\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8039",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Theorizing STEM Education in the 21st Century",title:"Theorizing STEM Education in the 21st Century",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Theorising STEM Education in the 21st Century is a book that captures the essence of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics and the intricacies of STEM education in the contemporary society. It explores STEM as an interdisciplinary field as well as the individual disciplines that make up STEM. This ensures the field of STEM as a whole is theorised. The book provides critical insight on STEM education from Cairo to Cape Town or from America to Indonesia. With a team of authors from universities across the world, the book is a vital contribution to critical scholarship on STEM education in contemporary times.",isbn:"978-1-78985-702-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-701-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-607-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77870",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"theorizing-stem-education-in-the-21st-century",numberOfPages:236,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0c99d528dbcc6ed5e8a26f96b36c812d",bookSignature:"Kehdinga George Fomunyam",publishedDate:"February 26th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8039.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13234,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:22,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:38,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 12th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 28th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 27th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 15th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 14th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"267912",title:"Dr.",name:"Kehdinga George",middleName:null,surname:"Fomunyam",slug:"kehdinga-george-fomunyam",fullName:"Kehdinga George Fomunyam",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267912/images/system/267912.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kehdinga George Fomunyam holds a Ph.D. in Curriculum Studies from the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (UKZN). He is currently working as a lecturer and researcher at Mangosuthu University of Technology, South Africa. Before this, he was a lecturer and researcher at the Durban University of Technology, University of KwaZulu-Natal and the University of Adam Barka d’Abéché. His research areas are curriculum, pedagogy, quality assurance, research and development, STEM education, social science, teacher education, literature, and higher education. He has presented papers at various national and international conferences, published three peer-reviewed books and several chapters in books. He has also published about 25 peer-reviewed research articles in national and international journals.",institutionString:"Mangosuthu University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Mangosuthu University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1316",title:"Higher Education",slug:"higher-education"}],chapters:[{id:"70484",title:"Introductory Chapter: Theorising STEM Education in the Contemporary Society",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90422",slug:"introductory-chapter-theorising-stem-education-in-the-contemporary-society",totalDownloads:698,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kehdinga George Fomunyam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70484",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70484",authors:[{id:"267912",title:"Dr.",name:"Kehdinga George",surname:"Fomunyam",slug:"kehdinga-george-fomunyam",fullName:"Kehdinga George Fomunyam"}],corrections:null},{id:"68144",title:"Implementation and Didactic Validation of STEM Experiences in Primary Education: Analysis of the Cognitive and Affective Dimension",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88048",slug:"implementation-and-didactic-validation-of-stem-experiences-in-primary-education-analysis-of-the-cogn",totalDownloads:741,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Several studies highlight the need to improve STEM competencies from an early age, where the first attitudes and vocations toward these subjects begin to be forged. This research pursued two general objectives: First, to analyze the cognitive and affective dimension of primary education students in relation to STEM content, using a sample of 801 students. Second, to implement and validate STEM experiences as didactic strategies that improve the teaching/learning of these areas in students aged 10–12, using a sample of 455 students. The design of the research was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control, and experimental groups, analyzing both cognitive and affective variables. The inferential statistical analysis of the obtained data reveals that STEM education promotes a positive evolution in the students both in the learning and emotional variables, existing statistically significant differences compared to a traditional methodology.",signatures:"Guadalupe Martínez-Borreguero, Milagros Mateos-Núñez and Francisco Luis Naranjo-Correa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68144",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68144",authors:[{id:"86775",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",surname:"Martinez Borreguero",slug:"guadalupe-martinez-borreguero",fullName:"Guadalupe Martinez Borreguero"},{id:"298368",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Luis",surname:"Naranjo-Correa",slug:"francisco-luis-naranjo-correa",fullName:"Francisco Luis Naranjo-Correa"},{id:"298369",title:"Mrs.",name:"Milagros",surname:"Mateos-Núñez",slug:"milagros-mateos-nunez",fullName:"Milagros Mateos-Núñez"}],corrections:null},{id:"69373",title:"Inverse Modeling Problems in Task Enrichment for STEM Courses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89109",slug:"inverse-modeling-problems-in-task-enrichment-for-stem-courses",totalDownloads:744,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Problem solving is considered as one of the most important topics in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education, and this is especially relevant when problems require modeling skills in order to be solved. Also, it should be noted that in many branches of science and technology, typical problems are posed in an inverse form. Then, combining both characteristics, the so-called inverse modeling problems deserve to be studied deeply, particularly in their potential for task enrichment. For those reasons, since 2016, a research project was carried out, by using inverse modeling problems to develop prospective teacher’s task enrichment skills. The results of this experience that took place in 2017 showed nine different groups of proposals where only few participants were very creative, whereas many others posed trivial problems or simply imitated examples analyzed previously. After that, a new research design was proposed during 2018 and implemented during the first months of 2019, with the aim of avoiding—or at least attenuating—those difficulties observed in the previous fieldwork. The new results showed interesting differences and few similarities when compared with the other experience. In this chapter, both experiences are analyzed, and lastly, findings and final conclusions are reported.",signatures:"Victor Martinez-Luaces, José Antonio Fernández-Plaza and Luis Rico",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69373",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69373",authors:[{id:"112457",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",surname:"Martinez-Luaces",slug:"victor-martinez-luaces",fullName:"Victor Martinez-Luaces"},{id:"298788",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rico",slug:"luis-rico",fullName:"Luis Rico"},{id:"298789",title:"Dr.",name:"José Antonio",surname:"Fernández-Plaza",slug:"jose-antonio-fernandez-plaza",fullName:"José Antonio Fernández-Plaza"}],corrections:null},{id:"68079",title:"Integrated STEM Education in K-12: Theory Development, Status, and Prospects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88141",slug:"integrated-stem-education-in-k-12-theory-development-status-and-prospects",totalDownloads:802,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we focus on the integrated nature of STEM education in a wide-ranging view. Frist, we briefly interpret reasons why STEM education and synthesize various standpoints of integration in the literature. Then, on the basis of the relevant literature on integrated STEM education, an ideal model is proposed, which include four elements: discipline knowledge, teaching strategies, expectations, and learning system. After that, some analysis and discussion of this ideal model together with all parts of the model are provided. Followed by this ideal model, we have examined the literature on integrated STEM education in action so as to discuss the way to be integrated toward STEM education and enactment of integrated STEM education in practice. Finally, based on this ideal model, a couple of conclusions are summarized and implications are discussed.",signatures:"Bing Wei and Yue Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68079",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68079",authors:[{id:"298845",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Bing",surname:"Wei",slug:"bing-wei",fullName:"Bing Wei"},{id:"306275",title:"Ms.",name:"Yue",surname:"Chen",slug:"yue-chen",fullName:"Yue Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"67864",title:"‘Making’ as a Catalyst for Engaging Young Female Adolescents in STEM Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87036",slug:"-making-as-a-catalyst-for-engaging-young-female-adolescents-in-stem-learning",totalDownloads:903,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"STEM enrichment programs have demonstrated positive impacts on young female adolescents’ interest and aptitude in STEM, personal/social-psychological well-being, and educational aspirations. Introducing STEM knowledge and skills in an environment of ‘making,’ that is, in a setting of hands-on activities, may further enhance adolescent girls’ engagement in STEM learning. The maker movement, defined as the convergence of technology and traditional artistry, has generated interest among educators for its potential to nurture STEM learning, including its capacity to engage diverse populations of youths in the making of creative objects through experimentation in science, technology, engineering, and math (i.e., STEM-based making). STEM-based making is a way to support young girls, who often approach making from an esthetic or personal expression perspective, to more fully integrate systems and technologies that advance critical thinking, innovative prototyping, and problem-solving into the making process. Insights are presented as to how STEM-based making designed for young female adolescents—a group that has traditionally had limited access to extracurricular STEM experiences as well as to makerspaces—may foster greater access to, and equity in, STEM learning. The role of universities in facilitating access to and equity in STEM-based making also is addressed.",signatures:"Karen Hyllegard, Jennifer Ogle and Sonali Diddi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67864",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67864",authors:[{id:"297924",title:"Prof.",name:"Karen",surname:"Hyllegard",slug:"karen-hyllegard",fullName:"Karen Hyllegard"},{id:"297926",title:"Prof.",name:"Jennifer",surname:"Ogle",slug:"jennifer-ogle",fullName:"Jennifer Ogle"},{id:"297927",title:"Prof.",name:"Sonali",surname:"Diddi",slug:"sonali-diddi",fullName:"Sonali Diddi"}],corrections:null},{id:"69249",title:"STEM for Sustainable Skills for the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Snapshot at Some TVET Colleges in South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89294",slug:"stem-for-sustainable-skills-for-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-snapshot-at-some-tvet-colleges-in-s",totalDownloads:925,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Technological advancement is a major driver of the economic growth and has raised living standards enormously (though unevenly) across the globe. Digital technologies radically transform the structure of organisations and employment models, including teaching and learning. Youth and people who lack high-level technological and interpersonal skills are becoming vulnerable due to digital automated jobs. There is a need for targeted and strategic skills, and STEM that is responding to the changing technological world. The digital revolution and an increasing demand for designing and manufacturing are driving the growth of the creative sector, which extends from arts to science and technology and involves cultural creativity and innovation. Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) students should be equipped with designing and making skills for the twenty-first-century jobs. There is growing polarisation of labour market opportunities between high- and low-skill jobs, unemployment and underemployment especially among young people. Globally, almost 75 million youth are officially unemployed. This chapter present the driving forces for new jobs and skills for the future. The chapter also outlines the contribution of STEM knowledge and skills for digital literacy from basics to an advance level. The implication of digital literacy for the fourth industrial revolution is highlighted. The empirical part of this chapter presents results based on the investigation done on the vocational educational and training practices at three TVET colleges in one province in South Africa. The study focused on vocational pedagogic and didactic practices, workshop material and equipment for practical training, work-integrated learning and integration of theory and practice in vocational subjects. This investigation is a case study to gauge the extent of readiness of some TVET colleges for the fourth industrial revolution. The methodology of collecting data was questionnaires, interviews and observation. The participants of the study were students and lecturers. On the basis of these data, the paper determines the extent of readiness of TVET as well as CET colleges in the country. The paper recommends measures to position the TVET and CET colleges for the fourth industrial revolution.",signatures:"Moses Makgato",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69249",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69249",authors:[{id:"301731",title:"Dr.",name:"Moses",surname:"Makgato",slug:"moses-makgato",fullName:"Moses Makgato"}],corrections:null},{id:"67951",title:"Gender Equity in STEM Education: The Case of an Egyptian Girls’ School",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87170",slug:"gender-equity-in-stem-education-the-case-of-an-egyptian-girls-school",totalDownloads:1079,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter explored gender equity in STEM education within the context of an Egyptian STEM school for girls. An intrinsic case study design was used to explore the experiences of girls in STEM from a socio-cultural perspective within a critical theory framework. The participants were STEM school graduates currently enrolled in engineering tracks in higher education institutions in the United States. Though STEM fields, especially engineering, are stereotyped as male dominated fields, Egyptian girls at a Cairo single sex STEM school pursued further studies in STEM fields. Findings show that gender gaps in STEM fields in Egypt and girls’ education and work decisions were deeply influenced by their childhood background, family education level, socioeconomic status, and idiosyncratic factors like self-efficacy and resistance. At the school level, teachers’ support, challenging STEM curriculum, dynamic formative assessment, student-centered pedagogies, female friendly teaching approaches, and a positive school environment played a great role in developing Egyptian female students’ potential to pursue STEM fields in higher education institutions.",signatures:"Mohamed El Nagdi and Gillian Heather Roehrig",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67951",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67951",authors:[{id:"296626",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"El Nagdi",slug:"mohamed-el-nagdi",fullName:"Mohamed El Nagdi"},{id:"296627",title:"Prof.",name:"Gillian",surname:"Roehrig",slug:"gillian-roehrig",fullName:"Gillian Roehrig"}],corrections:null},{id:"68740",title:"A Theoretical Framework for Implementing STEM Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88304",slug:"a-theoretical-framework-for-implementing-stem-education",totalDownloads:1522,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Globally, strengthening Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education is recognized as embedding solutions to many societal problems like the depletion of natural resources and issues related to climate change. The recognition of STEM disciplines as economic drivers motivated the initiation of STEM education in both developed and developing nations. This is based on the thinking that an effective STEM education is a vehicle for developing in students the much desired twenty-first century competences. Yet, its operationalization has remained a great challenge in many nations. In most nations, educators lack a cohesive understanding of STEM education and are also deprived of an easy-to-understand STEM education framework that informs classroom practices. This chapter proposes a practical theoretical framework that nations may adopt and/or adapt for their STEM education to be successful.",signatures:"Vongai Mpofu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68740",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68740",authors:[{id:"299343",title:"Dr.",name:"Vongai",surname:"Mpofu",slug:"vongai-mpofu",fullName:"Vongai Mpofu"}],corrections:null},{id:"69139",title:"Formative Assessment in Mathematics Education in the Twenty-First Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88996",slug:"formative-assessment-in-mathematics-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",totalDownloads:1306,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Assessment does not always have to involve paper and pencil but can instead be a project, an observation, or a task that shows a student has acquired the concept and can make sound connections and linkages with other related concepts. Learning is meaningful when the student comprehends the relationship of what is being learned to other knowledge. Furthermore, concept map measures aspects of learning, which conventional tests cannot measure such as students’ misconceptions. As such, the chapter shall focus on formative assessment in mathematics classroom mediated by a method of teaching (concept mapping) that promotes critical thinking, which assists teachers to teach and assess students’ understanding and make connections between concepts explicitly.",signatures:"Benard Chigonga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69139",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69139",authors:[{id:"298587",title:"Dr.",name:"Benard",surname:"Chigonga",slug:"benard-chigonga",fullName:"Benard Chigonga"}],corrections:null},{id:"68166",title:"Towards a Forward-Thinking College Calculus Program",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87940",slug:"towards-a-forward-thinking-college-calculus-program",totalDownloads:756,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Calculus is perceived as serving many roles in college STEM students’ education, including as a way to ‘weed out’ students who should not be in the major to teaching fundamental concepts. No matter its purpose, it is clear that college calculus is viewed as a critical course in university STEM education. It is also clear that in the US and other countries, STEM education is disproportionately serving men and white and Asian students. In this chapter, I discuss how calculus has come to occupy this position over time and the current state of college calculus drawing on two national studies in the United States. I then define a forward thinking-calculus program as one designed to support a diverse population of students to thrive, provide an example of a program aligned with this approach, and discuss key features to consider in designing a calculus program for the modern age.",signatures:"Jessica Hagman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68166",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68166",authors:[{id:"296965",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica",surname:"Hagman",slug:"jessica-hagman",fullName:"Jessica Hagman"}],corrections:null},{id:"68547",title:"The Role of Mathematical Modeling in STEM Integration and Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88615",slug:"the-role-of-mathematical-modeling-in-stem-integration-and-education",totalDownloads:1271,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the rapidly developing technology, the labor force of the society has changed direction, and in the age of informatics, creative engineering applications have come to the forefront. Accordingly, the education levels of the labor force were also changed. The science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education model in most countries aims to teach science, mathematics, technology, and engineering in relation to primary, secondary, high school, and higher education. STEM education, which has an impact in our country in recent years, has an important role in acquiring new skills, supporting creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship, gaining the ability to transition between professions and adapting to new occupations. Nowadays, technology is expected to have different skills from individuals who will work in different fields with rapid development. Also, different teaching strategies play a major role in STEM integration and training. One of them, mathematical modeling, is the process of analyzing real-life or realistic situation using mathematical methods in the most general sense. The idea that mathematical modeling cycles should be used in STEM education at all levels from primary to tertiary education has gained importance in recent years, since it increases the students’ motivation towards the lesson and they learn better by concentrating their attention.",signatures:"Murat Tezer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68547",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68547",authors:[{id:"299964",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Tezer",slug:"murat-tezer",fullName:"Murat Tezer"}],corrections:null},{id:"69130",title:"Discipline, Task and Reader Characteristics of Introductory Physics Students’ Graph Comprehension in Mathematics and Kinematics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88235",slug:"discipline-task-and-reader-characteristics-of-introductory-physics-students-graph-comprehension-in-m",totalDownloads:730,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Students’ comprehension of graphs may be affected by the characteristics of the discipline in which the graph is used, the type of the task, as well as the background of the students who are the readers or interpreters of the graph. This research study investigated these aspects of the graph comprehension from 152 first year undergraduate physics students by comparing their responses to the corresponding tasks in the mathematics and physics disciplines. The discipline characteristics were analysed for four task-related constructs, namely coordinates, representations, area and slope. Students’ responses to corresponding visual decoding and judgement tasks set in mathematics and kinematics contexts were statistically compared. The effects of the participants’ gender, year of school completion and study course were determined as reader characteristics. The results of the empirical study indicated that participants generally transferred their mathematics knowledge on coordinates and representation of straight-line graphs to the physics contexts, but not in the cases of parabolic and hyperbolic functions or area under graphs. Insufficient understanding of the slope concept contributed to weak performances on this construct in both mathematics and physics contexts. Discipline characteristics seem to play a vital role in students’ understanding, whilst reader characteristics had insignificant to medium effects on their responses.",signatures:"Itumeleng Phage",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69130",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69130",authors:[{id:"284624",title:"Mr.",name:"Itumeleng",surname:"Phage",slug:"itumeleng-phage",fullName:"Itumeleng Phage"}],corrections:null},{id:"68653",title:"Implementation of Elliptic Curve25519 in Cryptography",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88614",slug:"implementation-of-elliptic-curve25519-in-cryptography",totalDownloads:844,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Bernstein’s design implementation of elliptic Curve25519 in key exchange is claimed to be highly secure and efficient. This curve is, for example, used in the key exchange scheme of TextSecure for Instant Messaging. In this paper, we present an implementation of elliptic Curve25519 in the simplified Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme, thus showing that elliptic Curve25519 can also serve other purposes than key exchange. The curve is in Montgomery form, which makes it possible to use Montgomery ladder. Point compression, point decompression, encryption, and decryption algorithms are presented for the simplified Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme.",signatures:"Intan Muchtadi-Alamsyah and Yanuar Bhakti Wira Tama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68653",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68653",authors:[{id:"299438",title:"Dr.",name:"Intan",surname:"Muchtadi-Alamsyah",slug:"intan-muchtadi-alamsyah",fullName:"Intan Muchtadi-Alamsyah"},{id:"306265",title:"Mr.",name:"Yanuar Bhakti Wira",surname:"Tama",slug:"yanuar-bhakti-wira-tama",fullName:"Yanuar Bhakti Wira Tama"}],corrections:null},{id:"68243",title:"Programme Integrating Courses Making Engineering Students Reflect",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88253",slug:"programme-integrating-courses-making-engineering-students-reflect",totalDownloads:913,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A programme integrating course (PIC) is a special type of course, lasting for several academic years and aiming to strengthen programme coherence, by tying the students, instructors and programme director closer together. The first PIC was started at KTH in 2008. Since then, the concept has been polished and adopted by many engineering and masters of science programmes at KTH and at other universities. The course is built around regular (four times a year) reflection seminars in small cross-grade groups, mentored by a teacher. Each seminar has a topic, for example, study skills, procrastination, exchange studies, generic skills, minorities and equal treatment and ergonomics and mental health. Before the seminar, the students are presented with some material to read and view. Based on the texts and videos, each student should write a reflection document and read and comment some other students’ reflections. At the seminar, the students will further discuss the topic and discuss the courses that they are currently taking. PIC has been evaluated and found very valuable by both the students and the teachers acting as mentors. This chapter will review the existing literature on PICs, which is mostly in Swedish.",signatures:"Viggo Kann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68243",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68243",authors:[{id:"300465",title:"Prof.",name:"Viggo",surname:"Kann",slug:"viggo-kann",fullName:"Viggo Kann"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1990",title:"International Perspectives of Distance Learning in Higher Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9f445b89a42e6221004f529ac247127",slug:"international-perspectives-of-distance-learning-in-higher-education",bookSignature:"Joi L. Moore and Angela D. Benson",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1990.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102403",title:"Dr.",name:"Joi L.",surname:"Moore",slug:"joi-l.-moore",fullName:"Joi L. Moore"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9040",title:"Pedagogy in Basic and Higher Education",subtitle:"Current Developments and Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ef45143bf2a8d798f0e423e098afe6c",slug:"pedagogy-in-basic-and-higher-education-current-developments-and-challenges",bookSignature:"Kirsi Tirri and Auli Toom",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9040.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"234399",title:"Prof.",name:"Kirsi",surname:"Tirri",slug:"kirsi-tirri",fullName:"Kirsi Tirri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7804",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1722e45e6ebd731426bc0e4ac5c6eee2",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century",bookSignature:"Reginald Botshabeng Monyai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7804.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210249",title:"Prof.",name:"Reginald",surname:"Monyai",slug:"reginald-monyai",fullName:"Reginald Monyai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5773",title:"Global Voices in Higher Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98977ad0f9bc0a5224a23d6f67b343ca",slug:"global-voices-in-higher-education",bookSignature:"Susan L. Renes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5773.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158868",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",surname:"Renes",slug:"susan-renes",fullName:"Susan Renes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7576",title:"Reimagining New Approaches in Teacher Professional Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ebab0695715a9b2a759da32380ded9a",slug:"reimagining-new-approaches-in-teacher-professional-development",bookSignature:"Vimbi Petrus Mahlangu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7576.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196797",title:"Prof.",name:"Vimbi",surname:"Mahlangu",slug:"vimbi-mahlangu",fullName:"Vimbi Mahlangu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11004",title:"Medical Education for the 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8863875cdefa578f26a438ea21bdc1e",slug:"medical-education-for-the-21st-century",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Stanislaw P. Stawicki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11004.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael S.",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10495",title:"Insights Into Global Engineering Education After the Birth of Industry 5.0",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e83ddb1aa8017926d0635bbe8a90feca",slug:"insights-into-global-engineering-education-after-the-birth-of-industry-5-0",bookSignature:"Montaha Bouezzeddine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10495.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313464",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Montaha",surname:"Bouezzeddine",slug:"montaha-bouezzeddine",fullName:"Montaha Bouezzeddine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8283",title:"Innovations in Higher Education",subtitle:"Cases on Transforming and Advancing Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c8b8a6fe8578fbf2398932ce8c1b717",slug:"innovations-in-higher-education-cases-on-transforming-and-advancing-practice",bookSignature:"Dominique Parrish and Joanne Joyce-McCoach",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8283.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197795",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dominique",surname:"Parrish",slug:"dominique-parrish",fullName:"Dominique Parrish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-the-role-of-minimally-invasive-surgery-in-the-treatment-of-lung-cancer",title:"Corrigendum to: The Role of Minimally Invasive Surgery in the Treatment of Lung Cancer",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/76397.pdf\r\n",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76397",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76397",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/76397",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/76397",chapter:{id:"76313",slug:"the-role-of-minimally-invasive-surgery-in-the-treatment-of-lung-cancer",signatures:"Güntuğ Batihan and Kenan Can Ceylan",dateSubmitted:"November 10th 2020",dateReviewed:"March 20th 2021",datePrePublished:"April 16th 2021",datePublished:"June 2nd 2021",book:{id:"10437",title:"Lung Cancer",subtitle:"Modern Multidisciplinary Management",fullTitle:"Lung Cancer - Modern Multidisciplinary Management",slug:"lung-cancer-modern-multidisciplinary-management",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",bookSignature:"Henry S. Park",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10437.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96610",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry S.",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"henry-s.-park",fullName:"Henry S. Park"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"296216",title:"M.D.",name:"Guntug",middleName:null,surname:"Batihan",fullName:"Guntug Batihan",slug:"guntug-batihan",email:"gbatihan@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Dr. Suat Seren Göğüs Hastalıkları Hastanesi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"76313",slug:"the-role-of-minimally-invasive-surgery-in-the-treatment-of-lung-cancer",signatures:"Güntuğ Batihan and Kenan Can Ceylan",dateSubmitted:"November 10th 2020",dateReviewed:"March 20th 2021",datePrePublished:"April 16th 2021",datePublished:"June 2nd 2021",book:{id:"10437",title:"Lung Cancer",subtitle:"Modern Multidisciplinary Management",fullTitle:"Lung Cancer - Modern Multidisciplinary Management",slug:"lung-cancer-modern-multidisciplinary-management",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",bookSignature:"Henry S. Park",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10437.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96610",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry S.",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"henry-s.-park",fullName:"Henry S. Park"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"296216",title:"M.D.",name:"Guntug",middleName:null,surname:"Batihan",fullName:"Guntug Batihan",slug:"guntug-batihan",email:"gbatihan@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Dr. Suat Seren Göğüs Hastalıkları Hastanesi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},book:{id:"10437",title:"Lung Cancer",subtitle:"Modern Multidisciplinary Management",fullTitle:"Lung Cancer - Modern Multidisciplinary Management",slug:"lung-cancer-modern-multidisciplinary-management",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",bookSignature:"Henry S. Park",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10437.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96610",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry S.",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"henry-s.-park",fullName:"Henry S. Park"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10798",leadTitle:null,title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances is about the historical, scientific, and technological journey of starch so far, taking into account its traditional roles, uses, and applications as well as the most recent advances in the study of this unique polymer. It is a collective endeavor by a group of editors and authors with a wealth of experience and expertise in research and development, teaching, and quality control and public health. Chapters address such topics as the history, evolution, and health benefits of starch, advances in starch and starch product technology, the application of starch and starch-based polymeric materials in nanotechnology and environmental remediation, and much more.",isbn:"978-1-83969-891-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-890-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-892-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94824",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",numberOfPages:200,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:938,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 3rd 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 31st 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 30th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 18th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 17th 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in starch-engineered nanomedicine, appointed head of the Centre for Nanomedicine, a senior member of management, and holder of seven registered patents and 15 trademarks.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"918",title:"Polymers",slug:"biomaterials-polymers"}],chapters:[{id:"81843",title:"Introductory Chapter: What We Know about Starch",slug:"introductory-chapter-what-we-know-about-starch",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}]},{id:"80395",title:"History, Evolution and Future of Starch Industry in Nigeria",slug:"history-evolution-and-future-of-starch-industry-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:62,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"299695",title:"Mrs.",name:"Judith Eloyi",surname:"John",slug:"judith-eloyi-john",fullName:"Judith Eloyi John"},{id:"421782",title:"Dr.",name:"Obi Peter",surname:"Adigwe",slug:"obi-peter-adigwe",fullName:"Obi Peter Adigwe"}]},{id:"80777",title:"Starch: A Veritable Natural Polymer for Economic Revolution",slug:"starch-a-veritable-natural-polymer-for-economic-revolution",totalDownloads:81,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"},{id:"300976",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Henry",surname:"O. Egharevba",slug:"henry-o.-egharevba",fullName:"Henry O. Egharevba"},{id:"423054",title:"Dr.",name:"Obi",surname:"Peter Adigwe",slug:"obi-peter-adigwe",fullName:"Obi Peter Adigwe"}]},{id:"79692",title:"Health Benefits of Starch",slug:"health-benefits-of-starch",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"418524",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Teodoro",surname:"Suarez-Diéguez",slug:"teodoro-suarez-dieguez",fullName:"Teodoro Suarez-Diéguez"},{id:"429690",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Antonio",surname:"Nieto",slug:"juan-antonio-nieto",fullName:"Juan Antonio Nieto"}]},{id:"80018",title:"Potato Starch as Affected by Varieties, Storage Treatments and Conditions of Tubers",slug:"potato-starch-as-affected-by-varieties-storage-treatments-and-conditions-of-tubers",totalDownloads:109,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"420073",title:"Prof.",name:"Saleem",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"saleem-siddiqui",fullName:"Saleem Siddiqui"},{id:"439579",title:"Dr.",name:"Naseer",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"naseer-ahmed",fullName:"Naseer Ahmed"},{id:"439580",title:"Dr.",name:"Neeraj",surname:"Phogat",slug:"neeraj-phogat",fullName:"Neeraj Phogat"}]},{id:"79875",title:"Comparative Study of the Physiochemical Composition and Techno-Functional Properties of Two Extracted Acorn Starches",slug:"comparative-study-of-the-physiochemical-composition-and-techno-functional-properties-of-two-extracte",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"315330",title:"Dr.",name:"Youkabed",surname:"Zarrouk",slug:"youkabed-zarrouk",fullName:"Youkabed Zarrouk"},{id:"419801",title:"Dr.",name:"Mouna",surname:"Boulares",slug:"mouna-boulares",fullName:"Mouna Boulares"},{id:"419895",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorra",surname:"Sfayhi",slug:"dorra-sfayhi",fullName:"Dorra Sfayhi"},{id:"419896",title:"Dr.",name:"Bechir",surname:"Slimi",slug:"bechir-slimi",fullName:"Bechir Slimi"}]},{id:"80023",title:"Binary Interactions and Starch Bioavailability: Critical in Limiting Glycemic Response",slug:"binary-interactions-and-starch-bioavailability-critical-in-limiting-glycemic-response",totalDownloads:85,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"420699",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Veda",surname:"Krishnan",slug:"veda-krishnan",fullName:"Veda Krishnan"},{id:"429239",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",surname:"Singh",slug:"archana-singh",fullName:"Archana Singh"},{id:"429240",title:"Ms.",name:"Monika",surname:"Awana",slug:"monika-awana",fullName:"Monika Awana"},{id:"429241",title:"Ms.",name:"Debarati",surname:"Mondal",slug:"debarati-mondal",fullName:"Debarati Mondal"},{id:"429242",title:"Dr.",name:"Piyush",surname:"Verma",slug:"piyush-verma",fullName:"Piyush Verma"},{id:"429365",title:"Dr.",name:"Shelly",surname:"Praveen",slug:"shelly-praveen",fullName:"Shelly Praveen"}]},{id:"79847",title:"Resistant Starch: A Promising Functional Food Ingredient",slug:"resistant-starch-a-promising-functional-food-ingredient",totalDownloads:207,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"422910",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Revati",surname:"Wanikar",slug:"revati-wanikar",fullName:"Revati Wanikar"},{id:"435219",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",surname:"Kotwal",slug:"swati-kotwal",fullName:"Swati Kotwal"}]},{id:"79349",title:"Starch Biodegradable Films Produced by Electrospraying",slug:"starch-biodegradable-films-produced-by-electrospraying",totalDownloads:117,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"21263",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgina",surname:"Calderón-Domínguez",slug:"georgina-calderon-dominguez",fullName:"Georgina Calderón-Domínguez"},{id:"428573",title:"MSc.",name:"Verónica",surname:"Cuellar-Sánchez",slug:"veronica-cuellar-sanchez",fullName:"Verónica Cuellar-Sánchez"},{id:"428574",title:"Dr.",name:"Ma.Paz",surname:"Salgado-Cruz",slug:"ma.paz-salgado-cruz",fullName:"Ma.Paz Salgado-Cruz"},{id:"428577",title:"Dr.",name:"Arturo",surname:"García-Borquez",slug:"arturo-garcia-borquez",fullName:"Arturo García-Borquez"},{id:"428579",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Morales-Sánchez",slug:"eduardo-morales-sanchez",fullName:"Eduardo Morales-Sánchez"},{id:"428580",title:"Ms.",name:"Alitzel B.",surname:"García-Hernández",slug:"alitzel-b.-garcia-hernandez",fullName:"Alitzel B. García-Hernández"},{id:"428581",title:"Dr.",name:"Reynold R.",surname:"Farrera-Rebollo",slug:"reynold-r.-farrera-rebollo",fullName:"Reynold R. Farrera-Rebollo"},{id:"428586",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcela",surname:"González-Vázquez",slug:"marcela-gonzalez-vazquez",fullName:"Marcela González-Vázquez"},{id:"435200",title:"MSc.",name:"Fatima Sarahi",surname:"Serrano-Villa",slug:"fatima-sarahi-serrano-villa",fullName:"Fatima Sarahi Serrano-Villa"}]},{id:"79542",title:"Micro and Nano Structuring as Method to Enhance the Functional Properties of Starch-Based Polymeric Materials",slug:"micro-and-nano-structuring-as-method-to-enhance-the-functional-properties-of-starch-based-polymeric-",totalDownloads:90,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"420800",title:"Dr.",name:"Doina",surname:"Dimonie",slug:"doina-dimonie",fullName:"Doina Dimonie"},{id:"420931",title:"MSc.",name:"Laura-Nicoleta",surname:"Dragomir",slug:"laura-nicoleta-dragomir",fullName:"Laura-Nicoleta Dragomir"},{id:"420932",title:"MSc.",name:"Mircea",surname:"Filipescu",slug:"mircea-filipescu",fullName:"Mircea Filipescu"},{id:"420933",title:"MSc.",name:"Alina_Elena",surname:"Mustetea",slug:"alina_elena-mustetea",fullName:"Alina_Elena Mustetea"},{id:"420934",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mihail",surname:"Dragne",slug:"mihail-dragne",fullName:"Mihail Dragne"}]},{id:"79856",title:"Starch-Based Hybrid Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation",slug:"starch-based-hybrid-nanomaterials-for-environmental-remediation",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"418217",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashoka",surname:"Gamage",slug:"ashoka-gamage",fullName:"Ashoka Gamage"},{id:"443836",title:"Ms.",name:"Thiviya",surname:"Punniamoorthy",slug:"thiviya-punniamoorthy",fullName:"Thiviya Punniamoorthy"},{id:"443837",title:"Prof.",name:"Terrence",surname:"Madhujith",slug:"terrence-madhujith",fullName:"Terrence Madhujith"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247041",firstName:"Dolores",lastName:"Kuzelj",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247041/images/7108_n.jpg",email:"dolores@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8170",title:"Chemical Properties of Starch",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0aedfdb374631bb3a33870c4ed16559a",slug:"chemical-properties-of-starch",bookSignature:"Martins Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8170.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3659",title:"Biopolymers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"biopolymers",bookSignature:"Magdy Elnashar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3659.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12075",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdy",surname:"Elnashar",slug:"magdy-elnashar",fullName:"Magdy Elnashar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"158",title:"Biotechnology of Biopolymers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a592cb6d064b9cc8e99ea99aa09c942",slug:"biotechnology-of-biopolymers",bookSignature:"Magdy Elnashar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12075",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdy",surname:"Elnashar",slug:"magdy-elnashar",fullName:"Magdy Elnashar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1796",title:"Recent Advances in Plasticizers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0333e52edb6e2d8a6473107e839b2587",slug:"recent-advances-in-plasticizers",bookSignature:"Mohammad Luqman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1796.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100187",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Luqman",slug:"mohammad-luqman",fullName:"Mohammad Luqman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1332",title:"Products and Applications of Biopolymers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8dee78e87e2f654541d4285e7cdd5212",slug:"products-and-applications-of-biopolymers",bookSignature:"Casparus Johannes Reinhard Verbeek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102391",title:"Dr.",name:"Casparus J.R.",surname:"Verbeek",slug:"casparus-j.r.-verbeek",fullName:"Casparus J.R. Verbeek"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6241",title:"Hydrogels",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b3a944044e8aecbba3bd88fba1bef0b1",slug:"hydrogels",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider and Adnan Haider",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6241.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8353",title:"Hydrogels",subtitle:"Smart Materials for Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4f87a0823e286477e58c1da8b6cd174c",slug:"hydrogels-smart-materials-for-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Lăcrămioara Popa, Mihaela Violeta Ghica and Cristina-Elena Dinu-Pîrvu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8353.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228211",title:"Prof.",name:"Lacramioara",surname:"Popa",slug:"lacramioara-popa",fullName:"Lacramioara Popa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10670",title:"Properties and Applications of Alginates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"062083e53cc5c808af597de6426cea06",slug:"properties-and-applications-of-alginates",bookSignature:"Irem Deniz, Esra Imamoglu and Tugba Keskin-Gundogdu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204855",title:"Dr.",name:"Irem",surname:"Deniz",slug:"irem-deniz",fullName:"Irem Deniz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10367",title:"Chitin and Chitosan",subtitle:"Physicochemical Properties and Industrial Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7c3368aba02cb516b5ef5e0711ce4da2",slug:"chitin-and-chitosan-physicochemical-properties-and-industrial-applications",bookSignature:"Mohammed Berrada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10367.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224783",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Berrada",slug:"mohammed-berrada",fullName:"Mohammed Berrada"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"66601",title:"Leadership in Graduate Medical Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85736",slug:"leadership-in-graduate-medical-education",body:'\nGraduate Medical Education (GME) is a very complex operation within an even more complex healthcare system. In order to be an effective leader within both a complex operation and system, there are many questions that need to be considered. For example, what is the purpose of having GME programs in the organization? What are both the long term and short term goals of the institution? What are expectations and outcomes sought by having GME programs? In some cases, what is the relationship between the hospital doing the training and any medical school who has oversight of the education? Since there are often multiple personalities with whom one must work, who are the leaders and participants and what are their values and expectations? In this complex environment, what are other relationships where you must interact such as accrediting bodies, affiliated institutions and other training institutions in your area? These questions stem from the very origins of developing any curriculum and plan for instruction and should be used as starting points to be a successful educational leader [1]. In order to be a successful leader in today’s GME world, one must first recognize that this is not a simple role and requires skills, knowledge and the right temperament to deal with a multitude of issues.
\nIn the middle of this complex system is the role of the designated institutional official (DIO). In this role, there are many individuals across the institution with whom the DIO interacts. Organizationally, the DIO is responsible for reporting to the Board of Directors of the institution (generally, a hospital), at least one medical school, hospital administration including the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Human Resources Officer, accrediting body requirements (in medical education, the ACGME), as well as the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and other funding sources to name a few of the most important ones. There are also consequences when there are issues of non-compliance that can lead to reduced governmental funding, loss of accreditation, National Residency Match Program (NRMP) match violations, and low resident and faculty morale.
\nIn terms of an organization’s power system, the DIO works primarily in the middle but also flexes into various Tops, Bottoms, Middles, and Customer roles [2]. DIOs as Tops have designated responsibilities (ex. accreditation), as Bottoms experience problems that we think higher-ups should take care of (ex. residency clinic operations), as Middles experience competing demands and priorities (ex. service versus education), and as Customers when we are looking to another department for a service we need to move our work ahead (ex. HR support to onboard new trainees). The DIO constantly toggles in and out of Top, Middle, Bottom, and Customer roles. In each of these roles, there are unique opportunities for contributing to organizational effectiveness and pitfalls that readily lead us to forfeit those contributions. The DIO’s job within an organization’s power system is to recognize and mitigate common reflex responses such as taking on too much responsibility when we are the Top, holding higher-ups too responsible when we are the Bottom, losing our connectivity with other parts of the organization when we are the Middle, and not participating enough in improving internal service delivery when we are the Customer [2].
\nIn terms of oversight, there are many who have reporting relationships with the DIO including Program Directors of each internship, residency and fellowship program, Program Coordinators, DIOs at both sending and receiving institutions, oversight of the office of GME and most importantly, the education and training of interns, residents and fellows. Furthermore, the DIO is responsible for the Graduate Medical Education Committee (GMEC), the Clinical Learning Environment, and multiple other responsibilities demanded by the accrediting bodies including completion of affiliation agreements, compliance with work hours, initiating and maintaining wellness programs, encouraging and supporting scholarly activity, oversight of moonlighting, continual review of the educational programs, identifying “red flags” and then addressing the concerns, and any citations with proactive strategies and action plans. Needless to say, the role of GME leader in this very complex “middle person” system requires much knowledge, strong interpersonal skills and highly ethical values to be successful.
\nAfter many years serving as the Associate Dean for Graduate Medical Education at a medical school, Vice President for Academic Affairs at a hospital, and Chief Graduate Medical Education Officer (DIO) for the last 18 years at a medical school/hospital, I want to reflect on those theories, practices and strategies that I have utilized which may help others who are in this complex “middle person” leadership role.
\nMy definition of leadership is followership. Unless we can get others to follow, we cannot lead. Goffee and Jones coined the phrase, “Authentic Followership” explaining that leaders need to convey Authenticity, Significance, Excitement, and Community to followers in order to truly lead [3]. I believe that people want to follow someone who is “authentic,” someone who they can trust, someone who will actively listen and hear their issues, and someone who believes in action, not just words. True leadership takes time to develop and is not accomplished overnight. Flexibility is a key component to building trust and caring relationships with those with whom we interact.
\nOne of the first questions to think about is what if you are new at an institution and are entering for the first time. I believe that you need to look at three levels of maturity: (1) your experience, professional background and leadership ability, (2) the institution’s maturity, and (3) the employees experience and background with whom you will be working. Analyze how experienced you are in the DIO role. Ask some of the following: have you been in this role before? What was the size of the institution? How experienced do you feel? Regarding the institution: what is its historical background? How much does the administration of the institution know about GME and what is their support? How long have they had GME programs? What is the accreditation status of the programs? And finally, regarding the people at the institution: what is the maturity of the individuals in the Office of GME? What is the range of experience of the Program Directors and Coordinators? What do they expect from their leader?
\nThere are several key thoughts here. Let us assume you have been in GME for many years and are considered mature. If so and you are entering a new system, you can take a directive role of leadership because you are the most mature. However, that is rarely the case. In most cases, the leader is entering a mature system, one that has been in existence for a long period of time with the employees and Program Directors already in place. The leader is a newcomer to the system irrespective of his/her maturity. In that case, the leader has to enter very gently. The leader needs to meet with key people, listen carefully, ask many questions, assess their needs, and ask what they expect from you and how you can help them. If possible, you may want to meet with the person who preceded you to learn as much as you can about the system from that person’s perspective. Note, when coming into a new system, it is important to ingratiate yourself to those around you until such time as you can gain the respect of those with whom you will be leading.
\nI also believe that organizations, like people, have difficulty dealing with change. Organizational management experts note that basically, people resist change [4]. The greater the change, the stronger the resistance. Change is inevitable, but so is the resistance. Thus, if you are coming into a new institution, you must be prepared for the reaction to you. As the new person, there is an expectation that there will be change. I believe that organizations go through the same stages of change similar to those described by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross when referring to those experiencing death and dying. The stages are (1) denial, (2) anger, (3) bargaining, (4) depression and finally (5) acceptance [5]. It is reasonable to expect these earlier stages will occur with a new DIO entering an institution before there is acceptance of his/her role, responsibilities and actions.
\nAs the middle person in a complex system, where do we start. I have learned several things in my career. In a previous role, I sent out a questionnaire to many individuals that would take 5 minutes to complete. None were returned to me. In frustration, I called and asked if I could come to speak with them for a few minutes. In every case, the person said yes and the conversations often lasted an hour with much valuable information gained. What I leaned from this was to go to their space where they are comfortable, secure and open. Another example comes from early in my career when I was a 27 year old principal of an elementary school. Being young, inexperienced and in a role of responsibility, I developed a philosophy of what I called “management by movement.” I made sure I was in every classroom, every day. I believe that even though it is more comfortable to sit in our office and wait for issues to come to us, I am amazed with what gets accomplished by going to other people’s space. By doing so, this facilitates building bridges and leads to more long-lasting relationships in the future. They are more comfortable and willing to share in their area than what may feel as intimidating when in my office/space. I use this strategy even to this day.
\nAs a leader, I like to think of the difference between power and authority. Power is what you can make people do. Authority is what you can get people to do. Power is authoritarian and while it is needed sometimes, it often yields resentment and anger. I rarely ever wanted to use power to get things done, however when I had a trainee with drug or alcohol issues, it needed interventions immediately. I had to be more assertive and pull the person from service in order to get the individual the required assistance as soon as possible. However, in most cases, I want to use authority to get things done. I always want to base my relationships on trust, honesty, fairness and compassion to accomplish my goals and objectives and using power rarely yields this outcome.
\nA major aspect of leadership is problem-solving and decision-making. I often call upon Dewey’s four stage model of problem-solving: (1) problem sensitivity (2) problem formulation (3) search and (4) resolution [6]. Problem sensitivity is the recognition that there is a problem in the first place. Problem formulation to me is the most important. Clearly determine what is the question being asked. If this is not articulated specifically in the beginning, we will search and not find the correct solution. It is important to make sure that the right question is being asked or an incorrect solution will be found and not be useful. If the problem formulation is carefully articulated, then a search can be made of alternatives and here is where I use a different model. I decide whether I want to maximize or satisfice. If I maximize, I want to generate as many options as possible and choose the best one. This takes time and should be used when making the most profound decisions. Some examples include:
A program has lost some of its faculty to another institution. Should we voluntarily withdraw the program and orphan the trainees or attempt to find new faculty to continue the program?
We have interviewed several people for the Program Director role. Each has different strengths and weaknesses. Which one shall we choose?
Satisficing is generating options and deciding on the first satisfactory one. An example: we want to have a luncheon for the house staff. What kind of food should we order? The real issue here is deciding at the beginning if we want to maximize or satisfice. Many people make the mistake of maximizing on issues where they should satisfice and visa-versa.
\nAs leaders, we are continually called upon to make decisions and solve problems. As a leader, I use the Dewey model in three ways—how I solve problems, what I expect from employees and how I deal with problem trainees.
\nFor me as the leader, I first try to articulate the problem as carefully as possible. I then determine if this requires maximizing or satisficing. I generate alternatives. If maximizing, I want as many alternatives as possible and want to pick the best solution. If satisficing, I accept the first alternative and move on. Leaders are best served who can differentiate and use these problem-solving skills. It will save much time and energy and yield better results.
\nWhen I first met new employees, I often shared this model with them. I indicated that I want them to think independently and want them to bring me problems they cannot solve themselves. So, when they came to me with a problem, I would ask them to articulate their thinking. I would then ask the person to tell me his/her resolution and invariably, the solution was almost always exactly what I would have selected. Both of us walk away being very satisfied with the process and the conclusion.
\nWhen I was dealing with trainees facing difficult situations and challenges, I tried very carefully to listen to what was the issue. I found several keys that I used in finding the problem resolution. The first step was, were they blaming others or were they taking some responsibility for the problem? If they were blaming others, I realized I could do little to help them. However, if they were seeing themselves as some part of the problem, I might be of some help. The second step was if they were taking some responsibility, were they willing to do something about it? If so, I could be of help.
\nA former Dean for whom I worked called upon me for what he considered his most difficult problems. He indicated that after I investigated a problem (I used the Dewey method noted above), I was always “honest and fair.” I think this is an important learning as a leader in GME that we are honest, fair and compassionate and certainly do not play favorites.
\nIt is important to note that no leadership style is best. I believe the best leaders are those who are able to evaluate the situation, be adaptive and use the appropriate style for the situation. I always tried to understand the styles of those above me and below me and adapt accordingly. An example—While I am an individual who thought about what I wanted in a meeting with my superior, I would prepare my rationale in advance in order to lead into my conclusion. However, when I met with him, he would constantly say, “Get to the point.” I finally learned that I would present my conclusion first and if he wanted the particulars, I already had them prepared. Since there was a trust level between us, he would often accept my conclusion without an explanation. The lesson here is that we may have to adapt our style to meet the expectations of others if we want the positive results we desire. In other words, try to understand the dynamics between you and the other person and then work with it not against it.
\nI think that a leader must show high moral and ethical values. I think we all want to work with people like ourselves. How do we know if a person is like ourselves? I do not believe that it is one’s gender, race, etc., but their values. When I interviewed a potential candidate, I ask the following: “Tell me about yourself.” I am quiet and wait for an answer. I am not looking for what already is listed on his/her resume but rather any value words that I hear. If the candidate has difficulty articulating, I then ask them to give me 10 words that their best friend would use to describe them. I think we all want to work with people who have our same high values. Good team members are those individuals who have the same common goals and values.
\nBecause the role of the DIO is so complex with multiple interrelationships, many responsibilities, time lines and expectations, time management is critical. Consider priorities and try to reduce chaos in the job. Obviously, we have all learned the value of making lists in medicine. Our minds will hold will not hold all the information we need nor the various tasks that need to be completed. Anticipate, plan ahead and complete tasks prior to the deadlines. Invariably other priorities will intercede so get things done as early as possible. This will reduce the natural stress of this very stressful job. Many years ago, I made a presentation at the Association for Humanistic Psychology entitled, “Slowing Down the Process and Learning to Ride Your Biocycle” [7]. The premise was that we have various times in the day when we are most productive and we should determine when those times are and work accordingly. I happen to be an early morning person who is less productive in late afternoon. As a result, I do my most important and creative work at those times when I feel most productive. We cannot work at maximum productivity all the time. Pick your best times and schedule the items that require your most attentive awareness during the most productive periods.
\nAs a DIO, you are not alone. Years ago, there was no such role as a DIO. The ACGME simply required that every institution have “a designated institutional official” (lower case). Our own institutions did not know what that meant. However, with much pleading, the function was moved from a responsibility to a role. As such, the administrators at our institutions now know or should know what is required by this very important role. No institution can maintain its accreditation status without having a very competent individual in this very complex role.
\nI grew up living above my father’s hardware store. My grandfather was a very accomplished woodworker who made gavels for the United States Senate. Thus, I am a person who values tools. Tools make our lives easier. I believe that the more you use a tool, the more skilled and able you become. It is also important to use the right tool in the appropriate situation. A hammer and a screw driver do very different things. The ACGME provides many GME tools to help the DIO. There are also other tools in the market that make it easier to monitor work hours, evaluate residents, evaluate faculty, develop and maintain schedules, etc. Use them as they save time, energy and meet ACGME guidelines and requirements.
\nNo DIO should minimize the importance of networking. As a result of our establishing a regional disaster plan, the DIOs in my area continue to meet to this day as a regional GME leadership group. There are now 23 institutions involved. Not only do we discuss the most pressing issues facing all of us, but we have contacts we can make with the DIOs of the other institutions who can help when problematic issues arise. Of course, we do not talk salary. However, we do discuss preparations for a CLER visit, how is your institution handling suicide prevention, how do you maintain confidentiality with feedback in very small programs, what is your process for the Annual Program Evaluations (APEs) and Annual Program Reports (APRs), and multiple other issues. On a regular basis, an institution will send out a query regarding an issue and many respond with suggestions. Not only is it important to attend the national meetings, but local networking is an excellent tool for the DIO. If you have a question, there is some DIO out there who has had that situation and is willing to help. Again, you are not alone.
\nWhile the DIO role may seem overwhelming at times, there are many exciting parts to the job. I love to think of all the practicing physicians with whom I have helped in their careers. I once estimated that there are over 6000 physicians whose certificates I have signed and the enormous number of patients for whom they provide care. I have seen some of my former trainee leaders now become Program Directors and DIOs. They now model and emulate many of the values they have learned by experiencing positive, upbeat and sensitive leadership.
\nIn my career, I have measured impact of educational experiences. By impact, I mean that there is some external experience that changes the learner dramatically and internally. We rarely have the opportunity to know exactly the impact we are having on others. However, sometimes we are fortunate to find out. Recently, I received a call from a former student who indicated he was trying to find me because he was in the first class I taught 55 years ago. He indicated that I had made learning so much fun for him as a sixth grader that it influenced him to become a teacher, always make learning fun for his students. He indicated that he used this philosophy in teaching history, coaching and writing four books. It is nice to know that if we do the right things, sometimes we may have a major impact on those with whom we interact.
\nThere are three bits of advice I would like to share.
When I was in my early teens, I was required in school to learn a Rudyard Kipling poem entitled “If.” To this day, I cannot forget the theme of this poem which is “If you can keep your head when all about you are losing theirs, then you my son shall be a man.” Throughout the chaos that we experience being in the middle of a complex system, this quote gives me guidance and strength to keep me sane.
We are all achievers and want to accomplish much in the GME leadership role. One learns very quickly that everything cannot be accomplished immediately. Thus, I often remind myself of a Winston Churchill statement to Englander’s during WW II, “It is better do something than nothing while waiting to do everything.” As a GME leader, do not get mired in doing nothing and do what can be accomplished. Everything cannot be done at once. Start with the most important and then move on to the next task at hand.
Finally, while you will have wellness programs for the house staff, take care of yourself. I often advise others that “Self-care is not selfish.” If you are not healthy and let a role, job or responsibilities to disable you, then you will not be able to be of worth to the organization, your family or yourself. As noted many times above, this role is complex and you must take care of you so that you can be of help to others.
In conclusion, I have tried to articulate the difficult middle role that the leader in graduate medical education must play. However, if the leader uses his/her knowledge of how the system works, and employs his/her skills, appropriate tools and strong personal values, the leader will have much of the pride, meaningful highlights, and success that I have felt in my career. The subsequent chapters in this book contain substantial and practical skills, tips, examples, and research for GME leaders to improve their effectiveness and overall impact. I feel that there can be no more satisfying and fulfilling job than being a good leader in graduate medical education.
\nJay M. Yanoff, Ed.D. was the Chief GME Officer and Designated Institutional Official at Drexel University College of Medicine and Hahnemann University Hospital for 18 years.
\nCoral reefs are one of the most ancient, dynamic, highly sensitive, complex, biologically diverse, highly productive ecosystems, found in the tropical coastal environment between 30° N and 30° S latitudes. Coral reefs provide an conducive environment where one-third of all marine fish species and many thousands of other species are found and offer substantial ecological and economic services to millions of people through fishery and tourism worldwide [1]. Coral reef ecosystems are degrading in rapid pace, and some facing extinction risk due to the synergistic impact of global climate change and chronic human activities including overfishing, pollution, eutrophication, sedimentation, coastal development [2, 3, 4]. Rapid decline of coral reef ecosystem health is now the most pressing challenge to the reef managers [1, 5]. Most of the tropical coral reefs are found only within a narrow range of environmental conditions, making them vulnerable to abrupt change in seawater physico-chemical parameters like temperature, and salinity [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Coral bleaching events are associated with thermal stress are acute disturbances recognized as the primary global challenge to the persistence of coral reefs, which disrupts the mutualistic relationship of corals with the thermo-sensitive endosymbiotic dinoflagellates of the family
The ENSO event is one of the significant climatic events that trigger the rapid warming of the water column of the seas, altering biogeochemical processes and marine life. Thermal stresses associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are occurring with increasing frequency and severity [10]. The global SSTs have risen gradually since the 1980s, which have caused mass coral bleaching (MCB) and mortality in more than 90% of reefs since 1997–1998. Many researchers have reported four significant MCB events (i.e., 1982–1983, 1997–1998, 2010, 2015–2016) all over the world over the past four decades due to global warming-induced by the ENSO event [8, 15, 16, 17]. The 2015–2016 ENSO event emerged as the most extreme event in terms of ocean warming intensity and extent across the tropical oceans [18, 19, 20, 21], which caused one of the most severe and widespread MCB events across the Indo-Pacific [15, 20]. The MHW caused by the 2015–2016 ENSO was unprecedented over the period of two centuries resulting in ecological and economic consequences worldwide [10]. More than 75% of global coral reefs have witnessed MCB and mortality back-to-back from 2014 to 2016 [19, 20]. Corals can re-establish themselves after mass bleaching in some cases; it takes one to two decades for the ecosystem to return to the pre-bleaching state [22]. However, the increasing thermal stress left no window of recovery for corals from the previous bleaching events, leading to mass mortality [19, 20, 23]. Mass coral bleaching events can cause long-term ecological, economic, and social impacts [1, 24]. As increase in the frequency and severity of MCB could overwhelm the ability of coral reefs to recover between events. Consecutive mass coral bleaching episodes and associated coral mortalities could shift coral reefs from coral dominated state to Cyanobacteria and algae dominated state [25, 26].
The objective of this study is to examine the thermal stress that causes coral bleaching over the coral reef regions on the Eastern Arabian Sea in the Indian Ocean using long-term NOAA CRW SST data. We computed the long-term climatologically mean and trend of SST for these coral reef regions and computed coral bleaching thermal indices: BT, PA, and DHW based on the SST analysis. Further, to ground-truth the accuracy of the computed coral bleaching indices, we visit at field sites for coral monitoring and analyzed the bleaching percentage.
The coral reefs are geographically located at different latitudes on the Indian coast, and are highly important ecosystem for ecosystem service and economy. The climate over Indian coral reef regions is tropical, hot, and humid. Species diversity and reef structure in Indian coral reefs vary significantly between the areas due to differences in the reef extent and environmental conditions. This study was carried out at the Gulf of Kachchh and Malvan Marine Sanctuary, which lies in the Arabian Sea on the Indian coast and harbor some of the most northern reefs in the world [27]. The coral reefs in the Gulf of Kachchh is located between 22° 15’ N to 23° 40’ N Latitude and 68° 20′ E to 70° 40′ E Longitude to the north of Saurashtra Peninsula of Gujarat state (Figure 1). This region is very rich in terms of biodiversity value and supports varied coastal habitats, including coral reefs, mangroves, creeks, mudflats, islands, rocky shores, sandy beaches, etc. (Arora et al., 2018) and mostly consisting of dead coral boulders and rubbles. The coral species over the Gulf of Kachchh region belonging to the common genera of
Study area of Gulf of Kachchh and Malvan Marine Sanctuary, which lies in the EAstern Arabian Sea on the Indian coast.
It extends over 170 kilometers in length (NNE–SSW) and about 75 kilometers in width (NNW–SSE), covering an area of approximately 7350 km2 with a mean depth of 30 meters. A total of 76 species of stony coral (Scleractinian) belonging to 30 genera and 12 families [28] and 12 species of soft corals are found in this region [29]. On the other hand, the Malvan Marine Sanctuary, a Marine Protected Area (MPA), is located in the Central West coast of India along the Eastern Arabian Sea, spreads over a 29.122 km2 area. The marine wildlife sanctuary harbor near shore patch coral reefs mostly dominated by massive and encrusting
The SST data analysis for the present study was obtained from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coral Reef Watch’s (CRW) (known as ‘CoralTemp‘) high-resolution time-series data product (available from NOAA Coral Reef Watch 2019 https://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov). This data set has a high spatial resolution of 5 km (0.05 × 0.05oC exactly) and a temporal resolution of one day. NOAA CRW global data product provides near real-time SST data from 1985 to the present. This datasets product uses advanced very high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) satellite data from NOAA Pathfinder SST and has been found in good agreement with
The SST variations during the warmest period from 2010 to 2020 for both regions provide information on magnitude, intensity, and duration of thermal stress. The warmest month, warmest quarter, thermal threshold, and bleaching threshold for both regions were computed from NOAA CRW datasets. Based on the maximum frequency of the warmest month recording the maximum monthly mean SST in the year, the climatologically warmest months were identified for both coral reef regions. The warmest month, warmest quarter, Thermal Threshold, and Bleaching Threshold for both regions were found to be different. The climatologically warmest month for the Gulf of Kachchh region was June, and the warmest quarter was May to July. Similarly, the climatologically warmest month for the Malvan region was May, and the warmest quarter was April to June. The Gulf of Kachchh region recorded a maximum thermal threshold of 29.35° C(±0.45° C), and the Malvan region recorded maximum threshold of 29.39° C(±0.49° C) (Figures 2 and 3). In both figures, the orange dotted line shows the thermal threshold, and the red dotted line shows the bleaching threshold for the corals become stressed when SSTs crossed thermal threshold and get bleached if the elevated SST regime is prolonged. BT and daily SST anomalies have been computed on the basis of thermal threshold (sometimes referred as climatologically mean warmest month). Once the climatologically warmest month was identified, the climatologically warmest quarters were identified comparing SST values averaged over three summer months period from a combination of the warmest month and two adjacent months (i.e., the pre and post month). SST anomalies for the warmest quarter were calculated as the absolute difference between the daily SST and the thermal threshold. The warmest quarter anomalies were plotted from 2010 to 2020 for both regions, and positive anomalies were represented in red color while negative anomalies were represented in blue color. It was found that a stark rise in the number of days recording the positive anomalies. Another thermal stress index termed as coral bleaching DHW was calculated in order to assess the accumulative thermal stress. The DHW was generated using the warmest quarter daily SST data. The DHW was also represented in color from blue to green based on their intensity and duration of thermal stress.
(Top) Sea surface temperature; (middle) sea surface temperature anomaly; (lower) degree heating weeks variations over Gulf of Kachchh region during warmest quarter (May to July) period from 2010 to 2020.
(Top) Sea surface temperature; (middle) sea surface temperature anomaly; (lower) degree heating weeks variations over Malvan region during warmest quarter (April to June) period from 2010 to 2020.
The diurnal trends of SST in the warmest quarter over a period from 2010 to 2020 provided information on the direction of changes in SST. The BT value for the Gulf of Kachchh region was observed 29.85° C (± 0.45° C) means 0.5° C above the thermal threshold value (Figure 2). Over a period from 2010 to 2020, it was observed that the SST value during the warmest quarter had crossed the BT in each year. The maximum SST 31.54° C has been recorded in the year 2015, while the minimum SST 29.97° C has been recorded in the year 2012. During the year 2020, the SST values crossed the thermal as well as BT values and persisted for more than three months. In the same year, the monitoring period was extended up to mid-August. This study also computed and showed variations of daily SST anomaly. The absolute range of positive anomaly for the Gulf of Kachchh region varied between 0.01° C to 2.2° C, and a maximum of 2.2° C was recorded in 2015. The frequency and intensity of positive anomaly have increased continuously over the region. The range of DHW was found to be 0.5° C to 14.26° C, and the maximum was recorded in the year 2020, whereas the minimum was recorded in the year 2012. The “Alert Level-2” status was recorded in 2020, while the “Alert Level-1” status was recorded in 2010. The year 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2019 were recorded “Warning” status.
The diurnal trends of SST in the warmest quarter over a period from 2010 to 2020 provided information on the direction of changes in SST. The BT value for Malvan was observed 29.89° C (± 0.49° C) means 0.5° C above the thermal threshold value (Figure 3). Over a period from 2010 to 2020, it was observed that the SST value during the warmest quarter had crossed the BT in each year except two years: 2012 and 2019. Year: 2012 and 2019 have experienced significantly less SST as compared with other years. The maximum SST 31.21° C has been recorded in the year 2010. During the year 2020, the SST values crossed the BT values and persisted for three months with two intermittent breaks. This study also computed variations of daily SST anomaly. The absolute range of positive anomaly for the Malvan region varied between 0.01° C to 1.8° C, and a maximum of 1.8° C was recorded in 2010. The frequency and intensity of positive anomaly have increased continuously over the region. The range of DHW was found to be 0.2° C to 7.84° C, and the maximum was recorded in 2010, whereas the minimum was recorded in 2012. The “Alert Level-1” status was recorded in the year 2010 and 2016, while “Warning” status was recorded in the year 2015, 2017, and 2020. The DHW under “Alert Level-2” status was absent over the Malvan region. The year 2019 has shown the least coral bleaching thermal stress indices because of the long period cyclone ‘
Field observations data were collected over both locations during the period from 2010 to 2020. The recorded satellite-derived SST and field observations data indicated that corals in both regions experienced prolonged heat stress, which is the primary cause of back-to-back coral bleaching events. Field survey at Gulf of Kachchh region revealed bleaching of
Coral bleaching observed at Laku Point reef, Gulf of Kachchh region during 2016 and 2019. (a-b) Healthy and bleached
Coral bleaching observed at Malvan region from 2014 to 2019. (a-b) Bleached
Coral bleaching prevalence at Malvan Marine Sanctuary, Central West coast of India.
Correlation of duration of thermal stress (i.e., DHW) and bleaching percentage during the period from 2014 to 2019.
SST-driven impacts trigger cascading effects at the ecosystem level by reducing coral species heterogeneity, weakening the reef carbonate framework, loss of reef functionality, and negatively impacting the reef-associated biodiversity [9, 24]. This heat shock-mediated bleaching mortality of corals has emerged as the greatest threat to the existence of reefs globally as these habitats fail to recover [10, 16, 19, 35]. The present study highlights that the satellite-derived SST data may be used as a convenient tool for thermal stress-driven coral bleaching events, which will improve reef management practices in the thermal stress-impacted coral reef environment. Climate change poses a threat to the persistence of the coral reefs in tropical seas. The mass coral bleaching estimated during 2010 and 2016 was correlated with a multivariate ENSO index. The year 2010 and 2015–2016 were a strong ENSO years.
The tropical Indian Ocean is warming rapidly compared to rest of the tropical oceans [36], and warming of the Arabian Sea has increased significantly since the 1990s [37, 38]. In recent years, rapid warming event caused severe negative ecosystem impact in the Indian Ocean. For instances, 2015–2016 ENSO caused a significant decline in oil sardines fishery in South-West India [39], and phytoplankton community shift in the North-eastern Arabian Sea [40], as well as coral bleaching and mortality in Lakshadweep archipelago [41]. Understanding how the Indian Ocean suffered severe coral bleaching and mortality in 2015 following a 7.5 maximum degree heating weeks (DHWs), which caused a 60% coral cover decrease from 30% cover in 2012 to 12% in April 2016 [11]. Therefore, ENSO induced heat stress driven coral bleaching, coral mortality and ecosystem level impact of recurrent mass bleaching events require global scale quantification of the magnitude, intensity, and duration of thermal stress for each reef location for formulation of improved and timely management policies.
This study concludes that the increased thermal stress and back-to-back coral bleaching are the particular concern over Indian coral reef regions due to pressure from long-term climate change and anthropogenic activities. This study highlights that the satellite-derived SST data could serve as a useful coral reef monitoring tool along with the field data confirmation. Corals in the Gulf of Kachchh and Malvan regions show distinct regional sensitivity towards BT, SST anomalies, and DHW. NOAA CRW data proves its potential towards a long-term SST. The year 2020 was the warmest in the Gulf of Kachchh region, and 2010 was in the Malvan region during the period from 2010 to 2020, which recorded a high duration of thermal stress over the region. But the highest temperature and highest anomaly was recorded in the year 2015 over the Gulf of Kachchh region, while the Malvan region was received in 2010. In the Gulf of Kachchh region, the year 2020 was recorded high DHW compared to other years, which was under “Alert Level-2” status, and the Malvan region recorded high DHW in 2010 with “Alert Level-1” status. The year 2012 recorded minimum thermal stress over both regions. This study revealed that the high intensity and long duration thermal stress led to bleaching and mortality, which indicates the dire situation of coral reef health degradation. Therefore, the persistence of fragile coral reefs in the Gulf of Kachhh and Malvan Marine Sanctuary are in need of urgent science-informed active conservation, restoration and management intervention.
The authors are thankful to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for providing respective high-resolution SST data in the Public domain. Authors are immensely grateful to Dr. Baban Ingole for his support and encouragement for the study. We also thankful to Sambhaji Mote for his help during field observation in Malvan. The authors are thankful to the GEER Foundation, CSIR-NIO, and SAC-ISRO for supporting the field observations. The authors acknowledge the authority of Marine National Park, Jamnagar, for permitting to conduct field observations at different sites.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen Compacts provide a mid-length publishing format which bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines. Compacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues or broader topics on the research subject.
",metaTitle:"IntechOpen Compacts",metaDescription:"IntechOpen Compacts present a mid-length publishing format which bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs and covers content across all scientific disciplines.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/compacts",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Without sacrificing the quality of carefully edited and produced peer-reviewed content, Compacts are published as part of IntechOpen’s book collection but on a faster schedule, typically 4-6 weeks after acceptance. With an average of 132,000 visitors per week, publishing in Compacts not only guarantees high visibility but also facilitates international content sharing. As a fully Open Access publisher, the utilization of a CC BY NC 4.0 license means that other researchers will never have to pay permission fees and can adapt, use, and further build upon the material published in Compacts, eliminating any barriers to the further development of scientific research.
\\n\\nCOMPACTS-SHORT FORM MONOGRAPH
\\n\\nCOST
\\n\\n4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\nThe final price will depend on the volume of the publication and includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applicable in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nOptional Services
\\n\\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister company, Ulatus – one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work seamlessly to readers from across the globe in their own language. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. With a high degree of linguistic and subject expertise, Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book to deliver a superior quality of translation.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation work. For more information or a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\\n\\nFUNDING
\\n\\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\\n\\nBENEFITS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nSee a complete overview and description of the steps involved in the publishing process here.
\\n\\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Without sacrificing the quality of carefully edited and produced peer-reviewed content, Compacts are published as part of IntechOpen’s book collection but on a faster schedule, typically 4-6 weeks after acceptance. With an average of 132,000 visitors per week, publishing in Compacts not only guarantees high visibility but also facilitates international content sharing. As a fully Open Access publisher, the utilization of a CC BY NC 4.0 license means that other researchers will never have to pay permission fees and can adapt, use, and further build upon the material published in Compacts, eliminating any barriers to the further development of scientific research.
\n\nCOMPACTS-SHORT FORM MONOGRAPH
\n\nCOST
\n\n4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\nThe final price will depend on the volume of the publication and includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applicable in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nOptional Services
\n\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister company, Ulatus – one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work seamlessly to readers from across the globe in their own language. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. With a high degree of linguistic and subject expertise, Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book to deliver a superior quality of translation.
\n\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation work. For more information or a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\n\nFUNDING
\n\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\n\nBENEFITS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nSee a complete overview and description of the steps involved in the publishing process here.
\n\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11660},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicid:"22"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Global Crises",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f61f975031e13ee705d8b5853f1aa58",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. David Eller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"476616",title:"Dr.",name:"Jack",surname:"Eller",slug:"jack-eller",fullName:"Jack Eller"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marian Quain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ziyad S. Haidar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11456",title:"Autonomous Mobile Mapping Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"405e1f7c0ef62700f4d590722cf428be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Janusz Bȩdkowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11456.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"63695",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",surname:"Bȩdkowski",slug:"janusz-bdkowski",fullName:"Janusz Bȩdkowski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11459",title:"Soft Robotics - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"06e947238d5d4ea1162509a5d66de887",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mahmut Reyhanoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11459.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:494},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"164",title:"Fuzzy Logic",slug:"mathematics-fuzzy-logic",parent:{id:"15",title:"Mathematics",slug:"mathematics"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:63,numberOfWosCitations:36,numberOfCrossrefCitations:41,numberOfDimensionsCitations:55,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"164",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",slug:"fuzzy-logic",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5883",title:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9939991547baa89659302f11765df7a3",slug:"modern-fuzzy-control-systems-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"S. Ramakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5883.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55361",doi:"10.5772/68051",title:"Fuzzy Interpolation Systems and Applications",slug:"fuzzy-interpolation-systems-and-applications",totalDownloads:1931,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Fuzzy inference systems provide a simple yet effective solution to complex non-linear problems, which have been applied to numerous real-world applications with great success. However, conventional fuzzy inference systems may suffer from either too sparse, too complex or imbalanced rule bases, given that the data may be unevenly distributed in the problem space regardless of its volume. Fuzzy interpolation addresses this. It enables fuzzy inferences with sparse rule bases when the sparse rule base does not cover a given input, and it simplifies very dense rule bases by approximating certain rules with their neighbouring ones. This chapter systematically reviews different types of fuzzy interpolation approaches and their variations, in terms of both the interpolation mechanism (inference engine) and sparse rule base generation. Representative applications of fuzzy interpolation in the field of control are also revisited in this chapter, which not only validate fuzzy interpolation approaches but also demonstrate its efficacy and potential for wider applications.",book:{id:"5883",slug:"modern-fuzzy-control-systems-and-its-applications",title:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications"},signatures:"Longzhi Yang, Zheming Zuo, Fei Chao and Yanpeng Qu",authors:[{id:"167084",title:"Dr.",name:"Fei",middleName:null,surname:"Chao",slug:"fei-chao",fullName:"Fei Chao"},{id:"198988",title:"Dr.",name:"Longzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"longzhi-yang",fullName:"Longzhi Yang"},{id:"200974",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanpeng",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"yanpeng-qu",fullName:"Yanpeng Qu"},{id:"200975",title:"Mr.",name:"Zheming",middleName:null,surname:"Zuo",slug:"zheming-zuo",fullName:"Zheming Zuo"}]},{id:"54790",doi:"10.5772/67989",title:"A Model for Evaluating Soil Vulnerability to Erosion Using Remote Sensing Data and A Fuzzy Logic System",slug:"a-model-for-evaluating-soil-vulnerability-to-erosion-using-remote-sensing-data-and-a-fuzzy-logic-sys",totalDownloads:1860,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Soil vulnerability is the capacity of one or more of the ecological functions of the soil system to be harmed. It is a complex concept which requires the identification of multiple environmental factors and land management at different temporal and space scales. The employment of geospatial information with good update capabilities could be a satisfactory tool to assess potential soil vulnerability changes in large areas. This chapter presents the application of two land degradation case studies which is simple, synoptic, and suitable for continuous monitoring model based on the fuzzy logic. The model combines topography and vegetation status information to assess soil vulnerability to land degradation. Topographic parameters were obtained from digital elevation models (DEM), and vegetation status information was derived from the computation of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) satellite images. This spectral index provides relevance and is updated for each scene, evidences about the biomass and soil productivity, and vegetation density cover or vegetation stress (e.g., forest fires, droughts). Modeled output maps are suitable for temporal change analysis, which allows the identification of the effect of land management practices, soil and vegetation regeneration, or climate effects.",book:{id:"5883",slug:"modern-fuzzy-control-systems-and-its-applications",title:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications"},signatures:"Ignacio Meléndez-Pastor, Jose Navarro Pedreño, Ignacio Gómez\nLucas and Antonis A. Zorpas",authors:[{id:"109913",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Melendez-Pastor",slug:"ignacio-melendez-pastor",fullName:"Ignacio Melendez-Pastor"},{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño"},{id:"137041",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez Lucas",slug:"ignacio-gomez-lucas",fullName:"Ignacio Gómez Lucas"},{id:"205104",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonis A.",middleName:null,surname:"Zorpas",slug:"antonis-a.-zorpas",fullName:"Antonis A. Zorpas"}]},{id:"56033",doi:"10.5772/68126",title:"A Fuzzy Logic Approach for Separation Assurance and Collision Avoidance for Unmanned Aerial Systems",slug:"a-fuzzy-logic-approach-for-separation-assurance-and-collision-avoidance-for-unmanned-aerial-systems",totalDownloads:1413,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"In the coming years, operations in low altitude airspace will vastly increase as the capabilities and applications of small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) continue to multiply. Therefore, finding solutions to managing sUAS in highly congested airspace will facilitate sUAS operations. In this study, a fuzzy logic-based approach was used to help mitigate the risk of collisions between aircraft using separation assurance and collision avoidance techniques. The system was evaluated for its effectiveness at mitigating the risk of mid-air collisions between aircraft. This system utilizes only current state information and can resolve potential conflicts without knowledge of intruder intent. The avoidance logic was verified using formal methods and shown to select the correct action in all instances. Additionally, the fuzzy logic controllers were shown to always turn the vehicles in the correct direction. Numerical testing demonstrated that the avoidance system was able to prevent a mid-air collision between two sUAS in all tested cases. Simulations were also performed in a three-dimensional environment with a heterogeneous fleet of sUAS performing a variety of realistic missions. Simulations showed that the system was 99.98% effective at preventing mid-air collisions when separation assurance was disabled (unmitigated case) and 100% effective when enabled (mitigated case).",book:{id:"5883",slug:"modern-fuzzy-control-systems-and-its-applications",title:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications"},signatures:"Brandon Cook, Tim Arnett and Kelly Cohen",authors:[{id:"200830",title:"Mr.",name:"Brandon",middleName:"Matthew",surname:"Cook",slug:"brandon-cook",fullName:"Brandon Cook"},{id:"200833",title:"Mr.",name:"Timothy",middleName:null,surname:"Arnett",slug:"timothy-arnett",fullName:"Timothy Arnett"},{id:"200834",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelly",middleName:null,surname:"Cohen",slug:"kelly-cohen",fullName:"Kelly Cohen"}]},{id:"54682",doi:"10.5772/68050",title:"Use of Fuzzy Logic for Design and Control of Nonlinear MIMO Systems",slug:"use-of-fuzzy-logic-for-design-and-control-of-nonlinear-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:1598,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Standard analytical methods are often ineffective or even useless for design of nonlinear control systems with imprecisely known parameters. The use of fuzzy logic principles presents one possible way to control such systems which can be used both for modeling and design of the control. The advantage of using this method consists in its simplicity and easy way of developing the algorithm, which in the phase of designing the controllers and also for modeling the features of the designed structures, allows the use of computer technology. Simplicity of the proposed structure (usually with the PI controllers) and determination of their parameters without any need for complex mathematical description present another considerable advantage of the used method. This chapter presents two typical examples of designing the control of nonlinear multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) systems from the field of mechatronic systems based on fuzzy logic principles.",book:{id:"5883",slug:"modern-fuzzy-control-systems-and-its-applications",title:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications"},signatures:"Pavol Fedor and Daniela Perduková",authors:[{id:"199777",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Perdukova",slug:"daniela-perdukova",fullName:"Daniela Perdukova"},{id:"205024",title:"Prof.",name:"Pavol",middleName:null,surname:"Fedor",slug:"pavol-fedor",fullName:"Pavol Fedor"}]},{id:"68133",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88172",title:"Introductory Chapter: Basic Properties of Fuzzy Relations",slug:"introductory-chapter-basic-properties-of-fuzzy-relations",totalDownloads:788,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"7656",slug:"fuzzy-logic",title:"Fuzzy Logic",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic"},signatures:"Constantin Volosencu",authors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54537",title:"Fuzzy Logic Application, Control and Monitoring of Critical Machine Parameters in a Processing Company",slug:"fuzzy-logic-application-control-and-monitoring-of-critical-machine-parameters-in-a-processing-compan",totalDownloads:1873,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The processing company under study found out that the boiler was the key machine and needs artificial intelligence monitoring and control. It was simulated under Matlab software and oil level, and pressure and temperature were to be modelled and controlled using the programmable logic controller (PLC) with a fuzzy logic controller as the main brain of control. The company is for processing of fruits to produce juice.",book:{id:"5883",slug:"modern-fuzzy-control-systems-and-its-applications",title:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications"},signatures:"Tawanda Mushiri",authors:[{id:"198749",title:"Dr.",name:"Tawanda",middleName:null,surname:"Mushiri",slug:"tawanda-mushiri",fullName:"Tawanda Mushiri"}]},{id:"65167",title:"Functional Safety of FPGA Fuzzy Logic Controller",slug:"functional-safety-of-fpga-fuzzy-logic-controller",totalDownloads:813,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In this paper we describe a methodology to implement a fuzzy logic controller in FPGA. The implementation of fuzzy logic controller (FLC) in FPGA requires a qualitative and a quantitative analysis to define the system safety integrity level (SIL). This level can be defined by the quantification of the probability of failure on demand (PFDavg). We propose to analyze the implementation advance safety architecture of fuzzy logic controllers with 1-out-of-2 controllers (1oo2) in FPGA using the reliability block diagram (RBD) and the Markov model. We demonstrate how from hardware characteristics parameters, such as rate of dangerous detected failure and undetected failure, the diagnostic coverage, proof test interval and other parameters to evaluate the PFDavg.",book:{id:"7656",slug:"fuzzy-logic",title:"Fuzzy Logic",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic"},signatures:"Mohammed Bsiss and Amami Benaissa",authors:[{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss"},{id:"286059",title:"Prof.",name:"Benaissa",middleName:null,surname:"Amami",slug:"benaissa-amami",fullName:"Benaissa Amami"}]},{id:"67797",title:"The Fuzzy Logic Methodology for Evaluating the Causality of Factors in Organization Management",slug:"the-fuzzy-logic-methodology-for-evaluating-the-causality-of-factors-in-organization-management",totalDownloads:788,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The paper is concerned with solving the problem of factor causality using the tools of the fuzzy set theory. The paper formulates the problem of causal relations in a broad sense and analyzes the methods for its solution with an emphasis on the socioeconomic aspects. For this purpose, the system approach, comparative experiment, economic and mathematical modeling, and other general scientific methods are used. The authors suggest that the causality of factors be studied based on the theory of fuzzy binary relations using the mathematical tools of Goguen’s fuzzy implication. As an example, the paper describes the effect of organizational culture indicators under the Denison’s model on the key performance indicators of an organization.",book:{id:"7656",slug:"fuzzy-logic",title:"Fuzzy Logic",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic"},signatures:"Nazarov Dmitry Mikhailovich",authors:[{id:"278819",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitrii",middleName:null,surname:"Nazarov",slug:"dmitrii-nazarov",fullName:"Dmitrii Nazarov"}]},{id:"55096",title:"EMG-Controlled Prosthetic Hand with Fuzzy Logic Classification Algorithm",slug:"emg-controlled-prosthetic-hand-with-fuzzy-logic-classification-algorithm",totalDownloads:1886,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In recent years, researchers have conducted many studies on the design and control of prosthesis devices that take the place of a missing limb. Functional ability of prosthesis hands that mimic biological hand functions increases depending on the number of independent finger movements possible. From this perspective, in this study, six different finger movements were given to a prosthesis hand via bioelectrical signals, and the functionality of the prosthesis hand was increased. Bioelectrical signals were recorded by surface electromyography for four muscles with the help of surface electrodes. The recorded bioelectrical signals were subjected to a series of preprocessing and feature extraction processes. In order to create meaningful patterns of motion and an effective cognitive interaction network between the human and the prosthetic hand, fuzzy logic classification algorithms were developed. A five-fingered and 15-jointed prosthetic hand was designed via SolidWorks, and a prosthetic prototype was produced by a 3D printer. In addition, prosthetic hand simulator was designed in Matlab/SimMechanics. Pattern control of both the simulator and the prototype hand in real time was achieved. Position control of motors connected to each joint of the prosthetic hand was provided by a PID controller. Thus, an effective cognitive communication network established between the user, and the real-time pattern control of the prosthesis was provided by bioelectrical signals.",book:{id:"5883",slug:"modern-fuzzy-control-systems-and-its-applications",title:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications"},signatures:"Beyda Taşar and Arif Gülten",authors:[{id:"198982",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Beyda",middleName:null,surname:"Tasar",slug:"beyda-tasar",fullName:"Beyda Tasar"},{id:"201773",title:"Dr.",name:"Arif",middleName:null,surname:"Gulten",slug:"arif-gulten",fullName:"Arif Gulten"}]},{id:"64740",title:"Some Topological Properties of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Normed Spaces",slug:"some-topological-properties-of-intuitionistic-fuzzy-normed-spaces",totalDownloads:864,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In 1986, Atanassov introduced the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy set theory which is based on the extensions of definitions of fuzzy set theory given by Zadeh. This theory provides a variable model to elaborate uncertainty and vagueness involved in decision making problems. In this chapter, we concentrate our study on the ideal convergence of sequence spaces with respect to intuitionistic fuzzy norm and discussed their topological and algebraic properties.",book:{id:"7656",slug:"fuzzy-logic",title:"Fuzzy Logic",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic"},signatures:"Vakeel Ahmad Khan, Hira Fatima and Mobeen Ahmad",authors:[{id:"276104",title:"Dr.",name:"Vakeel A.",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"vakeel-a.-khan",fullName:"Vakeel A. Khan"},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima"},{id:"276129",title:"Mr.",name:"Mobeen",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"mobeen-ahmad",fullName:"Mobeen Ahmad"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"164",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 20th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:14,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11409,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"83065",title:"Interventions and Practical Approaches to Reduce the Burden of Malaria on School-Aged Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106469",signatures:"Andrew Macnab",slug:"interventions-and-practical-approaches-to-reduce-the-burden-of-malaria-on-school-aged-children",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Andrew",surname:"Macnab"}],book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 15th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12213",title:"New Advances in Photosynthesis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12213.jpg",hash:"2eece9ed4f67de4eb73da424321fc455",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 15th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82956",title:"Potential Substitutes of Antibiotics for Swine and Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106081",signatures:"Ho Trung Thong, Le Nu Anh Thu and Ho Viet Duc",slug:"potential-substitutes-of-antibiotics-for-swine-and-poultry-production",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82905",title:"A Review of Application Strategies and Efficacy of Probiotics in Pet Food",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105829",signatures:"Heather Acuff and Charles G. Aldrich",slug:"a-review-of-application-strategies-and-efficacy-of-probiotics-in-pet-food",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82797",title:"Anatomical Guide to the Paranasal Sinuses of Domestic Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106157",signatures:"Mohamed A.M. Alsafy, Samir A.A. El-Gendy and Catrin Sian Rutland",slug:"anatomical-guide-to-the-paranasal-sinuses-of-domestic-animals",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82170",title:"Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105045",signatures:"Milomir Kovac, Tatiana Vladimirovna Ippolitova, Sergey Pozyabin, Ruslan Aliev, Viktoria Lobanova, Nevena Drakul and Catrin S. Rutland",slug:"equine-stress-neuroendocrine-physiology-and-pathophysiology",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:43,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:17,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:303,paginationItems:[{id:"280338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsutsumi",slug:"yutaka-tsutsumi",fullName:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"39",type:"subseries",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",keywords:"Anthropic Effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity Loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs Adequate Practices",scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11967,editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",biography:"Full professor at University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Spain, previously working at the University of Alicante, Autonomous University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Valencia. Graduate in Sciences (Chemist), graduate in Geography and History (Geography), master in Water Management, Treatment, master in Fertilizers and Environment and master in Environmental Management; Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences. His research is focused on soil-water and waste-environment relations, mainly on soil-water and soil-waste interactions under different management and waste reuse. His work is reflected in more than 230 communications presented in national and international conferences and congresses, 29 invited lectures from universities, associations and government agencies. Prof. Navarro-Pedreño is also a director of the Ph.D. Program Environment and Sustainability (2012-present) and a member of several societies among which are the Spanish Society of Soil Science, International Union of Soil Sciences, European Society for Soil Conservation, DessertNet and the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry.",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"177015",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke Jurandy",middleName:null,surname:"Bran Nogueira Cardoso",slug:"elke-jurandy-bran-nogueira-cardoso",fullName:"Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGxzQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T08:32:33.jpg",institutionString:"Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil",institution:null},{id:"147289",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Guevara-Hernández",slug:"francisco-guevara-hernandez",fullName:"Francisco Guevara-Hernández",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRCgVQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-06-27T11:25:21.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Chiapas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"246299",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Belén",middleName:null,surname:"Almendro-Candel",slug:"maria-belen-almendro-candel",fullName:"Maria Belén Almendro-Candel",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRUGxQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-07-26T14:57:26.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"211260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ricart",slug:"sandra-ricart",fullName:"Sandra Ricart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211260/images/system/211260.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82465",title:"Agroforestry: An Approach for Sustainability and Climate Mitigation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105406",signatures:"Ricardo O. Russo",slug:"agroforestry-an-approach-for-sustainability-and-climate-mitigation",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82754",title:"Impact of Revegetation on Ecological Restoration of a Constructed Soil in a Coal Mining in Southern Brazil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105895",signatures:"Lizete Stumpf, Maria Bertaso De Garcia Fernandez, Pablo Miguel, Luiz Fernando Spinelli Pinto, Ryan Noremberg Schubert, Luís Carlos Iuñes de Oliveira Filho, Tania Hipolito Montiel, Lucas Da Silva Barbosa, Jeferson Diego Leidemer and Thábata Barbosa Duarte",slug:"impact-of-revegetation-on-ecological-restoration-of-a-constructed-soil-in-a-coal-mining-in-southern-",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82828",title:"Vegetation and Avifauna Distribution in the Serengeti National Park",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106165",signatures:"Ally K. Nkwabi and Pius Y. Kavana",slug:"vegetation-and-avifauna-distribution-in-the-serengeti-national-park",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82808",title:"Climate Change and Anthropogenic Impacts on the Ecosystem of the Transgressive Mud Coastal Region of Bight of Benin, Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105760",signatures:"Patrick O. Ayeku",slug:"climate-change-and-anthropogenic-impacts-on-the-ecosystem-of-the-transgressive-mud-coastal-region-of",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82525",title:"Perspective Chapter: Daphnia magna as a Potential Indicator of Reservoir Water Quality - Current Status and Perspectives Focused in Ecotoxicological Classes Regarding the Risk Prediction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105768",signatures:"Sara Rodrigues, Ivo Pinto, Sandra Nogueira and Sara C. Antunes",slug:"perspective-chapter-daphnia-magna-as-a-potential-indicator-of-reservoir-water-quality-current-status",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Limnology - The Importance of Monitoring and Correlations of Lentic and Lotic Waters",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11662.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82697",title:"Analyzing the Evolution of Land-Use Changes Related to Vegetation, in the Galicia Region, Spain: From 1990 to 2018",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106015",signatures:"Sérgio Lousada and José Manuel Naranjo Gómez",slug:"analyzing-the-evolution-of-land-use-changes-related-to-vegetation-in-the-galicia-region-spain-from-1",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"José Manuel",surname:"Naranjo Gómez"},{name:"Sérgio",surname:"Lousada"}],book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82563",title:"Impacts of Human Activities on the High Mountain Landscape of the Tatras (Example of the Border Area of the High and Belianske Tatras, Slovakia)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105601",signatures:"Veronika Piscová, Juraj Hreško, Michal Ševčík and Terézia Slobodová",slug:"impacts-of-human-activities-on-the-high-mountain-landscape-of-the-tatras-example-of-the-border-area-",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82362",title:"Studies on the Short-Term Effects of the Cease of Pesticides Use on Vineyard Microbiome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105706",signatures:"Simona Ghiță, Mihaela Hnatiuc, Aurora Ranca, Victoria Artem and Mădălina-Andreea Ciocan",slug:"studies-on-the-short-term-effects-of-the-cease-of-pesticides-use-on-vineyard-microbiome",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82297",title:"The Climate Change-Agriculture Nexus in Drylands of Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103905",signatures:"Zenebe Mekonnen",slug:"the-climate-change-agriculture-nexus-in-drylands-of-ethiopia",totalDownloads:33,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"81999",title:"Climate Change, Rural Livelihoods, and Human Well-Being: Experiences from Kenya",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104965",signatures:"André J. Pelser and Rujeko Samanthia Chimukuche",slug:"climate-change-rural-livelihoods-and-human-well-being-experiences-from-kenya",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/102258",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"102258"},fullPath:"/profiles/102258",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()