\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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A resting tremor, which results from a striatal dopamine (DA) deficiency, is one of the most common motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). A tremor-dominant type of PD is exhibited by 36 to 49% of patients with PD [1]. Clinical and pathophysiological studies have revealed that the PD tremor has distinct characteristics compared with other major parkinsonian signs, such as akinesia (bradykinesia) and rigidity [2, 3]. Studies that used the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) have shown that the severity of patients’ akinesia and rigidity symptoms correlates with the severity of striatal DA loss and the clinical progression of the disease, while the severity of their tremor did not [4–7]. Although levodopa therapy is still the gold standard in the treatment of PD, it is more effective on akinesia and rigidity symptoms than it is on tremor. Furthermore, patients with the tremor-dominant type of PD have a better prognosis compared to those with the akinesia-rigid type [8]. The thalamic ventral intermediate (Vim) nucleus is considered the optimal target for stereotactic intervention treatments of PD tremor. Indeed, ablation or deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the Vim nucleus effectively reduces PD tremor while it does not improve akinesia or rigidity.
\nTo date, metabolic changes in the brain networks of patients with PD have been analyzed with a variety of neuroimaging techniques, including positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Eidelberg and colleagues have applied multivariate analyses to [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET scans in their studies of the brain networks of patients with PD, and they found a PD-related pattern (PDRP) of spatial covariance. They showed that patients with PD exhibit increased metabolism in the thalamus, globus pallidus, pons, and primary motor cortex and decreased metabolism in the lateral premotor cortex, supplementary motor area (SMA), and parietal association area. Interestingly, the scores for the PDRP expression of the individual patients with PD correlated with their UPDRS motor subscores for akinesia and rigidity, but not with their subscores for tremor. These findings suggested that PD tremors might be associated with different patterns of activation in these regions compared to those observed in the PDRP. Mure et al. (2011) identified a discrete PD-related tremor pattern (PDTP) in the FDG-PET scans of a cohort of patients with tremor-dominant PD who had undergone DBS in the thalamic Vim nucleus. They analyzed the scans that were obtained when the patients were on- and off-stimulation with an Ordinal Trends/Canonical Variates Analysis, which is a within-subject, network-mapping, and algorithm-guided principal component analysis (PCA) method. They found that the PDTP topography was characterized by increased metabolism in the cerebellar dentate nucleus and primary cortex and, to a lesser degree, in the putamen. In contrast to the PDRP, the scores for the PDTP expression correlated with the tremor amplitudes and UPDRS motor scores for tremor, but not with the UPDRS motor scores for akinesia and rigidity. In addition, the PDTP was modulated more by Vim-DBS than by subthalamic DBS. Thus, these findings suggested that PD tremors might be mediated by a distinct metabolic network that primarily involves cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathways.
\nIn this chapter, we introduce the recent advancements that have been made in neuroimaging research for elucidating the pathogenesis of PD tremor and other PD symptoms. In addition, we emphasize the importance of quantitative analyses of the PDTP and PDRP in the development of objective methods for precisely diagnosing PD and evaluating the effects of treatments on PD tremor.
\nFunctional neuroimaging is used in studies with the goal of elucidating the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. Representative functional neuroimaging techniques are fMRI, SPECT, and PET. The fMRI technique, which is employed more because injections of radiotracers are not required, measures changes in the relative amounts of deoxyhemoglobin in different regions of the brain. The interactions of deoxyhemoglobin with the water molecules surrounding blood vessels result in proton signals that produce blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast in the scans. Increases in regional blood flow result in relative decreases in deoxyhemoglobin and an increase in the BOLD signals. When neurons are active, the supply of oxygenated blood to the active region increases [9]. Thus, increases in BOLD signals are associated with local neuronal activity [9]. However, in contrast to imaging with radiotracers, fMRI has a poor signal-to-noise ratio, and its signals are difficult to quantify.
\nRadiotracer imaging techniques, such as PET and SPECT, are used to investigate the patterns of cerebral glucose metabolism, cerebral blood flow, and specific neurochemical systems. In general, even though SPECT imaging is less expensive and more widely available compared with PET imaging, PET has better spatial resolution and sensitivity. The most widely used PET radiotracer is FDG. Because FDG uptake reflects cerebral glucose metabolism, it is thought to measure regional synaptic activity [10]. [15O]-labeled water (H215O) PET can be used to quantify regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). As described above, increases in rCBF are thought to reflect neuronal activity increases [9]. DAergic function can be evaluated by measuring the storage capability of presynaptic DA with [18F]-fluorodopa or presynaptic DA transporter binding with [123I]-iodine-123-beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyltropane) (CIT) and [18F]-fluoropropyl CIT. Postsynaptic DA receptors can also be assessed with [11C]-raclopride [11]. Given the prominent role of nigrostriatal pathology in PD, radioligand imaging of the DA system has been widely used in investigations of PD. However, many other neurochemical systems, such as the serotonergic, adrenergic, and cholinergic systems, can be examined with PET and SPECT imaging [12]. Because rCBF and cerebral metabolisms are affected in many neurodegenerative disorders, PET and SPECT imaging techniques have greatly contributed to the understanding of the abnormal brain circuitry underlying the pathophysiology of PD.
\nNetwork analyses of functional brain imaging data are an innovative approach for examining circuit abnormalities in neurodegenerative diseases. PD is related to the degeneration of nigral DAergic neurons, which also alters activity in the thalamus, pallidum, and cortex. These metabolic changes can be evaluated at the regional voxel level with standard univariate approaches, such as statistical parametric mapping [13]. Disease-related abnormalities in brain functional organization can also be assessed at the network level with multivariate analytical procedures. The Scaled Subprofile Model (SSM) is an innovative multivariate approach that is used to identify disease-specific brain networks [14]. SSM is a spatial covariance method that is based on a PCA and that is used to assess the subject-by-region effects in functional brain images [15, 16]. The details of this method have been reviewed elsewhere [15–17]. Briefly, the SSM is applied to multivoxel metabolic imaging data in a combined sample of scans from healthy subjects and patients. Once a pattern is identified that distinguishes one group from the other, its expression can be prospectively quantified on an individual basis [18, 19], and the resulting subject scores can be correlated with clinical and physiological measures of interest. The SSM/PCA and related multivariate techniques are well suited to the study of circuit disorders, which are neurological diseases with stereotyped disturbances in brain network organization. Resting state measures of regional glucose utilization provide an index of local synaptic activity as well as of the biochemical maintenance processes that dominate this condition. The effects of pathology on these functions have a greater influence on regional cerebral metabolism and blood flow than physiological and/or hemodynamic factors do. It was recognized early in imaging research that neurodegenerative processes are associated with disease-specific alterations in functional connectivity across the whole brain. Therefore, network approaches have increasingly been used to analyze the metabolic imaging data from subjects with brain disorders, and these data have had a growing impact on imaging neuroscience.
\nPresynaptic nigrostriatal DA loss is associated with abnormalities of the cortico-striato-pallido-thalamocortical (CSPTC) loops. Applications of the SSM/PCA method to resting-state FDG-PET scans of patients with PD have consistently revealed an abnormal disease-related spatial covariance pattern in the CSPTC loops and related pathways [15, 20, 21]. This PDRP is characterized by increased pallido-thalamic and pontine metabolism that is associated with relative reductions in the premotor cortex, SMA, and parietal association cortices (Figure 1a). The presence of the PDRP has been verified by its reproducibility in another independent PD cohort [22], and it has been associated with standardized motor ratings in multiple patient cohorts (Figure 1b) [23–25]. In general, PDRP expression has been found to correlate with clinical ratings of akinesia and rigidity, but not with tremor ratings. Interestingly, longitudinal increases in the pattern of expression correlate with progression in the motor disability ratings and concurrent PET measurements of presynaptic nigrostriatal DA function [26, 27]. In addition, the clinical outcomes of individual patients are associated with the degree of PDRP expression that is observed during subthalamic nucleus (STN)-targeted surgical interventions, including ablation therapy and DBS. Moreover, in patients with untreated PD, the PDRP expression scores that are determined with measures of cerebral perfusion in radiotracer imaging, such as H215O-PET and 99mTc-ethyl cysteinate dimer SPECT, closely correlate with the corresponding network values that are computed from scans of cerebral glucose metabolism (i.e., FDG-PET) from the same cohort [22, 28]. Thus, PDRP expression can be measured in rCBF scans that are obtained by PET, SPECT, or perfusion-weighted MRI methods, such as the arterial spin labeling technique [29, 30].
\nAlthough PD is clinically defined by its motor features, nonmotor symptoms that involve cognitive dysfunction can appear, even in early clinical stages [31]. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in early PD typically involves visuomotor processing, working memory, and/or aspects of executive performance [32, 33]. A FDG-PET study revealed decreased glucose metabolism in the frontal and occipital cortices of patients with PD with and without apparent cognitive impairments [34]. After applying a SSM/PCA analysis to FDG-PET data from a cohort of PD patients without dementia, Huang et al. identified a significant pattern of covariance that was related to cognitive performance [35]. This pattern, which was termed the PDCP, is characterized by metabolic decreases in the rostral SMA (pre-SMA), precuneus, and posterior parietal and prefrontal regions and increases in the dentate nucleus and cerebellar cortex (Figure 2a). The expression of PDCP in nondemented patients with PD correlates with the patients’ ratings on neuropsychological tests of memory and executive functioning (Figure 2b). In addition, PDCP expression shows stepwise increases in accordance with worsening cognitive impairments (Figure 2c). In contrast to PDRP, the expression of PDCP is not modulated by antiparkinsonian motor symptom treatments, such as levodopa and DBS. Importantly, although both the PDRP and the PDCP increase in accordance with symptom duration, the rate of the increase in PDCP expression was slower than that of PDRP in the same subjects. These findings suggest that different neural systems underlie these two disease-related metabolic networks.
\nA resting tremor of 3–6 Hz is one of the cardinal features of PD that presents in 75 to 100% of patients during the course of the illness [36, 37]. The parkinsonian tremor is typically asymmetrical, at least initially, and it affects the upper limbs before involving the ipsilateral leg after about 2 years. Tremor of the lips, jaw, or tongue may also occur. Head or voice tremor is rare, which contrasts with observations of essential tremors. A postural tremor is also present in most cases, and it exhibits a wide range of severity [38]. However, kinetic tremor is uncommon [39]. An isolated lower-leg resting tremor is an uncommon symptom of neurological disease and an unusual presentation of PD, and such tremors are typically suspected to be caused by multiple system atrophy, psychogenic tremor, or drug-induced parkinsonism [40].
\nThe pathophysiology of parkinsonian tremors is thought to be distinct from that of akinesia and rigidity [2, 3]. The clinical progression and mental status declines of patients with akinetic-rigidity-dominant PD are more rapid compared to patients with tremor-dominant PD [41]. Moreover, the loss of DAergic projections to the striatum correlates with the clinical ratings of bradykinesia and rigidity, but not with those of tremor [5, 42]. Indeed, DAergic therapy is less effective on parkinsonian tremor than it is on akinesia and rigidity.
\nThe Vim nucleus of the thalamus has commonly been recognized as the optimal surgical target for the treatment of tremors. Neurons in this region receive projections from the deep cerebellar nuclei and discharge in synchrony with parkinsonian tremors [43]. Given that PD tremors can be modulated by the lesioning of other brain regions, such as the pons and cerebellum, the Vim nucleus is considered one of a number of interconnected nodes in a spatially distributed tremor circuit. Nevertheless, the precise anatomical and functional network underlying tremors is still unclear, particularly with respect to the relative contributions of the basal ganglia and cerebellum to this pathway [3, 44–47].
\nIn order to identify the PDTP, FDG-PET scans were acquired in patients with tremor-predominant PD who underwent Vim-DBS. The PDTP was identified with an ordinal trends/canonical variates analysis, which is a within-subject network-mapping algorithm that is based on PCA methods [48], by comparing scans that were conducted during Vim-DBS OFF (i.e., tremor present) and Vim-DBS ON (i.e., tremor suppressed) [7]. This pattern is characterized by increased activity in the cerebellum and dorsal pons, primary motor cortex, and caudate and putamen (Figure 3a). Unlike PDRP, prospectively computed PDTP correlates with accelerometer measurements of the tremors and UPDRS tremor subscale scores, but not with UPDRS bradykinesia-rigidity subscale ratings (Figure 3b and 3c). Interestingly, Vim-DBS was associated with changes in PDTP expression, but not PDRP expression. Although STN DBS decreased the activity in both networks, PDTP expression was reduced more by Vim than by STN stimulation (Figure 4). Moreover, while both the PDRP and the PDTP progressed over time, the rate of the PDTP increase was much slower than that of the PDRP. These findings suggest major differences between the tremor- and bradykinesia/rigidity-related brain networks in terms of their clinical correlates, treatment effects, and natural histories. The bradykinetic manifestations of PD have been associated with discrete functional abnormalities of the CSPTC pathways [49]. In contrast, tremor generation has been linked to abnormal activity in cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathways [44, 46, 47], and the role of the basal ganglia in the etiology of this symptom is still controversial [46, 50]. Indeed, prior H215O PET imaging studies have shown that both the lesioning and the stimulation of the thalamic Vim nucleus results in localized reductions in neural activity in the primary motor cortex and anterior cerebellum [51, 52]. Moreover, a magnetoencephalography study revealed a tremor-coherent oscillatory network involving the primary motor cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum [47]. These findings give support to the suggestions that PDTP topography and the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit are associated with parkinsonian tremors. Interestingly, the PDTP topography includes a significant contribution from the striatum, although the contribution is less than those of the other nodes of this network. In the primate, the striatum receives cerebellar output through the ventrolateral and intralaminar thalamic nuclei [53]. In aggregate, the regional nodes of the PD tremor network may be defined by the abnormal synchronization of firing, which results in localized increases in synaptic activity and concomitant increases in glucose metabolism. While the tremor-related metabolic changes that are observed are most prominent in the primary motor cortex and thalamus, these PDTP regions interconnect through the thalamic Vim nucleus and putamen [7].
\nNeuroimaging study with the new multivariate network analysis is now used to elucidate the disease-related network abnormalities that involve the functional changes of certain brain regions in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Particularly in PD, it has contributed to our understanding of the pathophysiology of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and of the non-dopaminergic system. Quantification of PD-related metabolic pattern could improve the accuracy and precision in diagnosing PD. Moreover, it also could provide an objective means of assessment of the PD therapies such as DBS.
\nThis work was supported in part by grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (grants-in-aid for Scientific Research no. 24390223, 26461272, and 26430054).
\nThe tunable filter is generally employed as a switched filter bank with a substantially reduced size. It self-adaptive selects the frequency spectrum and filters out undesired signals to meet the need for tunability/reconfiguration in wireless systems. As exemplified in Figure 1, the core part of a typical mobile transceiver module is realized by a transceiver IC with many blocks of filters (or multiplexers), switch matrices, power amplifiers, and two antennas. The filters andswitch matrices constitute the unintegrable switched filter banks that are used to select the signal dynamically. It is predictable that if the compact and high-performance tunable filters replace the bulky filter banks, this part of the circuit will consist of only a transceiver IC, two tunable filters, a wideband power amplifier, and two antennas (right side of Figure 1). Nowadays, with a more complex wireless electromagnetic environment, the frequency spectrum is more crowded, and thus it is even more significant to facilitate efficient utilization of the available frequency spectrum. The tunable filter, which plays a crucial role in utilizing the frequency spectrum, has become the hotspot not only in the research area but also for industrial applications.
Tunable filters replace switched filter banks with a substantially reduced size [
The filter with tunability and without too much Q degradation known as the high-Q tunable filter has been widely used in the industry. Magnetically tunable filters or yttrium iron garnet (YIG) filter, which provides the tunable band with the high Q factor and multi-octave tuning range, is the essential part in front-ends of the microwave test and measurement instruments [2, 3]. This type of filter can be tunable by magnetically adjusting the ferrimagnetic resonance of the crystal YIG spheres, thus resulting in the filter frequency adjustment. The mechanically tunable filter is another type of high-Q filter that can provide the high-Q tunable passband with a relatively compact size (compared with the YIG filter). This type of filter\'s frequency or response shape is reconfigured by changing the physical dimensions of the filter structures or disturbing the electromagnetic field in the resonators. The mechanically tunable filter has been commonly employed for tunable wireless infrastructure equipment or reconfigurable communication satellite operators to extend their service life and functionality [4, 5, 6]. A great deal of high-Q mechanically tunable filters, including coaxial, waveguide, or dielectric resonator structures, have been exploited. For example, mechanically adjusting the end-loading capacitors (or equivalent capacitors) of each coaxial resonator, the coaxial filter can be tunable with a wide tuning range [7, 8, 9, 10]. The reconfigurability of the waveguide filter is enabled by reshaping the cavity dimension of the resonator or moving the perturbations inserted in the waveguide cavities [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. For the dielectric resonator filter, moving the movable disks above the dielectric resonators can tune their resonant frequencies resulting in filter passband tunability [16, 17, 18].
The ever-increasing demand for the miniaturized and highly integrated wireless system requires the future tunable filter with a more compact size and fully electrical control. The giant tuning mechanisms inevitably make YIG filters and mechanically tunable filters oversize. With this regard, the electrically tunable filter with the semiconductor tuning element has been drawing a lot of attention and getting extensively exploited because of its very compact size, fast tuning speed, and straightforward control mechanism, even though the semiconductor tuning element loaded on the resonator will dramatically deteriorate the filter Q factor. Planar tunable filter is a popular research topic because of its easy integration with semiconductor tuning elements. For example, the planar λ/4, λ/2, and multimode resonators loaded by tunable varactors or PIN diodes or both are employed to construct the tunable filters with frequency and bandwidth (BW) control [19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. In addition, emerging tuning semiconductor devices such as Radio Frequency Microelectromechanical Systems (RF-MEMS) and ferroelectric devices are also used as the variable capacitor in the planar tunable filters to alleviate the Q factor deterioration [20, 24, 25, 26]. Aside from the planar filter, the high-Q tunable three-dimensional (3D) filter with tuning semiconductor elements is also a research hotspot because of its low loss, good power handling, and high selectivity. For example, coaxial filters or quasi-coaxial filters [7, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31], dielectric resonator filters [32, 33], and waveguide filters [34] are loaded by the various variable capacitors or switchable devices, thus constructing the tunable/reconfigurable 3D high-Q filters.
Among a large variety of tunable filters, the bandpass filter with the tunable center frequency (CF) is attractive for its widespread application. It is preferable to use the minimum number of tuning elements to control the frequency of the bandpass filter and realize the constant absolute bandwidth (BW). This realization will minimize the Q fact degradation introduced by the loaded tuning elements and maintain the filter response shape as the frequency is tuned. It is also the simplest tunable filter with the most straightforward control mechanism. Therefore, the tunable filter with constant bandwidth has been one of the emerging trends in filter design. For example, the planar filters [35, 36, 37], waveguide filters [15], coaxial filters [7], etc., have been all investigated to approach the constant-BW tunable filters.
In general, since the tunable filters have not large-scale replaced the filter banks, the research and development of the tunable filter is still indispensable, especially for the frequency tunable bandpass filter with constant bandwidth. This chapter will mainly deal with the tunable bandpass filter and offer the general synthesis-based approach. The synthesis method, tuning behavior, and physical realization techniques are included and discussed. The synthesis is based on the coupling matrix where the elements are variable, and the coupling matrix with the variable elements can represent the tunable filter response as well as the tuning behavior. The direct relationship between the matrix and the filter realization will be established, and thus various physical structures can be employed to realize the tunable filter accordingly. Furthermore, the constant-BW tunable filter will also be investigated, and the synthesis with its design approach will be included. A planar and a 3D tunable filter design examples will be offered to realize the theory.
The coupling matrix is the most commonly used technique to synthesize the fixed filter. One can prescribe or optimize the filter function in terms of the fixed filter specification, and then the coupling matrix can be directly extracted from the filter function. After a few iterations of mathematical manipulation/optimization, the coupling matrix can physically correspond to the filter structures. This is the synthesis process for the fixed filter. However, for the tunable filter, the frequency of the resonator is variable. When the filter is tuning (tunable frequency or tunable BW), there are numerous filter prototypes (filter matrices) corresponding to the same filter response. As illustrated in Figure 2, one can extract three different coupling matrices according to the same filter response using different tuning frequencies (
Same response of the three different classical coupling matrices.
The EVCM is derived from the conventional coupling matrix and can be treated as the tunable version of the coupling matrix. First of all, the conventional coupling matrix can be extracted using the frequency-fixed filter synthesis (e.g. using the matrix manipulation method [5] or optimization process [38]) based on the prescribed frequency response. For the lossless N×N coupling matrix with the termination impedance
where
Here, the denormalized matrix [
Architecture of the dual-mode resonator tunable filter.
For simplification, the external Q factors Qexe/exo for two resonant modes are roughly approximate to
It can be derived that
Now, it can be found that all elements of matrix [
Theoretical response of a fixed filter example.
Theoretical curves for varying
Theoretical curves for varying
Theoretical curves for varying
With this interesting feature, a one-to-one correspondence between the tunable filter responses and this matrix can be established. As a result, the matrix can uniquely represent tunable filter responses. Figures 8–10 presents the typical responses by purposely varying the matrix elements [
Theoretical curves for tuning the CF with 130-MHz 3-dB BW and 20-dB RL.
Theoretical curves for tuning the BW with 1 GHz CF and 20-dB RL.
Theoretical curves for the RL reconfiguration with 1 GHz CF and 130 MHz BW3db.
The physical structure is presented to realize the EVCM, as shown in Figure 11. The given circuit is controlled by loaded varactor diodes, and each control element can be used to tune the entry of the EVCM separately. For example, the variable capacitor
Transmission line model and physical circuit.
Figures 12–14 presents the measurement results of the physical circuit corresponding to the calculated results of EVCM. As can be seen, the in-band responses of the filter are all very close to the given EVCM. The CF frequency of the filter can be tuned from 0.8 GHz to 1.2 GHz, and a 130-MHz 3-dB BW is kept nearly constant, as implied in Figure 12. These responses closely agree with the EVCM results as shown in Figure 8. The BW varying from 50 to 400 MHz is measured as shown in Figure 13 when the circuit is fully tuned, which corresponds to the EVCM results as shown in Figure 9. Figure 14 shows the RL reconfiguration results of the filter. As shown, the passband is fixed at 1 GHz with 130-MHz BW, while the RL is reconfigured as prescribed by the EVCM (Figure 10) and the rejection is reshaped. The agreement between the experimental circuit and EVCM is obtained. Note that the practical circuit generates the transmission zeros to enforce
Measurement curves for tuning the CF with constant BW.
Measurement curves for tuning the BW with constant CF.
Measurement curves for tuning the RL with constant CF and BW.
With the introduction of the new matrix, the tunable filter can correspond to an EVCM uniquely. Thus, the tunable filter with constant BW can be synthesized with a few steps of the mathematical manipulations. First, for a tunable resonator, the adjustment of the
For the tunable coupled-resonator filters, it is reasonable to define
Based on the earlier discussion, one may assume that the EVCMs are the linear functions of the variable
The linear EVCM that represents the tunable filter with a specified tuning range and reflects the passband variation or the passband tuning behavior is defined. Now, extracting parameters of the EVCM from the general filtering function is of great importance to design the tunable passband with constant
First, the tuning range from
The coupling matrix response can be mapped to
[
Using linear interpolation, the EVCM can be extracted as:
where
Now the extraction process is completed and the constant-BW tunable filter is synthesized by the EVCM.
For illustration, the 4th-/6th-/8th-order fully canonical folded filters are extracted with 20-dB RL, a 100% frequency tuning range (from 0.5 GHz to 1.5 GHz), and a constant 100 MHz
Four-pole filter:
Six-pole filter:
Eight-pole filter:
Figure 15 presents the calculation responses of three extracted EVCMs. It can be seen that the prescribed responses are tuned from 0.5GHz to 1.5 GHz, and their responses are kept nearly constant. Even though such a wide tuning range and 8th-order function are predefined, the maximum estimation error of this synthesis method only affects the RL. When the frequency of the passband is tuned closer to the middle point of the tuning range [
Extracted 100% tunable 4th-/6th-/8th-order responses with constant 100-MHz ABW.
The synthesis method can be used to extract the EVCM according to the prescribed filter specifications. This section will present the planar and 3D tunable filters to realize the extracted EVCMs practically.
The resonator of the planar filter example is shown in Figure 16, and the frequency range design method is given in Figure 17. The resonant frequency is tuned by changing variable capacitor
Transmission line model of the synchronously tunable filter resonator.
Tunable resonant frequency vs. Ct, with different l1 or lt for (a) lt = 11 mm (b) l1= 48.6 mm.
Figures 18 and 19, respectively, present the electrical coupling (EC) and magnetic coupling (MC) configurations between two planar resonators. Their corresponding coupling coefficient curves extracted from the configurations are shown in Figures 20 and 21. As can be seen, both the slope and position of coupling coefficient curves can be independently controlled with these two coupling configurations. Thus, the coupling elements in the EVCM can be physically realized, and both EC and MC are available.
EC configuration between resonators.
MC configuration between resonators.
Coupling coefficient extracted from the EC configuration (
Coupling coefficient extracted from the MC configuration (
Two feeding structures, i.e. short-end and open-end feeding structures, can be employed to feed this type of filter, as shown in Figure 22a and b. Figures 23 and 24, respectively, present the extracted external quality factor
(a) S-EF configuration. (b) O-EF configuration.
External quality factor Qe extracted from S-EF configuration (
External quality factor Qe extracted from O-EF configuration (
With all filter parts mentioned earlier, two tunable filters using EC and MC as the mainline coupling path to implement the constant BW are demonstrated. Two filters are the four-pole cascade quartet topology, and their prototypes are the 4th-degree General Chebyshev polynomials with 20-RL and 130-MHz ABW. The transmission zeros of two filters are prescribed at [−10j, −2j, 2j, 10j]. The tuning range of the EC filter is predefined from 1.2 GHz to 1.6 GHz, and the EC filter is from 1.05 GHz to 1.45 GHz. According to the presented synthesis method, two EVCMs can be extracted, which are
for EC filter and
for MC filter. Besides, all filter examples are designed on the Rogers RT/duroid 5880 (
Figures 25 and 26 present the EC and MC filter examples where the cascade quartet configurations are used, thus yielding the prescribed tunable responses with constant BW. The measurement results of the two design examples are shown in Figures 27 and 28. The BW of the two filters is approximately 133 MHz and the tuning ranges are over 27%. Good agreement between simulations and measurements is achieved, and the design objective is fully implemented. It is noted that the MC filter has a more stable BW because of the more flexible choosing range of coupling and
EC filter example.
MC filter example.
Measurement results of the EC filter example
Measurement results of the MC filter example (
The ceramic monoblock waveguide filter featured a low-cost and competitive Qu/size ratio that attracted a great deal of attention for 5G applications [39]. The 3D realization example of the constant-BW tunable filter presented in this section will be based on the ceramic monoblock waveguide structure and the high-Q mechanically tunable mechanism.
Figure 29 present the tunable ceramic monoblock waveguide resonator. It generally contains the fixed block and the movable cylinder. The low-dielectric (
Tunable resonator of ceramic monoblock waveguide filter. (a) 3D model and (b) cross-sectional view.
Resonant behavior of the tunable resonator with different ht1. (a) Resonant frequency tuning ranges and (b) unloaded Qu factor performance.
The coupling configuration between two resonators is shown in Figure 31. The extracted coupling coefficient curves with different key dimensions are presented in Figure 32. It is seen that the coupling coefficient curve is controlled by
Coupling configuration between two resonators.
Extracted coupling coefficient curves with different (a) hm1 and (b) Rm1.
The feeding configuration for the tunable ceramic waveguide resonator is given in Figure 33, where the resonator is fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) line on the bottom of the fixed block. The external
Feeding structures excited using stripline.
Group delay responses of the feeding structures with different (a) l0 and (b) w0.
With the tunable resonator, coupling structure, and feeding configuration discussed earlier, the ceramic waveguide tunable filter can be constructed. For the demonstration, the six-degree Chebyshev low-pass prototype with 17-dB return loss and two TZs (±1.19511j) is employed to form the two-section cascade-triplet topology. The EVCM is extracted for the 5.8–6.2 GHz constant-400-MHz bandwidth filter as:
EM design according to the extracted EVCM is carried out, and the optimized filter structure with the manufactured design sample is given in Figure 35. The feeding circuit is on Rogers RT/duroid 5880.
Six-pole quasi-elliptic ceramic waveguide filter with constant absolute bandwidth. (a) Filter structure and (b) filter photograph.
Figure 36 presents the measured responses of the tunable ceramic waveguide filter. The measured passband moves from 5.76 GHz to 6.22 GHz, but the 3-dB bandwidth maintains 429 ± 7 MHz. The rectangular factor of two skirts is better than 12 dB/20 MHz because of two symmetric transmission zeros. The fitted
Measurement results of the manufactured design sample.
EVCM is introduced to represent the tunable filter with its tuning behavior. The relationship between the matrix and physical circuit is established, and this correspondence is investigated in detail. The synthesis approach based on EVCM extraction techniques is presented, and the planar as well as the ceramic waveguide tunable filters are designed according to the approach. The experiment is carried out to confirm the theory.
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\n\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\n\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
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\n\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
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Khaleel, Hussain M. Al-Rizzo and Ayman I. Abbosh",authors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"},{id:"154494",title:"Dr.",name:"Haider",middleName:null,surname:"Raad",slug:"haider-raad",fullName:"Haider Raad"},{id:"154495",title:"MSc.",name:"Ayman",middleName:null,surname:"Isaac",slug:"ayman-isaac",fullName:"Ayman Isaac"}]},{id:"55559",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69113",title:"Challenges and Opportunities of Optical Wireless Communication Technologies",slug:"challenges-and-opportunities-of-optical-wireless-communication-technologies",totalDownloads:3594,totalCrossrefCites:30,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:"In this chapter, we present various opportunities of using optical wireless communication (OWC) technologies in each sector of optical communication networks. Moreover, challenges of optical wireless network implementations are investigated. We characterized the optical wireless communication channel through the channel measurements and present different models for the OWC link performance evaluations. In addition, we present some technologies for the OWC performance enhancement in order to address the last-mile transmission bottleneck of the system efficiently. The technologies can be of great help in alleviating the stringent requirement by the cloud radio access network (C-RAN) backhaul/fronthaul as well as in the evolution toward an efficient backhaul/fronthaul for the 5G network. Furthermore, we present a proof-of-concept experiment in order to demonstrate and evaluate high capacity/flexible coherent PON and OWC links for different network configurations in the terrestrial links. To achieve this, we employ advanced modulation format and digital signal processing (DSP) techniques in the offline and real-time mode of the operation. 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Further, the improved dual circularly polarized (CP) omnidirectional antenna based on slot array in coaxial cylinder structure is presented too, and two ports are assigned in its two side as left hand circularly polarized (LHCP) port and right hand circularly polarized (RHCP) port, respectively. The simulation and experiment results show their novelty and good performance of omnidirectional circular polarization with about 5 dBi gain in 5.2–5.9 GHz.",book:{id:"5427",slug:"modern-antenna-systems",title:"Modern Antenna Systems",fullTitle:"Modern Antenna Systems"},signatures:"Bin Zhou, Junping Geng, Xianling Liang, Ronghong Jin and\nGuanshen Chenhu",authors:[{id:"147056",title:"Prof.",name:"Xian-Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",slug:"xian-ling-liang",fullName:"Xian-Ling Liang"},{id:"189327",title:"Prof.",name:"Junping",middleName:null,surname:"Geng",slug:"junping-geng",fullName:"Junping Geng"},{id:"189923",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronghong",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",slug:"ronghong-jin",fullName:"Ronghong Jin"},{id:"189925",title:"MSc.",name:"Bin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"bin-zhou",fullName:"Bin Zhou"},{id:"189927",title:"MSc.",name:"Guanshen",middleName:null,surname:"Chenhu",slug:"guanshen-chenhu",fullName:"Guanshen Chenhu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"762",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"344229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Padayachee",slug:"sankeshan-padayachee",fullName:"Sankeshan Padayachee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315727",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelebogile A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mothupi",slug:"kelebogile-a.-mothupi",fullName:"Kelebogile A. 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