The Measured Parameters for Analysis and Simulation
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83962-547-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-546-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-548-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5ba02fedd7c87f0ab66414f3b07de0c",bookSignature:"Dr. John P. Tiefenbacher",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10765.jpg",keywords:"Managing Urbanization, Managing Development, Managing Resource Use, Drought Management, Flood Management, Water Quality Monitoring, Air Quality Monitoring, Ecological Monitoring, Modeling Extreme Natural Events, Ecological Restoration, Restoring Environmental Flows, Environmental Management Perspectives",numberOfDownloads:24,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 12th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 9th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 10th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 29th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 28th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A geospatial scholar working at the interface of natural and human systems, collaborating internationally on innovative studies about hazards and environmental challenges. Dr. Tiefenbacher has published more than 200 papers on a diverse array of topics that examine perception and behaviors with regards to the application of pesticides, releases of toxic chemicals, environments of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, wildlife hazards, and the geography of wine.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",middleName:null,surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73876/images/system/73876.jfif",biography:"Dr. John P. Tiefenbacher (Ph.D., Rutgers, 1992) is a professor of Geography at Texas State University. His research has focused on various aspects of hazards and environmental management. Dr. Tiefenbacher has published on a diverse array of topics that examine perception and behaviors with regards to the application of pesticides, releases of toxic chemicals, environments of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, wildlife hazards, and the geography of wine. More recently his work pertains to spatial adaptation to climate change, spatial responses in wine growing regions to climate change, the geographies of viticulture and wine, artificial intelligence and machine learning to predict patterns of natural processes and hazards, historical ethnic enclaves in American cities and regions, and environmental adaptations of 19th century European immigrants to North America's landscapes.",institutionString:"Texas State University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Texas State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"}],chapters:[{id:"76073",title:"Integrating Ecological Site Descriptions with Soil Morphology to Optimize Forest Management: Three Missouri Case Studies",slug:"integrating-ecological-site-descriptions-with-soil-morphology-to-optimize-forest-management-three-mi",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"185895",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Aide",slug:"michael-aide",fullName:"Michael Aide"},{id:"269286",title:"Dr.",name:"Christine",surname:"Aide",slug:"christine-aide",fullName:"Christine Aide"},{id:"269287",title:"Dr.",name:"Indi",surname:"Braden",slug:"indi-braden",fullName:"Indi Braden"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"194667",firstName:"Marijana",lastName:"Francetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194667/images/4752_n.jpg",email:"marijana@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"600",title:"Approaches to Managing Disaster",subtitle:"Assessing Hazards, Emergencies and Disaster Impacts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e97caba8487382025a1e70eb85e4e390",slug:"approaches-to-managing-disaster-assessing-hazards-emergencies-and-disaster-impacts",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/600.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3054",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",subtitle:"Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d6576de4f4c7fc7b8db5e91cba6dc28",slug:"approaches-to-disaster-management-examining-the-implications-of-hazards-emergencies-and-disasters",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3054.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"865",title:"Perspectives on Nature Conservation",subtitle:"Patterns, Pressures and Prospects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a4d39cf2a0c2a9416049331b508aa88",slug:"perspectives-on-nature-conservation-patterns-pressures-and-prospects",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/865.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9846",title:"Spatial Variability in Environmental Science",subtitle:"Patterns, Processes, and Analyses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cfa4fa7b982bbff46ffbe6fbdbffbdf1",slug:"spatial-variability-in-environmental-science-patterns-processes-and-analyses",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher and Davod Poreh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9846.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9389",title:"Global Warming and Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"435d35b33ec04fe921640a514feb19e4",slug:"global-warming-and-climate-change",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9389.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8011",title:"Natural Hazards",subtitle:"Risk, Exposure, Response, and Resilience",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43ca8c43ab0963f6c43350764f696b63",slug:"natural-hazards-risk-exposure-response-and-resilience",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8011.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"16527",title:"RFID Model for Simulating Framed Slotted ALOHA Based Anti-Collision Protocol for Muti-Tag Identification",doi:"10.5772/16601",slug:"rfid-model-for-simulating-framed-slotted-aloha-based-anti-collision-protocol-for-muti-tag-identifica",body:'Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) networks use radio signal broadcast to automatically identify items with attached RFID tags. A tag consists of a microchip that stores a unique identifier and an antenna. The tag’s antenna is attached to the chip and can transmit a unique tag identifier to a reader (also called interrogator). The reader is capable of learning the set of tags within its interrogation range. The process of learning in-range tags is called a census. After an initial census is completed, the reader can answer queries about the presence of specific tag(s) within its range sent to it from other type of devices.
RFID systems have abundant benefits as compared to the barcode and smart card systems. RFID networks use radio frequency as a method of data transmission. Thus, unlike barcode labels, a tag does not need to be placed in a line of sight position from the reader, or even get in contact with a reader as smart cards, in order to be identified successfully. Depending on whether they use low, high, or ultrahigh transmission frequencies, RFID tags are identifiable within 3 meters span in case of a typical far-field reader [Want06] or at even further distances. Therefore, RFID tags are used more flexibly and conveniently than existing barcode and smart card implementations.
Moreover, some commercial implementations of RFID tags can store data in the amount of 16bytes - 64Kbytes [Finkenzeller03]. RFID tags can hold the same amount of data compared to smart cards, and much larger volume than barcodes. In addition, RFID tags are getting less expensive. The cost of RFID chips at the time of this study is less than 10 cents, while back in 1999, for example, was around 2 US dollars. Since tag readers have limits on their operations range imposed by the frequency of the wireless signal used, when RFID networks need to cover large spaces, multiple readers need to be used. The cost of current reader implementations is hundreds of US dollars. As a result, RFID networks may not be yet suitable to track large inventories of inexpensive items, but they are certainly becoming more affordable and can be used to track different types of items, e.g. live stock, pets, and valuable goods. Due to these advantages RFID systems are emerging as one of the alternative technologies of our time.
One of the world biggest supply chains Wal-Mart has required suppliers to implement RFID networks in at least 12 of its 137 distribution centres by the end of 2006. The Proctor & Gamble Co. is the first of about 100 suppliers to conform to Wal-Mart’s requirements to tag its products with RFID chips [Computerworld07]. The US Navy finished its pilot of a passive RFID system to support the loading of supplies into cargo containers in May 2004. According to the related final report the RFID process increased the speed and efficiency of the cargo checking process, while less people were needed to support the new RFID based system as compared to the legacy implementation [Weinstein05].
An RFID system is made up of an application, a reader and tags.
The application is a program installed on a (proxy) computer which can control readers.
The reader is a device which runs functions such as reading, writing and authentication.When the reader gathers data from tags it transmits to the computer application.
The tag is used to identify an object and is located on (or in) the object itself.
A reader is connected to the computer and has a transmitter and receiver, while a tag has a control unit (chip) and a coupling element (antenna).
RFID Physical Composition [
RFID tags can be
The ALOHA algorithm is a collision resolution algorithm based on Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). There are three flavors of the original ALOHA algorithm: (Pure) ALOHA, SlottedALOHA and FrameSlotted ALOHA [Zürich04].
In Figure 2, X and Y axis represents the read cycle and tags respectively. The read cycle is the time interval between neighboring two
Pure and Slotted ALOHA Algorithms
The reader broadcasts the
A tag itself decides the data transmission time randomly as soon as it is activated. The transmission time is not synchronized with both the reader and the other tags at all. When the electricity is charged by the reader’s electromagnetic wave tags transmit data after receiving the
It is obtained by the addition of a constraint to the (Pure)ALOHA. The read cycle is divided into discrete time intervals called
Framed SlottedALOHAalgorithm uses the frame which is the discrete time interval of the read cycle and each frame is divided into the same number of slots. There are multiple frames in a single read cycle and the frame size is decided by the reader (Figure 3: There is a constraint that the tags can transmit data only once in each frame. It may reduce the number of collided slots and it shows the best performance among them.
FSA (Framed Slotted Aloha) can be classified into the BFSA (Basic Framed Slotted Aloha) and the DFSA (Dynamic Framed Slotted Aloha) according to whether which uses fixed frame size or variable frame size [Klair04]. If the number of actual tags is unknown DFSA can identify tags efficiently rather than BFSA by changing frame size since BFSA uses fixed frame size. In addition, BFSA and DFSA can be further classified based on whether they support muting or/and early-end features [Klair04]. The muting makes tags remain silent after being identified by the reader while the early-end allows a reader close an idle slot early when no response is detected. Figure 4 is shown for the classification of the FSA.
Framed Slotted ALOHA Algorithms
Classification of FSA
Framed Slotted ALOHA and Binary Tree are the two most widely used multi tags identifying anti-collision protocols. Fabio Cappelletti et al. simulated the Binary Tree protocol of RFID by using the OPNET IT Guru 11.0 in 2005 [Cappelletti06]. In the paper, they measured the network throughputand the census delay through the simulation. And they compared simulation performance and analytical results. What they measure is shown in Table 1.
Analytical Parameters | Simulation parameters | Unit |
Network throughput | Network throughput | (%) |
Throughput per node | Throughput per node | (%) |
Total census delay Lower bound Upper bound Arithmetic average Heuristic | Total census delay | Number of slots |
Time required to detect a single tag Lower bound Upper bound Arithmetic average Heuristic | Time required to detect a single tag | Number of slots |
Number of transmitted packets (Total, Average) | Number of packets |
The Measured Parameters for Analysis and Simulation
The network throughput represents the ratio between the number of successfully transmitted packets and the total number of packets sent by the tags while the throughput per node denotes the average number of packets sent by a single tag. The results of the paper showed that the analytical performance was in good agreement with the simulation results.
It is commercial product of RFID system which is comprised of the actual tags and a reader connected to the computer. The application is installed in the computer to control the reader collecting data from tags. The built-in Framed Slotted ALOHA protocol is provided by the system. The memory size of an I-Code tag is the total of 64 bytes which are available for 46 bytes application data, 8 bytes serial number and 10 bytes functionalities such as write protection, maintaining quiet state of tag and reset quite state, etc. And, the reader provides the interface for setting configuration parameters such as the serial connection speed and commands for handling communication with tags. Examples of commands are following:
The procedure of tag identification is different based on the classification of RFID [Finkenzeller03]. There are two types of procedure based on the tags characteristic in the Frame Slotted ALOHA protocol. One of them switches off when read while the other not switches off but replays transmission. The I-Code system uses the switching off tag. Figure 6 depicts the census procedure used in the I-Code System implementation.
Tag Identification Procedure of the I-Code System
The reader broadcasts the
Through simulation we can measure the total census delay by varying the frame size for given number of tags. Then we can find the optimal frame size which results in the minimum total census delay, for given number of tags (see Figure 7).
The optimal frame size, resulting in minimum census delay, can be determined according to the total number of tags. Figure 8 presents an example of the relationship between total number of tags and frame size. For example, the optimal frame size for 80 active tags is 45, while for 30 passive tags it is 40.
To maximize network throughput frame size (the number of allocated slots in the read cycle) should be chosen in accordance with the number of tags since for the same fixed slot size, number of total collisions during a census increases with increase in total number of tags.
Example of Total Census Delay (Tag Collection Time) Using Static Frame Size [
Due to the nature of the Framed Slotted ALOHA protocol, the read cycle time is divided by the number of slots in a frame and packet data (tag ID number plus CRC) to be transmitted should occupy a single slot. If there are lots of tags and frame size is small then the probability of collisions will be increased and the number of identified tags is decreased, because tags will be competing for a lesser number of slots within a frame. On the contrary, if the reader reads few tags with too big frame size then the probability of collision is decreased, but at the expense of the response time being increased. There is optimal frame size that makes minimum number of read cycles for certain number of tags. The dynamic slot allocation is choosing the optimal frame size (in number of fixed slots) during the tag read cycle. However, the problem is that the number of tags is unknown. So, the reader should estimate the number of tags in each read cycle with the result of the previous read cycle (number of empty slots, number of slots filled with one tag, number of collided slots) and current frame size.
The key difference of the developed Framed Slotted ALOHA protocol is how they estimate the number of tags and what they estimate.
In this scheme, they estimate the number of tags using the current frame size and the result of read cycle. And then updates the current frame size using the estimated number of tags and previous frame size. The procedure of this algorithm is shown in Figure 9. Variable ‘N’, ‘N0’, ‘n_est’ and ‘stepN’ represent the frame size, temporary frame size, the estimated number of tags and the counter for the cycle performed with currently estimated framed size, respectively. Variable ‘c’, ‘t’ represents the result of a read cycle comprised of three integers; number of empty slots, number of slots filled with one tag and number of collided slots, and variable ‘t’ represents the temporary number of estimated number of tags.
In order to estimate the number of tags two estimation functions are used; lower bound and Chebyshev’s inequality. Lower bound simply estimates the number of tags is bigger than the summation of the number of slots filled with one tag and two-times of the number of collided slots:
When the lower bound is used the real value of number of tags is underestimated.
Example of Optimal Frame Size For Minimum Census Delay [
Chebyshev’s inequality measures the difference the real values and expected values to estimate the number of tags for which the difference becomes minimal [Vogt02]. The number of tags are estimated using the currently used frame size (N) and the results of previous read cycle <c0, c1, ck> representing the number of empty slots, the number of slots filled with one tag and the number of collided slots respectively. And
* Function: VogtAlgorithm () - Variable: integer : N, N0, n_est, stepN, c, t - N = minimum frame size - repeat begin while stepN is smaller than maxStep: stepN++; Perform a read cycle with N and store the result in c Estimate number of tags with N and c, and then store result in t If t is bigger than n_est then save t in n_est. Call adaptFrameSize(N, n_est) and save value in N0. If N0 is bigger than N then reset stepN with 0. And, save N0 in N. - repeat end * Function: adaptFrameSize(N, n_est) - Return type : integer - repeat begin while n_est is smaller than low value for choice of N: Store N/2 in N. - repeat end - repeat begin while n_est is bigger than high value for choice of N: Store 2*N in N. - repeat end |
Pseudo Code of H. Vogt’s Algorithm
Figure 8 presents the optimal frame size resulting from the execution of function adaptiveFrameSize (
Choosing Optimal Frame Size [
This algorithm estimates the number of tags using the
The a
Where
where
* Function: BinZHENAlgorithm () -Variable: integer : N, N = minimum frame size - repeat begin while Perform a read cycle with N and store the result in c for collided slots, s for success slots. Estimate number of tags with N, c and s, and then store result in nest( If nest( then Call calculateFrameSize(nest( - repeat end * Function: calculateFrameSize(nest( - Return type : integer -If tagType is passive then N( else N( - return N( |
Pseudo Code of Bin ZHEN et al.’s Algorithm
This algorithm estimates the number of unread tags instead of number of tags to determine the frame size. H. Vogt’s algorithm shows poor performance when the number of tags becomes large because the variance of the tag number estimation is increased according to the number of tags increase [Rom90]. Therefore, to handle the poor performance of large number of tag identification EDFSA algorithm restricts the number of responding tags as much as the frame size. Conversely, if the number of tags is too small as compared with the frame size it reduces the frame size. To estimate the number of unread tags equation (2) is used. The procedure of EDFSA algorithm’s read cycle is shown in Figure 9.
Read Cycle of EDFSA Algorithm
To evaluate the implementation of the BFSA protocol I first evaluated
where
where
It is necessary that evaluating of the read cycles satisfying the confidence level α since it is used to determine total census delay. The assurance level α is the probability of identifying all tags in the reader’s interrogation range [Vogt02] e.g. if
where N is the given frame size (slots) and
Then the expected number of the successful transmissions in the
If we solve the equation 13 for
The ceil function is used since
where
Muting decreases the number of tag’s responses after every read cycle. Hence, the number of responding tags in the
where
By using
Network throughput can be defined as the ratio between the number of successfully transmitted packets (one per tag) and the total number of packets sent by the tags during the census [Cappelletti06]. Suppose that there are
where
where
In this project, I implemented two Aloha models; BFSA-Muting and BFSA-Non-Muting. To validate the model I analyzed the log file [appendix A, B] of the models and compared with the pseudo code. For easy comparison I put the figures describing the events of the simulation comes from the log file.
For the simplicity I put a reader and eight tags, and the same given conditions are used between two simulations. The reader and tags being used in the simulation are shown in Figure 10 (a) while the given conditions are shown in Figure 10 (b).
Simulation Information
The time required for the packet transmission can be calculated by using the given packet size and the data rate among reader and tags. They are shown in Figure 11.
Packet Transmission Time
I assume that the propagation delay is negligible since in case of a typical far-field reader has 3 meters span interrogation range [Want06]. Consider the speed of light is 299,792,458 m/s then the delay of 3 meters will be 1-8 seconds. And I also assume the calculation delay of the reader and of the tag is negligible as simplicity is the strong point i.e. it does not need complex calculation both for the reader and for the tag.
For the validation of the simulation model we compared the analytical results (obtained based on an algorithm presented in [Klair04] (see Figure 12)) with our simulation results.
When the reader starts a census procedure the number of unread tags is initialized to the number of actual tags in range. While the census is performed to identify unread tags the number of identified tags, collided slots, idle slots, and the current frame size are stored as a running total. If there is no collision from tags the total delay, collision delay, and idle delay are calculated.
The log from the BFSA-Muting simulation is shown in Appendix A. Figure 13 depicts the sequence of events during the BFSA-Muting simulation. Through analyzing the log we can check the correctness of the implementation.
Pseudo Code of the BFSA Muting
BFSA-Muting Simulation Log
As we can see from Figure 13 (a), when the census begins the reader broadcasts a REQUEST packet to all tags. The transmission delay of a REQUEST packet is 0.000176 seconds since the size of the packet is 88 bits while the data rate is 500,000 bps. We assume propagation and calculation delay are negligible, since events are generated at slot boundaries and propagation delay and computation time will not have an effect on census delay and throughput. As soon as tags receive the REQUEST packet they start their timer to synchronize the read cycle between the reader and tags. Tags can select only one of the slots in the read cycle randomly and transmit a RESPONSE packet which contains tag’s ID and CRC to the reader by occupying a single slot, e.g. as we see from Figure 13 (a) each tag send its ID only once in a read cycle based on the definition of the FSA protocol. There are eight slots in a frame in this simulation. And we can see every slot durations in the read cycle is identical. The delay for the transmitting of the RESPONSE packet is the definition of the slot duration. As you see at Figure 13 (b) the size of RESPONSE packet is 80 bits while data rate is 500,000 bps. That makes the transmission time of the REQUEST packet to 0.00016 seconds. When multiple tags transmit their ID to the reader with the same slot it causes a collision then the reader can’t identify tag’s ID successfully. Two collisions occur in the first read cycle, see Figure 13 (a). Three tags (IDs: 1, 2, and 6) transmits their ID by occupying the second slot and two tags (IDs: 3 and 7) are also transmitting during the third slot. Both of them collide and are being discarded. However, a single tag transmission without collision is identified by the reader successfully as can be seen from the fourth, sixth and seventh slot. The first, fifth and eighth slots are idle slots in the first read cycle (frame). When a read cycle (frame) is finished tags can’t transmit their ID until the next read cycle begins and the number of identified tags, collided slots, and idle slots are computed and stored by the reader. If there is no collision during a read cycle the census will be completed.
SELECT packets are transmitted together with the tag’s ID identified by the reader as soon as a read cycle has completed (as shown in Figure 13 (b)). The purpose of sending SELECT packet is to mute the already identified tags, i.e. forcing them to stop transmitting their IDs. This reduces collisions.
Three SELECT packets are transmitted as shown in Figure 13 (b) with a tag’s ID identified in the previous read cycle. The size of the SELECT packet is 72 bits and because of the data rate being 500,000 bps the transmission delay will be 0.000144 seconds. After transmitting SELECT packets the REQUEST packet is broadcasted to all tags. However, selected tags will disregard this message. Only unread tags will response to the REQUEST packet.
When the REQUEST packet is delivered to all tags the read cycle is started again. The reader can synchronize the start time of the read cycle with tags since reader can calculate the transmission delay of SELECT and REQUEST packet with packets size and data rate. Once the read cycle is started, the procedure of transmit tag’s ID, of detecting collision, and of identifying tag’s ID is same with ones in the previous read cycle. When the reader detects no collision during a read cycle the census will be finished shown in Figure 13 (e).
There are two major differences from BFSA-Muting; identified tags are not muted and the assurance level is used for finishing the census. For measuring the assurance level after finishing every read cycle and finishing the census successfully, the line 9 of Figure 15 would be replaced with Figure 14.
Computing Assurance Level of BFSA-Non-Muting
In the BFSA-Non-Muting, tags are not muted at all. Thus, the probability of collision occurrence is higher than the BFSA-Muting and SELECT packet is not necessary to be transmitted to tags.
BFSA-Non-Muting Simulation Log
In BFSA-Non-Muting when the census begins the reader transmits REQUEST packet to all tags and they start transmitting their IDs (once in a read cycle). Tags are never muted, so that all tags continue to transmit for the duration of a census, once every read cycle. Another difference between BFSA-Non-Muting and BFSA-Muting is that they have different behavior at the end of each read cycle. As can be seen from Figure 15, the assurance level is measured at the end of every read cycle and is changed according to the total number of identified tags given the total number of actual tags. As shown in Figure 15 (a) the identified tag (ID: 4) sends its ID again during the next frame. Census completes when the assurance level is satisfied, as shown in Figure 15 (d).
In this Section, we evaluate two parameters: total census delay and network throughput. We compare our simulation results with analytical results, computed by using the equations from Section 3.
Total census delay varies depending on the frame size and the number of actual tags in the BFSA model. If a frame size is either too big or too small as compared to the total number of tags the delay will be longer because of the increased number of idle slots and collision slots respectively, i.e. there is an optimal frame size resulting in the least total census delay for given number of tags. Thus, we first measure the optimal frame size to find the minimal total census delay for given fixed number of tags to be read (identified). Simulation runs were conducted by varying the initial number of tags from 10 to 100 with step of 5 while the given static frame size varies from 10 to 120 with step of 5. 10 census procedures were simulated for each frame size and given a specific number of tags.
The minimal total census delay for given static number of tags is shown in Figure 19. Triangle line represents the analytical result of BFSA-Non-Muting, ‘x’ line represents simulation result of BFSA-Non-Muting, square line represents analytical result of BFSA-Muting, and ‘+’ line represents simulation result of BFSA-Muting. For computing the analytical result of BFSA-Non-Muting and BFSA-Muting a computing program was developed [appendix C] and equation 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 21 in Section 3 are used.
The minimum total census delay was increased linearly with the number of tags and 100 tag set was identified within 0.25 sec using BFSA-Non-Muting with assurance level 0.99 and 500 Kbps data rate. BFSA-muting took less than 0.1 sec with the same given conditions with BFSA-Non-Muting. The simulation result of BFSA-Muting shows approximately 70% shorter minimum total census delay than BFSA-Non-Muting simulation result. Both BFSA simulation results show about less than 15% shorter minimum total census delay than its analytical results in the experiment.
The optimal frame size is acquired from the simulation being used for computing the minimum total census delay in Figure 16. The symbols in Figure 17 are identical with Figure 16. Figure 17 shows us good agreement between the simulation result and the analytical result. The optimal frame size was increased linearly with the number of tags and BFSA-Muting has smaller optimal frame size than the one BFSA-Non-Muting has.
Minimum Total Census Delay for Given Number of Tags
Optimum Frame Size for Given Number of Tags
We evaluate three types of network throughput: maximum throughput, minimum throughput, and mean throughput. Network throughput represents the ratio between successfully transmitted number of packets and total number of transmitted packets during census. All of them show good agreement between analytical result and simulation result and they are shown in Figure 18.
Network Throughput
In Figure 18, network throughput shows good agreement between analytical and simulation result and simulation throughput shows slightly lower than analytical one. Figure 18 tell us that the network throughput of the two BFSA models is getting lower according to the increment of the fixed total number of tags. In Figure 18 (c), we can see mean network throughput of BFSA-muting is 200 - 400% greater than the throughput of BFSA-Non-Muting. Since in the BFSA-Muting the identified tags keep silent thus the total number of transmitted packet would be reduced while in the BFSA-Non-Muting the identified tags never stop transmitting its ID. Thus the difference between two RFID models makes network throughput different.
To evaluate the performance of RFID protocols we implemented two BFSA models (Muting and Non-muting). Wehave used the simulation tool, OPNET Modeler 14. The simulation models were validated by analyzing the log in the validation Section. In addition, we compared the simulation resultsagainst analytical results, generated by using the equations presented in Section 3.
In Section 4, we evaluated total census delay and network throughput by comparingsimulation and analytical results. Our simulation results show good agreement with analytical results both for total census delay and for network throughput. We also could see the performance difference of the two BFSA models in terms of the total census delay and the network throughput. As expected, BFSA-Muting performed better in terms of both network throughputand total census delay as compared to BFSA-Non-Muting due to reduction in the total number of transmitted packets.
In the formulas of statistical mechanics, the vibrational zero-point energy (ZPE) constitutes the most significant term for the correction of the total energy of the molecules. ZPE (Figure 1) is a positive, additive, collective internal property and can be approximated by the harmonic formula:
The Morse potential and harmonic oscillator potential.
where the sum runs for the 3N-6 normal frequencies (νi) in the case of a nonlinear molecule of N atoms,
Thus, for a precise calculation of the enthalpies of formation, the use of a reliable method to determine vibrational zero-point energy appears necessary. The experimental determination of the ZPE requires the knowledge of all normal vibration mode frequencies by infrared and Raman method. In certain cases [1, 2], these methods involve experimental difficulties, and they are not feasible because of the existence of overtones and combination frequencies in the molecular spectra. Also, this experimental determination becomes even more difficult for the hazardous [3, 4, 5, 6] compounds which may be difficult to handle in air [7, 8, 9]. Otherwise, vibrational zero-point energy can be obtained by computing molecular vibrational frequencies with quantum chemistry methods [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. However, such calculations can be very demanding in terms of computer time and disk space for large molecules and thus in daily practice; they are not usable by the chemist and technologist. Moreover, the theoretical vibrational frequencies are generally overestimated. The neglect of anharmonicity effects in the theoretical treatment constitutes the major source of this disagreement [15]. To solve this problem, we use an empirical correction factor which depends on the method, the basis set, the property to be determined (ZPE, Hvib(T), Svib (T), etc.), and sometimes the type of vibrations (low-frequency vibrations, high-frequency vibrations) [16]. For this reason and based on the fact that vibrational zero-point energy (ZPE) can be described with a good approximation by additivity rules [17, 18, 19], several researchers have sought to develop empirical rules to determine the vibrational ZPE.
Thus, to estimate ZPEs of molecules without using quantum chemistry methods, several empirical rules [20, 21, 22, 23, 24] have been developed in recent years. These additivity rules are classified into two categories: the first methods are based on the atomic contributions, while the second one are based on the contributions of bonds or groupings. The first category takes into account each of the atoms present in a given molecule. Thus, the studied property is evaluated as the sum of the atomic contributions. In the second approach, the molecule is divided into different fragments (bonds or groups). When a fragment is present in one molecule or another, the value of its contribution remains the same.
Using the first approach based on the additivity of atomic contributions, Flanigan et al. [20] have calculated the vibrational zero-point energy (ZPE) of hydrocarbons CnHm through the simple empirical relationship:
In 1985, using the least squares method, Schulman and Disch established a similar empirical relationship [25]. They determined the contributions of carbon and hydrogen atoms to estimate the vibrational zero-point energy of hydrocarbons. The relation thus obtained is written as follows:
Then, this last formula has been extended to polyatomic molecular systems containing nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine, fluorine [26], bromine, sulfur [27], and silicon [28]. More recently, in order to obtain the ZPE of organophosphorus compounds, we have determined the increment of the phosphorus atom [29].
Eq. (3) takes now the form
where N is the number of kinds of atom in the molecule; Ni is the number of atoms of type i; Xi is the increment of the atom i.
In this context, Grice and Politzer [1] have also developed a simple linear relationship between the ZPE and molecular stoichiometry for several organic compounds.
In 2003, Ruzsinszky et al. [30] examined the relationship between ZPE values and partial charges calculated at the functional density theory (DFT) level. The results show that atomic partial charges can be used to estimate ZPEs with high accuracy. However, this method still requires to quantum chemical calculations to estimate the ZPE of the molecules.
The sum ZPE + H(T) − H(0) was studied by Fliszar et al. [13]. They found that this quantity obeyed to certain additivity rules, and they proved its correlation with the structural characteristics of the molecule, more precisely the number of atoms and the degree of branching in the case of hydrocarbons.
For the approach based on the contributions of bonds or groupings, Pitzer [31] was interested in the computation of the thermodynamic functions for gaseous hydrocarbons; he attributed an empirical value to each mode of vibration. In an n-paraffin study, Cottrell [32] found that the ZPE increases gradually with successive additions of the methylene group (CH2). Later, Pitzer and Catalano [33] assigned the constant 17.7 kcal/mol per unit of CH2 to calculate vibrational zero-point energy of these compounds.
The empirical estimation of vibrational zero-point energies of halomethanes, ethylene, haloethylenes, methane isotopes, and benzene has been the subject of several studies by Bernstein [34, 35, 36]. He took into consideration the contributions of the internal coordinates and the interactions between them. A few years later, three empirical parameters were determined by Fujimoto and Shingu [37] to calculate the ZPEs of hydrocarbons with a precision similar to that of Bernstein, which are the contributions of C▬C bonds, C▬H bonds, and carbon chain.
In 1980, based on a system of harmonic oscillators, Oi and his collaborators published some papers [17, 18, 19] which describe the theoretical foundation showing the additivity of ZPE estimates.
Still in the framework of the estimates based on the contributions of the bonds or groupings, we established in 2001 an original empirical relation [38] which makes it possible to calculate the ZPE of the organic compounds. This rule was determined by linking the ZPE to the nature and type of bonds forming the molecular system. The established empirical formula is as follows:
where P is the number of bonds in the molecule; Ni is the number of bonds of type i; BCi is the contribution of the bond i to the ZPE.
This established empirical relationship also makes it possible to calculate the vibrational zero-point energies of the aromatic derivatives with accuracy, provided that the empirical values are adjusted by the following equation:
This adjustment can be explained by the fact that in aromatic compounds, the bonds in the aromatic nucleus are all identical because of the conjugation, whereas in our model it has been assumed that there are three C▬C single bonds and three C=C double bonds.
Eq. (5) was used to calculate the ZPEs of several organic compounds belonging to different classes of compounds (hydrocarbons, oxygen compounds, nitrogen compounds, chlorinated compounds, brominated compounds, fluorinated compounds, sulfur compounds, aromatic compounds, etc.). Thus, the contributions of the bonds C▬H, N▬H, O▬H, S▬H, C▬O, C▬C, C▬N, C▬S, N▬N, C▬F, C▬Cl, C=C, C=N, C=O, C=S, C☰C, and C☰N have been determined. To extend our model to brominated compounds, we have determined in 2004 the contribution of the C▬Br bond [39] and incorporated it into our empirical formula. The calculated vibrational zero-point energies for 38 compounds containing this bond (C▬Br) correlate well with experimental values. In addition, we have extended the field of application of this empirical model to organophosphorus compounds (III). The bond contributions of P▬F, P▬C, P▬H, P▬Cl, P▬S, P▬N, and P▬O were determined [29]. The results obtained for 101 chemical systems containing these bonds are in good agreement with experimental values. The estimated ZPEs were compared with the results obtained by application of quantum chemistry methods at the level ab initio (HF/6-31G*) and DFT(B3LYP/6-31G*), in all cases with satisfactory results.
More recently [40], to calculate vibrational zero-point energies (ZPEs) of organophosphorus compounds (V), we determined the contributions of the bonds P=O and P=S and incorporated them into our empirical formula. Comparison of the results obtained for more than 80 organophosphorus compounds (V) with the reported values and with those obtained by ab initio (HF/6-31G*) and DFT(B3LYP/6-31G*) shows the reliability of the empirical approach.
In this chapter, we describe the results obtained in the case of organosilicon compounds. We present the values obtained for the contributions of the Si▬H, Si▬C, Si▬Cl, Si▬O, and Si▬Si bonds which make it possible to calculate the vibrational zero-point energies of the silicon compounds. The results thus obtained are compared firstly with the available experimental values, secondly to the values obtained by the methods of the quantum chemistry at the semiempirical (AM1) and DFT(B3LYP/6-31G*) level, and finally to the results derived from a similar approach based on simple atom additivity.
The theoretical calculations were performed at the semiempirical [41] and density functional theory [42, 43] levels using, respectively, the AM1 method and B3LYP [44, 45, 46] with 6-31G* basis set which were implemented in the Gaussian03W program [47, 48]. The molecular geometries were optimized without any symmetry constraints, and the harmonic frequencies were calculated to ensure that the structures really corresponded to a true local minimum energy on the potential energy surface in the first time and to determine the vibrational zero-point energies in the second time.
Using the least squares method, we have determined the contributions of the Si▬H, Si▬C, Si▬Cl, Si▬O, and Si▬Si bond by correlating, for a population of molecules, the values of the vibrational zero-point energies obtained experimentally and those obtained by Eq. (5). The values of the contributions obtained for the studied bonds and those already established [29, 38, 39, 40, 49] are given in Table 1.
Bond | Bond contribution (BCi) | Ref. |
---|---|---|
C▬H | 7.5877 | [38] |
N▬H | 7.2013 | [38] |
O▬H | 7.2964 | [38] |
S▬H | 5.6921 | [38] |
C▬O | 2.6985 | [38] |
C▬C | 2.0751 | [38] |
C▬N | 4.1409 | [38] |
C▬S | 1.4403 | [38] |
N▬N | 6.8372 | [38] |
C▬F | 3.3078 | [38] |
C▬Cl | 2.2051 | [38] |
C=C | 2.6501 | [38] |
C=N | 3.8852 | [38] |
C=O | 3.9343 | [38] |
C=S | 2.7319 | [38] |
C☰C | 4.4125 | [38] |
C☰N | 4.8169 | [38] |
C▬Br | 1.9837 | [39] |
Si▬H | 5.8011 | [49] |
Si▬C | 0.3593 | [49] |
Si▬Cl | 1.7690 | [49] |
Si▬O | 1.3335 | [49] |
Si▬Si | −1.4548 | [49] |
P▬H | 6.6486 | [29] |
P▬C | 1.4190 | [29] |
P▬O | 1.8406 | [29] |
P▬Cl | 1.6717 | [29] |
P▬N | 0.9873 | [29] |
P▬F | 2.1507 | [29] |
P▬S | 1.5424 | [29] |
P=O | 2.4032 | [40] |
P=S | 0.6131 | [40] |
Bond contributions to ZPE (in kcal/mol).
To test the reliability of the extended empirical model, we applied it to 91 silicon compounds different from those used in the compilation of contributions. This group of molecules contains different classes such as silanes, siloxanes, chlorosilanes, silyl ethers, silanols, silyl chlorides, cyclic organosilicon, and aromatic organosilicon.
The ZPEs obtained are recorded in Table 2. These results show a very good agreement between the calculated and the experimental values. Indeed, the average error is of the order of 1.51 kcal/mol for the 91 molecular systems for which experimental or ab initio (HF/6-31G*) data are available. However, the ZPEs calculated for 3-phenyl-1,3-thiasilacyclohexane, 1-phenyl-1-silacyclohexane, 3-methyl-3-phenyl-1,3-thiasilacyclohexane, 1-methyl-1-phenyl-1-silacyclohexane, and (C6H5)3SiOH are underestimated.
Compound | ZPE (kcal/mol) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exp. | Eq. (5)a | AM1b | B3LYP/6-31G*c | Eq. (4)d | Ref. | |
SiHCl3 | 9.29 | 9.02 | 7.26 | 8.54 | 4.08 | [50] |
SiH3Cl | 17.01 | 17.08 | 14.50 | 15.88 | 13.88 | [51] |
SiH2Cl2 | 13.31 | 13.05 | 11.00 | 12.42 | 8.98 | [51] |
SiH4 | 19.90 | 21.11 | 17.71 | 18.87 | 18.78 | [52] |
C4H12Si (diethylsilane) | 90.68 | 90.26 | 87.36 | 89.65 | 91.26 | [52] |
C6H16Si (triethylsilane) | 125.98 | 124.83 | 121.78 | 124.68 | 127.50 | [52] |
C8H20Si (tetraethylsilane) | 161.23 | 159.40 | 156.08 | 159.52 | 163.74 | [52] |
CH4SiCl2 (dichloromethylsilane) | 27.09 | 27.67 | 25.27 | 26.67 | 27.10 | [53] |
CH5SiCl (chloromethylsilane) | 32.48 | 34.40 | 30.62 | 33.60 | 32.00 | [53] |
CH6Si (methyl silane) | 37.21 | 38.44 | 35.51 | 36.99 | 36.90 | [54] |
C3H6Si (1-silylpropyne) | 43.96 | 42.85 | 42.71 | 43.64 | 44.66 | [55] |
CH2Br(CH3)2SiH (bromomethyl dimethyl silane) | 66.33 | 67.47 | 64.75 | 66.89 | 67.62 | [56] |
H3SiSiH3 | 30.08 | 31.26 | 27.27 | 29.69 | 29.51 | [57] |
C11H16Si (1-phenyl-1-silacyclohexane) | 151.56 | 151.30e | 144.93 | 145.51 | 146.90 | [58] |
C10H14SiS (3-phenyl-1,3-thiasilacyclohexane) | 134.31 | 133.54e | 127.60 | 137.91 | 130.65 | [58] |
C12H18Si (1-methyl-1-phenyl-1-silacyclohexane) | 169.58 | 170.00e | 161.97 | 162.84 | 165.02 | [58] |
C11H16SiS (3-methyl-3-phenyl-1,3-thiasilacyclohexane) | 152.32 | 152.24e | 144.66 | 146.27 | 148.77 | [58] |
H2ClSiSiH3 | 27.48 | 27.23 | 23.89 | 26.34 | 24.61 | [59] |
HCl2SiSiH3 | 23.63 | 23.20 | 20.29 | 22.63 | 19.71 | [59] |
H2ClSiSiH2Cl | 23.94 | 23.20 | 20.64 | 22.93 | 19.71 | [59] |
Cl3SiSiH3 | 19.47 | 19.17 | 16.53 | 18.62 | 14.81 | [59] |
HCl2SiSiHCl2 | 16.09 | 15.13 | 13.29 | 15.43 | 9.91 | [59] |
Cl3SiSiH2Cl | 15.90 | 15.13 | 13.14 | 15.18 | 9.91 | [59] |
Cl3SiSiHCl2 | 11.95 | 11.10 | 9.56 | 11.37 | 5.01 | [59] |
Cl3SiSiCl3 | 7.77 | 7.07 | 5.85 | 7.31 | 0.11 | [59] |
Si4H10 (n-butasilane) | 50.50 | 51.56 | 46.54 | 50.82 | 50.97 | [60] |
Si5H12 (n-pentasilane) | 60.93 | 61.70 | 56.14 | 61.23 | 61.70 | [60] |
Si6H14 (n-hexasilane) | 71.39 | 71.85 | 65.80 | 71.85 | 72.43 | [60] |
Si7H16 (n-heptasilane) | 81.85 | 82.00 | 81.57 | 82.43 | 83.16 | [60] |
Si8H18 (n-octasilane) | 92.54 | 92.15 | 85.11 | 92.90 | 93.89 | [60] |
Si9H20 (n-nonasilane) | 102.75 | 102.29 | 94.71 | 103.47 | 104.62 | [60] |
Si10H22 (n-decasilane) | 113.33 | 112.44 | 104.26 | 114.00 | 115.35 | [60] |
C2H5SiCl (gauche vinyl silyl chloride) | 37.31 | 37.05 | 35.75 | 37.14 | 35.88 | [61] |
C2H5SiCl (cis vinyl silyl chloride) | 37.31 | 35.70 | 34.19 | 37.14 | 35.88 | [61] |
C2H6SiCl2 (2-chloroethylsilyl chloride C-gauche-Si-trans (Gt)) | 46.71 | 46.27 | 43.99 | 46.00 | 45.22 | [62] |
C2H6SiCl2 (2-chloroethylsilyl chloride C-trans-Si-trans (Tt)) | 46.62 | 46.27 | 44.01 | 46.03 | 45.22 | [62] |
C2H6SiCl2 (2-chloroethylsilyl chloride C-trans-Si-gauche (Tg)) | 46.46 | 46.27 | 44.30 | 46.07 | 45.22 | [61] |
C2H7SiCl (1-chloroethylsilane) | 49.70 | 50.30 | 47.41 | 49.27 | 50.12 | [63] |
C2H7SiCl (gauche ethyl chlorosilane) | 51.38 | 51.65 | 49.18 | 51.11 | 50.12 | [64] |
C2H7SiCl (trans ethyl chlorosilane) | 51.42 | 51.65 | 49.19 | 51.10 | 50.12 | [65] |
H3SiOH | 24.21 | 23.94 | 21.77 | 23.22 | 22.18 | [66] |
C3H6Cl2Si (1,1-dichlorosilacyclobutane) | 49.65 | 51.84 | 51.55 | 52.36 | 49.10 | [67] |
C2H8Si (ethylsilane) | 54.79 | 55.69 | 52.75 | 54.54 | 55.02 | [68] |
C3H9SiCl (chlorotrimethylsilane) | 68.16 | 69.05 | 66.13 | 67.91 | 68.24 | [69] |
C3H10Si (trimethylsilane) | 71.95 | 73.08 | 70.20 | 71.86 | 73.14 | [69] |
C4H12OSi (methoxytrimethylsilane) | 93.41 | 94.07 | 90.81 | 92.94 | 94.66 | [69] |
(CH3)3SiOH (trimethylsilanol) | 75.35 | 75.91 | 73.33 | 75.47 | 73.14 | [69] |
C3H10Si (gauche-n-propylsilane) | 72.29 | 72.94 | 70.00 | 71.89 | 73.14 | [70] |
C3H10Si (anti-n-propylsilane) | 72.07 | 72.94 | 70.00 | 71.78 | 73.14 | [70] |
C3H10Si (trans ethylmethylsilane) | 72.14 | 73.01 | 70.21 | 72.07 | 73.14 | [71] |
C3H10Si (gauche ethylmethylsilane) | 72.27 | 73.01 | 70.30 | 72.20 | 73.14 | [71] |
C4H10Si (cis methylsilylcyclopropane) | 76.81 | 77.09 | 74.07 | 75.51 | 77.02 | [72] |
C4H10Si (gauche methylsilylcyclopropane) | 76.44 | 77.09 | 74.10 | 75.45 | 77.02 | [72] |
C3H12Si2 (1,1,1-trimethyldisilane) | 82.56 | 83.23 | 79.69 | 82.38 | 83.87 | [73] |
C5H12Si (cyclopentylsilane) | 94.60 | 94.34 | 93.21 | 94.05 | 95.14 | [74] |
C6H14Si (cyclohexyl silane (chair-equatorial)) | 112.15 | 111.59 | 110.54 | 111.83 | 113.26 | [75] |
C6H14Si (cyclohexyl silane (chair-axial)) | 112.93 | 111.59 | 110.54 | 112.00 | 113.26 | [75] |
C3H8Si (allylsilane) | 57.75 | 58.34 | 56.22 | 57.51 | 58.90 | [76] |
C3H8SiCl2 (anti dichloromethyldimethyl silane) | 62.42 | 62.31 | 59.76 | 61.78 | 63.34 | [77] |
C3H8SiCl2 (gauche dichloromethyldimethyl silane) | 61.73 | 62.31 | 59.78 | 61.75 | 63.34 | [77] |
C3H7SiCl (methylvinyl silyl chloride) | 54.48 | 54.38 | 52.92 | 54.55 | 54.00 | [78] |
(H3Si)2CCH2 | 49.65 | 51.26 | 47.92 | 57.01 | 51.51 | ** |
((CH3)3Si)2CCH2 | 152.56 | 155.19 | 151.46 | 155.08 | 160.23 | ** |
C5H12Si (1,1-dimethyl-1-silacyclobutane) | 93.33 | 94.55 | 93.48 | 94.57 | 95.14 | ** |
C3H8Si (silacyclobutane) | 59.06 | 59.91 | 59.25 | 59.71 | 58.90 | ** |
C4H10Si (1-methyl-silacyclobutane) | 76.38 | 77.23 | 76.50 | 77.18 | 77.02 | ** |
Cl3SiCH3 | 25.44 | 26.34 | 24.28 | 25.83 | 22.20 | ** |
Cl2Si(CH3)2 | 46.36 | 47.69 | 45.17 | 47.17 | 45.22 | ** |
(CH3)3SiCN | 71.85 | 72.45 | 70.99 | 72.59 | 73.95 | ** |
SiH3CN | 19.27 | 20.49 | 19.36 | 19.98 | 19.59 | ** |
Si(OH)4 | 34.56 | 32.43 | 32.10 | 34.64 | 32.38 | ** |
HSi(OH)3 | 30.79 | 29.60 | 28.85 | 30.88 | 28.98 | ** |
H3SiOSiH3 | 32.90 | 35.38 | 30.93 | 33.16 | 32.91 | ** |
Si(OH)3-O-Si(OH)3 | 55.86 | 52.36 | 51.11 | 56.39 | 53.31 | ** |
C2Si2H8O (1-oxa-2,5-disilacyclopentane) | 56.90 | 56.93 | 55.41 | 57.43 | 54.91 | ** |
(H2SiO)3 (cyclotrisiloxane) | 41.40 | 40.72 | 38.12 | 41.43 | 36.20 | ** |
(H2SiO)4 (cyclotetrasiloxane) | 54.91 | 54.99 | 51.19 | 55.05 | 50.33 | ** |
(C2H5O)4Si | 171.18 | 174.09 | 170.16 | 172.95 | 177.34 | ** |
CH3SiH2SiH2CH3 | 63.83 | 65.90 | 62.65 | 65.31 | 65.75 | ** |
H3SiSiH2SiH3 | 39.94 | 41.41 | 36.92 | 40.19 | 40.24 | ** |
(Me3Si)2SiH2 | 143.61 | 145.34 | 141.84 | 145.47 | 148.96 | ** |
((CH3)3Si)3SiH | 205.33 | 207.45 | 204.16 | 208.86 | 214.05 | ** |
CH3OSi(CH3)3 | 91.48 | 94.07 | 90.79 | 92.94 | 94.66 | ** |
Et3SiOH | 126.18 | 127.66 | 125.19 | 128.10 | 130.90 | ** |
Ph3SiOH | 172.20 | 176.01e | 174.18 | 173.66 | 177.46 | ** |
nbutyl3SiOH | 228.34 | 231.16 | 228.10 | 231.39 | 239.62 | ** |
(CH3)3SiOSi(CH3)3 | 134.88 | 139.31 | 133.95 | 137.52 | 141.63 | ** |
(CH3)3SiOCOCH3 | 97.34 | 97.38 | 97.00 | 98.80 | 101.94 | ** |
C8H16SiO2 (4-trimethylsiloxy-3-penten-2-one) | 134.19 | 137.23 | 134.29 | 135.98 | 142.06 | ** |
(CH3)3SiOCOCF3 (trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetate) | 84.22 | 85.17 | 84.27 | 84.87 | 90.39 | ** |
C3H7SiCl (cis-cyclopropylchlorosilane) | 55.47 | 55.80 | 53.87 | 55.03 | 54.00 | [79] |
This is due to the presence of the aromatic ring in these organosilicon compounds [29, 38, 39, 40]. Nevertheless, the adjustment of empirical ZPE values by Eq. (6) leads to a decrease of the mean error which becomes 1.02 kcal/mol (i.e., 1.98%).
The curve of correlation between the experimental and empirical values (Figure 2) appears very satisfactory, the slope is close to unity (0.99), the correlation coefficient is equal to 0.9994, and standard deviation is 1.2. The statistical data concerning the regression curves ZPEexp = aZPEtheor + b and ZPEexp = aZPEtheor are summarized in Table 3. The use of this data for the adjustment of the empirical values of vibrational zero-point energies (ZPEs) reduces the mean error to 0.9 kcal/mol.
Correlation between experimental ZPEs and empirical values calculated using
Calculation method | Linear model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZPEexp = aZPEtheor | ZPEexp = b + aZPEtheor | ||||
a | R2 | a | b | R2 | |
Proposed empirical model (Eq. (5)) | 0.993 ± 0.002 | 0.9998 | 0.99 | 0.272 | 0.9994 |
AM1 | 1.025 ± 0.003 | 0.9992 | 0.95 | 2.212 | 0.9982 |
DFT (B3LYP/6-31G*) | 0.999 ± 0.002 | 0.9996 | 0.95 | 0.304 | 0.9986 |
Schulman-Disch extended model (Eq. (4)) | 0.984 ± 0.0038 | 0.9986 | 0.95 | 3.545 | 0.9972 |
Coefficients a, b, and R2 in equations ZPEexp = b + aZPEtheor in both cases b = 0 and b ≠ 0.
In order to be able to compare the results obtained by the application of the empirical formula based on bond contribution additivity (Eq. (5)) to those obtained by the approach based on atomic contribution additivity, we have grouped in Table 2 the values of vibrational zero-point energies computed with the extended rule of Schulman and Disch (Eq. (4)). The increment of the silicon atom was calculated by AbdulHussain and Fleifel [28]. The value of this increment is shown in Table 4, with those previously published [25, 26, 27, 28, 29] for the atoms H, C, O, N, Cl, F, Br, S, and P. Note that the formula of Schulman and Disch was established on the basis that the structural isomers of organic compounds have almost the same value of ZPE. However, the difference can reach 4 kcal/mol [9]. The results obtained by the method based on the additivity of the atomic contributions show, for the 91 silicon compounds, an average error of 2.53 (6.9%). The correlation between the experimental and calculated values by the Schulman-Disch extended formula is shown in Figure 3. The statistical parameters obtained in this case are a correlation coefficient of 0.9972, a slope of 0.95, and a standard deviation of 2.45. Using the regression curves (Table 3) for adjusting the calculated values permits to reduce the mean error to 1.68 (4.0%) if the intercept is different from 0 (b ≠ 0) to 2.28 (7.0%) if b = 0. These results are slightly less good than those obtained by our approach.
Atom | Increment | Ref. | Atom | Increment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H | 7120 | [25] | Cl | 2220 | [26] |
C | 3880 | [25] | S | 1870 | [27] |
N | 4050 | [26] | Br | 1600 | [27] |
O | 3400 | [26] | Si | −3510 | [28] |
F | 3270 | [26] | P | 0.035 | [29] |
Atom contributions to ZPE (in kcal/mol).
Correlation between experimental ZPEs and empirical values calculated using
To compare the results obtained by our empirical relationship with those obtained by quantum chemistry methods, we have calculated vibrational zero-point energies for the same organosilicon compounds using semiempirical (AM1) and DFT(B3LYP/6-31G*) methods. Results are summarized in Table 2. To correct calculated ZPEs, the scaling factors of Scott and Radom [80] are used.
Based on these results, the values calculated at the DFT(B3LYP/6-31G*) level are closer to the experimental data than those obtained at the semiempirical (AM1) level. The mean error is 2.50 (5.45%) for AM1, compared to 1.08 (1.86%) for DFT(B3LYP/6-31G*). The correlations obtained between the experimental values and those calculated by using AM1 and DFT methods are represented, respectively, in Figure 4a and b. Examination of this correlations shows that these methods are able to calculate accurately the zero-point vibration energies of the organosilicon compounds with a small advantage for the DFT method. For the adjustment of calculated ZPEs, the use of the regression line of the form ZPEexp = aZPEtheor (Table 3) permits to reduce the mean error of 2.5–1.83 kcal/mol for AM1 and from 1.08 to 1.06 kcal/mol for DFT(B3LYP/6-31G*). When the intercept is different from zero, the average error decreases from 2.5 to 1.37 kcal/mol for AM1 and from 1.08 to 1.00 for DFT(B3LYP/6-31G*).
(a) Correlation between experimental and theoretical (AM1) ZPE and (b) correlation between experimental and theoretical (B3LYP/6-31G*) ZPE.
As a result, the four estimates of vibrational zero-point energy of the organosilicon compounds (our empirical model, Schulman-Disch extended empirical formula, AM1, and DFT) are correct. But the empirical approaches have the advantage of simplicity and speed. In addition, the approach based on bond contributions additivity has also the advantage of providing different values of ZPE for the function isomers. Furthermore, the adjustment of calculated values, empirically or using quantum methods, with the ZPEexp = b + aZPEtheor model makes the four estimates comparable.
In this chapter, we reported the extension of our empirical relationship established in 2011 for the computation of zero-point vibrational energies (ZPE) of organosilicon compounds. The bond contributions of Si▬H, Si▬C, Si▬Cl, Si▬O, and Si▬Si were determined. The application of the proposed empirical model to more than 90 organosilicon shows the reliability of this model. The results derived from this model are compared with those obtained by quantum chemistry methods (semiempirical (AM1) and DFT (B3LYP/6-31G*)) on the one hand and to those obtained by similar empirical approach on the other hand. As a result, the empirical model provides a simple, fast, and accurate way to estimate the vibrational zero-point energies of organosilicon compounds.
Establishing these empirical rules is becoming increasingly important. Indeed, thermodynamic data play an important role in the understanding and design of chemical processes. Experimental methods require appropriate equipment, sufficient product purity, time, and cost of experience. The use of such techniques becomes difficult for toxic compounds. In addition, the large difference between the number of synthesized compounds and the available experimental data continues to increase. In such situation, the practical approach is to use predictive models to estimate the properties of compounds from the molecular structures. In this outlook, we propose to extend the field of application of the proposed empirical model to other compounds such as organoborons, organomagnesians, etc., and to establish similar approaches to estimate other thermodynamic quantities such as enthalpy of formation (ΔH0f), entropy (S0), and heat capacity (C).
ZPE | zero-point vibrational energy |
AM1 | Austin model 1 (developed by Michael Dewar and collaborators in 1985) |
Hvib(T) | vibrational enthalpy of the molecule |
Svib(T) | entropy due to vibrational motion |
H(T)−H(0) | thermal correction |
HF/6-31G* | Hartree-Fock theory in combination with the 6-31G(d) basis set |
DFT | density functional theory |
B3LYP/6-31G* | Becke’s three parameter exchange function (B3) with Lee-Yang-Parr correlation function (LYP) functional coupled with 6-31G* basis set |
Eqn | equation |
These Terms and Conditions outline the rules and regulations pertaining to the use of IntechOpen’s website www.intechopen.com and all the subdomains owned by IntechOpen located at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, United Kingdom.
',metaTitle:"Terms and Conditions",metaDescription:"These terms and conditions outline the rules and regulations for the use of IntechOpen Website at https://intechopen.com and all its subdomains owned by Intech Limited located at 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, UK.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"By accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
\\n\\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\\n\\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\\n\\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\\n\\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\\n\\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\\n\\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\\n\\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\\n\\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\\n\\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
\\n\\nWe reserve the right of ownership over our entire website www.intechopen.com, and all contents. By using our services, you agree to remove all links to our website immediately upon request. We also reserve the right to amend these Terms and Conditions and our linking policy at any time. By continuing to link to our website, you agree to be bound to, and abide by, these linking Terms and Conditions.
\\n\\nIf you find any link on our website, or any linked website, objectionable for any reason, please Contact Us. We will consider all requests to remove links but will have no obligation to do so.
\\n\\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\\n\\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\\n\\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\\n\\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'By accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
\n\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\n\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\n\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\n\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\n\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\n\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\n\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\n\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\n\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\n\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
\n\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
\n\nWe reserve the right of ownership over our entire website www.intechopen.com, and all contents. By using our services, you agree to remove all links to our website immediately upon request. We also reserve the right to amend these Terms and Conditions and our linking policy at any time. By continuing to link to our website, you agree to be bound to, and abide by, these linking Terms and Conditions.
\n\nIf you find any link on our website, or any linked website, objectionable for any reason, please Contact Us. We will consider all requests to remove links but will have no obligation to do so.
\n\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\n\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\n\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\n\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5822},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5288},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1761},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10549},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15941}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119467},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"5,12,23,10"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10748",title:"Fishery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ecde44e36545a02e9bed47333869ca6f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10748.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10761",title:"Glaciology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bd112c839a9b8037f1302ca6c0d55a2a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10761.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10760",title:"Steppe Biome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"982f06cee6ee2f27339f3c263b3e6560",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10760.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b369ac809068d2ebf1f8c26418cc6bec",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10846",title:"Stormwater",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9bfae8caba192ce3ab6744c9cbefa210",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10846.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10913",title:"Indigenous Populations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c5e8cd4e3ec004d0479494ca190db4cb",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10913.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10834",title:"Invertebrate Neurophysiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d3831987f0552c07015057f170cab45c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10834.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10557",title:"Elaeis guineensis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79500ab1930271876b4e0575e2ed3966",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hesam Kamyab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10557.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"225957",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesam",surname:"Kamyab",slug:"hesam-kamyab",fullName:"Hesam Kamyab"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8969",title:"Deserts and Desertification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4df95c7f295de7f6003e635d9a309fe9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yajuan Zhu, Dr. Qinghong Luo and Dr. Yuguo Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8969.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180427",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",surname:"Zhu",slug:"yajuan-zhu",fullName:"Yajuan Zhu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10218",title:"Flagellar Motility in Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5fcc15570365a82d9f2c4816f4e0ee2e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yusuf Bozkurt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10218.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10754",title:"Global Warming and Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8994a915a306910a01cbe2027aa2139b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Stuart Arthur Harris",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10754.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"12539",title:"Dr.",name:"Stuart",surname:"Harris",slug:"stuart-harris",fullName:"Stuart Harris"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:52},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:53},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9559",title:"Teamwork in Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0053c2ff8d9ec4cc4aab82acea46a41e",slug:"teamwork-in-healthcare",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Stanislaw P. Stawicki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9559.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:null,surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7016",title:"Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7937d2c640c7515de372282c72ee5635",slug:"cardiovascular-risk-factors-in-pathology",bookSignature:"Alaeddin Abukabda, Maria Suciu and Minodora Andor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7016.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"307873",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaeddin",middleName:null,surname:"Abukabda",slug:"alaeddin-abukabda",fullName:"Alaeddin Abukabda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9873",title:"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59b5ceeeedaf7449a30629923569388c",slug:"strategies-of-sustainable-solid-waste-management",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9873.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:"M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9893",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09ba24f6ac88af7f0aaff3029714ae48",slug:"automation-and-control",bookSignature:"Constantin Voloşencu, Serdar Küçük, José Guerrero and Oscar Valero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9893.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10405",title:"River Basin Management",subtitle:"Sustainability Issues and Planning Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e5ddd0f2eda107ce19c4c06a55a8351",slug:"river-basin-management-sustainability-issues-and-planning-strategies",bookSignature:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10405.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67904",title:"Prof.",name:"José Simão",middleName:null,surname:"Antunes Do Carmo",slug:"jose-simao-antunes-do-carmo",fullName:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"790",title:"Petroleum Engineering",slug:"engineering-environmental-engineering-petroleum-engineering",parent:{title:"Environmental Engineering",slug:"engineering-environmental-engineering"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:64,numberOfWosCitations:100,numberOfCrossrefCitations:49,numberOfDimensionsCitations:132,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"engineering-environmental-engineering-petroleum-engineering",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8229",title:"Oil and Gas Wells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72357a3bf0f9d65e56edbde1f8250f8f",slug:"oil-and-gas-wells",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul and Leila Aliouane",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8229.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1589",title:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"239203117e3001beae3d650afe00ee19",slug:"introduction-to-enhanced-oil-recovery-eor-processes-and-bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-sites",bookSignature:"Laura Romero-Zerón",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1589.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109465",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Zerón",slug:"laura-romero-zeron",fullName:"Laura Romero-Zerón"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2287",title:"Crude Oil Exploration in the World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"929c0975182e0946cc7cc5ed77cfc137",slug:"crude-oil-exploration-in-the-world",bookSignature:"Mohamed Abdel-Aziz Younes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2287.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104550",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:"Abdel-Aziz",surname:"Younes",slug:"mohamed-younes",fullName:"Mohamed Younes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"37042",doi:"10.5772/48014",title:"Hydrocarbon Pollution: Effects on Living Organisms, Remediation of Contaminated Environments, and Effects of Heavy Metals Co-Contamination on Bioremediation",slug:"heavy-metals-interference-in-microbial-degradation-of-crude-oil-petroleum-hydrocarbons-the-challenge",totalDownloads:8492,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:36,book:{slug:"introduction-to-enhanced-oil-recovery-eor-processes-and-bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-sites",title:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites",fullTitle:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites"},signatures:"Shukla Abha and Cameotra Swaranjit Singh",authors:[{id:"107491",title:"Dr.",name:"Swaranjit Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Cameotra",slug:"swaranjit-singh-cameotra",fullName:"Swaranjit Singh Cameotra"},{id:"120073",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Abha",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"abha-shukla",fullName:"Abha Shukla"}]},{id:"37040",doi:"10.5772/48016",title:"Microorganisms and Crude Oil",slug:"microorganisms-and-crude-oil",totalDownloads:5146,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"introduction-to-enhanced-oil-recovery-eor-processes-and-bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-sites",title:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites",fullTitle:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites"},signatures:"Dorota Wolicka and Andrzej Borkowski",authors:[{id:"111706",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorota",middleName:null,surname:"Wolicka",slug:"dorota-wolicka",fullName:"Dorota Wolicka"}]},{id:"37037",doi:"10.5772/47975",title:"The Application of a New Polymeric Surfactant for Chemical EOR",slug:"the-application-of-a-new-polymeric-surfactant-for-chemical-eor",totalDownloads:6310,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:13,book:{slug:"introduction-to-enhanced-oil-recovery-eor-processes-and-bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-sites",title:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites",fullTitle:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites"},signatures:"Khaled Abdalla Elraies and Isa M. Tan",authors:[{id:"105182",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",middleName:null,surname:"Elraies",slug:"khaled-elraies",fullName:"Khaled Elraies"},{id:"110813",title:"Dr.",name:"Isa",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",slug:"isa-tan",fullName:"Isa Tan"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"37036",title:"Advances in Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes",slug:"advances-in-enhanced-oil-recovery",totalDownloads:26228,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"introduction-to-enhanced-oil-recovery-eor-processes-and-bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-sites",title:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites",fullTitle:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites"},signatures:"Laura Romero-Zerón",authors:[{id:"109465",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Zerón",slug:"laura-romero-zeron",fullName:"Laura Romero-Zerón"}]},{id:"37041",title:"Comprehensive Perspectives in Bioremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Environments",slug:"comprehensive-perspective-in-bioremediation-of-crude-oil-contaminated-environments",totalDownloads:8247,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"introduction-to-enhanced-oil-recovery-eor-processes-and-bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-sites",title:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites",fullTitle:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites"},signatures:"Chukwuma S. Ezeonu, Ikechukwu N.E. Onwurah and Obinna A. Oje",authors:[{id:"106217",title:"MSc.",name:"Chukwuma",middleName:null,surname:"Ezeonu",slug:"chukwuma-ezeonu",fullName:"Chukwuma Ezeonu"}]},{id:"64911",title:"Porosity Prediction of a Carbonate Reservoir in Campos Basin Based on the Integration of Seismic Attributes and Well Log Data",slug:"porosity-prediction-of-a-carbonate-reservoir-in-campos-basin-based-on-the-integration-of-seismic-att",totalDownloads:505,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"oil-and-gas-wells",title:"Oil and Gas Wells",fullTitle:"Oil and Gas Wells"},signatures:"Roberta Tomi Mori and Emilson Pereira Leite",authors:[{id:"279619",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}]},{id:"37037",title:"The Application of a New Polymeric Surfactant for Chemical EOR",slug:"the-application-of-a-new-polymeric-surfactant-for-chemical-eor",totalDownloads:6309,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:13,book:{slug:"introduction-to-enhanced-oil-recovery-eor-processes-and-bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-sites",title:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites",fullTitle:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites"},signatures:"Khaled Abdalla Elraies and Isa M. Tan",authors:[{id:"105182",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",middleName:null,surname:"Elraies",slug:"khaled-elraies",fullName:"Khaled Elraies"},{id:"110813",title:"Dr.",name:"Isa",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",slug:"isa-tan",fullName:"Isa Tan"}]},{id:"32403",title:"Hydrocarbon Potentials in the Northern Western Desert of Egypt",slug:"hydrocarbon-potentials-in-the-northern-western-desert-of-egypt",totalDownloads:8094,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"crude-oil-exploration-in-the-world",title:"Crude Oil Exploration in the World",fullTitle:"Crude Oil Exploration in the World"},signatures:"M. A. Younes",authors:[{id:"104550",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:"Abdel-Aziz",surname:"Younes",slug:"mohamed-younes",fullName:"Mohamed Younes"}]},{id:"67054",title:"An Improved Semi-Analytical Approach for Predicting Horizontal and Multilateral Well Performance",slug:"an-improved-semi-analytical-approach-for-predicting-horizontal-and-multilateral-well-performance",totalDownloads:386,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"oil-and-gas-wells",title:"Oil and Gas Wells",fullTitle:"Oil and Gas Wells"},signatures:"Adesina Fadairo, Gbadegesin Adeyemi, Temitope Ogunkunle, Ayotomiwa Evbogame and Adedapo Adesina",authors:[{id:"144343",title:"Mr.",name:"Adesina",middleName:null,surname:"Fadairo",slug:"adesina-fadairo",fullName:"Adesina Fadairo"},{id:"144528",title:"Mr.",name:"Abiodun",middleName:null,surname:"Adeyemi",slug:"abiodun-adeyemi",fullName:"Abiodun Adeyemi"},{id:"307218",title:"Dr.",name:"Temitope",middleName:null,surname:"Ogunkunle",slug:"temitope-ogunkunle",fullName:"Temitope Ogunkunle"},{id:"307219",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayotomiwa",middleName:null,surname:"Evbogame",slug:"ayotomiwa-evbogame",fullName:"Ayotomiwa Evbogame"}]},{id:"70621",title:"Introductory Chapter: Oil and Gas Wells - Advances and New Challenges",slug:"introductory-chapter-oil-and-gas-wells-advances-and-new-challenges",totalDownloads:277,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"oil-and-gas-wells",title:"Oil and Gas Wells",fullTitle:"Oil and Gas Wells"},signatures:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul and Leila ALiouane",authors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"},{id:"109460",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Aliouane",slug:"leila-aliouane",fullName:"Leila Aliouane"}]},{id:"37039",title:"Enhanced Oil Recovery in Fractured Reservoirs",slug:"enhanced-oil-recovery-in-fractured-reservoirs",totalDownloads:5330,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"introduction-to-enhanced-oil-recovery-eor-processes-and-bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-sites",title:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites",fullTitle:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites"},signatures:"Martin A. Fernø",authors:[{id:"101407",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Fernø",slug:"martin-ferno",fullName:"Martin Fernø"}]},{id:"37043",title:"Bioremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil by Petroleum-Degrading Active Bacteria",slug:"bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-soil-by-highly-petroleum-degrading-bacteria",totalDownloads:9453,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"introduction-to-enhanced-oil-recovery-eor-processes-and-bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-sites",title:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites",fullTitle:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites"},signatures:"Jinlan Xu",authors:[{id:"105604",title:"Dr.",name:"Jinlan",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"jinlan-xu",fullName:"Jinlan Xu"}]},{id:"32407",title:"Spreading and Retraction of Spilled Crude Oil on Sea Water",slug:"spreading-and-retraction-of-spilled-crude-oil-on-sea-water",totalDownloads:3056,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"crude-oil-exploration-in-the-world",title:"Crude Oil Exploration in the World",fullTitle:"Crude Oil Exploration in the World"},signatures:"Koichi Takamura, Nina Loahardjo, Winoto Winoto, Jill Buckley, Norman R. Morrow, Makoto Kunieda, Yunfeng Liang and Toshifumi Matsuoka",authors:[{id:"112525",title:"Dr",name:"Norman",middleName:null,surname:"Morrow",slug:"norman-morrow",fullName:"Norman Morrow"},{id:"112695",title:"Dr.",name:"Koichi",middleName:null,surname:"Takamura",slug:"koichi-takamura",fullName:"Koichi Takamura"},{id:"112889",title:"Dr.",name:"Nina",middleName:null,surname:"Loahardjo",slug:"nina-loahardjo",fullName:"Nina Loahardjo"},{id:"112890",title:"Dr.",name:"Winoto",middleName:null,surname:"Winoto",slug:"winoto-winoto",fullName:"Winoto Winoto"},{id:"112891",title:"Dr.",name:"Jill",middleName:null,surname:"Buckley",slug:"jill-buckley",fullName:"Jill Buckley"},{id:"114293",title:"Mr.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Kunieda",slug:"makoto-kunieda",fullName:"Makoto Kunieda"},{id:"114294",title:"Dr.",name:"Yunfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",slug:"yunfeng-liang",fullName:"Yunfeng Liang"},{id:"114296",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshifumi",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuoka",slug:"toshifumi-matsuoka",fullName:"Toshifumi Matsuoka"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"engineering-environmental-engineering-petroleum-engineering",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/102887/ailing-yang",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"102887",slug:"ailing-yang"},fullPath:"/profiles/102887/ailing-yang",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()