Electrochemical characteristics of the synthesized polyaniline derivatives.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6118",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recurrent Neural Networks",title:"Recurrent Neural Networks",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The concept of neural network originated from neuroscience, and one of its primitive \r\naims is to help us understand the principle of the central nerve system and related behaviors \r\nthrough mathematical modeling. The first part of the book is a collection of three \r\ncontributions dedicated to this aim. The second part of the book consists of seven chapters, all of which are about system \r\nidentification and control. The third part of the book is composed of Chapter 11 and Chapter 12, where two \r\ninteresting RNNs are discussed, respectively.The fourth part of the book comprises four chapters focusing on optimization problems. \r\nDoing optimization in a way like the central nerve systems of advanced animals including \r\nhumans is promising from some viewpoints.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-7619-08-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5795-3",doi:"10.5772/68",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"recurrent_neural_networks",numberOfPages:402,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"50220ea2482aebdb822dfdb5d4bfd6a1",bookSignature:"Xiaolin Hu and P. 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Then I became a post-doc researcher at the Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University. Since 2009, I have been a faculty member of this department. My current research interests include artificial neural networks and computational neuroscience.\n\nI'm a Senior Member of IEEE and an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems.\n\nEducation background:\nBachelor of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China, 2001;\nMaster of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China, 2004;\nPh.D. in Automation and Computer-Aided Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, 2007.\n\nSocial service\nAssociate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems\nAreas of Research Interests/ Research Projects\nArtificial Neural Networks\nComputational Neuroscience\n\nCourses\nNeural and Cognitive Computation (80240642,Graduate).\n\nResearch Projects\nNational Natural Science Foundation of China: Design of Recurrent Neural Network Groups for Optimization based on KKT Conditions (2009-2011);\nNational Natural Science Foundation of China: Deep Learning Networks based on Sparse Coding Models (2013-2016)\n\nResearch Status\nI'm working in the interaction between computer science and cognitive neuroscience.\n\nOn one hand, I'm interested in unraveling the secrets of the brain, especially the mechanisms of sensory information processing and decision making. Two main techniques I rely on are hierarchical computational models and Bayes theory. Another technique I'm now trying to use is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) combined with machine learning methods.\n\nOn the other hand, I'm interested in brain-inspired computing methods. Currently I'm trying to integrate more neuroscience knowledge into deep learning models for boosting their performances as well as efficiency for object recognition and detection. In addition, I'm involved in a neuromorphic hardware project, which aims at developing an intelligent and energy-efficient brain-like system. My previous interest is the design of recurrent neural network for solving optimization problems, which also lies in this direction. \n\nHonors And Awards\nMinistry of Education, The People's Republic of China: Neurodynamic Optimization: Models and Applications, Natural Science Award, 1st Class (2012);\n\nTsinghua University: Excellent Postdoctoral Fellow (2009);\n\nICONIP 2012: Best Paper Award (2012).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Tsinghua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"252215",title:"Dr.",name:"P.",middleName:null,surname:"Balasubramaniam",slug:"p.-balasubramaniam",fullName:"P. Balasubramaniam",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252215/images/system/252215.jpg",biography:"P. 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\r\n\tThis book will cover the processes of the fungi that attach themselves to plant roots forming mycorrhizae, the mycorrhizal fungi. These fungi are symbiotrophic mutualists, meaning that they grow and feed on living plant tissues without harming the host tissues. Arbuscular mycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, and ectoendomycorrhizae will be discussed in more detail. We will cover the taxonomic classification of spore germination and biotrophism. The establishment of mycorrhizae results in a series of events coordinated by the fungus and the plant and their interactions. Therefore we will have the possibility to further explore the molecular and biochemical signals of mycorrhization, its intra and extra root signals, and their occurrence. Furthermore, we want to address the availability of nutrients in the soil according to its characteristics and those of the host plants. Finally, we will address the characteristics, use, and management of the soil for a better symbiotic association between the fungi and the roots. Thus, a better response to the growth of the host plants will be observed in this book.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-090-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-089-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-091-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"dddc237ff52d11c9acbfbd488686336b",bookSignature:"Dr. Rodrigo De Sousa",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12144.jpg",keywords:"Fungi, Glomeromycota, Arbuscular Mycorrhizae, Ectomycorrhiza, Ectoendomycorrhizae, Obligatory Biotrophs, Quiescence, Symbiosis, Occurrence of Mycorrhiza, Stimulation of Plant Growth, Nutrient Use Efficiency, Mycorrhizal Dependence",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 18th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 19th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 17th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 6th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 4th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. de Sousa is a researcher on alternative sources of fertilizers in Brazil. He obtained a Ph.D. in Soil Science and Plant Nutrition from the University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil. Dr. de Sousa completed an internship at the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, USA.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"297508",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"De Sousa",slug:"rodrigo-de-sousa",fullName:"Rodrigo De Sousa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297508/images/system/297508.jpg",biography:"Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa obtained an undergraduate degree in Agronomic Engineering and a master’s in Soil Science and Plant Nutrition from the Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil, in 2016 and 2018, respectively. He obtained a Ph.D. in Soil Science and Plant Nutrition from the University of São Paulo (USP). From 2014 to 2015, he studied at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, USA. He also completed an internship at the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, USA, in 2015, for which he studied the management of nitrogen fertilization in corn crops. During his doctorate program, he studied the feasibility of alternative sources of phosphate fertilizers in tropical soils.",institutionString:"University of Sao Paulo",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"13",title:"Immunology and Microbiology",slug:"immunology-and-microbiology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440212",firstName:"Elena",lastName:"Vracaric",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440212/images/20007_n.jpg",email:"elena@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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After the opening of conductive polyacetylene [1], conjugated polymers are considered as a replacement for inorganic semiconductors. In the field of the development of organic solar cells (OSCs), real progress has been possible since the mid-1990s after the synthesis of conductive conjugated polymers of the latest generation used for the production of modern light-emitting diodes and field-effect transistors.
\nSuch polymers have excellent mechanical properties, the ability to process, a variety of forms and derivatives. They have a high absorption coefficient in the optical range, which allows their use in the form of ultra-thin films (about 100 nm thickness). The advantages mentioned above, as well as the possibility of depositing films from solutions at normal pressure onto flexible substrates of a large area, make it possible to manufacture an OSC using such relatively cheap methods as inkjet printing and stamping technique [2]. Despite these positive factors for the use of polymers, commercialization of the OSC is hampered both by relatively low-power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ~6–7% and by the need for protective encapsulation from environmental influences.
\nAlmost all known types of organic photovoltaic cells can be divided into two main groups. The first group consists of batteries with a binary structure in which the photoactive components of the donor and acceptor types are deposited in separate layers. The second group includes batteries with a bulk heterojunction, in which there is only one photoactive layer, which is a mixture of a donor and an acceptor. In polymer solar cells, the active layers of the device must be located between two layers of conducting electrodes, one of which is transparent to incident light. Typically, for this purpose, a compound comprising indium tin oxide (ITO) coatings (a mixture of indium and tin oxides) applied to a glass or a flexible polymer substrate is used. In addition, the ITO layer is coated with a film of a conductive polymer used to transport holes—poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS). This film also serves to smoothen the surface of the ITO and prevent shunts from surface irregularities and to improve the efficiency of hole collection because of better matching of energy levels between the electrode yield and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of the donor polymer level. On the opposite side of the active layer, a metal electrode with a low work function is applied. In general, this is an aluminum electrode, which can be further modified by applying a thin layer (~1 nm) of LiF under it, which increases the efficiency of solar cells [3]. Lighting of such an element by sunlight is carried out from the side of a transparent glass or polymer substrate. Radiation is absorbed in the working polymer or composite layer, and electron-hole pairs (excitons) are generated, which then decay into electrons and holes collected on opposite electrodes. These processes are usually represented using energy diagrams (Figure 1).
\nEnergy diagrams of polymer binary system: (a) photon absorption, (b) exciton generation and (c) charge separation processes.
The photovoltaic effect underlying the operation of the OSC consists of the generation of current carrier-electron and holes-in semiconductor materials when they are irradiated with light. The nature of the relatively low-efficient polymer OSCs in comparison with their inorganic analogs lies in the different mechanisms of photogeneration of free-charge carriers in such structures. When the inorganic semiconductors are illuminated by photons with an energy greater than the band gap, that is, the energy difference between the valence band and the conduction band, free charge carriers (electrons and holes) are generated, which are then separated by the pn junction of the solar cell.
\nIn organic semiconductors, as a result of the absorption of photons, electrons from higher occupied molecular orbitals are excited to lower free molecular orbitals. An important difference in the mechanisms of photogeneration in inorganic and organic materials is the fact that in free inorganic solar cells, free charge carriers are formed in the bulk of the material, whereas in OSC, as a result of their relatively low dielectric permittivity, such materials are bound by Coulomb interaction electron–hole pairs—excitons. To separate excitons and obtain free charges, an additional dissociation energy of excitons (binding energy) is required, which for different organic semiconductors is 0.2–1.0 eV. Generation of charges due to dissociation of excitons can be realized at the boundary of two organic semiconductors (donor and acceptor), that is, on a heterojunction.
\nBy shifting the energy levels between the corresponding orbitals, organic materials can work as donors or electron acceptors. At the donor-acceptor interface, the process of charge transfer occurs, which leads to the appearance of holes in a material with a low ionization potential (donor) and electrons in a material with a high electron affinity (acceptor). These carriers are still connected by the Coulomb interaction but can be separated by an internal electric field (or built-in potential) of the solar cells, which is created in connection with the difference in the work function of the two different electrodes in the sandwich configuration of organic heterojunctions. Holes move through the donor material to the electrode with a high work function and electrons through the acceptor layer to the electrode with a low work function. The characteristic distance traveled by the exciton during its lifetime, that is, the diffusion length
A flat binary heterostructure consisting of two organic materials with shifted energy levels for the realization of the process of dissociation of an exciton into free charges was first demonstrated by Tang in 1986 [5]. It was shown that a photovoltaic effect occurs in a two-layer donor-acceptor system: metal phthalocyanine/perylene compound with a rather high efficiency. The coefficient of converting the energy of light into electrical energy was about 1%. An increase in light conversion efficiency of up to 2.5% was achieved in solar cells based on fullerene C60 as an acceptor material in combination with Cu or Zn phthalocyanines.
\nAn important step in improving the efficiency of the OSC was the transition to a bulk heterojunction, which is realized by mixing donor and acceptor materials. The principle of operation of an OSC based on a bulk heterojunction is determined by the fundamental property of polymer materials, which consists of the striving for phase separation at the nanometer level. In the OSC of this type, the donor-acceptor interface, which penetrates the entire volume of the material, ensures the dissociation of excitons, as well as the transport of electrons and holes to the electrodes.
\nFor the first time, solar batteries based on volumetric heterojunction obtained from solutions were reported in 1995. Since then, the number of publications in this field has started to grow exponentially, and the PCE has increased from 1 to 5% [6, 7, 8, 9, 10].
\nIn the early years, poly [2-methoxy, 5-(20-ethyl-hexyloxy)-
Recently, research efforts have focused on poly (alkyl-thiophenes) and in particular on poly (3-hexyl-thiophene) (P3HT). In 2002, the first encouraging results for P3HT: [60]PCBM solar cells at a 1: 3 weight ratio were published. At this time, the short-circuit current density was the largest ever observed in an organic solar cell (8.7 mA/cm2) [12].
\nA mixture of P3HT: [60]PCBM was and remains dominant in studies of organic solar cells. Consider the material P3HT, which absorbs photons with a wavelength of less than 675 nm (energy of the band gap
To further increase the efficiency of solar cells, it is necessary to develop donor polymers that absorb light in an even longer wavelength region than P3HT, that is, the absorption boundary should lie at wavelengths greater than 700 nm. Such polymers should have a band gap (the difference in the energies of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital [LUMO] and HOMO) of less than 2 eV.
\nThe number of known donor polymers providing acceptable light conversion efficiency in photovoltaic cells is still small. In addition to the synthesis of new polymers, work is also under way to obtain new fullerene compounds for the purpose of using them instead of the [60]PCBM in photovoltaic cells.
\nIn this regard, the aim of our chapter was the development of new acceptor components based on modified fullerene С60 and donors, based on soluble derivatives of polyaniline for use in organic solar cells.
\nThe inclusion of fullerene molecules into polymer chains as photo- and electroactive moieties (the subject of intense and competitive research in recent years) should lead to creating new materials with unique structural, electrochemical and photophysical properties. In recent years, many works that extensively use the metathesis strategy to obtain materials for photovoltaic cells have been published [14]. For example, the synthesis of vinyl-type polynorbornenes whose structure contains fragments of [60]PCBM, a conventional electron with drawing component of the active layer in organic photovoltaic cells, was proposed by Eo et al. [15]. Photovoltaic cells where the fullerene-containing copolymer acted as the n-type semiconductor in the active layer were developed based on these polymers. Also of interest are several works [16, 17] in which fullerene-containing monomers (FCMs) were subjected to metathesis polymerization using a Grubbs catalyst and the products were tested in solar cells. This part of our work was devoted to synthesize new fullerene-containing polymers and copolymers from norbornene-type monomers in the presence of the first-generation Grubbs catalyst [(PCy3)2Cl2RuCHPh].
\nInvestigated in the work the fullerene-containing norbornene monomers include (Figure 2): {(1-methoxycarbonyl)-1-[(2-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)ethoxycarbonyl]-1,2-methano}-1,2-dihydro-C60-fullerene (endo:exo = 6:1)
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of fullerene-containing norbornene monomers.
The ring-opening metathesis polymerization of monomers
Synthesized homopolymers
Note that the results obtained do not contradict the other data available in this field. Some works showed that the incorporation of C60 fullerene into the polymer, in many cases, significantly deteriorates its solubility, which is due to the formation of intermolecular bonds involving polynorbornene fragments and C60 fullerene, as well as due to the restricted solubility of fullerene itself [14].
\nOne of the possible ways to prepare soluble fullerene-containing polymers is involvement of fullerene monomers into copolymerization with highly soluble comonomers. This process is accompanied by the “effect of dilution” of rigid C60-containing units due to the decrease in the concentration of fullerene molecules in the polymer chain, which has a favorable effect on the solubility of the final polymer. To reproduce this effect, norbornenes
Ring-opening metathesis copolymerization of fullerene-containing norbornene monomers with related fullerene-free compounds.
In all cases, the metathesis polymerization resulted in the formation of copolymers
The development of a new generation of sensor devices is associated primarily with two conductive high-molecular compounds, namely, PANI and polypyrrole, which have been used in highly selective devices for the diagnosis of mixtures of gases and liquids, the so-called “electronic noses” and “electronic tongues” [21]. Biomedical studies of PANI are extremely promising. It has been shown that PANI can be used as a biocompatible electrode: electrical signals supplied to an in-vivo deposited polymer layer encourage the acceleration of tissue regeneration [22]. There is a wide range of already available and potentially possible applications of PANI. Nevertheless, the practical use of this material is limited by a number of serious problems. The first problem is related to the synthesis of PANI with reproducible properties. Samples of the polymer can contain a wide variety of aniline oxidation products with electrical conductivities that differ dozens of times. These products also differ in their spectral and magnetic characteristics and can have a fundamentally different morphology. Such an uncertainty leads to ambiguous results and requires a thorough investigation of the oxidative polymerization of aniline.
\nThe second problem is related to the creation of materials for practical applications. A significant disadvantage of PANI is that it does not melt and is practically insoluble in conventional organic solvents. Therefore, PANI belongs to the category of non-recyclable materials. Furthermore, this polymer is a powder that has no adhesion to other materials.
\nConcerning this, it is obvious that the synthesis is a key process in the preparation of not only PANI but also PANI-based composites. Despite the apparent simplicity, the oxidative polymerization of aniline is a complex multistage reaction. The conventional procedure for chemical synthesis of PANI includes the oxidative polymerization of the monomer in an aqueous solution of an inorganic acid [23]. These conditions provide the formation of an unmeltable powder that is insoluble in the majority of available organic solvents. In order to eliminate the above disadvantages, PANI can be modified in different ways. An alternative version of the optimization of the performance characteristics of the polymer is the functionalization of the initial monomer rather than of the target product. In particular, the introduction of
We carried out research identifying the most effective representatives and expanding the range of electrically conductive high-molecular compounds, primarily using functionalized aniline and researching the electrophysical and physicochemical properties of the target products.
\nTaking into account that the electrical conductivity of a high-molecular compound increases with the elongation of the conjugation chain, we turned to the development of the polymerization process of the functionalized derivative of aniline, rather than the aniline itself, and to the investigation of the physical and physicochemical properties of the obtained products.
\nThe monomer used for the oxidative polymerization was the previously synthesized 2-(1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)aniline
The homopolymerization of
The oxidation of aniline was performed in an acidic medium with hydrochloric acid at the pH = 0–2 according to the scheme shown in (Figure 4). Aniline-derivative copolymers
Homopolymerization of 2-(1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)aniline
Electronic conductivity of organic molecular compounds differs from that of metal and inorganic semiconductors such as silicon and germanium. The well-known band theory of crystal lattice is a good base to understand the conduction mechanism of crystalline molecular solids and conjugated and unconjugated polymers. At the same time, the applicability of the ideal elongated chain model to materials with a complicated morphology is naturally limited. Even within the frames of the idealized model, the inorganic conductors and semiconductors differ considerably from polymers. Besides, in polymers, the screening of interactions between charge carriers is less; electron–electron and electron–hole interactions play an important role causing considerable localization of electron states as compared with inorganic materials [27]. Absence of macroscopic ordering means inadequacy of band conduction model to describe electron conductivity of bulk polymer materials, though it can be used to a limited extent when studying the conduction process.
\nIn amorphous layers of thin organic films the terms “conduction band” and “valence band” are usually replaced by the terms of the LUMO and the HOMO, respectively. The states’ density is mainly described quite satisfactorily by Gaussian distribution of localized molecular orbitals of individual molecules [28].
\nDepending on the size of barrier on the interface of electrode with polymer film, electric current flowing through the sample can be of injection type, that is, limited by space charge. In this case, one of the electrodes should be an ohmic one, that is, it should provide more charge carriers in time unit than the sample is able to transport, not breaking Poisson’s law. Otherwise, charge carrier transport across the interface will be limited by the barrier. The tunneling model of Fowler-Nordheim (FN) and Richardson-Schottky’s (RSch) thermionic emission model are usually used to study injection in polymers in a rather strong electric field [29, 30, 31].
\nA thermal electron emission from hot metal is called thermionic emission. Electronic emission from metal contact into vacuum or dielectric conduction band by their thermal transportation through the potential barrier in electric field is called Schottky emission. Taking into account image forces in parabolic approximation, it is possible to get the Richardson-Schottky equation for current density [32]:
\nwhere
According to the quantum theory, electron wave function within dielectric area located between two electrodes is different from zero. Wave function exponentially decreases with a distance into the barrier. If the barrier is very narrow, the probability to pass through the barrier for an electron has a finite value depending on the height and form of the potential barrier. Tunneling (auto-emission) can be observed in the case of a wide barrier if its effective thickness decreases under the influence of a strong electric field.
\nIn the FN model image forces are disregarded and the tunneling of electrons from metal through a triangle barrier to free states of conduction area is considered. When the field intensity increases, the height and width of the potential barrier decreases to such an extent that a new physical effect appears and prevails: quantum mechanic tunneling of electron across the potential barrier. Current caused by the tunnel emission facilitated by a field is described by Fowler-Nordheim equation. In this case the current density can be described by the expression [33]:
\nwhich is independent of temperature. Here,
In spite of disadvantages of both FN and RSch concepts, they have been applied successfully to describe injections of a charge carrier in organic light-emitting diodes. For example, the FN model was applied to give reasonable values for the barrier height and to take into account independence of the temperature characteristic
In Biglova et al.’s works [35], the temperature dependences of the electrical conductance were measured for films of different polyaniline forms. The measurements were carried out for soluble forms of the modified polyaniline homopolymer, that is,
In the
Dependences of (a) the electrical conductance and (b) I/T2 on the inverse temperature for films of copolymers (o-toluidine with 2-(1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)aniline) in different molar ratios: (2) 1:3, (3) 1:1, and (4) 3:1.
№ | \nEox1, V | \nE red1, V | \nЕHOMO, eV* | \nЕLUMO, eV** | \nEg, eV | \nϕB, eV | \n|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CVA | \nEP | \n\n | |||||
0.54 | \n−1.07 | \n−5.31 | \n−3.73 | \n1.61 | \n1.55 | \n0.71 | \n|
0.49 | \n−1.11 | \n−5.29 | \n−3.69 | \n1.60 | \n1.52 | \n0.69 | \n|
0.44 | \n−1.13 | \n−5.24 | \n−3.67 | \n1.57 | \n1.68 | \n0.77 | \n|
0.29 | \n−1.25 | \n−5.09 | \n−3.55 | \n1.54 | \n1.53 | \n0.70 | \n
Electrochemical characteristics of the synthesized polyaniline derivatives.
CVA—cyclic voltammetry; EP—electrophysical measurements.
From the data presented in Table 1, it follows that the band gap varies from sample to sample and lies in the energy range from 1.39 to 1.66 eV. The dependence of the band gap on the molar ratio of the copolymers used for the preparation of thin films is an extremely important characteristic for their practical application in various electronic devices. The polymer compounds studied in this chapter can be used for the subsequent development of electronic devices similar to those based on inorganic Ga1–x AlxAs heterostructures.
\nIn order to understand how charge transfer occurs through the metal-polymer interface, we measured the temperature dependences of the current I flowing through the film structure. In the
The analysis of the dependences obtained in this study allows the assumption that the main mechanism of charge carrier transfer through the interface between the metal substrate and the polymer film is the Schottky thermionic emission, which determines carrier transport in the temperature range from 300 to 450 K. This confirms the conclusion that the transfer of charge carriers through the metal-polymer interface occurs as a result of the above-barrier transport. In this case, the barrier height is determined by the difference between the work function of the metal and the electron affinity of the polymer. For example, the calculation according to the results of the electrophysical measurements for film samples of copolymers
The obtained values of HOMO and LUMO indicate that the polyanilines studied in our work can be used for the development of new organic solar cells [36, 37]. The short-circuit current of the photo-converter is closely related to the difference in the energy between the HOMO of the PANI (donor) and the LUMO of the acceptor. The most appropriate acceptor can be represented by a methanofullerene [38]. This difference also determines the open-circuit voltage. Moreover, the band gap of the donor determines the minimum energy or the maximum wavelength of the absorbed photons. For the effective absorption in the visible part of the solar spectrum, the band gap should be in the range from 1.4 to 1.5 eV.
\nThus, the poly-2-(1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)aniline/methanofullerene heterojunction, which is composed of newly synthesized compounds, is optimal for manufacturing a laboratory sample of a solar energy photoconverter.
\nThe technique of formation of thin films of polyanilines and fullerene-containing polymers by vacuum deposition from a Knudsen effusion cell was used [36]. The length of the cylindrical cell was 25 mm, the internal diameter was 4 mm and the working temperature varied within the range 500–650 K. Thermal heating of fullerene-containing monomers (FCMs) during deposition led to their polymerization. Some thin films were formed by the spin coating technique from a solution of fullerene-containing monomers. All the obtained films were uniform in thickness, and their conductivity was about 0.1–1.0 mS/cm.
\nTo increase the conductivity of polyaniline layers, the temperature conditions of deposition from the Knudsen cell were selected. The temperature range of 500–550 K proved to be the most optimal. In addition, protonation of the freshly prepared films in vapors of hydrochloric acid solution was carried out. For PANI films a conductivity value of 1.0 mS/cm was achieved as a result.
\nThe surface condition and thickness of the deposited films were monitored on the basis of analysis of AFM images obtained by a NanoScan 3D. The thickness of photoactive layers varied and took on values within the range 100–200 nm. It should be noted that a too large thickness of the films leads to exciton recombination and reduces the efficiency of charge separation. On the contrary, the incident photon absorption and quantity of formed excitons decrease in overly thin films.
\nThe organic solar cell test samples based on the donor-acceptor polymer systems described earlier were formed on a glass substrate with conductive and transparent ITO layers. Resistance of ITO layers was about of 10 Ω/
(a) An energy level diagram of the PANI/FCM system; (b) process of photon absorption and charge separation in this structure; (c) multilayer film structure of OSC.
The current–voltage characteristics (CV characteristics) of all the prepared OSC samples were measured and the numerical values of such parameters such as open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, filling factor and PCE were calculated on their basis. Measuring the CV characteristics of a photovoltaic cell is usually done by exposing it to steady-state illumination and a known temperature. The sun or a sunlight simulator can act as a light source. Estimations of the coefficient of efficiency were based on standard sun intensity
The values of these parameters for the various OSC experimental structures studied in this work appeared to be Jsc = 0.6–1.8 mA/cm2 (short-circuit current), Voc = 0.6–0.8 V (open-circuit voltage) and FF = 0.6–0.8 (filling factor). The highest values of PCE for the investigated organic solar cells were about 2%. These values were obtained for the structures based on methanofullerene derivatives.
\nThus, it was demonstrated that a combination of PANI with fullerene-containing polymers is very important for formation of OSC on the basis of binary donor-acceptor systems. The solar cells investigated here differ from earlier ones [39] that they can be fabricated on the flexible substrates.
\nIn recent years, new combinations of semiconductor materials based on fullerene derivatives (n-type materials) and electron-conjugated polymers (p-type materials) are being actively developed all over the world. It is believed that the high efficiency of conversion of light in organic solar cells can be achieved only by using charge-selective buffer layers [40]. Usual materials for producing such layers are PEDOT: PSS and a number of inorganic oxides. Since PEDOT: PSS exhibits acidic properties, its use adversely affects the duration of the operation of solar cells. At the same time, the metal oxides in high oxidation states (MoO3, V2O5 and WO3) show oxidizing properties on the materials of the photoactive layer facilitating their breakage. The problem is observed even with relatively unreactive titanium dioxide TiO2 [41].
\nThe greatest prospects in terms of practical implementation have inverted configuration organic solar cells that do not contain high active metals and have significantly increased operational stability. However, the creation of these devices requires development of selective electron-transport buffer layers (ETL) based on semiconductor materials of n-type. We have fabricated inverted solar cells which ITO cathode, fullerene-containing buffer layer or ETL, photoactive layer, hole-transporting layer MoO3 and Ag anode (Figure 7).
\nSchematic architecture of an inverted organic solar cell.
The photoactive layer of organic solar cells was created on the basis of the traditional composites: the acceptor component [60]PCBM or [70]PCBM and conjugated polymer Р3НТ or poly[[9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl-2,5-thiophenediyl] (PCDTBT).
\nIn our study we propose usage of earlier synthesized {(1-methoxycarbonyl)-1-[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyloxycarbonyl]-1,2-methane}-1,2-dihydro-C60-fullerene
At the first stage, the influence of the temperature of the heating of the buffer layer on the efficiency of light conversion in solar batteries was studied on the example of photoactive materials [60]PCBM and Р3НТ [43].
\nThe molecular structures of the materials used to form ETL buffer layer of the devices.
The current-voltage characteristics of organic solar cells (Figure 9) were measured under standard conditions using simulated solar light of AM 1.5 spectrum and intensity of 100 mW/cm2 (calibrated Si diode used as reference) and a general-purpose source meter Keithley 400. The resulting parameters of the solar cells are given in Table 2.
\nSelected CV characteristics of the inverted P3HT/[60]PCBM solar cells prepared on bare ITO (reference) and using buffer layers formed from polymerized
Buffer layer | \nТ(polymerization), °С* | \nVoc, mV | \nJsc, mA/cm2 | \nFF, % | \nPCE, % | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | \n— | \n437 | \n7.2 | \n46 | \n1.5 | \n
120 | \n542 | \n7.5 | \n50 | \n2.0 | \n|
\n | 160 | \n526 | \n6.8 | \n47 | \n1.7 | \n
120 | \n608 | \n7.5 | \n55 | \n2.5 | \n|
\n | 160 | \n652 | \n8.2 | \n50 | \n2.7 | \n
\n | 200 | \n528 | \n7.8 | \n38 | \n1.6 | \n
Parameters of the best inverted solar cells fabricated on bare ITO and using buffer layers formed from polymerized
annealing temperature of the buffer layer material
The obtained data clearly demonstrate the positive effect on the characteristics of solar cell buffer layers produced by polymerization of fullerene derivatives
At the second stage, we studied the impact of buffer layers on PCE and their forming methods on the substrate surface on the example of photoactive materials [70]PCBM and PCDTBT [44].
\nIn recent years, a composite of PCDTBT: [70]PCBM was frequently used as an active layer in the standard organic solar cells OSC. This is based on the fact that the absorbance of [70]PCBM is much stronger than that of [60]PCBM and this property is very important for photovoltaic materials.
\nFour types of devices have been fabricated: without buffer layer (reference device) and with concentration of
Concentration 1, mg/ml | \nVoc, mV | \nJsc, mA/cm2 | \nFF, % | \nPCE, % | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
— | \n446 | \n8.7 | \n36 | \n1.4 | \n
0.625 | \n618 | \n11.1 | \n39 | \n2.7 | \n
1.250 | \n587 | \n9.1 | \n39 | \n2.1 | \n
2.500 | \n620 | \n8.6 | \n36 | \n1.8 | \n
Current-voltage characteristics of inverted solar cells using different concentrations of
Table 3 shows that PCEs of the devices with ETL are higher than PCE of the reference device. The data in Table 3 also marks a strong increase in open-circuit voltage at the implementation of 17, which is also noticeable, while other characteristics differ. The most probable explanation is that an n-type semiconductor facilitates photoelectric work function increase, and in turn Voc depends on the work function. A low FF highlights the need to conduct an additional optimization for active-layer forming to improve photovoltaic cell morphology, since FF depends on photoactive film morphology. Authors reported that FF can achieve 60–70% for the PCDTBT:[70]PCBM system. With this value of FF, our devices could achieve PCE of 4.5–4.8%. Thus highest performance has been demonstrated by the device with minimal concentration of 1. It is obvious that more optimal PCEs are arranged in the low-value areas of concentration. Properly, the less the concentration of the compound, the less the thickness of the formed layer. Presumably, further studies on increasing solar cells’ efficiency will be held using small thickness of the buffer layer
\nAt the third stage, we investigated the effect of the concentration of the buffer layer on the efficiency of light conversion in solar batteries as the example of photoactive materials [60]PCBM and Р3НТ or PCDTBT [45]. For this we propose ETL in inverted organic solar cells using a polymerizable mixture of acrylate derivative of [60]fullerene
Photoactive materials | \nConcentration of | \nVoc, mV | \nJsc, mA/cm2 | \nFF, % | \nPCE, % | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P3HT/[60]PCBM | \n— | \n409 | \n6.9 | \n46 | \n1.3 | \n
1.25 | \n582 | \n7.4 | \n42 | \n1.8 | \n|
2.50 | \n591 | \n6.5 | \n43 | \n1.7 | \n|
5.00 | \n486 | \n7.0 | \n43 | \n1.5 | \n|
PCDTBT/[60]PCBM | \n— | \n585 | \n6.6 | \n42 | \n1.6 | \n
0.625 | \n618 | \n11.1 | \n39 | \n2.7 | \n|
1.25 | \n677 | \n8.3 | \n54 | \n3.0 | \n|
2.50 | \n707 | \n9.1 | \n46 | \n2.9 | \n|
5.00 | \n712 | \n7.5 | \n41 | \n2.2 | \n
Parameters of inverted P3HT/[60]PCBM and PCDTBT/[60]PCBM organic solar cells comprising
note that concentration of FPI in the precursor solutions was always 25 mol % with respect to the amount of
The obtained results suggest that the electron-selective buffer layers based on the blends of the fullerene derivatives FPI and polymerizable
Therefore, a Schottky-type barrier might be formed at the interface between the photoactive and the buffer layers. This might be a plausible reason for the observed reduction of the open-circuit voltages and fill factors of the inverted devices. To solve this problem, further research is needed with the aim to design some novel fullerene-based buffer-layer materials with lower-electron work functions.
\nIn sum, the work carried out showed the advisability of application of new organic materials for solar cell development. A combination of PANI with fullerene-containing polymer was used for formation of OSC on the basis of binary donor-acceptor systems. The poly-2-(1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)aniline/methanofullerene bulk heterojunction, which is composed of newly synthesized compounds, is optimal for the manufacturing of solar cells.
\nThe potential use of polymerizable acrylate and methacrylate fullerene derivatives to form a buffer electron-selective charge-transport layer in inverted-configuration solar cells was demonstrated. Achieved light conversion efficiency indicates prospects of further development in this research. Optimization of technological conditions of the thin films fabrication and correct selection of the organic materials composition will provide higher values of OSC efficiency.
\nThe deployment of an inflatable resorbable balloon into the subacromial space is indicated in patients with massive-irreparable rotator cuff tears [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
Rotator cuff tears (RCTs) are among the commonest tendon injuries seen in orthopedic patients resulting in significant pain and disability [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22].
Irreparable RCTs are those where the rupture at least two tendons is present, tendons are retracted, atrophy of muscles and bigger degree of fatty degeneration are present [4, 23].
In these situations, direct repair refixation of the tendon at the point of insertion is usually not possible despite extensive soft-tissue mobilization and release [24, 25, 26, 27].
The InSpace ™ system is a biodegradable balloon that is made for arthroscopic insertion into the subacromial space following bursa excision. The pre-shaped balloon is produced from a copolymer of poly-L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone in a 70: 30 ratio, which biodegrades over a period of 12 months. The insertion of this balloon into the subacromial space is a low-risk procedure [6, 7, 8, 9]. The aim of this is mainly to allow gliding of the humeral head against acromion without friction and to depress the humeral head for 2–3 mm. This depression is just enough that the humerus is in a better center of rotation that allows the deltoid muscle more strength—better vector forces for the deltoid muscle. This function of the balloon permits better deltoid activation and compensation through the arc of motion (Figure 1) [10].
We have to be aware not to put the balloon into osteoarthritic joint—as such a joint balloon is not really effective [6, 8].
Schematic representation of the InSpace ™ balloon deployment and inflation in the subacromial space.
Patients describe chronicity of the difficulties: chronic night pain, pain at motion, limited range of motion [28, 29].
Pain can limit the range of motion. The range of motion is usually limited under 90° of anteflexion and abduction [13].
Atrophy of the m. supraspinatus and m. infraspinatus is usually visible [23].
The mean duration of symptoms because of the RCT prior to surgery has to be at least 3 months at patients over 60 years of age with documented failure of conservative treatment. All younger, we operate earlier [7, 21, 23].
At operation we always try to mobilize the cuff and make reconstruction or partial reconstruction. If this is not possible, then we decide on the implantation of the balloon [5].
Complete arthroscopic set with a shaver and a high-frequency electrode.
An arthroscopic pump.
Entire arthroscopic RC repair set includes anchor sutures or/and arthroscopic tunnel device.
InSpaceTM resorbable balloons of three dimensions (Figure 2) with appropriate 20 ml syringe [6].
InSpaceTM resorbable balloon—The ballon has been inflated already.
We perform all shoulder operations with the patient in a beach-chair position.
Nowadays, we perform shoulder arthroscopic procedures mainly in regional anesthesia (scalene block). In only a few cases, we perform in general anesthesia [6, 7].
We use three standard arthroscopic ports (anterior, lateral, posterior, or posterolateral).
At surgery we remove first partially the subacromial bursa (Figure 3), then we debride the tear and release the tendon. After this, we try to draw the edge of the tendons with an arthroscopic clamp to the footprint region (Figure 4). A decision is made to insert the balloon when it is obvious that the RCT is irreparable [6, 7, 30].
We usually perform tenotomy of the tendon of the long head of m. biceps brachii. But this is not necessary [28, 31].
Measurement of the distance between the lateral border of the acromion and the superior rim of the glenoid and defining the extent of any tear extension (Figure 5) [17].
Then we choose the balloon size (small, medium or large) according to measurements.
Insertion of the proper balloon is aided by folding it into a cylindrical shape inside an insertion tube (Figure 6).
Once positioned in the subacromial space, the balloon is inflated with saline permitting frictionless gliding of the humeral head against the acromion. For each size we have to fill with the proper amount of the saline—it is written on the package (Figures 7,8) [6, 7].
Then we simply turn around the green ring on the handle holder and cut of insertion device from the balloon.
After this we can move the arm and suture the ports.
Debridement of the subacromial space.
Grasping the edges of the tendons with an arthroscopic clamp in an attempt to draw it to the footprint region.
Measurement of the distance between the lateral border of the acromion and the superior rim of the glenoid.
Insertion of the proper balloon (cylindrical shape, insertion tube is removed from the joint).
Inflation of the balloon in the subacromial space.
Balloon is inflated in the subacromial space, we can see that humeral head is pushed down.
Our first study and results of other studies show clinical safety and efficacy of the insertion of the InSpace™ balloon in a group of patients with massive irreparable rotator cuff tears [6, 7].
The insertion of this device shows significantly better early improvement, significant improvement in subjective pain scores, and a decrease in reported night pain. The measurement of the Total Constant score showed statistically significant improvement after insertion of the InSpace™ balloon at 5 years of follow-up. Generally, all studies show 75–80% of good results. (Figure 9) [6, 11, 12, 13].
(a) graphical presentation of constant variables following biodegradable spacer insertion.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
",metaTitle:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",metaDescription:"This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with InTechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Publishing Process Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/publishing-process-steps",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
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\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
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\n\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\n\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\n\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
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For this, the development of human resources should be emphasized and a suitable atmosphere should be prepared for this widespread prosperity.",book:{id:"5819",slug:"research-and-development-evolving-trends-and-practices-towards-human-institutional-and-economic-sectors-growth",title:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices",fullTitle:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices - Towards Human, Institutional and Economic Sectors Growth"},signatures:"Orhan Özçatalbaş",authors:[{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş"}]},{id:"66110",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84770",title:"Gold Recovery Process from Primary and Secondary Resources Using Bioadsorbents",slug:"gold-recovery-process-from-primary-and-secondary-resources-using-bioadsorbents",totalDownloads:2038,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Bioadsorbents were prepared in a simple manner only by treating in boiling concentrated sulfuric acid from various biomass materials such as various polysaccharides, persimmon tannin, cotton, paper and biomass wastes such as orange juice residue and microalgae residue after extracting biofuel. These bioadsorbents exhibited high selectivity only to gold over other metals and extraordinary high loading capacity for gold(III), which were elucidated to be attributable to the selective reduction of gold(III) ion to elemental gold due to its highest oxidation-reduction potential of gold(III) of metal ions, catalyzed by the surface of bioadsorbents prepared in boiling sulfuric acid. By using these biosorbents, recovery of gold from actual samples of printed circuit boards of spent mobile phones and Mongolian gold ore was investigated. Recovery of trace concentration of gold(I) from simulated spent alkaline cyanide solution was also investigated using the bioadsorbent. Application of bioadsorbents to some recovery processes of gold from cyanide solutions was proposed.",book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Katsutoshi Inoue, Durga Parajuli, Manju Gurung, Bimala Pangeni, Kanjana Khunathai, Keisuke Ohto and Hidetaka Kawakita",authors:[{id:"198951",title:"Prof.",name:"Keisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Ohto",slug:"keisuke-ohto",fullName:"Keisuke Ohto"},{id:"259238",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidetaka",middleName:null,surname:"Kawakita",slug:"hidetaka-kawakita",fullName:"Hidetaka Kawakita"},{id:"289372",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",slug:"katsutoshi-inoue",fullName:"Katsutoshi Inoue"},{id:"298633",title:"Dr.",name:"Bimala",middleName:null,surname:"Pangeni",slug:"bimala-pangeni",fullName:"Bimala Pangeni"},{id:"298634",title:"Dr.",name:"Manju",middleName:null,surname:"Gurung",slug:"manju-gurung",fullName:"Manju Gurung"},{id:"298635",title:"Dr.",name:"Kanjana",middleName:null,surname:"Khunathai",slug:"kanjana-khunathai",fullName:"Kanjana Khunathai"},{id:"298636",title:"Dr.",name:"Durga",middleName:null,surname:"Parajuli",slug:"durga-parajuli",fullName:"Durga Parajuli"}]},{id:"66428",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84833",title:"Review of Biofuel Technologies in WtL and WtE",slug:"review-of-biofuel-technologies-in-wtl-and-wte",totalDownloads:1216,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Processing of biomass feedstocks to produce energy, fuels, and chemicals via a combination of different applied technologies is considered a promising pathway to achieve sustainable waste management, with many environmental and economic benefits. In this chapter, we review the current state of the main processes associated with energy recovery and biofuel production under the concept of waste biorefineries. The reviewed technologies are classified into thermochemical, biological, and chemical, including combustion, gasification, steam explosion, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, and torrefaction; anaerobic digestion, fermentation, enzymatic treatment, and microbial electrolysis; and hydrolysis, solvent extraction, transesterification, and supercritical conversion. Their brief history, current status, and future developments are discussed within a perspective of valorization and managing of current waste streams with no solution.",book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Bruno B. Garcia, Gonçalo Lourinho, Paulo Brito and Pedro Romano",authors:[{id:"261653",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Brito",slug:"paulo-brito",fullName:"Paulo Brito"},{id:"261654",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Romano",slug:"pedro-romano",fullName:"Pedro Romano"},{id:"291751",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Bruno B.",middleName:"B",surname:"Garcia",slug:"bruno-b.-garcia",fullName:"Bruno B. Garcia"},{id:"291752",title:"MSc.",name:"Gonçalo",middleName:null,surname:"Lourinho",slug:"goncalo-lourinho",fullName:"Gonçalo Lourinho"}]},{id:"65966",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84664",title:"Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool to Implement Sustainable Development in the Bioeconomy and Circular Economy",slug:"life-cycle-assessment-as-a-tool-to-implement-sustainable-development-in-the-bioeconomy-and-circular-",totalDownloads:1334,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In this chapter, the life cycle assessment was presented as a tool to implement sustainable development in the bioeconomy and circular economy. Bulky waste includes large items such as furniture, doors, flooring and mattresses. The management of bulky waste is a serious problem for European countries. The URBANREC project proposed a solution to this problem through the use of new technologies for the bulky waste processing. The aim of the URBANREC project is to implement an eco-innovative, integrated system of bulky waste management and demonstrate its effectiveness in various regions of Europe. The project has received funding from the European Union. In this chapter, the LCA environmental analysis was performed for the technology of grinding bulky waste using a water jet by the Ecofrag company. The calculations were carried out using SimaPro 8.5.2.0. The LCA analysis shows that the reuse of foams and mattresses contributes to the avoidance of their targeted production, which is related with the reduction of greenhouse gas emission and consumption of fossil raw materials.",book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Izabela Samson-Bręk, Marta Gabryszewska, Justyna Wrzosek and Barbara Gworek",authors:[{id:"281239",title:"Dr.",name:"Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Samson-Brek",slug:"izabela-samson-brek",fullName:"Izabela Samson-Brek"},{id:"290299",title:"Mrs.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Gabryszewska",slug:"marta-gabryszewska",fullName:"Marta Gabryszewska"},{id:"290300",title:"Dr.",name:"Justyna",middleName:null,surname:"Wrzosek",slug:"justyna-wrzosek",fullName:"Justyna Wrzosek"},{id:"290301",title:"Prof.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Gworek",slug:"barbara-gworek",fullName:"Barbara Gworek"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66110",title:"Gold Recovery Process from Primary and Secondary Resources Using Bioadsorbents",slug:"gold-recovery-process-from-primary-and-secondary-resources-using-bioadsorbents",totalDownloads:2038,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Bioadsorbents were prepared in a simple manner only by treating in boiling concentrated sulfuric acid from various biomass materials such as various polysaccharides, persimmon tannin, cotton, paper and biomass wastes such as orange juice residue and microalgae residue after extracting biofuel. These bioadsorbents exhibited high selectivity only to gold over other metals and extraordinary high loading capacity for gold(III), which were elucidated to be attributable to the selective reduction of gold(III) ion to elemental gold due to its highest oxidation-reduction potential of gold(III) of metal ions, catalyzed by the surface of bioadsorbents prepared in boiling sulfuric acid. By using these biosorbents, recovery of gold from actual samples of printed circuit boards of spent mobile phones and Mongolian gold ore was investigated. Recovery of trace concentration of gold(I) from simulated spent alkaline cyanide solution was also investigated using the bioadsorbent. Application of bioadsorbents to some recovery processes of gold from cyanide solutions was proposed.",book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Katsutoshi Inoue, Durga Parajuli, Manju Gurung, Bimala Pangeni, Kanjana Khunathai, Keisuke Ohto and Hidetaka Kawakita",authors:[{id:"198951",title:"Prof.",name:"Keisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Ohto",slug:"keisuke-ohto",fullName:"Keisuke Ohto"},{id:"259238",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidetaka",middleName:null,surname:"Kawakita",slug:"hidetaka-kawakita",fullName:"Hidetaka Kawakita"},{id:"289372",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",slug:"katsutoshi-inoue",fullName:"Katsutoshi Inoue"},{id:"298633",title:"Dr.",name:"Bimala",middleName:null,surname:"Pangeni",slug:"bimala-pangeni",fullName:"Bimala Pangeni"},{id:"298634",title:"Dr.",name:"Manju",middleName:null,surname:"Gurung",slug:"manju-gurung",fullName:"Manju Gurung"},{id:"298635",title:"Dr.",name:"Kanjana",middleName:null,surname:"Khunathai",slug:"kanjana-khunathai",fullName:"Kanjana Khunathai"},{id:"298636",title:"Dr.",name:"Durga",middleName:null,surname:"Parajuli",slug:"durga-parajuli",fullName:"Durga Parajuli"}]},{id:"56708",title:"Human Development and Research-Development-Extension Relationships",slug:"human-development-and-research-development-extension-relationships",totalDownloads:1775,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Human capital is the most important strategic factor for development; as new technologies emerge, the market demand for better and healthier products and consumer demand in terms of quality and delivery time are changing. In today’s world, it becomes increasingly important to know how information can be accessed, how it is adopted, and how it can be assimilated. In this respect, each country allocates budget for training, education, and extension according to its own conditions. This budget may be intended for rural community-based social assistance, but the economic and welfare effect is essential. In this way, it is aimed to increase the living standards of the families living in the rural areas. This will naturally contribute to national income and to the prosperity of society. The subject has been discussed generally in the world, especially in the case of Turkey. According to this, all over the world, particularly in developing countries, research and extension (R&E) is very important and should be considered at least as much as research and development (R&D). However, it will be ensured that societies meet with the technology produced. For this, the development of human resources should be emphasized and a suitable atmosphere should be prepared for this widespread prosperity.",book:{id:"5819",slug:"research-and-development-evolving-trends-and-practices-towards-human-institutional-and-economic-sectors-growth",title:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices",fullTitle:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices - Towards Human, Institutional and Economic Sectors Growth"},signatures:"Orhan Özçatalbaş",authors:[{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş"}]},{id:"68851",title:"Introductory Chapter: Objectives and Scope of Bioeconomy",slug:"introductory-chapter-objectives-and-scope-of-bioeconomy",totalDownloads:996,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Krzysztof Biernat",authors:[{id:"155009",title:"Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Biernat",slug:"krzysztof-biernat",fullName:"Krzysztof Biernat"}]},{id:"68007",title:"Overview of the Process of Enzymatic Transformation of Biomass",slug:"overview-of-the-process-of-enzymatic-transformation-of-biomass",totalDownloads:1412,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Cellulase is an enzyme which depolymerizes the cellulose into glucose. Cellulases are produced by a diverse array of microbes including fungi, bacteria, yeast and actinomycetes. Considerable research for understanding the mechanism of cellulases began in early 1950s because of the significant use of these enzymes in various industries. This review provides a general account structure and availability of lignocellulosic biomass, pretreatment strategies for effective digestion, cellulase producing organisms, cellulase activity assay, and enzymology of cellulose degradation. Cellulase production, optimization, purification and characterization studies in addition to the industrial application of cellulase have also been discussed. At last a brief account of present market scenario of cellulases and future prospects of the study are also taken into account.",book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Namita Singh, Anita Devi, Manju Bala Bishnoi, Rajneesh Jaryal, Avni Dahiya, Oleksandr Tashyrev and Vira Hovorukha",authors:[{id:"278205",title:"Prof.",name:"Namita",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"namita-singh",fullName:"Namita Singh"},{id:"282352",title:"Dr.",name:"Anita",middleName:null,surname:"Devi",slug:"anita-devi",fullName:"Anita Devi"},{id:"282353",title:"MSc.",name:"Avni",middleName:null,surname:"Dahiya",slug:"avni-dahiya",fullName:"Avni Dahiya"},{id:"282354",title:"MSc.",name:"Manju Bala",middleName:null,surname:"Bishnoi",slug:"manju-bala-bishnoi",fullName:"Manju Bala Bishnoi"},{id:"282355",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleksandr",middleName:null,surname:"Tashyrev",slug:"oleksandr-tashyrev",fullName:"Oleksandr Tashyrev"},{id:"282356",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajneesh",middleName:null,surname:"Jaryal",slug:"rajneesh-jaryal",fullName:"Rajneesh Jaryal"},{id:"282939",title:"Dr.",name:"Vira",middleName:null,surname:"Hovorukha",slug:"vira-hovorukha",fullName:"Vira Hovorukha"}]},{id:"67691",title:"The Use of Waste Management Techniques to Enhance Household Income and Reduce Urban Water Pollution",slug:"the-use-of-waste-management-techniques-to-enhance-household-income-and-reduce-urban-water-pollution",totalDownloads:1044,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Appropriate waste management options are major concerns in the developing world. Current methods include incineration in the open and accumulation of wastes in designated places where they constitute nuisance to the environment. Apart from air pollution from the incinerators, leachates from decomposed wastes are either washed off where they serve as source of pollutants to the adjourning streams and rivers or contaminate groundwater through deep percolation. We present viable options for managing agricultural wastes in this chapter. The options presented are so simple and sustainable such that it can be managed by individuals. Hence, they are independent of the government bureaucratic bottlenecks that have been the bane of the previous government interventions. If embraced, it will also serve as sources of income for the concerned household, hence enhance their livelihood.",book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Olayiwola A. Akintola, Olufunmilayo O. Idowu, Suraju A. Lateef, Gbenga A. Adebayo, Adekemi O. Shokalu and Omolara I. Akinyoola",authors:[{id:"293178",title:"Dr.",name:"Olayiwola A.",middleName:null,surname:"Akintola",slug:"olayiwola-a.-akintola",fullName:"Olayiwola A. Akintola"},{id:"297217",title:"Dr.",name:"Olufunmilayo O.",middleName:null,surname:"Idowu",slug:"olufunmilayo-o.-idowu",fullName:"Olufunmilayo O. Idowu"},{id:"297218",title:"Dr.",name:"Suraju A.",middleName:null,surname:"Lateef",slug:"suraju-a.-lateef",fullName:"Suraju A. Lateef"},{id:"297219",title:"Dr.",name:"Gbenga A.",middleName:null,surname:"Adebayo",slug:"gbenga-a.-adebayo",fullName:"Gbenga A. Adebayo"},{id:"297221",title:"Dr.",name:"Adekemi O.",middleName:null,surname:"Shokalu",slug:"adekemi-o.-shokalu",fullName:"Adekemi O. Shokalu"},{id:"297222",title:"Mrs.",name:"Omolara I.",middleName:null,surname:"Akinyoola",slug:"omolara-i.-akinyoola",fullName:"Omolara I. Akinyoola"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"455",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 7th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. 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Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:14}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:9},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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