Perveen"}]},{id:"57355",title:"Lepidoptera Collection Curation and Data Management",slug:"lepidoptera-collection-curation-and-data-management",totalDownloads:1554,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The collections of Lepidoptera often serve as foundational basis for a wide range of biological, ecological, and climate science disciplines. Species identification and higher taxa delimitation based on collection specimens and especially, on types test scientific hypotheses, provide multiple types of evidence for a broad range of users. Curation and data management approaches applied in Lepidoptera collections benefit greatly from many newly developed information techniques, which link and integrate data. Mostly attention is focused on clean verified collection and taxonomic literature mining data to obtain correct species-group and higher taxa names, as well as reliable data on the distribution of Lepidoptera and their trophic interactions. Collection creation and management became a subject of natural sciences itself. The chapter provides a historic overview on collection creation and curation together with a short discussion on collection goals and purposes. The creation of a virtual collection based on interlinked data is emphasized. Information science and data management tools became very important in Lepidoptera collection curation. The complexity of techniques and computing tools used in taxonomy and the increase in the amount of data that can be obtained by collection-based disciplines make it necessary to automate data gathering, manipulation, analysis, and visualization processes.",book:{id:"6156",slug:"lepidoptera",title:"Lepidoptera",fullTitle:"Lepidoptera"},signatures:"Jurate De Prins",authors:[{id:"213731",title:"Dr.",name:"Jurate",middleName:null,surname:"De Prins",slug:"jurate-de-prins",fullName:"Jurate De Prins"}]},{id:"57731",title:"Taxocenotic and Biocenotic Study of Lepidoptera (Rhopalocera) in Rucamanque: A Forest Remnant in the Central Valley of the Araucanía Region, Chile",slug:"taxocenotic-and-biocenotic-study-of-lepidoptera-rhopalocera-in-rucamanque-a-forest-remnant-in-the-ce",totalDownloads:1252,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Considering that butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) are sensitive to physical and climatic changes, e.g. of temperature, humidity and solar radiation, produced by disturbances in their habitat, a survey of this group was carried out in a small remnant of native forest (Rucamanque) in the central valley of the Araucanía Region of Chile. The object was to record the composition, abundance and diversity of Rhopalocera in grassland, forest and the ecotone between them during spring and summer. The study recorded 1190 individual butterflies belonging to 25 species, 18 genera, 8 sub-families and 4 families. The highest values of species richness and abundance were obtained in the summer, of 25 species and 953 individuals; in the spring, 9 species were recorded with a total of 237 individuals. The greatest diversity and homogeneity were found in the ecotone habitat (H′=3.86; J′=0.88; λ =0.08); the values for grassland were (H′=2.73; J′=0.67; λ =0.23) and for forest (H′=2.55; J′=0.71; λ =0.23); these environments being less diverse and more homogeneous. The greatest taxocenotic similarity was found between grassland and the ecotone (54%), and the least similarity appeared between the ecotone and forest (34%). The greatest biocenotic similarity was found between the ecotone and forest (48%), and the lowest correspondence was between grassland and forest (4.18%).",book:{id:"6156",slug:"lepidoptera",title:"Lepidoptera",fullTitle:"Lepidoptera"},signatures:"Hernán Navarrete Parra and Ramón Rebolledo Ranz",authors:[{id:"193813",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rebolledo Ranz",slug:"ramon-eduardo-rebolledo-ranz",fullName:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz"},{id:"217930",title:"Prof.",name:"Hernán",middleName:null,surname:"Navarrete",slug:"hernan-navarrete",fullName:"Hernán Navarrete"}]},{id:"56208",title:"Molecular Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Lepidoptera with Special Reference to Influence of Wolbachia Infection in the Genus Polytremis",slug:"molecular-phylogeny-and-taxonomy-of-lepidoptera-with-special-reference-to-influence-of-wolbachia-inf",totalDownloads:1272,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter provides a case of genus Polytremis Mabille, 1904 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), to explain the molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of Lepidoptera and the influence of Wolbachia infection. Earlier studies of Lepidoptera were focused mainly on the morphological classification, population distribution, and identification of new species. As the supplementary to morphological research, analysis of DNA has been widely used in the phylogenetic studies of Lepidoptera. The study provides a conservative estimate that the Wolbachia infection rate in Polytremis nascens Leech (1893) is 31%, and no significant difference in the prevalence is found between the sexes. The Wolbachia infection mainly prevails in populations of P. nascens in southern China, which influence the diversity of mtDNA in P. nascens by a Wolbachia-induced sweep. The Wolbachia infection rate in Polytremis fukia Evans (1940) is 47% and shows a weak association existed between mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and wFuk1 infection status.",book:{id:"6156",slug:"lepidoptera",title:"Lepidoptera",fullTitle:"Lepidoptera"},signatures:"Weibin Jiang",authors:[{id:"207420",title:"Dr.",name:"Weibin",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"weibin-jiang",fullName:"Weibin Jiang"}]},{id:"75535",title:"Role of Pheromone Application Technology for the Management of Codling Moth in High Altitude and Cold Arid Region of Ladakh",slug:"role-of-pheromone-application-technology-for-the-management-of-codling-moth-in-high-altitude-and-col",totalDownloads:335,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The codling moth is a threat to the apple industries in India. Currently, no solutions are available for the management of codling moth in Ladakh. Therefore, all fresh fruits from Ladakh are still banned due to quarantine regulations. Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh are the three main apple producing states of India, both in quality and quantity. The ban on all fresh fruits from Ladakh directly affects the economy of rural populations. These fruits are sold in all the local markets of Kargil and Leh. Apples damaged by the larvae of codling moth are less preferred by inhabitants, tourists, and security forces, a large area of Ladakh is bordered with China and Pakistan. Field demonstration trials revealed significantly less fruit damage in apple orchards in different hamlets of Ladakh using pheromone dispensers, pheromone baited traps, and two applications of insecticides for codling moth management. A demonstration of the use of pheromone and pheromone dispenser technology for area-wide management for high dense populations of the codling moth in Ladakh has revealed successful results in the orchards of the apple growers. Area-wide management of the codling moth in some villages, using dispenser technology has shown promising results. The ban of fresh fruits in Ladakh may not be, therefore, appropriate as management of the codling moth appears to be successful with the use of pheromone dispenser technology. This technology will, surely, boost the apple industry and have a great potential for establishing commercial orchards and quality apples in high altitudes in the second-highest cold arid region of the world.",book:{id:"9666",slug:"moths-and-caterpillars",title:"Moths and Caterpillars",fullTitle:"Moths and Caterpillars"},signatures:"Barkat Hussain, Faizaan Ahmad, Ejaz Ahmad, Wasim Yousuf and Mohd Mehdi",authors:[{id:"319667",title:"Dr.",name:"Barkat",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"barkat-hussain",fullName:"Barkat Hussain"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"316",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11970,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. 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