Treatments of
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
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\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10910",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Learning Disabilities - Neurobiology, Assessment, Clinical Features and Treatments",title:"Learning Disabilities",subtitle:"Neurobiology, Assessment, Clinical Features and Treatments",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Learning disabilities are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by failure to acquire, retrieve, and use information competently. These disorders have a multifactorial aetiology and are most common and severe in children, especially when comorbid with other chronic health conditions. This book provides current and comprehensive information about learning disorders, including information on neurobiology, assessment, clinical features, and treatment. Chapters cover such topics as historical research and hypotheses of learning disorders, neuropsychological assessment and counselling, characteristics of specific disorders such as autism and ADHD, evidence-based treatment strategies and assistive technologies, and much more.",isbn:"978-1-83968-588-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-587-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-589-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95219",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"learning-disabilities-neurobiology-assessment-clinical-features-and-treatments",numberOfPages:382,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0999e5f759c2380ae5a4a2ee0835c98d",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10910.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3042,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 16th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 14th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 13th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 1st 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 30th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",middleName:null,surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/103586/images/system/103586.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sandro Misciagna received degrees in Medicine and Neurology from Catholic University, Rome, in 1995 and 1999, respectively. From 1993 to 1995, he was involved in researching cerebellar functions. From 1994 to 2003, he worked in the Neuropsychological Department, researching cognitive and behavioural disorders of the same university. From 2001 to 2003, he taught neuropsychology, neurology, and cognitive rehabilitation. In 2003, he obtained a Ph.D. in Neuroscience with a thesis about the behavioural and cognitive profile of frontotemporal dementia. Dr. Misciagna has worked in various neurology departments, Alzheimer’s clinics, neuropsychiatric clinics, and neuro-rehabilitative departments. Since 2016, he has worked at the Neuroscience Department of Belcolle Hospital, Viterbo, dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy.",institutionString:"Belcolle Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Ospedale di Belcolle",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1239",title:"Learning Disability",slug:"learning-disability"}],chapters:[{id:"79619",title:"Types of Specific Learning Disability",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100809",slug:"types-of-specific-learning-disability",totalDownloads:278,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter “Specific Learning Disability and its Types” is an effort to educate the readers, specially the educators about a developmental disorder that begins by school age, although it may not be recognized until later. It involves on-going problems learning key academic skills, including reading, writing, and math. The chapter makes an attempt to bring about understanding of SLD, brief historical perspective and its classification. The chapter elaborately discusses the seven types of specific learning disability according to Learning Disabilities Association of America. The chapter centers around seven learning disabilities namely, dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, auditory processing disorder, language processing disorder, non-verbal learning disabilities, visual perceptual deficit; their causes and symptoms to give a holistic understanding about the disability for the teachers and parents to understand the individual differences.",signatures:"Vinutha U. Muktamath, Priya R. Hegde and Samreen Chand",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79619",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79619",authors:[{id:"417879",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Vinutha U.",surname:"Muktamath",slug:"vinutha-u.-muktamath",fullName:"Vinutha U. Muktamath"},{id:"428478",title:"Ms.",name:"Priya R.",surname:"Hegde",slug:"priya-r.-hegde",fullName:"Priya R. Hegde"},{id:"428479",title:"Ms.",name:"Samreen",surname:"Chand",slug:"samreen-chand",fullName:"Samreen Chand"}],corrections:null},{id:"78383",title:"Biological Understanding of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Based on Epigenetics, a New Genetic Concept in Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99867",slug:"biological-understanding-of-neurodevelopmental-disorders-based-on-epigenetics-a-new-genetic-concept-",totalDownloads:121,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, and learning disabilities, are heterogeneous conditions that are thought to have a multifactorial etiology including congenital genetic abnormalities and acquired environmental factors. Epigenetics is a biological mechanism that controls gene expression based on chemical modifications of DNA and chromosomal histone proteins. Environmental factors, such as severe mental stress, have been demonstrated to alter gene expression by changing epigenetic chemical modifications in the brain. Therefore, epigenetics is not only involved in congenital autism spectrum disorder-like conditions (e.g., Prader-Willi syndrome and Rett syndrome) but may also be involved in acquired attention deficit hyperactive disorder-like conditions (e.g., via child abuse and neglect). In this chapter, we introduce the basis of the epigenetic mechanism and the recent biological understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders based on epigenetics, which is a new genetic concept not only in medicine but also in education, which bridges internal brain mechanisms and external environmental factors.",signatures:"Takeo Kubota",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78383",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78383",authors:[{id:"417045",title:"Prof.",name:"Takeo",surname:"Kubota",slug:"takeo-kubota",fullName:"Takeo Kubota"}],corrections:null},{id:"78359",title:"Self-Regulation, Self-Efficacy, and Learning Disabilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99570",slug:"self-regulation-self-efficacy-and-learning-disabilities",totalDownloads:303,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter will discuss the roles of self-regulation and self-efficacy in students with learning disabilities. The guiding conceptual framework is based in social cognitive theory. In this theory, self-efficacy is a key motivational variable and self-regulation is a means for persons to develop a sense of agency, or the belief that they can exert a large degree of control over outcomes in their lives. Following a description of the theory, research is presented showing the operation of self-regulation and self-efficacy in students with learning disabilities. Future research directions are suggested, and implications of theory and research for educational practice are discussed.",signatures:"Dale H. Schunk and Maria K. DiBenedetto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78359",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78359",authors:[{id:"418379",title:"Prof.",name:"Dale H.",surname:"Schunk",slug:"dale-h.-schunk",fullName:"Dale H. Schunk"},{id:"418381",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria K.",surname:"DiBenedetto",slug:"maria-k.-dibenedetto",fullName:"Maria K. DiBenedetto"}],corrections:null},{id:"80429",title:"Neuropsychological Assessment of Children with Learning Disabilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102565",slug:"neuropsychological-assessment-of-children-with-learning-disabilities",totalDownloads:95,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Learning disabilities are a heterogeneous and common group of disorders that have a relevant impact on children’s academic function. The most common learning disorders consist of dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia or other non-verbal learning disorders. These disorders are commonly associated with neurological or behavioral disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders. Understanding of cognitive and mental problems of children with learning disorders is an interesting challenge, and various approaches have been applied for their study, including medical, genetic, educational, epidemiologic and experimental psychologist. Nowadays, clinical neuropsychological approach, which is based on neurocognitive models, is one of the best existing models for description and interpretation of learning disorders. This approach assumes that there is a strong relationship between the various learning deficits and brain functioning. This paper consists of a descriptive review about components of a specialized neuropsychological approach that can be applied for the assessment of children with learning disabilities.",signatures:"Sandro Misciagna",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80429",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80429",authors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],corrections:null},{id:"77919",title:"Examining Learning Disabilities in Schools through an Intersectional and Equitable Lens",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99572",slug:"examining-learning-disabilities-in-schools-through-an-intersectional-and-equitable-lens",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This book chapter examines the intersection between learning disabilities (LD) and other marginalized identities to understand the diverse experiences of students with LDs and the disproportionalities that exist in LD identification and support in schools. Largely driven by the history and evolution of inclusion of disabilities in schools, Response to Intervention (RtI) arose as a model designed to increase academic performance among students with and without disabilities. Though RtI is a model shown to minimize inappropriate identification of LDs, intersectionality must be taken into consideration to understand the disproportionate representation of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students in special education. Data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress suggest social factors (e.g. socioeconomic disadvantages, racial and ethnic intersection) as a potential cause for disproportionate representation and points to a need to further understand the disproportionality of different groups of students being over- or under-identified to receive special education services.",signatures:"Enoch Leung",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77919",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77919",authors:[{id:"415915",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Enoch",surname:"Leung",slug:"enoch-leung",fullName:"Enoch Leung"}],corrections:null},{id:"80202",title:"Depression, Suicidal Tendencies, Hopelessness, and Stress among Patients with Learning Disabilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100530",slug:"depression-suicidal-tendencies-hopelessness-and-stress-among-patients-with-learning-disabilities",totalDownloads:104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Self-harm and suicide are most commonly observed in adolescents specially females in Asian countries and in western. The psychosocial predictors, along with hopelessness and non-suicidal injury (NSSI), have not been studied properly before. Therefore, there is a need to address these issues. The objective of the study was to ascertain the psychosocial and clinical features predicting suicide and NSSI in adolescents with major depression. Increased number of suicidality and impaired family function at entry is autonomously connected with a suicidal attempt. NSSI are connected at base line and apply additive effect on likelihood, one keeping on through treatment period. Poor family functions, as well as family problems and social problems, were the causative agents for adolescent’s high suicidality and NSSI. A history of NSSI treatment is a clinical marker for suicidality. The previous suicidal attempts should be evaluated in depressed juvenile patients as indicators of future suicidal intent and behavior. Both suicidal and NSSI adolescents during the therapy and after treatment endure to be depressed when they are engaged in study. Major causes of suicide among our study participants were lost friend(s), drug abuse, living alone, disturbed parental marriage, sexual abuse, and other domestic problems.",signatures:"Fahad Hassan Shah, Song Ja Kim, Laiba Zakir, Aqsa Ehsan, Sohail Riaz, Muhammad Sulaiman and Saad Salman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80202",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80202",authors:[{id:"418086",title:"Dr.",name:"Saad",surname:"Salman",slug:"saad-salman",fullName:"Saad Salman"},{id:"439291",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahad Hassan",surname:"Shah",slug:"fahad-hassan-shah",fullName:"Fahad Hassan Shah"},{id:"439292",title:"Dr.",name:"Song Ja",surname:"Kim",slug:"song-ja-kim",fullName:"Song Ja Kim"},{id:"439293",title:"Dr.",name:"Laiba",surname:"Zakir",slug:"laiba-zakir",fullName:"Laiba Zakir"},{id:"439294",title:"Dr.",name:"Aqsa",surname:"Ehsan",slug:"aqsa-ehsan",fullName:"Aqsa Ehsan"},{id:"451112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sohail",surname:"Riaz",slug:"sohail-riaz",fullName:"Sohail Riaz"},{id:"451113",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Sulaiman",slug:"muhammad-sulaiman",fullName:"Muhammad Sulaiman"}],corrections:null},{id:"78041",title:"Counseling Parents of Special Children: Insight from Resilient Parents",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99573",slug:"counseling-parents-of-special-children-insight-from-resilient-parents",totalDownloads:105,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Resilience is the ability to “bounce back” from adversity. Resilience research shifts our focus from the stress response to coping response. ‘Human agency’ takes center stage, which can be understood as making choices and taking actions intentionally. Defining resilience, as the ability of individuals to navigate their way to psychological, social, cultural, and physical resources in a culturally meaningful way to sustain their wellbeing, will be more meaningful in the Indian context. Factors leading to parental resilience are explored in the context of Indian society, with specific reference to Mumbai city, where the research has been done. This chapter summarizes the factors that both hinder and favor resilience and discusses the role of counselors in this process.",signatures:"Radhika Mohan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78041",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78041",authors:[{id:"416959",title:"Dr.",name:"Radhika",surname:"Mohan",slug:"radhika-mohan",fullName:"Radhika Mohan"}],corrections:null},{id:"79195",title:"Learning Disorder (Dyslexia): An Overview Description of the Entity through Available Researches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100807",slug:"learning-disorder-dyslexia-an-overview-description-of-the-entity-through-available-researches",totalDownloads:142,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dyslexia is a specific learning disability can be explained with number of biological and neuropsychological theories. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. The available research in this field show that there is impairment in processing the sensory input that enters the nervous system. It also indicate that there are problem in phonological decoding. There are various educational interventions and programs to address dyslexia which includes regular teaching in small group, a learning support assistant like a specialist teacher, policy interventions etc. The basic strategies of intervention focus on phonemic skill such as the ability to identify and process word sounds.",signatures:"Sambhu Prasad and Rajesh Sagar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79195",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79195",authors:[{id:"417903",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Sambhu",surname:"Prasad",slug:"sambhu-prasad",fullName:"Sambhu Prasad"},{id:"456868",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Sagar",slug:"rajesh-sagar",fullName:"Rajesh Sagar"}],corrections:null},{id:"78321",title:"Phonological Deficit Traits in Verbal Language of Dyslexics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99871",slug:"phonological-deficit-traits-in-verbal-language-of-dyslexics",totalDownloads:145,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Developmental dyslexia is a common learning disorder which is defined as a specific deficit in reading acquisition that cannot be accounted for by low IQ , lack of typical educational opportunities, or an obvious sensory or neurological damage. Dyslexic children commonly present with delayed language development first, which selectively affects phonological processing more than other aspects of language. The problem at the level of phonological representations causes a range of typical symptoms which include problems of verbal short-term memory, non-word repetitions, phonological learning of new verbal information, word retrieval, and rapid naming. This chapter will address the picture of early oral language difficulties especially phonological deficits in dyslexia, and how reading problems are related to them.",signatures:"Aya Adel and Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78321",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78321",authors:[{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh"},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel"}],corrections:null},{id:"77883",title:"Neuropsychological Perspective on Dyslexia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99386",slug:"neuropsychological-perspective-on-dyslexia",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to offer a neuropsychological approach to dyslexia. Firstly, the definition of dyslexia is addressed, as a specific learning disability that is neuropsychological in origin. Secondly, the clinical manifestations of dyslexia are discussed: academic, cognitive-linguistic, and socio-emotional. Thirdly, the main clinical explanations are explored, based on genetic theories (familial and twin heritability) and neurological theories, mainly neuroanatomical (brain asymmetry, corpus callosum morphology, cerebellar morphology, and variations in grey/white matter) and neurophysiological hypotheses (magnocellular system, connectivity between brain areas, and functional activity of brain areas). Finally, the main bases of an adequate neuropsychological intervention are detailed, such as training in visual perception, auditory perception, phonological processing, and orthographic processing.",signatures:"María-José González-Valenzuela and Isaías Martín-Ruiz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77883",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77883",authors:[{id:"201295",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Jose",surname:"Gonzalez-Valenzuela",slug:"maria-jose-gonzalez-valenzuela",fullName:"Maria-Jose Gonzalez-Valenzuela"},{id:"417743",title:"Dr.",name:"Isaías",surname:"Martín- Ruiz",slug:"isaias-martin-ruiz",fullName:"Isaías Martín- Ruiz"}],corrections:null},{id:"78552",title:"Oral Language Skills and Literacy Skills of Malay Children with Dyslexia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99787",slug:"oral-language-skills-and-literacy-skills-of-malay-children-with-dyslexia",totalDownloads:166,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dyslexia can involve among others, difficulties in spoken language. However, there is limited local data on oral language (narrative skills) and literacy skills in children with dyslexia. The relationship between language and literacy is well documented although they involve complicated and non-straightforward processes. There is also evidence suggesting a link between language difficulties with subsequent literacy difficulties. Thus, this study aims to identify and describe the language and literacy skills of Malay children with dyslexia, and to discuss the possible relationships between them. Subjects were six children with dyslexia in the Klang Valley, Malaysia aged 8:0 to 9:11 (mean age, 8:10) who were compared to an age-matched control group (n = 10). The battery of tests administrated was phonological awareness test, language task, narrative, and literacy tasks. Our findings showed that children with dyslexia had generally weaker language and literacy skills than the control group. There were significant differences (p < .05) in grammar understanding, sentence repetition, and reading and spelling at both word and paragraph levels. Pearson correlation between language and literacy was shown to be positive and strong, r = .887, p < .05. The qualitative discussion of the data is presented. Findings from this study would provide useful information to teachers and speech-language therapists in their teaching or planning of appropriate clinical evaluation and management of children with dyslexia.",signatures:"Rogayah A. Razak, Loke Xing Lin and Mohd Azmarul A. Aziz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78552",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78552",authors:[{id:"419028",title:"Dr.",name:"Rogayah",surname:"Razak",slug:"rogayah-razak",fullName:"Rogayah Razak"},{id:"427897",title:"Ms.",name:"Xing Lin",surname:"Loke",slug:"xing-lin-loke",fullName:"Xing Lin Loke"},{id:"427898",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohd Azmarul",surname:"A.Aziz",slug:"mohd-azmarul-a.aziz",fullName:"Mohd Azmarul A.Aziz"}],corrections:null},{id:"79900",title:"Dyslexia, Dysgraphia and Dyscalculia: A Response to Intervention Approach to Classification",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101163",slug:"dyslexia-dysgraphia-and-dyscalculia-a-response-to-intervention-approach-to-classification",totalDownloads:168,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter provides a model for classification of dyslexia, dysgraphia and dyscalculia through analysis of the response of children to treatment. The model is discussed with reference to the types of multivariate treatment applied in a particular programme which works interactively online using an electronic data-base for linking functional difficulties in learning to treatment, and through this to firm diagnosis and classification. In applying the model, initial diagnosis of learning disabilities is treated as provisional, based on functional indicators as well as test data. Firm classification becomes possible through longitudinal assessment, analysis of response to multivariate intervention as well as response to specific programmes. Diagnosis can then be linked both to concessions as well as ongoing treatment.",signatures:"Charles Potter",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79900",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79900",authors:[{id:"93190",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",surname:"Potter",slug:"charles-potter",fullName:"Charles Potter"}],corrections:null},{id:"78256",title:"Impacts of Dyscalculia in Learning Mathematics: Some Considerations for Content Delivery and Support",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99038",slug:"impacts-of-dyscalculia-in-learning-mathematics-some-considerations-for-content-delivery-and-support",totalDownloads:203,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dyscalculia is one of the important but less prioritized areas in learning mathematics. A group of students about 3–7 percent of school-age are facing problems associated with dyscalculia. They are facing problems related to number comparison, symbols and reasoning. This paper discusses the general features of dyscalculia and ways to overcome it. This article mainly focuses on the problem related to mathematics learning due to dyscalculia. It further highlights the concept and meaning of dyscalculia, types, causes of dyscalculia, common difficulty areas in mathematics for dyscalculic children, the impact of dyscalculia in mathematics learning. Finally, it also brings out the effective ways of delivering the mathematical content in the classroom teaching and ways to support dyscalculic students.",signatures:"Rajendra Kunwar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78256",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78256",authors:[{id:"416945",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajendra",surname:"Kunwar",slug:"rajendra-kunwar",fullName:"Rajendra Kunwar"}],corrections:null},{id:"79170",title:"Attention and Learning Disabilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100808",slug:"attention-and-learning-disabilities",totalDownloads:118,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Impaired attention is known as a pervasive behaviour disturbance, with a negative influence on learning processes. Attention deficit is one of the main symptoms of Attention Deficits Hyperactive Disorder, ADHD. Further, impaired attention is often part of learning disorders in dyslexia and dyscalculia as well as in students with no medical diagnoses. In schools and higher education knowledge on attention and challenges caused by impaired attention, is typically scarce. Hence, this chapter aims to inform educational institutions by applying Mirsky’s model of attention, discuss challenges of impaired attention, and point to intervention effects. The positive effects of real-life interventions comprising target shooting practice are explained by immediate neurofeedback combined with individual adaption and caring. Moreover, as previously hypothesised, the sequential order of behaviour at the shooting range may benefit students with impaired attention. The term concentration is frequently used in Norwegian schools and counselling services. A definition of concentration in natural situations is suggested, and possible overlaps between concentration and attention are discussed. The chapter opens for empirical and theoretical questions and hopes for more research on target shooting practice as well as on other educational programmes applying neurofeedback in the school context to investigate attention.",signatures:"Audhild Løhre",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79170",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79170",authors:[{id:"418731",title:"Prof.",name:"Audhild",surname:"Løhre",slug:"audhild-lohre",fullName:"Audhild Løhre"}],corrections:null},{id:"79122",title:"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): From Molecular Mechanism to Novel Therapeutic Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100537",slug:"autism-spectrum-disorder-asd-from-molecular-mechanism-to-novel-therapeutic-approach",totalDownloads:130,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the joint name for neurodevelopmental impairments characterized by abnormal social interaction, communication difficulties, limited range of activities and areas of interest, and typical motor impairments. There is a remarkable increase in the prevalence of ASD over the past 30 years. Studies indicate that genetic, neurological, and environmental factors are involved in the emergence of ASD, and recent works describe the neuromolecular mechanism implicated in the basis of ASD. 3LT has now developed into a therapeutic procedure that is used for three main goals: to reduce inflammation, edema, and chronic orthopedic disorders; to promote healing of wounds, deeper tissues, and nerves; and to treat neurological injuries and pain. 3LT may treat neurological injuries by lowering levels of inflammation proteins and by stimulation of mitochondria to increase the production of adenosine triphosphate and neural growth factors. This review aims to discuss the current evidence for the effects and mechanisms of 3LT at the cellular level and the effects of 3LT-induced changes in brain development and function. Early and effective intervention, through the developmental time window of high ASD susceptibility, using tools that are directed to the mechanism of pathology, may minimize neurological and functional deficits.",signatures:"Hagit Friedman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79122",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79122",authors:[{id:"206485",title:"Dr.",name:"Hagit",surname:"Friedman",slug:"hagit-friedman",fullName:"Hagit Friedman"}],corrections:null},{id:"79488",title:"Evidence Based Reading Strategies for Struggling Readers with Learning Disabilities and Emotional Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100014",slug:"evidence-based-reading-strategies-for-struggling-readers-with-learning-disabilities-and-emotional-di",totalDownloads:41,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Students with learning disabilities often exhibit academic and functional skills challenges that include limited ability to read, write, listen, speak, or complete other academic or functional tasks. A large proportion of children with LD are also at increased risks for emotional or behavioral problems. When LDs are not properly addressed, children with LD may begin to exhibit behavioral challenges that may further impede their academic performance. One of the key areas of deficit in academic performance among children with LD lies in reading. Research shows that students with EBD or LD perform approximately 2.2 grades below standard performance in reading. Part of the reason for their reading deficits is attributed to proliferation of instructional methods that are not backed by empirical evidence. In order to address this reading performance-gap, there is a need to examine closely what instructional practices are effective and under what circumstances. This chapter examines some commonly used reading interventions for this group of students with EBD and establishes the evidence supporting their effectiveness. Recommendations for future practice are suggested.",signatures:"Argnue Chitiyo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79488",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79488",authors:[{id:"312626",title:"Dr.",name:"Argnue",surname:"Chitiyo",slug:"argnue-chitiyo",fullName:"Argnue Chitiyo"}],corrections:null},{id:"78375",title:"The Use of Assistive Technologies in Writing Situations with Dyslexic and Dysorthographic Students",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99803",slug:"the-use-of-assistive-technologies-in-writing-situations-with-dyslexic-and-dysorthographic-students",totalDownloads:121,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the context where dyslexic and dysorthographic students have great difficulties in writing, this study aims to describe and analyze the perceived relationship between the use of assistive technologies (AT) in writing situations as well as academic self-perception, feeling of self-efficacy and exam anxiety in dyslexic and dysorthographic students. Using standardized questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, data were collected at the beginning and end of the school year from 28 dyslexic and dysorthographic students aged 12 to 13. In terms of quantitative analyses, the average score for each of the scales on the questionnaires was calculated. As for the qualitative data, they were analyzed using a network analysis approach. The main results show that students who can use ATs in a writing situation have a significantly higher self-perception and feeling of self-efficacy than those who do not. Moreover, their use is promising since it is associated with less anxiety at the time of exams at both measurement times. The results obtained are discussed in relation to actions to be encouraged in schools.",signatures:"Nadia Rousseau, Michelle Dumont and Carl Beaudoin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78375",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78375",authors:[{id:"419644",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nadia",surname:"Rousseau",slug:"nadia-rousseau",fullName:"Nadia Rousseau"},{id:"428434",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle",surname:"Dumont",slug:"michelle-dumont",fullName:"Michelle Dumont"},{id:"428435",title:"Dr.",name:"Carl",surname:"Beaudoin",slug:"carl-beaudoin",fullName:"Carl Beaudoin"}],corrections:null},{id:"79592",title:"Lecturers Awareness, Inclusion and Implementation of Wearable Device as a Means of Enhancing Educational Development in Nigerian Universities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101425",slug:"lecturers-awareness-inclusion-and-implementation-of-wearable-device-as-a-means-of-enhancing-educatio",totalDownloads:99,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"For the 10% of individuals in Nigeria that have utilized a wearable gadget, an increment in use is expected sooner rather than later. The utilization of Smartwatch innovation has been accounted for in numerous instructive practices; suppliers have utilized smartwatches for an assortment of purposes including addresses, courses, and online classes. Be that as it may, the impacts of Smartwatch innovation on the quality and adequacy of upgrading instructive headway in colleges and bastions of learning stay obscure. Input components that are unpretentious and productive in preparing enormous information continuously are needful to gauge quality learning experience in such huge homeroom settings. With the most recent effect of infiltration and reception of web and portable advancements in most creating areas, wearable innovation is an achievable answer for oversee and screen homeroom inclusion; as continuous understudy criticism can be coordinated in the plan and conveyance of guidance all through the study hall. The outcomes from SPSS statistical analyses of the data gathered exhibited suppliers’ high proclivity for utilizing Smartwatch gadgets for instruction and dissemination of lecture curriculum and educational plan, yet further exploration is expected to distinguish components by which keen frameworks can be incorporated into the schedules and work processes of lecturers and students.",signatures:"Ayodeji Olayemi Obafemi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79592",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79592",authors:[{id:"419163",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ayodeji Olayemi",surname:"Obafemi",slug:"ayodeji-olayemi-obafemi",fullName:"Ayodeji Olayemi Obafemi"}],corrections:null},{id:"77209",title:"Functional Model for Emotional Information Processing: A Validated Model to Support Social Competence of Students with ADHD",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98641",slug:"functional-model-for-emotional-information-processing-a-validated-model-to-support-social-competence",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Many students with ADHD have emotional dysregulation which is increasingly recognized as a core feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Functional Model for Emotional Information Processing is supposed to be a useful tool to be used when observing, explaining, and predicting a human being while responding to emotional scenarios. It is a promising model to support social competence of students with ADHD. While research on this model is still in its infancy, it borrowed much of its theoretical base from both Crick and Dodge’s SIP model and Mayer and Salovey’s ability EI. It is a useful to improve social competence of children with ADHD.",signatures:"Mourad Ali Eissa Saad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77209",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77209",authors:[{id:"417851",title:"Prof.",name:"Mourad",surname:"Ali Eissa Saad",slug:"mourad-ali-eissa-saad",fullName:"Mourad Ali Eissa Saad"}],corrections:null},{id:"77236",title:"Educational Intervention in Social-Emotional Competence in Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98417",slug:"educational-intervention-in-social-emotional-competence-in-students-with-autism-spectrum-disorders-a",totalDownloads:294,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The core symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) consist in the presence of difficulties in social communication, flexibility and imagination, in addition to presenting comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders and medical pathologies. This characteristic symptomatology of autism has repercussions on learning environments, which must adapt to them and become inclusive and pleasant environments. This chapter analyzes the social–emotional symptoms of ASD, their direct repercussions on the learning style of these students and their influence on educational environments. Regarding social communication, the socioemotional style and communication characteristics are analyzed in order to understand the need of specific programs for socioemotional development and specific training for professionals. From this perspective, the need to structure environments and activities, reduce and adjust the number and intensity of stimuli or implement emotional stimulation activities, among others, is explained.",signatures:"Marina Jodra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77236",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77236",authors:[{id:"416351",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marina",surname:"Jodra",slug:"marina-jodra",fullName:"Marina Jodra"}],corrections:null},{id:"79967",title:"Stem Cell Therapy for Learning Disability",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101511",slug:"stem-cell-therapy-for-learning-disability",totalDownloads:93,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Learning disabilities (LDs) are caused by genetic and/or neurological factors that alter brain functioning and affect processes related to learning, which include dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia. It hinders the child’s academic, social, and overall life skills. Current treatments for LD include medication and rehabilitation, focusing on management of symptoms. Thus, there is a need to explore newer treatments which will work at cellular level. Stem cell therapy is an evolving field of regenerative medicine and has shown great potential as a treatment strategy for various neuro-developmental and neurological disorders. It addresses the core underlying pathology and its benefits are enhanced when combined with standard treatments. This chapter focuses on various aspects of stem cell therapy in LD which includes the basics of stem cell therapy, rationale for use of stem cells, mechanism of action, monitoring tools like PET CT scan, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation. We have also enumerated our clinical experience and results of patients who underwent autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation combined with extensive rehabilitation. These patients showed a positive outcome, without any major adverse events. Nineteen out of 20 patients showed improvement in reading, writing, mathematical skills, attention, memory, problem-solving, comprehension skills, spelling, vocabulary, and overall increased academic performance.",signatures:"Alok Sharma, Nandini Gokulchandran, Hemangi Sane, Sakshi Desai, Pooja Kulkarni and Prerna Badhe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79967",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79967",authors:[{id:"169970",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",surname:"Kulkarni",slug:"pooja-kulkarni",fullName:"Pooja Kulkarni"},{id:"196900",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Sharma",slug:"alok-sharma",fullName:"Alok Sharma"},{id:"204449",title:"Dr.",name:"Hemangi",surname:"Sane",slug:"hemangi-sane",fullName:"Hemangi Sane"},{id:"277771",title:"Dr.",name:"Nandini",surname:"Gokulchandran",slug:"nandini-gokulchandran",fullName:"Nandini Gokulchandran"},{id:"443163",title:"Ms.",name:"Sakshi",surname:"Desai",slug:"sakshi-desai",fullName:"Sakshi Desai"},{id:"443164",title:"Dr.",name:"Prerna",surname:"Badhe",slug:"prerna-badhe",fullName:"Prerna Badhe"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3454",title:"Positron Emission Tomography",subtitle:"Recent Developments in Instrumentation, Research and Clinical Oncological Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"391535d2cdebfe48d3fd6822480d9079",slug:"positron-emission-tomography-recent-developments-in-instrumentation-research-and-clinical-oncological-practice",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3454.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9519",title:"Epilepsy",subtitle:"Update on Classification, Etiologies, Instrumental Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9074ae871f3044a2cfa973e8f516f546",slug:"epilepsy-update-on-classification-etiologies-instrumental-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9519.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8317",title:"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c0d8be344e32f62e4ea4223425d8e4c",slug:"cognitive-behavioral-therapy-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8317.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9451",title:"Learning Disabilities",subtitle:"Neurological Bases, Clinical Features and Strategies of Intervention",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c7a717ecf24f759a2b2111dfca99960",slug:"learning-disabilities-neurological-bases-clinical-features-and-strategies-of-intervention",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9451.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"715",title:"Learning Disabilities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7cf7910a2068cff1fdcdfd5ed3c25cc7",slug:"learning-disabilities",bookSignature:"Wichian Sittiprapaporn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/715.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73395",title:"Dr.",name:"Phakkharawat",surname:"Sittiprapaporn",slug:"phakkharawat-sittiprapaporn",fullName:"Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5878",title:"Learning Disabilities",subtitle:"An International Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"233671027a40a86828b81f5f6094c4df",slug:"learning-disabilities-an-international-perspective",bookSignature:"Carolyn S. 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\r\n\tSchiff base (imine -N=CH-) is one of a popular group of organic compounds prepared from primary amines and aldehyde. Not only as organic compounds but also as ligands for metal complexes, a number of studies have been carried out so far. In this context, this book aims to record a wider range of interdisciplinary content on Schiff base compounds, with an emphasis on the latest advances. This book will aim to compile research results, commentary, reviews, etc., that have dealt with preparation, spectroscopy, crystallography, (asymmetric) synthetic roles, physical properties (magnets, optics, and so on), computational chemistry, and/or theoretical chemistry and their discussions. The book will also intend to focus on Schiff base and its strong connection from organic chemistry to biochemistry or polymer materials chemistry.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-679-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-678-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-680-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"ce51efbe2cae97ca3199350ef6c498ec",bookSignature:"Dr. Takashiro Akitsu",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12078.jpg",keywords:"Schiff Base, Imine, Azomethine, Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structure, Chirality, Liquid Crystals, Polymers or Biopolymers, Metal Complex, Salen-Type Ligand, Computational Chemistry",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 20th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 21st 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 19th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 8th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 6th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"19 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A professor from the University of Science, Japan, has published 220 articles and book chapters. 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Cultivated in Hydroponics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104503",slug:"seed-soaking-times-and-irrigation-frequencies-affected-the-nutrient-quality-and-growth-parameters-of",body:'Globally, the demand for feeds and forage has increased due to the increase in the livestock population [5]. Hydroponically sprouted cultivars are used as a dietary supplement for animals in South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Australia, and other parts of the world due to their ease of germination and growth [6, 7]. Besides, various authors have reported different harvesting and growth cycles for a barley fodder mat, ranging from a 6-day harvest cycle to a 10-day harvest cycle, implying that hydroponically produced fodder has a short growth period [8, 9]. The quality and quantity of fodder produced by hydroponics are also of interest. Farmers in India, for example, discovered that feeding their dairy cattle hydroponically grown barley increased milk yield from 0.5 to 2.5 l/day. They discovered an improvement in animal health as well as the fat content of their cow’s milk in addition to the increased yield [10].
Climate change is affecting agriculture and natural water resources all over the world, which has an impact on the sustainability of food and water resources [11]. Because water and agriculture are inextricably linked and vital to most societies’ economies and security, hydroponic cultivation ensures year-round production while consuming less water [9, 12], as opposed to run-to-waste systems in field production [13]. It was reported earlier that hydroponic production used only about 2% of the water required for field production of the same crop [14] thus, the introduction of hydroponic systems for fodder production can help overcome the challenges encountered in conventional production.
Previous research has shown that soaking barley seed before sowing increases the rate of germination, softens the seed coat, and breaks seed dormancy, though the number of hours recommended for soaking barley seed ranged from 3 to 28 h [15, 16, 17, 18]. Similarly, the importance of using clean seeds for cultivation and seed sterilization during the soaking procedure cannot be overstated [9, 19]. Soaking seeds in a solution of 20% (bleach) for 30 min was recommended to prevent the formation of any fungal contamination [20, 21]. However, [22] using Mercuric chloride to prevent the proliferation of fungal contaminants while [23] tested both the effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) on a range of pathogens and proposed that surface sterilization of the seed is important to remove unwanted fungal growth.
Although earlier studies showed a wide range of water types, including both mist and flood irrigation [14, 24, 25], there is a scarcity of data on the amount and frequency of water/irrigation used in a hydroponic chamber to germinate barley seed. This was necessary to address the challenges of nutrient imbalance in hydroponic systems, soil quality and productivity, and soil-based ecosystem services [26, 27, 28] affecting barley biomass production. In this study, an 8-day harvest cycle was used in conjunction with post-germination irrigation frequency to determine the most effective method to break seed dormancy, cause germination, and grow into a seedling mat and see the impacts of these treatments on the nitrogen value, protein content, fresh weight, and dry weight of the seedling forage mat post-harvest compared to the original untreated seeds. Because soil-based farming is facing serious challenges in South Africa and other developing countries, fodder crop producers can use the study’s findings to obtain critical information that will aid in the optimization of inputs and the efficient utilization of resources in hydroponic fodder production.
Viable seeds of
The experiment was carried out in the plant tissue culture laboratory at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology’s Bellville Campus. A 230 cm × 450 cm growing room was used to control light and temperature and determine the best growing conditions. Shelving units measuring 200 cm in height, 127 cm in length, and 40 cm in depth were installed in the growing room. The shelving unit had six shelves that were 37 cm apart and measured 120 cm × 40 cm. Two fluorescent light bulbs were installed on each shelf. For drainage, a corrugated fiberglass sheet was cut to the size of the shelf below and positioned at a 55-degree angle. The front, bottom end was fitted with a D-shaped gutter. This was used to collect the runoff from the fiberglass sheets. The run-off was then directed back to a sump via the gutter, resulting in an ebb and flow closed watering system. After cleaning and soaking the seeds, they were placed in perforated aluminum containers measuring 10 cm × 20 cm. The perforations were evenly spaced across the tray’s bottom surface, with approximately 2 cm between each perforation. There was no need for a medium because the seeds germinated and formed a root mat that held the seedlings in place. The seed trays were then placed on the fiberglass sheeting, and each tray was fitted with an irrigation tube. Irrigation water was delivered to the seeds in their respective trays using a pump (HJ 1542 submersible), which delivered 622.5 mL/min to each tray for 2 min, for a total of 1245 mL. The pump was linked to a timer (MajorTech model MTD7), which controlled the amount of water delivered to each tray [29, 30]. Before the treated seeds were placed in the growing system, the entire setup, including the sump, Perspex shelves, and seed containers, was thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. The sump was filled with deionized water containing a 20% sodium hypochlorite solution, and the system was flushed to disinfect all surfaces [13].
The temperature of the room was kept at 23°C, as it was found that a temperature range of 20–30°C did not have a significant impact on growth [25, 31]. Two Samsung Smart InverterTM air conditioners were used to regulate the temperature. Fresh air was brought into the growing chamber through heap filters from outside the building. Lighting was provided with fluorescent tubes [32, 33]. The fluorescent bulbs used were Osram (L36/640) cool white fluorescent tubes with a light output of 5.96 kilo lux. The ExTech—Heavy Duty Digital Light Meter, model number HD 400, was used to measure the intensity of the light. A Panasonic TB178K timer control unit was used to set the lighting system to provide a photoperiod of 16 h day/8 h night [34, 35].
There were 25 treatments, each with 10 repetitions. Each treatment included a pre-soaking period followed by a post-soaking irrigation period (Table 1). Each repetition began with 100 g of viable seeds placed in a sterile plastic container containing 500 mL of distilled water containing a 20% solution of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) at room temperature [8, 14]. It was decided to test a range of seed soaking times, namely: 1, 3, 8, 16 and 24 h, which was compared against the control of 16 h. After the allotted soaking time, the seeds were washed in running, deionized water and placed in their respective growing trays without being exposed to darkness. Each tray was 10 cm × 20 cm in size. This ensured that the washed seeds had a depth of 1 cm. After that, the containers were placed in the hydroponic system to germinate (Figures 1 and 2). The seeds were allowed to germinate and grow into a forage mat for 8 days at 23°C under a photoperiod of 16-h day/8-h darkness.
Treatment code | Description | Treatment code | Description | Treatment code | Description | Treatment code | Description | Treatment code | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | 1 h soak–2 h irrigation | T6 | 3 h soak–2 h irrigation | T11 | 8 h soak–2 h irrigation | T17 | 16 h soak–2 h irrigation | T21 | 24 h soak–2 h irrigation |
T2 | 1 h soak–4 h irrigation | T7 | 3 h soak–4 h irrigation | T12 | 8 h soak–4 h irrigation | T18 | 16 h soak–4 h irrigation | T22 | 24 h soak–4 h irrigation |
T3 | 1 h soak–8 h irrigation | T8 | 3 h soak–8 h irrigation | T13 | 8 h soak–8 h irrigation | T19 | 16 h soak–8 h irrigation | T23 | 24 h soak–8 h irrigation |
T4 | 1 h soak–10 h irrigation | T9 | 3 h soak–10 h irrigation | T14 | 8 h soak–10 h irrigation | T19 | 16 h soak–10 h irrigation | T24 | 24 h soak–10 h irrigation |
T5 | 1 h soak–12 h irrigation | T10 | 3 h soak–12 h irrigation | T15 | 8 h soak–12 h irrigation | T20 | 16 h soak–12 h irrigation | T25 | 24 h soak–12 h irrigation |
Treatments of
Photograph showing the hydroponic setup and irrigation supplied to each tray.
Photograph of barley seedlings at harvest (photo by R.A. Smith).
Drip irrigation tubes were used to flood each seed tray with 1245 mL of water, with the excess running off through drainage holes in the seed container. The runoff was collected and channeled back into the sump of the hydroponic system for reuse. When necessary, the sump was refilled with distilled water mixed with a 20% bleach solution to ensure disinfection. The five previously mentioned treatments were subjected to five different irrigation intervals, each with 10 repetitions. Flood irrigation was used to fill each seed tray with water every 2; 4; 8; 10; and 12 h, with the control being a 2 hourly water interval [24, 36].
Before removing the seedlings from their trays at the end of the 8-day growing cycle, a grid of 2 cm × 2 cm blocks was placed over the surface of the container, dividing the space into 50 blocks. This was used to determine the average leaf height per block by measuring the height of each leaf in the respective 2 cm × 2 cm block. The average leaf height of the sample plants for each block was then measured to determine the container’s overall average leaf height. The longest leaf in each tray was also measured and recorded. Thereafter the seedling mat was removed from its tray and the depth of the root mat was recorded to determine whether the initial 1 cm of soaked seed had expanded over the 8-day growing period.
For nutrient analysis, the trays were removed from the experiment and all excess remaining surface water was allowed to drain away after the allotted growth period of 8 days. The seedlings in their respective trays (Figures 1 and 2) were then weighed using a Kern KB 360-3 N scale that measures up to 0.01 g to determine their fresh weight. The weight of the seedling mat was calculated by subtracting the weight of the container from this measurement. Once the fresh weight of the plant material was determined, the seedling mat was removed from its tray and placed in brown paper bags before being dried in an oven (Labtech LDO-150F) at 60–70°C for 36–48 h. The plant material was weighed again after it had completely dried to determine its dry weight. Using a Culatti Typ MFC CZ13 mill, the dried plant material was ground and sieved after being weighed. Following that, samples of dried plant material were sent to the Agrifood Technology Station for protein and nitrogen analysis [37].
Data collected were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The analysis was performed using Minitab 19.2.0/October 2, 2019, a stable release developed at the Pennsylvania State University, USA by Minitab LLC. Where F-value was found to be significant (P ≤ 0.05), Tukey honest significant difference (HSD) was used to compare the interaction between soaking time and irrigation interval at P ≤ 0.05 level of significance [38].
When comparing all soak treatments in conjunction with all irrigation intervals on average leaf length, Treatment 20 with 16-h soaking time and 12-h irrigation duration produced the longest leaf of 14.33 0.9 cm, while Treatment 9 produced the shortest leaf (6.23 0.40 cm) when compared to the control treatment. Both the independent and combined effects of soaking time and irrigation interval on leaf length were significant at P ≤ 0.05 (Figure 3). Additionally, the root mat expansion was most significant in Treatment 12 (8 h soak–4 h irrigation) and less significant in Treatment 25 (24 h soak–12 h irrigation) at a 95% confidence limit (Figure 4).
Effect of soaking time and irrigation interval on average leaf length of
Effect of soaking time and irrigation interval on root mat expansion of
The highest nitrogen yield was obtained from seeds that had been soaked for 1 h and irrigated for 12 h (Treatment 5), while the lowest yield was obtained from Treatment 17 (Figure 5). Similarly, the protein content of the samples follows the same pattern, with the highest and lowest nitrogen yields recorded in Treatments 5 and 17, respectively (Figure 6). Furthermore, the freshly harvested
Effect of soaking time and irrigation interval on the nitrogen content of
Effect of soaking time and irrigation interval on the protein content of
Effect of soaking time and irrigation interval on fresh weight of
Effect of soaking time and irrigation interval on the dry weight of
Furthermore, the two-way ANOVA revealed that soaking time and irrigation interval had no independent effect on nitrogen and protein yield of
Findings from this study suggest that the seeds of
Treatment 12 (8-h soak with 4 hourly irrigation) had the highest mean root expansion (3.07 cm) after the 8-day growing cycle, which was significantly different from the control. Treatment 2 followed with a mean of 3.03 cm (1-h soak with a 4-hourly irrigation interval; Figure 5), which was less significant than Treatment 12 due to a marginal difference of 0.04 cm, which is significant. Treatment 2 would thus allow the cultivator to reduce soaking time again to achieve similar results, with both treatments having the greatest effect with an irrigation frequency of 4 h, though other researchers have reported that transient exposure of
Furthermore, the highest nitrogen and protein concentrations were obtained in Treatment 5 with a 1-h soaking treatment and a 12-h irrigation interval (Figures 6 and 7). These results did not agree with the controls of 16 h of soaking and 2 hourly irrigation intervals. This indicated that the seed requires a shorter soaking treatment (1 h) as well as a longer (12 h) irrigation interval to achieve the highest level of nutrients in the seedling at harvest time. However, as discovered during the growth experiment, a 12-h irrigation interval is not beneficial to seedling growth. It was interesting to note that the next highest statistical mean belonged to treatment 1 (1-h soak with a 2-h irrigation interval), which was only marginally less than the highest mean achieved in treatment 5, which also had a 1-h soak time but a 12-h irrigation interval. This was consistent with the control and resulted in seedlings that were stronger and healthier. The shorter soaking time benefits the grower by reducing the time spent pre-soaking the seed, but it does not help with water conservation because it is irrigated every 2 h. However, as the salinity of the hydroponic medium changes, this may change. However, this might change as the salinity of the hydroponic medium changes [43, 44]. Only crude nitrogen and protein were tested in this experiment, and further research into trace element levels would be required to determine the seedlings’ full nutrient spectrum post-harvest. Other studies found that shortening the growing period from 8 to 4 days resulted in higher nutrient levels, which could be investigated further.
Furthermore, all of the highest dry weight means were obtained using a 10-h irrigation interval. The most significant results were obtained with soaking treatments lasting 1 and 3 h, as shown in Treatments 4 and 9, respectively. Although less significant, Treatment 14 with an 8-h soaking time was only 0.24 g lighter than treatments 4 and 9. This indicated that the seed pre-soaking time before germination could be reduced to 1 h. Under a 10 hourly irrigation interval, all three treatments (Treatments 4, 9, and 13) produced the highest dry weight. The highest fresh weight recorded came from that of Treatment 12, with a soaking time of 8 h and an irrigation interval of 4 h. It can be deduced that the seedlings benefitted from longer pre-soaking treatment. They still required moderate watering as the irrigation interval was every 4 h. Neither of the treatments agreed with the controls for soaking nor irrigation. The second highest mean value was achieved with Treatment 2 with a 1-h soak and 4 hourly irrigations. This proved that the pre-soaking time could be reduced without it affecting the total weight of the seedling post-harvest, however, the water consumption required to enable growth remained relatively high. Therefore, the disparity recorded in the weight of fresh samples compared to dry samples agrees with the results of the previous study as reported by Emam [20]. An investigation into the use of a nutrient solution to the irrigation water would be required to establish if this would improve overall fresh weight, post-harvest and if the introduction of a nutrient solution would allow the irrigation interval to be decreased thereby saving water.
This study reveals that a 1-h pre-soaked treatment, under 4 or 12 hourly irrigation intervals (T2 and T5) was the best treatment for cultivating barley hydroponically to achieve better yield for optimal fresh fodder production. For dry fodder weight, the highest yields were obtained with irrigation intervals of 10–12 h. Even though other growth parameters investigated such as length and root map expansion deviated from this trend, shorter soaking time at increased irrigation frequencies, proved to be beneficial to the farmer in terms of weight, nutrient yield, and height of
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial assistance received from the Cape Peninsula University of Technology through the University Research Fund.
Authors declare no conflict of interest.
All data associated with this research are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author.
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Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"317",title:"Malacology",slug:"malacology",parent:{id:"31",title:"Animal Biology",slug:"animal-biology"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:77,numberOfWosCitations:44,numberOfCrossrefCitations:35,numberOfDimensionsCitations:77,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"317",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10738",title:"Update on Malacology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2a84e581549b3720e44e989c3c0be467",slug:"update-on-malacology",bookSignature:"Sajal Ray and Soumalya Mukherjee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10738.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"173697",title:"Prof.",name:"Sajal",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"sajal-ray",fullName:"Sajal Ray"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8289",title:"Molluscs",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"875b915098303d4f668c1c81036b9d8c",slug:"molluscs",bookSignature:"Genaro Diarte-Plata and Ruth Escamilla-Montes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8289.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198991",title:"Dr.",name:"Genaro",middleName:null,surname:"Diarte-Plata",slug:"genaro-diarte-plata",fullName:"Genaro Diarte-Plata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5899",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7f042a23fd6991a546812db126ef875",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",bookSignature:"Sajal Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5899.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"173697",title:"Prof.",name:"Sajal",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"sajal-ray",fullName:"Sajal Ray"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55399",doi:"10.5772/68133",title:"Gut Microbiome Analysis of Snails: A Biotechnological Approach",slug:"gut-microbiome-analysis-of-snails-a-biotechnological-approach",totalDownloads:2928,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Mollusks are a diverse group of animals not only at the species level but also with respect to their habitat and behavior. Gastropods comprise 80% of the mollusks with approximately 62,000 living species including snails. Over the period of time, snails have evolved into marine, freshwater and terrestrial forms with a transitional shift in their feeding habits. From prehistoric times, mollusks have established an intimate relationship with humans. These animals are used as food, medicine, offering to gods and are also responsible for economic losses in the form of agricultural pests. As most of these animals feed on plant biomass, their guts have evolved to digest such lignocellulosic biomass with extraordinary efficiency. The plant fiber digestion in their guts depends predominantly on the metabolic activities of the gastro‐intestinal microflora. Besides digestive functions, the seasonal dynamic and spatial distribution of bacterial gut community largely influences cold hardiness and many other metabolic properties in snails. Here, we assessed an overview of the various bacterial populations dwelling in digestive tracts of snails. This chapter provides insights into the gut microbiome of various snails that can be exploited for various industrial applications such as biomass degradation, production of biofuel, paper, wine and laundry detergents.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Mudasir A. Dar, Kiran D. Pawar and Radhakrishna S. Pandit",authors:[{id:"201161",title:"Mr.",name:"Mudasir",middleName:null,surname:"Dar",slug:"mudasir-dar",fullName:"Mudasir Dar"},{id:"201162",title:"Prof.",name:"Radhakrishna S",middleName:null,surname:"Pandit",slug:"radhakrishna-s-pandit",fullName:"Radhakrishna S Pandit"},{id:"201163",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiran D",middleName:null,surname:"Pawar",slug:"kiran-d-pawar",fullName:"Kiran D Pawar"}]},{id:"54507",doi:"10.5772/67862",title:"Patellid Limpets: An Overview of the Biology and Conservation of Keystone Species of the Rocky Shores",slug:"patellid-limpets-an-overview-of-the-biology-and-conservation-of-keystone-species-of-the-rocky-shores",totalDownloads:1976,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"This work reviews a broad spectrum of subjects associated to Patellid limpets’ biology such as growth, reproduction, and recruitment, also the consequences of commercial exploitation on the stocks and the effects of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the biology and populational dynamics of these intertidal grazers. Knowledge of limpets’ biological traits plays an important role in providing proper background for their effective management. This chapter focuses on determining the effect of biotic and abiotic factors that influence these biological characteristics and associated geographical patterns. Human exploitation of limpets is one of the main causes of disturbance in the intertidal ecosystem and has occurred since prehistorical times resulting in direct and indirect alterations in the abundance and size structure of the target populations. The implementation of MPAs has been shown to result in greater biomass, abundance, and size of limpets and to counter other negative anthropogenic effects. However, inefficient planning and lack of surveillance hinder the accomplishment of the conservation purpose of MPAs. Inclusive conservation approaches involving all the stakeholders could guarantee future success of conservation strategies and sustainable exploitation. This review also aims to establish how beneficial MPAs are in enhancing recruitment and yield of adjacent exploited populations.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Paulo Henriques, João Delgado and Ricardo Sousa",authors:[{id:"200407",title:"MSc.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Henriques",slug:"paulo-henriques",fullName:"Paulo Henriques"},{id:"200915",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa",slug:"ricardo-sousa",fullName:"Ricardo Sousa"},{id:"200916",title:"MSc.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Delgado",slug:"joao-delgado",fullName:"João Delgado"}]},{id:"54666",doi:"10.5772/67995",title:"Mussel as a Tool to Define Continental Watershed Quality",slug:"mussel-as-a-tool-to-define-continental-watershed-quality",totalDownloads:1287,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Bivalves appear as relevant sentinel species in aquatic ecotoxicology and water quality assessment. This is particularly true in marine ecosystems. In fact, several biomonitoring frameworks in the world used mollusks since several decades on the base of contaminant accumulation (Mussel Watch, ROCCH) and/or biological responses called biomarker (OSPAR) measurements. In freshwater systems, zebra and quagga mussels could represent alternative sentinels, which could be seen as the counterparts of mussel marine species. This chapter presents original studies and projects underlying the interest of these freshwater mussels for water quality monitoring based on contaminant accumulation and biomarker development measurements. These sentinel species could be used as a tool for chemical/biological monitoring of biota under the European water framework directive and for the development of effect-based monitoring tools.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Mélissa Palos Ladeiro, Iris Barjhoux, Aurélie Bigot-Clivot, Marc\nBonnard, Elise David, Odile Dedourge-Geffard, Elodie Geba, Emilie\nLance, Maxime Lepretre, Gabrielle Magniez, Damien Rioult,\nDominique Aubert, Isabelle Villena, Gaëlle Daniele, Arnaud\nSalvador, Emmanuelle Vulliet, Jean Armengaud and Alain Geffard",authors:[{id:"14169",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurelie",middleName:null,surname:"Bigot",slug:"aurelie-bigot",fullName:"Aurelie Bigot"},{id:"145053",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominique",middleName:null,surname:"Aubert",slug:"dominique-aubert",fullName:"Dominique Aubert"},{id:"145057",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Villena",slug:"isabelle-villena",fullName:"Isabelle Villena"},{id:"199642",title:"Dr.",name:"Melissa",middleName:null,surname:"Palos Ladeiro",slug:"melissa-palos-ladeiro",fullName:"Melissa Palos Ladeiro"},{id:"205006",title:"Dr.",name:"Iris",middleName:null,surname:"Barjhoux",slug:"iris-barjhoux",fullName:"Iris Barjhoux"},{id:"205007",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bonnard",slug:"marc-bonnard",fullName:"Marc Bonnard"},{id:"205008",title:"Dr.",name:"Elise",middleName:null,surname:"David",slug:"elise-david",fullName:"Elise David"},{id:"205009",title:"Dr.",name:"Odile",middleName:null,surname:"Dedourge Geffard",slug:"odile-dedourge-geffard",fullName:"Odile Dedourge Geffard"},{id:"205010",title:"MSc.",name:"Elodie",middleName:null,surname:"Geba",slug:"elodie-geba",fullName:"Elodie Geba"},{id:"205011",title:"Prof.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Geffard",slug:"alain-geffard",fullName:"Alain Geffard"},{id:"205012",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilie",middleName:null,surname:"Lance",slug:"emilie-lance",fullName:"Emilie Lance"},{id:"205013",title:"MSc.",name:"Maxime",middleName:null,surname:"Lepretre",slug:"maxime-lepretre",fullName:"Maxime Lepretre"},{id:"205014",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabrielle",middleName:null,surname:"Magniez",slug:"gabrielle-magniez",fullName:"Gabrielle Magniez"},{id:"205015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaëlle",middleName:null,surname:"Daniele",slug:"gaelle-daniele",fullName:"Gaëlle Daniele"},{id:"205016",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuelle",middleName:null,surname:"Vulliet",slug:"emmanuelle-vulliet",fullName:"Emmanuelle Vulliet"},{id:"205018",title:"Prof.",name:"Arnaud",middleName:null,surname:"Salvador",slug:"arnaud-salvador",fullName:"Arnaud Salvador"},{id:"205019",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Armengaud",slug:"jean-armengaud",fullName:"Jean Armengaud"},{id:"205264",title:"Dr.",name:"Damien",middleName:null,surname:"Rioult",slug:"damien-rioult",fullName:"Damien Rioult"}]},{id:"64501",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81778",title:"Immune Response of Molluscs",slug:"immune-response-of-molluscs",totalDownloads:1360,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"In common with other invertebrates, molluscs are known to have internal immune response against foreign particles and organisms. The innate immunity of molluscs reflects the inherent non-specific response that provides the first line of defense. Anatomic barriers, phagocytic cells, and physiological components are the main elements of the innate immune response in molluscs. It is composed of both cellular and humoral elements. The cellular components are the circulating hemocytes. Small invaders are eliminated by the phagocytic hemocytes, while large invaders are eliminated by encapsulation. The ingested foreign particles are then hemolyzed by the action of certain toxic enzymes that catalyze oxidative burst reactions capable of killing pathogens and foreign invaders. Humoral components of molluscan immunity involve nitric oxide, lysozyme activity, lectins, and the phenyloxidase system. The current chapter sheds light on the elements of the molluscan innate immune system and presents a case study of the immune response of Lymnaea stagnalis mollusc against Chaetogaster limnaei parasite. The effect of the parasite on some humoral immune response parameters such as nitric oxide, phenol oxidase, and lysozyme production was investigated. In conclusion, the snail Lymnaea stagnalis exerts humoral immune response against Chaetogaster limnaei parasite. However, this response is insufficient to eliminate the parasite.",book:{id:"8289",slug:"molluscs",title:"Molluscs",fullTitle:"Molluscs"},signatures:"Hanan Al-Khalaifah and Afaf Al-Nasser",authors:null},{id:"54501",doi:"10.5772/67811",title:"Lipid Composition Modifications in the Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) from the White Sea",slug:"lipid-composition-modifications-in-the-blue-mussels-mytilus-edulis-l-from-the-white-sea",totalDownloads:1320,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Studying biochemical indicators in response to various environmental factors allows revealing the metabolic adaptive strategy of the organism’s tolerance and survival under a variety of environmental impacts. This review analyses both the authors’ own data and the available literature on the problem of biochemical adaptations of the lipid composition in marine bivalves, particularly blue mussels, Mytilus edulis L., to various environmental impacts. Modifications in the composition of lipids and their fatty acids in blue mussels caused by short-term (under laboratory conditions) and chronic (field monitoring) exposure to natural and human factors indicate that homeostasis is maintained in cell membranes and the organism’s energy requirements and facilitate the adaptation and tolerance of the mussels to environmental disturbances. The lipid and fatty acid composition indices in White Sea intertidal mussels which reflect their chronic exposure to a wide variety of environmental factors are discussed and compared to data on changes in the lipid composition of blue mussels exposed to some environmental factors (salinity, anoxia, metals) in aquarium experiments. The lipid profile plays an important role in the adaptation of blue mussels to new conditions in the habitat, and it can be used as a biochemical marker for indicating the organism’s physiological state.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Natalia N. Fokina, Tatiana R. Ruokolainen and Nina N. Nemova",authors:[{id:"199037",title:"Mrs.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Fokina",slug:"natalia-fokina",fullName:"Natalia Fokina"},{id:"199478",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Ruokolainen",slug:"tatiana-ruokolainen",fullName:"Tatiana Ruokolainen"},{id:"199479",title:"Dr.",name:"Nina",middleName:null,surname:"Nemova",slug:"nina-nemova",fullName:"Nina Nemova"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54507",title:"Patellid Limpets: An Overview of the Biology and Conservation of Keystone Species of the Rocky Shores",slug:"patellid-limpets-an-overview-of-the-biology-and-conservation-of-keystone-species-of-the-rocky-shores",totalDownloads:1976,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"This work reviews a broad spectrum of subjects associated to Patellid limpets’ biology such as growth, reproduction, and recruitment, also the consequences of commercial exploitation on the stocks and the effects of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the biology and populational dynamics of these intertidal grazers. Knowledge of limpets’ biological traits plays an important role in providing proper background for their effective management. This chapter focuses on determining the effect of biotic and abiotic factors that influence these biological characteristics and associated geographical patterns. Human exploitation of limpets is one of the main causes of disturbance in the intertidal ecosystem and has occurred since prehistorical times resulting in direct and indirect alterations in the abundance and size structure of the target populations. The implementation of MPAs has been shown to result in greater biomass, abundance, and size of limpets and to counter other negative anthropogenic effects. However, inefficient planning and lack of surveillance hinder the accomplishment of the conservation purpose of MPAs. Inclusive conservation approaches involving all the stakeholders could guarantee future success of conservation strategies and sustainable exploitation. This review also aims to establish how beneficial MPAs are in enhancing recruitment and yield of adjacent exploited populations.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Paulo Henriques, João Delgado and Ricardo Sousa",authors:[{id:"200407",title:"MSc.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Henriques",slug:"paulo-henriques",fullName:"Paulo Henriques"},{id:"200915",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa",slug:"ricardo-sousa",fullName:"Ricardo Sousa"},{id:"200916",title:"MSc.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Delgado",slug:"joao-delgado",fullName:"João Delgado"}]},{id:"54666",title:"Mussel as a Tool to Define Continental Watershed Quality",slug:"mussel-as-a-tool-to-define-continental-watershed-quality",totalDownloads:1287,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Bivalves appear as relevant sentinel species in aquatic ecotoxicology and water quality assessment. This is particularly true in marine ecosystems. In fact, several biomonitoring frameworks in the world used mollusks since several decades on the base of contaminant accumulation (Mussel Watch, ROCCH) and/or biological responses called biomarker (OSPAR) measurements. In freshwater systems, zebra and quagga mussels could represent alternative sentinels, which could be seen as the counterparts of mussel marine species. This chapter presents original studies and projects underlying the interest of these freshwater mussels for water quality monitoring based on contaminant accumulation and biomarker development measurements. These sentinel species could be used as a tool for chemical/biological monitoring of biota under the European water framework directive and for the development of effect-based monitoring tools.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Mélissa Palos Ladeiro, Iris Barjhoux, Aurélie Bigot-Clivot, Marc\nBonnard, Elise David, Odile Dedourge-Geffard, Elodie Geba, Emilie\nLance, Maxime Lepretre, Gabrielle Magniez, Damien Rioult,\nDominique Aubert, Isabelle Villena, Gaëlle Daniele, Arnaud\nSalvador, Emmanuelle Vulliet, Jean Armengaud and Alain Geffard",authors:[{id:"14169",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurelie",middleName:null,surname:"Bigot",slug:"aurelie-bigot",fullName:"Aurelie Bigot"},{id:"145053",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominique",middleName:null,surname:"Aubert",slug:"dominique-aubert",fullName:"Dominique Aubert"},{id:"145057",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Villena",slug:"isabelle-villena",fullName:"Isabelle Villena"},{id:"199642",title:"Dr.",name:"Melissa",middleName:null,surname:"Palos Ladeiro",slug:"melissa-palos-ladeiro",fullName:"Melissa Palos Ladeiro"},{id:"205006",title:"Dr.",name:"Iris",middleName:null,surname:"Barjhoux",slug:"iris-barjhoux",fullName:"Iris Barjhoux"},{id:"205007",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bonnard",slug:"marc-bonnard",fullName:"Marc Bonnard"},{id:"205008",title:"Dr.",name:"Elise",middleName:null,surname:"David",slug:"elise-david",fullName:"Elise David"},{id:"205009",title:"Dr.",name:"Odile",middleName:null,surname:"Dedourge Geffard",slug:"odile-dedourge-geffard",fullName:"Odile Dedourge Geffard"},{id:"205010",title:"MSc.",name:"Elodie",middleName:null,surname:"Geba",slug:"elodie-geba",fullName:"Elodie Geba"},{id:"205011",title:"Prof.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Geffard",slug:"alain-geffard",fullName:"Alain Geffard"},{id:"205012",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilie",middleName:null,surname:"Lance",slug:"emilie-lance",fullName:"Emilie Lance"},{id:"205013",title:"MSc.",name:"Maxime",middleName:null,surname:"Lepretre",slug:"maxime-lepretre",fullName:"Maxime Lepretre"},{id:"205014",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabrielle",middleName:null,surname:"Magniez",slug:"gabrielle-magniez",fullName:"Gabrielle Magniez"},{id:"205015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaëlle",middleName:null,surname:"Daniele",slug:"gaelle-daniele",fullName:"Gaëlle Daniele"},{id:"205016",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuelle",middleName:null,surname:"Vulliet",slug:"emmanuelle-vulliet",fullName:"Emmanuelle Vulliet"},{id:"205018",title:"Prof.",name:"Arnaud",middleName:null,surname:"Salvador",slug:"arnaud-salvador",fullName:"Arnaud Salvador"},{id:"205019",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Armengaud",slug:"jean-armengaud",fullName:"Jean Armengaud"},{id:"205264",title:"Dr.",name:"Damien",middleName:null,surname:"Rioult",slug:"damien-rioult",fullName:"Damien Rioult"}]},{id:"55399",title:"Gut Microbiome Analysis of Snails: A Biotechnological Approach",slug:"gut-microbiome-analysis-of-snails-a-biotechnological-approach",totalDownloads:2928,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Mollusks are a diverse group of animals not only at the species level but also with respect to their habitat and behavior. Gastropods comprise 80% of the mollusks with approximately 62,000 living species including snails. Over the period of time, snails have evolved into marine, freshwater and terrestrial forms with a transitional shift in their feeding habits. From prehistoric times, mollusks have established an intimate relationship with humans. These animals are used as food, medicine, offering to gods and are also responsible for economic losses in the form of agricultural pests. As most of these animals feed on plant biomass, their guts have evolved to digest such lignocellulosic biomass with extraordinary efficiency. The plant fiber digestion in their guts depends predominantly on the metabolic activities of the gastro‐intestinal microflora. Besides digestive functions, the seasonal dynamic and spatial distribution of bacterial gut community largely influences cold hardiness and many other metabolic properties in snails. Here, we assessed an overview of the various bacterial populations dwelling in digestive tracts of snails. This chapter provides insights into the gut microbiome of various snails that can be exploited for various industrial applications such as biomass degradation, production of biofuel, paper, wine and laundry detergents.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Mudasir A. Dar, Kiran D. Pawar and Radhakrishna S. Pandit",authors:[{id:"201161",title:"Mr.",name:"Mudasir",middleName:null,surname:"Dar",slug:"mudasir-dar",fullName:"Mudasir Dar"},{id:"201162",title:"Prof.",name:"Radhakrishna S",middleName:null,surname:"Pandit",slug:"radhakrishna-s-pandit",fullName:"Radhakrishna S Pandit"},{id:"201163",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiran D",middleName:null,surname:"Pawar",slug:"kiran-d-pawar",fullName:"Kiran D Pawar"}]},{id:"78157",title:"Recent Trends in Freshwater Pearl Farming in India",slug:"recent-trends-in-freshwater-pearl-farming-in-india",totalDownloads:221,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Cultured pearls have an important place in international trade. The Vedas, the Bible, and the Koran all mentioned pearls, and they are regarded as one of the highest honours. Pearls are generated in nature when an irritant, such as a sand grain or a parasite, is swept into the pearl molluscs and lodged within it, where it is coated with micro-layers of nacre, a lustrous substance made up of 80–90 per cent aragonite crystals of CaCO3. The ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, India, has created a base technology for cultivating pearls in freshwater habitats, recognising the scope and value of freshwater pearl production. Indian pond mussel, Lamellidens marginalis is the major species used in freshwater pearl aquaculture. In addition, ICAR-CIFA has pioneered a novel feature of freshwater pearl farming. The Institute has also taken the lead in disseminating freshwater pearl culture technology to the country’s fish farming communities, entrepreneurs, researchers, and students to build a sustainable model for the country’s socio-economic development. In this chapter, we will briefly cover pearls and their types, their historical significance, the spread of pearl mussels of freshwater origin in various countries, pearl biomineralisation, pearl farming techniques, and factors affecting pearl quality, among other things.",book:{id:"10738",slug:"update-on-malacology",title:"Update on Malacology",fullTitle:"Update on Malacology"},signatures:"Shailesh Saurabh, Sweta Pradhan and Sonal Suman",authors:[{id:"415795",title:"Dr.",name:"Shailesh",middleName:null,surname:"Saurabh",slug:"shailesh-saurabh",fullName:"Shailesh Saurabh"},{id:"415797",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sweta",middleName:null,surname:"Pradhan",slug:"sweta-pradhan",fullName:"Sweta Pradhan"},{id:"415799",title:"Ms.",name:"Sonal",middleName:null,surname:"Suman",slug:"sonal-suman",fullName:"Sonal Suman"}]},{id:"55299",title:"An Insightful Model to Study Innate Immunity and Stress Response in Deep‐Sea Vent Animals: Profiling the Mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus",slug:"an-insightful-model-to-study-innate-immunity-and-stress-response-in-deep-sea-vent-animals-profiling-",totalDownloads:1533,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Deep‐sea environments are, in some cases, largely unexplored ecosystems, where life thrives driven by the geochemical features of each location. Among these environments, chemosynthesis‐based ecosystems, in the Mid Atlantic Ridge, have an exclusive combination of high depth, high sulfur, and high methane concentrations. This is believed to modulate the biological composition of vent communities and influence the overall vent animal transcriptional activity of genes involved in adaptation processes to extreme environments. This opens, thus, the possibility of finding gene expression signatures specific to a given hydrothermal vent field. Regardless of the extreme physicochemical conditions that characterize deep‐sea hydrothermal vents, the animals dwelling around the vent sites exhibit high productivity and thus must cope with toxic nature of vent surrounding, seemingly deleterious to the animals, while developing surprisingly successful strategies to withstand adverse environmental conditions, including environmental microbes and mechanical stress whether ensuing from animal predation or venting activity. The deep‐sea vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus has adapted well to deep‐sea extreme environments and represents the dominating faunal community from hydrothermal vent sites in the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, owing its successful adaptation and high biomasses to specialized exploitation of methane and sulfide sources from venting activity. Its extraordinary capabilities of adapting and thriving in chemosynthesis‐based environments, largely devoid of photosynthetic primary production and characterized by rapid geochemical regime changes are due to symbiotic associations with chemosynthetic bacteria within its large gills. In an attempt to understand physiological reactions in animals normally set to endure extreme deep‐sea environments, our laboratory has undertaken, for the last few years, a series of investigations, aimed at characterizing molecular indicators of adaptation processes of which components of the host defense system has received most attention. This study reviews recent advances on the characterization of molecules and genes participating in immune reactions, using in vivo and ex vivo models, to elucidate cellular and humoral defense mechanisms in vent mussels and the strategies they have adopted to survive under extreme environments.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Raul Bettencourt, Inês Barros, Eva Martins, Inês Martins, Teresa\nCerqueira, Ana Colaço, Valentina Costa, Domitília Rosa, Hugo\nFroufe, Conceição Egas, Sergio Stefanni, Paul Dando and Ricardo S.\nSantos",authors:[{id:"201154",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Bettencourt",slug:"raul-bettencourt",fullName:"Raul Bettencourt"},{id:"205564",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Martins",slug:"eva-martins",fullName:"Eva Martins"},{id:"205565",title:"Dr.",name:"Inês",middleName:null,surname:"Martins",slug:"ines-martins",fullName:"Inês Martins"},{id:"205566",title:"Dr.",name:"Inês",middleName:null,surname:"Barros",slug:"ines-barros",fullName:"Inês Barros"},{id:"205567",title:"Ms.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Cerqueira",slug:"teresa-cerqueira",fullName:"Teresa Cerqueira"},{id:"205568",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Colaço",slug:"ana-colaco",fullName:"Ana Colaço"},{id:"205569",title:"Ms.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",slug:"valentina-costa",fullName:"Valentina Costa"},{id:"205570",title:"Ms.",name:"Domitília",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"domitilia-rosa",fullName:"Domitília Rosa"},{id:"205571",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Stefanni",slug:"sergio-stefanni",fullName:"Sergio Stefanni"},{id:"205572",title:"MSc.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Froufe",slug:"hugo-froufe",fullName:"Hugo Froufe"},{id:"205573",title:"Dr.",name:"Conceição",middleName:null,surname:"Egas",slug:"conceicao-egas",fullName:"Conceição Egas"},{id:"205574",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Dando",slug:"paul-dando",fullName:"Paul Dando"},{id:"205575",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Serrão Santos",slug:"ricardo-serrao-santos",fullName:"Ricardo Serrão Santos"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"317",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial 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educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. 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