\r\n\tGlobalization does not represent a pure and generous process for humanity or other species, but rather it implies social exclusion and also provokes situations of vulnerability in groups of people, forced exclusion, and apartheid: poor job opportunities, lack of access to education, worse socio-sanitary conditions. Specifically, it can be said that social segregation entails the apartheid of social groups of different ages, genders, and ethnicities; these groups live a reality manifested through the deepening of poverty, in terms of increased vulnerability of the poor and groups with little economic, social, cultural, labor and health stability.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book aims to talk about some topics that are neglected in the discourses of academic communities and political elites. The inequality process is deeply rooted among humans and is part of many people's lives in the form of modern apartheid, gender segregation, lack of health access, and cultural gap. All those structural inequality processes are the product of the biopower perpetuated and produced in the macrosystem, exosystem, mesosystem, and microsystem. For many people from the academy, the information-consuming public, and the society in general, it is a problem to talk about these processes, since they have either lost interest or have normalized the structural and social inequity. For this reason, we see it as transcendental to explain how this situation occurs from the most internal fibers to the most evident processes, intending to make it more visible and thus expose the situation for possible solutions.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-406-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-405-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-407-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",keywords:"Wage Gap, Gender Segregation, Fundamental Human Rights, Health Access, Social Inequity Processes, Modern Apartheid, Resilience, Cultural Gaps, Globalization, Geopolitics of Social Inequality, Public Policies, Social Vulnerability",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 15th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 13th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 11th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 30th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 29th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"8 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Bykbaev is a member of the UNESCO Chair of Politecnica Salesiana University. 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\nSchizophrenia, a multifaceted neuropsychiatric disorder, is affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide. Its onset is the result of a complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental factors.
\nAfter more than 100 years of studies and clinical psychiatric practice, passing through numerous conceptualizations of psychosis and schizophrenia, research tries to achieve an evolutionary pattern of psychosis and to establish clear, distinctive diagnostic criteria for every type of psychosis.
\nPsychosis is unanimously considered essential for understanding the evolution and treatment process and also for estimation of prognosis.
\nRecently, the area of “prodromal” research in schizophrenia and related disorders has grown considerably. From initial retrospective studies of this phase, dating back to the early twentieth century, the last decade of the century has seen the beginning and expansion of prospective studies aiming to identify the earliest manifestations of psychotic illnesses. From identification of these prodromal or “ultrahigh-risk”(UHR) individuals, the area has also developed to include intervention studies aiming to prevent, delay, or ameliorate the onset of a full-blown psychotic disorder and to investigate underlying processes that cause or contribute to the onset [1].
\nThe fact that psychosis disorders, such as schizophrenia, begin with a prodromal phase prior to the onset of frank psychotic symptoms has been known since the first description of the illness was documented [1].
\nThe pattern of psychosis and of the first episode of psychosis is similar to the pattern of schizophrenia but more complex.
\nStrauss and Carpenter considered that schizophrenia includes an interactive, developmental, and systematic model [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. By analogy, the model of the first psychotic episode can be considered an interactive, developmental, and systematic model.
\nThe arguments to sustain this theory (hypothesis) are:
Variables that interact either sequentially or simultaneously and are nonspecific or partly known.
Genetic vulnerability is sometimes well known; in the first psychotic episode, there is a variety of genetic mechanisms with varying degrees of impact and strong expressiveness even from the prodromal or prepsychotic period. But for those with well-known genetic vulnerability, clinical expressivity may be missing, and not everyone with genetic predisposition shows schizophrenia.
Perinatal factors may constitute an independent variable that increases the person’s vulnerability to develop a psychotic pathology, and when interacting with genetic and environmental factors, the risk increases both in schizophrenia and psychosis [7].
Due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the first psychotic episode, to conceive and to unanimously recognize it like a coherent and unitary model are extremely difficult. The unknowns of this huge puzzle are still numerous despite the scientific efforts.
\nThe model of the first psychotic episode has a medium- or long-term impact on schizophrenia model and can be of particular relevance to both etiopathogenesis and treatment as well as prevention strategies.
\nOver the last years, the most exciting signs of progress in defining a new conceptualization of psychosis are reported by the genomic studies [8, 9]. Maps of the neurobiological circuits of cognitive functions have been designed and have tried to explain the ways in which these circuits become dysfunctional in various disorders including the psychotic ones.
\nResearchers from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) have reported three conclusions:
Psychosis is a neurodevelopmental disorder, with onset in adolescence and period when the cortex is still in development.
For most disorders related to the cortical functions, the changes of cognitive and comportamental fields appear (occur) later, suggesting the existence of biological dysfunctions long before psychosis.
Psychosis like other complex diseases has a multifactorial determinism.
These data have facilitated the explanations of the pattern of psychosis by integrating molecular biology, neuroscience, and behavioral sciences. This new approach tries to discover finally the new treatment strategies including new medications (antipsychotics) and psychological, social, and other potential interventions.
\nThe work group for psychosis within DSM-V proposes distinct clinical domains for each psychotic disorder correlated with the neuronal circuits [10].
\nIn 2009 Jim van Os, one of the members of work group for psychosis, proposed a new syndrome named “salience dysregulation syndrome” as a diagnostic to be used [11].
\nJim van Os used the psychotic model of Kapur who considers that hallucinations and delusional ideas appear because the individual has difficulties in recognizing his or her mental experience relevance. Jim van Os used the term syndrome not disease, because a syndrome is a set of symptoms that appear simultaneous without having a common cause. The symptoms described are positive and negative symptoms, disorganization, developmental cognitive deficits, and depressive and maniacal symptoms [11].
\nThe “salience dysregulation syndrome” was divided for diagnosis into:
“Salience dysregulation syndrome with developmental cognitive deficits”
“Salience dysregulation syndrome with affective expression”
“Salience dysregulation syndrome not otherwise specified” [11]
In 2010, Dominguez and collaborators [12] also members of work group for psychosis described two new innovative aspects:
Deconstructing psychosis/schizophrenia disorganization considered as a syndrome.
The attenuation of psychotic symptoms is a favorable predictor for the outcome.
In his study [12], Dominguez considered that the association of negative symptoms or of the disorganization with attenuated psychotic symptoms increases the risk of developing a psychotic frank syndrome.
\nAlthough there is great variability between patients in how their prodromes manifest, certain symptoms and signs have been frequently described. These include depressed mood, anxiety, irritability and aggressive behavior, suicidal ideation and attempts, and substance use. The most commonly occurring prodromal symptoms, according to retrospective studies of patients with schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder, are reduced concentration and attention, reduced drive and motivation, depression, sleep disturbance, social withdrawal, suspiciousness, deterioration in role functioning, and irritability [1].
\nStudying these symptoms, we observe two things. First, many of them are nonspecific occurring frequently in the prodromes of nonpsychotic threshold syndromes. Second, a considerable amount of psychiatric symptoms, disability, self-harming, and other health-damaging behaviors, occur during this prodromal phase, even in the earliest stages [1, 19, 22, 39].
\nCognitive, affective, and social disturbances known as “basic symptoms” are also commonly described in the early prodromal phases. This concept of “basic symptoms,” developed in the 1960s, has significantly influenced the new area of prodromal research [1].
\n5–10% of the general population experience attenuated or subthreshold form of psychotic symptoms like transient perceptual symptoms; suspiciousness; reference and bizarre delusional ideas (e.g., the beliefs that others may be thinking badly about or laughing at); nonattendance at school, university, or work; and altered behavior toward family and friends [1, 16].
\nThe difference between these phenomena and clear psychotic symptoms is due to their intensity, frequency, duration, and deleterious effects on the individual functionality of the person.
\nNeurocognitive deficits in particular impaired attention, spatial and verbal memory, and speeded information processing are also evident in the prodromal phase but at a lower degree of severity comparing to those found in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia or in fully affected patients [1].
\nSpecific cognitive deficits may be related more directly to affected brain structures and candidate genes and so may be more directly predictive of psychosis.
\nIn the prodromal and in the onset phase of psychosis, neurobiological changes can be identified. During the process of transition to psychosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) highlights significant bilateral reduction in gray matter volume in the cingulate region as well as in the left parahippocampal gyrus, left fusiform gyrus, left orbitofrontal cortex, and one region of the left cerebellar cortex [1]. It is important to notify that these brain changes were not present in the UHR group that did not develop psychosis.
\nThe differentiation between normal and abnormal has important implications for defining the prodromal phase of schizophrenia and the therapeutic interventions at this early stage. Atypical antipsychotics has improved the treatment and the outcome of schizophrenia and psychosis due to their low risk for adverse effects like extrapyramidal effects, tardive dyskinesia, sedation, weight gain, metabolic syndrome, amenorrhea, galactorrhea, sexual dysfunctions, etc.
\nPsychosocial interventions give optimism regarding the prognosis of disease by improving family and social difficulties, stigma avoidance, victimization, isolation, and poverty [13].
\nIf the prodrome can be recognized prospectively and treatment can be provided at this stage, then disability could be minimized, some recovery may be possible before symptoms and poor functioning become obvious, and the possibility of preventing is feasible and realistic. The early intervention aims:
To slow or possibly to stop further deterioration and even further progression to psychosis.
To reduce the poor functional outcome characterizing many vulnerable individuals, whether or not psychosis actually develops.
To evaluate and prevent secondary morbidity in order to decrease morbidity and mortality in the first episode of psychosis.
To create research opportunities to develop new therapeutic strategies.
To develop secondary prevention strategies.
Early intervention has to take place in the three important phases of early psychosis:
In the phase of risk when the symptoms are subtle and can be confused with particularities and difficulties specific to adolescence.
In the period of frank psychosis in which if the symptoms remain untreated, there is a risk of temporal or permanent disability.
In the critical period after the onset of the first episode of psychosis, a period which can last up to 5 years after the onset, the length of time that treatment should be comprehensive and specific.
The latest attempts redefining the concept of psychosis have focused particularly on the first episode of psychosis and on prodromal stage of schizophrenia.
\nArguments for these new concepts can be synthesized as:
Clinical heterogeneity of patients diagnosed with first psychotic episode.
The heterogenous outcome of these patients.
The instability of the diagnosis over time.
Avoidance of negative prognostic.
Stigma avoidance.
Over 100 years ago, Emil Kraepelin (1896), cited by Patrick McGorry at the beginning of the chapter “A stitch in time” [14], wrote “it is of the greatest medical importance to diagnose cases of dementia praecox certainly and at an early stage” (Kraepelin, 1896/1987, p. 23).
\nIn 1908, Eugen Bleuler, cited by Patrick McGorry in the same book [14], wrote “the sooner the patients can be recovered and the less they are allowed to withdraw in their own world, the sooner they become socially functional” (Bleuler, 1908/1987, p. 63).
\nComing from 1927 [15], we find the same idea “I feel certain that many incipient cases might be arrested before the efficient contact with reality is completely suspended, and a long stay in institutions made necessary” ([15], p. 135). Meares in 1950 wrote “it is not necessary to diagnose early schizophrenia but to diagnose prepsychotic schizophrenia ,to prevent damage”.
\nThese statements can be used not only as the foundation stones for any therapeutic intervention but also as arguments to emphasize the importance of early phases of psychosis.
\nSo, the prodrome is a distinct period in the evolution of the first psychotic episode, mostly unknown or minimized as importance. The onset’s particularities and the evolution of the first psychotic episode are involved in the short-, medium-, and long-term prognosis. The recovery depends on the early initiation of therapeutic strategies.
\nThe prodrome was originally defined as the prepsychotic period preceding a relapse in patients already diagnosed with psychosis. Subsequently a distinction was made between the initial and the relapse prodrome [16].
\nOther definitions are [16]:
“a heterogenous group of behaviors having a temporal relationship with psychosis’ onset”.
“the period from the first symptoms noted until the onset of prominent psychotic symptoms”.
All definitions of prodrome phase have in common the presence of symptoms and the temporal relationship with the onset of psychosis, with two important practical consequences. The first implication is the person being symptomatic during the prodrome will ask for medical help, so it is possible to establish a diagnosis and a therapeutic strategy. The second implication is the person can develop the disease after the end of the prodromal phase, suggesting that the transition from prodrome to frank psychosis may be detectable.
\nHowever, early attempts at prodromal intervention were hampered, by the problem of “false positives” and their implications for preventive intervention. “False positives” refer to those who are identified as being prodromal, at risk of developing a psychotic disorder in the near future, but who do not do so. Some of these people were in fact never “destined” to develop a psychotic disorder (the “true false positives”) [1]. These persons may be harmed by being considered as “prodromal” or “high risk of psychosis” and may receive treatment unnecessarily [17, 18, 19]. In contrast are those individuals who would have developed a psychotic disorder were it not for some alteration in their circumstances,such as a treatment intervention, stress reduction or cessation of illicit drug use, that preventing this form occurring [1]. This latter group has been termed “false false positive” [19]. It is virtually impossible to distinguish between these two groups phenotypically at baseline and follow-up.
\nThe conceptualization of the prodrome phase uses two methods: a retrospective/passive method which involves getting information from the patient and his/her family and a proactive one which includes observation and patient monitoring during psychosis.
\nYung and McGorry [16] describe the phenomenology of the prodrome phase, summarizing the data from the literature with those of the Melbourne Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation (PACE) approach [20, 21]. The PACE Clinic recruits those patients with a perceived need for psychiatric help.
\nThe PACE ultrahigh-risk (UHR) criteria require that a young person aged between 14 and 30 is referred for health care to the clinic if the criteria for one or more of the following groups are met:
Attenuated psychotic symptom (APS) group has experienced subthreshold, attenuated positive psychotic symptoms during the past year.
Brief limited intermittent psychotic symptom (BLIPS) group has experienced episodes of frank psychotic symptoms that have not lasted longer than a week and have spontaneously abated.
Trait and state risk factor group has a first-degree relative with a psychotic disorder or the identified subject with a schizotypal personality disorder and has experienced a significant decrease in functioning during the previous year [19, 22]
The ultrahigh-risk (UHR) criteria allow the recognition of young people at risk of onset of a psychotic disorder (late adolescence/early adulthood) who also report mental state disorder suggesting an emerging psychotic process or who may have a positive family history of psychosis accompanied by evidence of mental ill health.
\nNecessarily, criteria have also been developed to define the onset of frank psychosis. These are not identical to DSM-V criteria [22, 23] but are elaborated to define the minimal point at which antipsychotic treatment is indicated. This definition is arbitrary but even has a well-defined treatment implication, applicable equally to “substance-related symptoms, symptoms that have a mood component—either depression or mania—and schizophrenia spectrum disorders.” The predictive aim is the first-episode psychosis requiring antipsychotic treatment, arbitrarily defined by the persistence of clear psychotic symptoms, more than 1 week [1, 19].
\nThe intensity of psychotic symptoms characteristic for each of the UHR groups was firstly assessed using the following scales: the “Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH) interview.” To specify the frequency and duration of psychotic symptoms, new criteria were needed. So, a new instrument, the Comprehensive Assessment of At Risk Mental States (CAARMS) was designed so that all relevant domains (intensity, frequency, duration, and recency) could be assessed [1, 24].
\nThe PACE UHR criteria have been adopted and adapted in a large number of other settings around the world (USA, UK, Norway, Germany, etc.).
\nSymptoms associated with prodromal phase.
\nYung and McGorry [16] identified eight subtypes of symptoms characteristic of prodromal phase:
Neurotic symptoms: anxiety, irritability, restlessness.
Affective symptoms: depression, anhedonia, guilt, suicidal ideas, thymic oscillations.
Volitional disturbances: apathy, loss of interest, low energy, fatigue.
Cognitive deficits: attention deficit, rumination, abstraction difficulties, thought blockages, thought interference, thought perseveration, thought pressure.
Psychotic symptoms: visual and auditory perceptual disturbances, suspiciousness or paranoid ideation, derealization, unstable ideas of reference.
Physical symptoms: somatic symptoms, weight loss, low appetite, sleeping disorders.
Behavioral dysfunctions: social withdrawal, impulsivity, aggressivity, bizarre behavior, functional deterioration.
Other symptoms: sensitivity, odd beliefs or magical thinking, dissociation.
Yung and collaborators [19, 25] have elaborated a set of operational criteria to identify individuals at risk for developing a psychotic disorder over the next 6–24 months as Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale score <51, BPRS score >2, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HRDS) score >18 [19, 25].
\nDuring the years, several research teams have identified a number of risk factors for the development of psychosis: Carr and collaborators (2000): family history, perinatal complications, premorbid personality, stressful life events; Mason et al. [26]: schizotypal personality disorder, hallucinations, magic thinking, odd beliefs, anhedonia, withdrawal, functional deterioration [27].
\nRegarding the duration of the prodrome, retrospective studies suggest a variation ranging from a short period to several years [7, 26, 28].
\nThe development of genetic high-risk (GHR) programs was an important step for early detection and intervention, especially in schizophrenia.
\nIn recent years, genetic research have identified specific genes for schizophrenia, some with early phenotypic expression may be considered important biomarkers, for example, the CHRNA7 gene situated on chromosome 15 with importance in genetic transmission and heredity of schizophrenia [29, 30, 31, 32].
\nThe phenotype “schizophrenia” has been characterized by the presence of behavioral abnormalities, the related outcome, and its longitudinal course, but not its fundamental biological substrate. The absence of a neuropathological basis for schizophrenia was one reason that some researchers supported the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia issued by Weinberger [33]. Evidence of obstetrical complications being associated with the risk of schizophrenia supported that developmental abnormalities were involved [34].
\nThe premorbid risk factors associated with schizophrenia as motor and cognitive delay and obstetrical complications are nonspecific; their prevalence in the non-affected population is important, so their positive predictive value for the development of schizophrenia is limited.
\nNeuroimaging anomalies found in patients diagnosed with first-episode psychosis have been interpreted as supportive of a static structural abnormality associated with schizophrenia that had originated early in neurodevelopment [35].
\nRecently, the association of molecular genetics with intermediate phenotypes such as cognitive impairment or abnormal brain functioning, as measured with functional neuroimaging, has generated diverse understanding of major psychosis. The combination of different levels may be of particular importance for longitudinal “at risk” studies. These studies can identify individuals who are at true risk of developing major psychosis prior to its full clinical expression, enabling us to treat “at risk” individuals prior to full manifestation of psychosis and prevent its appearance during critical developmental periods such as late adolescence [1, 36].
\nThe measurement of genetic profiles using groups of candidate genes in combination with psychosocial risk factors such as stress and illicit drug use in samples of patients with clinically significant but subthreshold features of psychosis and mood disorder is a key strategy in enhancing predictive power for transition to more established and severe psychotic disorders, in treatment selection, and in longer-term prognosis [1].
\nGenetic studies suggest that diagnostic boundaries may be modified based on genetic information and some genes such as NRG1, DTNBP1, DISC1, and BDNF may relate to risk for both schizophrenia and mood disorders [37]. The synergistic use of genotyping with phenotypes characterizing brain functioning will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which genes interact with other genes and/or environmental risk factors.
\nIdentification by different methods of people at risk of psychosis in the general population has allowed an increase in accuracy from a rate of 1% to a rate of approximately 30% [1]. However, the increase in accuracy has raised some criticism. One is that the screening would not be effective in the general population because of the lower base rate of psychotic illness in that population [38], so screening for UHR criteria would not be supported at this stage [19]. The second criticism is that there is a high false positive rate in all of these studies, the majority of participants not developing psychotic disorder. Consequently, some persons will be “diagnosed” and treated as if they were at “high risk” of psychosis, when this may not be true. This false identification may have negative consequences on those individuals: they may become anxious or depressed about the possibility of developing schizophrenia or receiving treatment, stigmatized by others or themselves or both [39]. These people may be exposed to drug or other therapies, with potential adverse effects without gaining any benefit [39, 40, 41, 42, 43]. This controversy on the risk benefit balance of early intervention strategies must be addressed by future studies.
\nSince 2004, many prospective programs focused on early psychoses have been developed.
\nThe term “at risk mental state” (ARMS) is still used today to describe individuals at risk to develop a psychotic disorder [1, 44]. So, different diagnostic systems have been achieved, one of the most known and sophisticated systems being developed by McGorry and his team (1966) in order to reduce the number of “false positive” cases [1, 44]. The diagnostic system accomplished by McGorry et al. has three categories of diagnostic criteria for individuals’ “at risk mental state” (ARMS):
Attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS).
The presence of at least one of the following: ideas of reference, odd beliefs, magical thinking, perception disturbances, paranoid ideation, formal thought disorder, disturbances of receptive language.
Frequency of symptoms: several times a week.
Duration: have experienced subthreshold, attenuated positive psychotic symptoms during the past year.
Recently: stressful life events during the last year.
Brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms group (BLIPS).
Transient psychotic symptoms: the presence of at least one of the following—ideas of reference, odd beliefs, magical thinking, perception disturbances, paranoid ideation, formal thought disorder, disturbances of receptive language.
Frequency of symptoms: few times a week.
Duration: less than a week and spontaneously abated.
Recently: short intermittent psychotic symptoms were present during the previous year.
Trait and state risk factor group.
These criteria were criticized for the absence of negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
\nCornblatt et al. mentioned, among the diagnostic criteria of the prodrome, negative attenuated symptoms or disorganization, which define clinical high-risk (CHR) group representing the early prodromal stage and CHRT group representing tardive prodromal stage [45]. CHRT group is characterized by negative attenuated symptoms, disorganization, and positive symptoms.
\nNegative symptoms are impaired concentration and attention, subjectively abnormal emotional experiences, blunted affect, impaired energy, and impaired tolerance to stress [24].
\nMarked impairment in role functioning, flat or inappropriate affect, anhedonia, and asociality were found at significantly higher levels at baseline in those who went on to develop psychosis than in those who did not [26]. So, negative symptoms have been found to be predictive of psychosis [1].
\nPositive symptoms like unusual thought content, suspiciousness, perceptual disturbance, conceptual disorganization, and disorganized communication are significant predictors of psychosis [19, 46, 47].
\nThe ultrahigh-risk (UHR) criteria have been used and modified in different countries around the world: USA, UK, Germany, and Finland.
\nThe German Research Network on Schizophrenia (GNRS), Cologne, Bonn, Düsseldorf, and Munich, introduced the basic symptoms into the definition on the prodrome [48, 49].
\nThe basic symptoms included thought interferences, perseveration, pressure or blockages, and disturbances of receptive language; decreased ability to discriminate between ideas and perception or fantasy and true memories; unstable ideas of reference; derealization; and visual or auditory perceptual disturbances. Using these basic symptoms, it should be possible to identify subjects at risk of developing schizophrenia, and so early intervention is possible. Because basic symptoms were frequently found before any subthreshold or attenuated psychotic symptoms, these criteria were thought to be detecting the very beginning of the initial prodromal phase [50].
\nUnlike McGorry et al., the GNRS distinguishes between the “early initial prodromal state” (EIPS) and the “late initial prodromal state” (LIPS). The EIPS criteria attempt to define a group at incipient but not imminent or immediate risk of psychosis. The criteria consist of the 10 predictive basic symptoms of which one or more is required, plus the PACE trait and state risk UHR criterion.
\nOne or more of the following basic symptoms:
Thinking disturbances: perseveration, pressure, blockage, ideas of reference (unstable)
Disturbances of visual and auditory perception
Disturbances of receptive language (either heard or read)
Diminished capacity to discern between ideas and perception, fantasy, and true memory
The onset of the symptoms has occurred at least a year ago, with a frequency of several times a week within the last 3 months.
Decrease in “the Global Assessment Functioning Score” (DSM-V) of at least 30 points in the past year which add one of the following risk factors: “first-degree relative with a lifetime diagnosis of schizophrenia or a schizophrenia spectrum disorder and/or pre- or perinatal complications”.
The absence of attenuated or transient psychotic symptoms [1].
The LIPS criterion attempts to identify those at more immediate risk and is based on the APS and BLIPS criteria [51].
\n\n
The presence of at least one of the following attenuated positive symptoms (APS) present within the last 3 months, appearing several times per week for a period of at least 1 week, but no longer in the same severity than 1 year: “ideas of reference; odd beliefs or magical thinking; unusual perceptual experiences; odd thinking or speech; suspiciousness or paranoid ideation”.
“Brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms (BLIPS), defined as appearance of one of the following frank psychotic symptoms for less than 1 week (interval between episodes at least 1 week) and resolving spontaneously: hallucinations; delusions; formal thought disorder; gross disorganized or catatonic behaviour” [1].
This two-stage prodromal state guides the treatment approach, that is, psychological or pharmacological therapy [51, 52, 53]. LIPS criteria denote an imminent risk of transition to psychotic disorder within the next 12 months, so an antipsychotic medication—second generation—appeared justified. Psychological interventions were crisis intervention, psychoeducation, family counseling, and assistance with education or work-related difficulties.
\nIn EIPS group the psychological intervention (cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or the supportive control condition) appeared successful in preventing further progression of the illness [54].
\nEarly intervention may be able to delay or even prevent onset of psychosis in the UHR or prodromal stage. Both antipsychotic medication (risperidone 1–2 mg/day, olanzapine 5–15 mg/day) and psychological interventions (cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), case management, supportive therapy, problem-solving strategies) might have a role in treating the difficulties and problems that UHR young people experience, as well as in reducing the rate of transition to psychosis and in reducing symptomatology. Deterioration in psychosocial functioning and persistent disability is also an important treatment goal [1].
\nTherapeutic strategies must be personalized and correlated with the first psychotic episode stages. Treatment for young people who meet ARMS criteria should not only focus on the symptoms that constitute the ARMS criteria but also address the range of difficulties which the young person might present.
\nSide effects associated with all antipsychotic medications are weight gain, diabetes, and sexual dysfunction for olanzapine [55, 56, 57] and sexual dysfunction and insomnia for risperidone [1]. Extrapyramidal side effects such as tardive dyskinesia, which is often irreversible, are less common with the newer, atypical antipsychotics [58, 59]. Evidence also suggests that certain antipsychotics (haloperidol) reduced gray matter volume in the brains of patients with a first episode of psychosis [60]. In contrast the newer second-generation antipsychotic medications, in fact, have neuroprotective qualities.
\nAntipsychotic drugs are potentially useful in the latter phases of the prodromal period when attenuated psychotic symptoms are evident and the individual is on the edge of a conversion to full psychosis.
\nPsychological interventions are useful in earlier and less symptomatic stages of the prodrome, to manage the stress, depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and decline in functioning. CBT should be effective for people with attenuated psychotic symptoms or with brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms and for individuals who are “false positives” [22].
\nPsychological treatments may be not only necessary but sufficient for some of these putatively prodromal patients [1].
\nFurther researches are required to determine which treatment strategies are most effective and how long they should be continued.
\nEthical considerations associated with treatment of young people who meet ARMS criteria have been widely debated [17, 28, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46]. Concerns about stigma associated with being identified as having a label of ARMS “false positives” and for how long should treatment be provided (in other words, how long is the period of risk) remain unresolved, and even clinical research into ARMS has now been conducted for over a decade.
\nMost of the Earth’s water resources comprise of saline water (97.5%) covering 70% of the Earth’s surface. Only 1.2% of the remaining 2.5%, which is called freshwater, is surface water and other freshwater, and it is this water which can be used for all living organisms. Therefore, renewable freshwater resources are finite and unequally distributed geographically [1]. On the other hand, the world population is growing at a rate of ~73 million per year [2], while the freshwater withdrawal, which has already tripled since 1965, is increasing at a rate of 64 km3 year−1 [3]. Moreover, aridity is a major economic, social, and environmental concern to the international community. It is seriously constraining the global food security, ecosecurity, socioeconomic stability, as well as sustainable development.
These will be undoubtedly the major challenges for humanity in the twenty-first century and beyond. While aridity is a natural phenomenon, humans also impact indirectly water through land use change and alterations in climate through fossil fuel combustion [4]. The desiccation of the Aral Sea which started back to the period of the Soviet Union is one of the documented examples. Severe and widespread ecological, economic, and social consequences that are progressively worsening have resulted from the Aral’s recession [5].
To our understanding, a production model prioritizing only economic indicators such as market shares and huge benefits is one human action that exacerbates aridity, which has to be thoroughly considered. Such models could be profitable at short and medium terms but turn to the opposite at the long term since resources are undermined. In agriculture, they imply an intensive use of input resources: water, land, and plant material. This process causes water pollution, aquifer depletion, land salinization, forest clearance, etc. which leads ultimately to the habitat degradation of the Earth.
Instead, we propose the following framework as basis for any human activity (Figure 1). Only businesses following this pyramidal network will comply with societal values, environmental sustainability, and market growth.
A sustainable framework for industrial and agricultural activities.
In the following, promising strategies will be discussed which aim to a better resource management and hence sustainable development with the objective to reduce the negative impact of aridity on humanity future.
Globally, water withdrawal for agriculture is estimated to 70%, 11% for domestic, and 19% for industrial uses [3]. Although there is a slight variation among North and South Mediterranean countries (Figure 2), depending on whether a country is heavily industrialized or not, the agricultural sector remains the largest water user for the majority. Globally, the production of irrigated crops is a predominant water “consumer” given that ~70% (~3 trillion m3) of totally abstracted fresh hydro-resources is exploited by the agricultural sector [7]. It is obvious that any economy on agricultural water will benefit largely to other sectors.
Water sector allocation for North Mediterranean (A) and South Mediterranean countries (B) [
At a global scale, agricultural water losses are enormous (Figure 3) reaching 55% of available irrigation water. They are caused by irrigation system, farm distribution, and field water application mismanagement. Only 45% of irrigation water is effectively used by crops. There is an urgent need to address these deficiencies and to improve water use efficiency at crop field level.
Water usage by crop and losses in irrigation system [
Studies showed that localized irrigation of crops is better than continuous irrigation [8, 9]. A comparison between frequent and moderate irrigation regimes for maize crop was carried by [9]. Figure 4 shows a summary of the typical patterns of energy balances over maize field, soil surface, and maize canopy by the double layer Bowen ratio energy balance (DOLBOREB) system during both water regimes. Globally, no major differences were observed for energy balance patterns between the two water regimes since evapotranspiration at maize field level remained high during both regimes. In fact, maize field energy balance measurements alone provide virtually no information on how soil surface and canopy energy balances are partitioned. This shows clearly the limitations of considering crop field evapotranspiration as a whole, especially when addressing such important issues as would be water use efficiency improvement in arid areas. A number of factors have contributed to this situation. The high cost of the equipment involved in such experiments and the inherent errors associated with the use of different measurement devices and measurement scales tremendously hinted the large-scale adoption of such techniques either by research scientists and/or by irrigation practitioners [9]. The DOLBOREB system indicated that soil had a major impact on maize canopy energy balance. It also showed that a frequent irrigation regime is not necessarily a synonym of maximum plant transpiration (Figure 4). Ham et al. [8] also concluded that a wet soil appears to reduce crop transpiration (λEc) by acting as a sink for advective energy while reducing the radiation load on the canopy.
A summary of the typical patterns of energy balances over maize field, soil surface, and maize canopy by the DOLBOREB system during frequent and moderate irrigation regimes.
Future studies for other crops and under different climatic conditions are needed to improve our knowledge of water relations at crop field level. Examining the effect of factors such canopy size, crop type, plant water stress, etc. on soil surface and canopy energy balances is of considerable importance. Energy flux data generated by the DOLBOREB system would be useful for building evapotranspiration and crop growth models. This irrigation management system would save about 30–35% of the water used at crop field level [10].
With (Rn) net radiation; (λE) latent heat flux, (H) sensible heat flux, and (G) soil heat flux at maize field level. (Rns) net radiation reaching the soil surface; (λEs) soil surface latent heat flux, and (Hs) sensible heat flux from the soil surface. (Rnc) net radiation absorbed by the canopy; (λEc) latent heat flux, and (Hc) sensible heat flux from the maize canopy.
Dryland regions occupy about 41% of the Earth’s terrestrial surface and are home to more than a third of the world’s population (e.g., [11]). Water is a primary limiting factor to agricultural development in these regions where the local population is suffering from food shortage. Runoff generated as a result of rainfall occurrence infiltrates to the shallow soil depth and is mostly being lost to after-rain evaporation, and the rest of the runoff is lost by strong flows to seas. Intensive agricultural practices and civil project development result in large impermeable areas, soil compaction, and crust generation that cause more runoff to be lost. Increasing runoff velocities lead to intensive erosion processes and land degradation and eventually make the region more arid. Over 17.5% of the global land area is exposed to wind and/or water erosion processes [12].
More efficient management of runoff known as runoff harvesting or runoff farming may be used for food and energy production, flood and erosion control, and landscape development [13, 14, 15]. In terms of combating desertification and land degradation, water harvesting appears to be a viable solution [13]. Runoff farming allows agricultural activity in areas that normally do not receive enough rainfall [16, 17]. This is achieved by concentrating rainfall from a collecting area (catchment) into a smaller and lower lying receiving area, where the water is stored in the soil profile, allowing its cultivation.
Hydrological aspects of these systems, especially with respect to runoff generation, have been reviewed [14, 18].
However, the use of the collected water for agricultural purposes and preventing land degradation has received little attention. The salient feature of this technique is that large amounts of water are collected a few times during the short rainy season. The collected water is ponded in walled fields and percolates to considerable depths. During the dry season, no water is added. These conditions affect plant production. To use stored water as efficiently as possible, soil evaporation and deep percolation should be minimized, and transpiration regulated to allow plants to produce biomass throughout the dry season [19].
Evaporation can be controlled by increasing tree density or mulching the soil, thus reducing the radiation that reaches the soil surface [20]. Alternatively, a similar effect may be achieved by introducing an annual intercrop. Such a crop is likely to consume water from the upper layers, part of which would otherwise evaporate directly from the soil surface. Deep-percolating water can be exploited by plant species with deep-root systems, without necessarily competing with the annual crop. The combined cultivation of shallow rooting annuals and deep-rooting perennials is proposed as a system that uses the stored water efficiently.
There are macro-catchment systems (Figure 5) designed to collect runoff from relatively large catchment areas used for water storage in the root zone for a group of trees or plants and micro-catchment systems designed to collect runoff from relatively small catchment areas, used for enhancing soil moisture storage in the crop rooting zone for individual crop planted in a shallow pit or micro-basin [21].
Flooded macro-catchment.
Micro-catchments for water harvesting have been tested in the Negev Desert, Israel, for decades [14]. The idea was to use runoff water for growing trees in such a way that each tree had its own small catchment area, typically less than 100 m, and store it in the root zone of an adjacent infiltration basin where a tree or bush or an annual crop is grown [14, 22, 23, 24]. The system can be built on almost any slope, enabling the farmer to use large flat areas [13] that might be a significant advantage for application in the areas where collecting large amounts of runoff is not possible.
The infiltration basin is usually a shallow depression located at the low end in the immediate vicinity of the runoff generating area (Figure 6).
Traditionally designed micro-catchment system: (a) schematic of the system and (b) flooded micro-catchment.
Runoff generation at micro-catchments is affected both by the total rain amounts and average rainfall intensity [18], while the relatively absolute amount of water collected at micro-catchments is low anyway. In such circumstances, the central idea behind any micro-catchment design should be enhancing infiltration and reducing evaporation of already collected water and thus improving soil moisture storage in the crop rooting zone through the dry season. The second component of the system is the water conservation efficiency at the collection plots, i.e., in the soil profile and its further availability to trees/shrubs. The deeper the harvested water moves in the soil profile, the less part of it is exposed to evaporation [15].
The size of the runoff production area directly determines the total amount of runoff water that can be stored in the pit together with soil and rainfall characteristics, topography, etc. [25]. Reported sizes of a single plot are 100–250 m2 in Israel, 250–400 m2 in India, and 1000 m2 in Mali [16].
Runoff generation at micro-catchments is also affected by the rainfall characteristics. It was shown that there is a clear relationship between runoff yields and average rainfall intensity and the degree of correlation between them improves with a decrease in the length of the gap between the rainstorms [18].
The rate of water losses by evaporation is mainly affected by radiation, climate, soil texture, soil structure, soil hydraulic properties, etc. [15]. Because of relatively low absolute amount of water collected at micro-catchments, special attention should be paid to the prevention of the stored soil water from evaporation.
Long-term micro-catchment experiments carried out at Mashash runoff harvesting experimental farm of Ben Gurion University of the Negev showed that the change of collection plot design from a flat surface to a deeper and narrower pit makes the system much more effective. Being collected in the pits, water may infiltrate deeper due to repetitive concentration of relative large water amounts at the limited area and the increased waterhead. Most trees planted inside the pits showed the much higher surviving ability comparing with trees planted at the flat plots.
Infiltration and evaporation have a different pattern in the case of water collection in the pits. Soil water infiltrates through the pit bottom and the walls, where also the surface evaporation occurs through. Additionally water is lost to evaporation through the soil surface around the pit.
Deeper pits enable water to be stored in deeper soil layers around the pit, increase the distance between the stored water and soil surface, and therefore conserve more water in soil for further use by plants.
The increasing deficiency of freshwater combined with the ever expanding world population will exacerbate water use pressure between the different water user sectors (urban, industrial, and agricultural). Solving this problem will undoubtedly be the twenty-first century challenge and is necessitating that marginal quality waters including saltwater and/or seawater are strategically used to meet the water shortage without any detriment to the environment and natural resources for increasing crop production worldwide.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations [26] and World Resources Institute (WRI) in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and World Bank (WB) [27], most of the West Asia and North Africa countries are expected to fall below the water scarcity level (1.000 m3 capita−1 year−1) by the year 2030. The most affected countries are Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Libya where renewable water resources (RWR) per capita will fall well below 100 m3 capita−1 year−1 [26, 27, 28]. Of course, reverse osmosis factories are blooming in the Middle East and North Africa, producing almost half of the 95 million m3 day−1 of desalinated water for human use worldwide [29], but will not be able to meet not in the present nor in the future the growing agricultural water demand. Undoubtedly, nonconventional water use will contribute to partially alleviate water scarcity in regions where renewable water resources are extremely scarce [28].
Halophytes have demonstrated their capability to thrive under extremely saline conditions and thus are considered as one of the best germplasms for saline agriculture [30]. Few researchers have examined halophytes under special topics as sustainable cultivation, saline agriculture, and integrative anatomy [31, 32, 33, 34]. Much practical work remains to be done, as well as developing the basic science of halophytology [35]. Apart from the cultural and sometimes the political constraints related to it, we think that there is still a big deal of scientific and technical knowledge to be studied and discovered for a better development of seawater agriculture in desert areas.
Novel approaches to mangrove planting in desert countries have been published [36, 37]. They prove establishing mangrove trees in salty coastal lands is possible providing an appropriate mineral nutrition, i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron. Based on this finding, they devised a planting method (Figure 7) and used mangrove nurseries. This discovery has permitted plantation of about 1 million mangrove trees, chiefly
Forestation of desert area by mangrove transplants.
Also, other projects confirmed that even with low fertilization amounts, some plant species like
Two-year-old mangrove forest (El Gahra, Mauritania).
Thus, certain parts of the Earth’s great deserts and other water-stressed areas might be converted to mangrove forests with seawater irrigation, which might be one of the possible and relatively cost-effective approaches to mitigate desertification under global warming.
Water is the most limiting factor for crop production in arid and semiarid areas. Appropriate water resource management will undoubtedly enhance crop production and accomplish sustainable development. These objectives could be achieved by adopting the following water management strategies:
Enhancing agricultural water use efficiency by avoiding water losses at all scales, adopting efficient irrigation scheduling, and using environment adapted crops and varieties, etc.
Water conservation for better crop production
The use of nonconventional water resources, i.e., wastewater, brackish water, and seawater along with the corresponding resistant or tolerant species to produce forage and food
Certainly, no single strategy is currently able to thrive by itself in arid environments. Each one is adapted to a physical and social environment, as well as aridity intensity. Sometimes combined water management strategies could improve crop production in water-scarce areas. Nevertheless, in these environments, the search for better water management strategies and water use habits should be a priority for both research institutions and society.
As the world population grows and climate change consequences worsen, water scarcity will intensively affect some regions more than others. North Africa and West Asia countries, among others, will be dramatically affected, as seen above. It is the responsibility of these countries to make the bulk of research in the field for no one undergoes their level of water scarcity. In this review, we showed a set of strategies, in which combination and application greatly improve plantation and water management in arid and/or desert areas. Some strategies are still not widely implemented, and others are under investigation. However, for a particular water management strategy to be successful, it should be economically viable, respectful of social values, and environmentally sustainable. The search of innovative solutions aiming for better integrated water resource management is a big challenge for National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS), the private sector, and the society as a whole.
Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. The values of our business are based on the same ones that all good scientists apply to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly, and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
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Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\n\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\n\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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El-Esawi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5482",title:"Soybean",subtitle:"The Basis of Yield, Biomass and Productivity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b6f5b827869f467dda14e78f1c45570",slug:"soybean-the-basis-of-yield-biomass-and-productivity",bookSignature:"Minobu Kasai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5482.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29226",title:"Dr.",name:"Minobu",middleName:null,surname:"Kasai",slug:"minobu-kasai",fullName:"Minobu Kasai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5463",title:"Advances in International Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"92ccc84a75f33d3dac5e3cd4b6a00474",slug:"advances-in-international-rice-research",bookSignature:"Jinquan Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5463.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96434",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin Quan",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"jin-quan-li",fullName:"Jin Quan Li"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"53518",doi:"10.5772/66744",title:"Application and Conversion of Soybean Hulls",slug:"application-and-conversion-of-soybean-hulls",totalDownloads:2255,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Soybean is one of the most cultivated crops in the world, with a global production of approximately 240 million tons, generating about 18–20 million tons of hulls, the major by-product of soy industry. The chemical composition of soybean hulls depends on the efficiency of the dehulling process, and so, the soybean hulls may contain variable amounts of cellulose (29–51%), hemicelluloses (10–25%), lignin (1–4%), pectins (4–8%), proteins (11–15%), and minor extractives. This chapter provides a review on the composition and structure of soybean hulls, especially in regard to the application and conversion of the compositions. Current applications of soybean hulls are utilizations to animal feed, treatment of wastewater, dietary fiber, and herbal medicine. The conversion of soybean hulls is concerned with ethanol production, bio-oil, polysaccharides, microfibrils, peroxidase, and oligopeptides. On the basis of the relevant findings, we recommend the use of soybean hulls as important source on environment, energy, animal breeding, materials, chemicals, medicine, and food.",book:{id:"5482",slug:"soybean-the-basis-of-yield-biomass-and-productivity",title:"Soybean",fullTitle:"Soybean - The Basis of Yield, Biomass and Productivity"},signatures:"Hua-Min Liu and Hao-Yang Li",authors:[{id:"190617",title:"Dr.",name:"Hua-Min",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"hua-min-liu",fullName:"Hua-Min Liu"}]},{id:"54259",doi:"10.5772/67361",title:"Genetics and Genomics of Bacterial Blight Resistance in Rice",slug:"genetics-and-genomics-of-bacterial-blight-resistance-in-rice",totalDownloads:2493,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Rice is an important food crop for half the world’s population and has been in cultivation for over 10,000 years. During the last few decades, rice has evolved intricate relationships with associated pathogens and pests, bacterial blight (BB) being one of the most important among them. Utilization of resistant varieties with agricultural management practices is a more effective way to control BB. Of the 42 different resistance (R) genes identified to confer BB resistance, 9 have been isolated and cloned, whereas a few of the avirulence genes and a large number of candidate pathogenicity genes have been isolated from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The complete genome sequences of two different rice subspecies japonica and indica and three different races of BB pathogen are available. Therefore, the interaction between rice-Xoo could be deciphered and pave a way to study the molecular aspects of bacterial pathogenesis and host counter measures like innate immunity and R gene–mediated immunity. Although several of the type III effectors of Xoo have been characterized and the host targets of a few of them identified, a relatively large number of candidate effectors remain to be studied and their functional analysis may provide key for developing broad spectrum and durable resistance to BB.",book:{id:"5463",slug:"advances-in-international-rice-research",title:"Advances in International Rice Research",fullTitle:"Advances in International Rice Research"},signatures:"Yogesh Vikal and Dharminder Bhatia",authors:[{id:"189992",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:null,surname:"Vikal",slug:"yogesh-vikal",fullName:"Yogesh Vikal"},{id:"195667",title:"Dr.",name:"Dharminder",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatia",slug:"dharminder-bhatia",fullName:"Dharminder Bhatia"}]},{id:"53538",doi:"10.5772/66743",title:"Role of Nitrogen on Growth and Seed Yield of Soybean and a New Fertilization Technique to Promote Nitrogen Fixation and Seed Yield",slug:"role-of-nitrogen-on-growth-and-seed-yield-of-soybean-and-a-new-fertilization-technique-to-promote-ni",totalDownloads:3329,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Soybean is an important crop for human food and feed for livestock. World soybean production is increasing especially in North and South America. Soybean seeds contain a high percentage of protein about 35–40%, and they require a large amount of nitrogen compared with other crops. Soybean plants make root nodules with rhizobia, and rhizobia can fix atmospheric N2 and give the fixed N to the host soybean plants. Also, soybean can absorb nitrogen usually nitrate from soil or fertilizers. The amount of total assimilated nitrogen in shoot is proportional to the soybean seed yield either from nitrogen fixation or from nitrogen absorption, and the nitrogen availability is very important for soybean cultivation. Maintenance of a high and long-term nitrogen fixation activity is very important for a high production of soybean. However, application of chemical nitrogen fertilizers usually depresses nodule formation and nitrogen fixation. Nitrate in direct contact with a nodulated part of roots causes severe inhibition of nodule growth and nitrogen fixation, although a distant part of nodules from nitrate application gives no or little effect. Deep placement of slow-release nitrogen fertilizers, coated urea, or lime nitrogen promoted the growth and seed yield and quality of soybean without depressing nitrogen fixation.",book:{id:"5482",slug:"soybean-the-basis-of-yield-biomass-and-productivity",title:"Soybean",fullTitle:"Soybean - The Basis of Yield, Biomass and Productivity"},signatures:"Takuji Ohyama, Kaushal Tewari, Shinji Ishikawa, Kazuya Tanaka,\nSatoshi Kamiyama, Yuki Ono, Soshi Hatano, Norikuni Ohtake, Kuni\nSueyoshi, Hideo Hasegawa, Takashi Sato, Sayuri Tanabata,\nYoshifumi Nagumo, Yoichi Fujita and Yoshihiko Takahashi",authors:[{id:"30061",title:"Prof.",name:"Takuji",middleName:null,surname:"Ohyama",slug:"takuji-ohyama",fullName:"Takuji Ohyama"},{id:"41349",title:"Dr.",name:"Norikuni",middleName:null,surname:"Ohtake",slug:"norikuni-ohtake",fullName:"Norikuni Ohtake"},{id:"41350",title:"Dr.",name:"Kuni",middleName:null,surname:"Sueyoshi",slug:"kuni-sueyoshi",fullName:"Kuni Sueyoshi"},{id:"41351",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihiko",middleName:null,surname:"Takahashi",slug:"yoshihiko-takahashi",fullName:"Yoshihiko Takahashi"},{id:"169171",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayuri",middleName:null,surname:"Tanabata",slug:"sayuri-tanabata",fullName:"Sayuri Tanabata"},{id:"195270",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaushal",middleName:null,surname:"Tewari",slug:"kaushal-tewari",fullName:"Kaushal Tewari"},{id:"195271",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinji",middleName:null,surname:"Ishikawa",slug:"shinji-ishikawa",fullName:"Shinji Ishikawa"},{id:"195272",title:"MSc.",name:"Kazuya",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",slug:"kazuya-tanaka",fullName:"Kazuya Tanaka"},{id:"195274",title:"MSc.",name:"Satoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kamiyama",slug:"satoshi-kamiyama",fullName:"Satoshi Kamiyama"},{id:"195275",title:"BSc.",name:"Yuki",middleName:null,surname:"Ono",slug:"yuki-ono",fullName:"Yuki Ono"},{id:"195276",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Soshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hatano",slug:"soshi-hatano",fullName:"Soshi Hatano"},{id:"195277",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideo",middleName:null,surname:"Hasegawa",slug:"hideo-hasegawa",fullName:"Hideo Hasegawa"},{id:"195278",title:"Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",slug:"takashi-sato",fullName:"Takashi Sato"},{id:"195279",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshifumi",middleName:null,surname:"Nagumo",slug:"yoshifumi-nagumo",fullName:"Yoshifumi Nagumo"},{id:"195280",title:"MSc.",name:"Yoichi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujita",slug:"yoichi-fujita",fullName:"Yoichi Fujita"}]},{id:"53774",doi:"10.5772/67098",title:"Salt Stress Tolerance in Rice: Emerging Role of Exogenous Phytoprotectants",slug:"salt-stress-tolerance-in-rice-emerging-role-of-exogenous-phytoprotectants",totalDownloads:3335,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Excess salinity in soil is one of the major environmental factors that limit plant growth and yield of a wide variety of crops including rice. On the basis of tolerance ability toward salinity, rice is considered as salt-sensitive crop, and growth and yield of rice are greatly affected by salinity. In general, rice can tolerate a small amount of saltwater without compromising the growth and yield. However, it greatly depends on the types and species of rice and their growth stage. Salinity-induced ionic and osmotic stresses reduce rate of photosynthesis and consequently cause oxidative stress, which is also responsible for growth reduction. The negative effects of salt stress that mentioned ultimately reduced yield of most crops including rice, except some halophytes. In recent decades, researchers have developed various approaches toward making salt-tolerant rice varieties. Using phytoprotectants is found to be effective in conferring salt tolerance to rice plants. In this chapter, we reviewed the recent reports on different aspects on salt stress tolerance strategies in light of using phytoprotectants.",book:{id:"5463",slug:"advances-in-international-rice-research",title:"Advances in International Rice Research",fullTitle:"Advances in International Rice Research"},signatures:"Anisur Rahman, Kamrun Nahar, Jubayer Al Mahmud, Mirza\nHasanuzzaman, Md. Shahadat Hossain and Masayuki Fujita",authors:[{id:"47687",title:"Prof.",name:"Masayuki",middleName:null,surname:"Fujita",slug:"masayuki-fujita",fullName:"Masayuki Fujita"},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"},{id:"166818",title:"MSc.",name:"Kamrun",middleName:null,surname:"Nahar",slug:"kamrun-nahar",fullName:"Kamrun Nahar"},{id:"176201",title:"MSc.",name:"Jubayer-Al-",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmud",slug:"jubayer-al-mahmud",fullName:"Jubayer-Al- Mahmud"},{id:"189983",title:"Dr.",name:"Anisur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"anisur-rahman",fullName:"Anisur Rahman"},{id:"189984",title:"Mr.",name:"Md. Shahadat",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"md.-shahadat-hossain",fullName:"Md. Shahadat Hossain"}]},{id:"53722",doi:"10.5772/67030",title:"Nematodes Affecting Soybean and Sustainable Practices for Their Management",slug:"nematodes-affecting-soybean-and-sustainable-practices-for-their-management",totalDownloads:1923,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Plant‐parasitic nematodes are one of the limiting factors for soybean production worldwide. Overall, plant‐parasitic nematodes alone cause an estimated annual crop loss of $78 billion worldwide and an average crop yield loss of 10–15%. This imposes a challenge to sustainable production of food worldwide, since there has been increasing demand for food supply and food security. Unsustainable cropping production systems with monocultures, intensive use of soils and expansion of crops to newly opened areas have intensified problems associated with new pests and diseases. Thus, finding and applying sustainable methods to control diseases associated with soybean are in current need. Over hundred nematode species, comprising fifty genera, have been reported in association with soybean. Of these, the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne spp., cyst nematode Heterodera glycines, lesion nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus and the reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis are major nematode species limiting soybean production. Here, we report an up‐to‐date literature review on the biology, symptoms, damage and control methods used for these nematodes species. Additionally, unusual and emergent nematode species affecting soybean are discussed.",book:{id:"5482",slug:"soybean-the-basis-of-yield-biomass-and-productivity",title:"Soybean",fullTitle:"Soybean - The Basis of Yield, Biomass and Productivity"},signatures:"Fábia S.O. Lima, Valdir R. Correa, Sônia Regina Nogueira and\nPatrícia R.R. Santos",authors:[{id:"191564",title:"Dr.",name:"Fábia",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"fabia-lima",fullName:"Fábia Lima"},{id:"191758",title:"Dr.",name:"Valdir",middleName:null,surname:"Correa",slug:"valdir-correa",fullName:"Valdir Correa"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66478",title:"Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek): Retrospect and Prospects",slug:"mungbean-em-vigna-radiata-em-l-wilczek-retrospect-and-prospects",totalDownloads:1237,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is economically most important crop of Vigna group. It is also known as green gram, golden gram, moong, Chickasaw, Oregon pea, and chop suey bean and this legumes have a strategic position in Southeast Asian countries for nutritional security and sustainable crop production. Being rich in quality protein, minerals and vitamins, they are inseparable ingredients in the diets of a vast majority of Indian population. When supplemented with cereals, they provide a perfect mix of essential amino acids with high biological value. These crops have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (58–109 kg per ha in kg per ha mungbean) in symbiotic association with Rhizobium bacteria, which enables them to meet their own nitrogen requirement and also benefit the succeeding crops. This crop has also been reported to smother weed flora appreciably (20–45%) when intercropped with tall cereals or pigeonpea and consequently, minimize the cost incurred on weed control. On account of short duration and photo-thermo insensitivity, they are considered excellent crops for crop intensification and diversification. A seed of mungbean is highly nutritious containing 24–28% protein, 1.0–1.5% fat, 3.5–4.5% fibre, 4.5–5.5% ash and 59–65% carbohydrates on dry weight basis and provide 334–344 kcal energy. Mungbean protein is considered to be easily digestible. Mungbean are tropical grain legumes widely grown in the sub-tropical countries of South and Southeast Asia. Nevertheless, these crops are cultivated over a wide range of latitudes in the regions where average diurnal temperatures during the growing season are warmer than about 20°C.",book:{id:"7000",slug:"legume-crops-characterization-and-breeding-for-improved-food-security",title:"Legume Crops",fullTitle:"Legume Crops - Characterization and Breeding for Improved Food Security"},signatures:"Suhel Mehandi, Syed Mohd. Quatadah, Sudhakar Prasad Mishra, Indra Prakash Singh, Nagmi Praveen and Namrata Dwivedi",authors:[{id:"275243",title:"Dr.",name:"Suhel",middleName:null,surname:"Mehandi",slug:"suhel-mehandi",fullName:"Suhel Mehandi"},{id:"275245",title:"Dr.",name:"Indra Prakash",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"indra-prakash-singh",fullName:"Indra Prakash Singh"},{id:"275246",title:"Prof.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Prasad Mishra",slug:"sudhakar-prasad-mishra",fullName:"Sudhakar Prasad Mishra"},{id:"290295",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd. Quatadah",slug:"syed-mohd.-quatadah",fullName:"Syed Mohd. Quatadah"},{id:"290728",title:"MSc.",name:"Nagmi",middleName:null,surname:"Praveen",slug:"nagmi-praveen",fullName:"Nagmi Praveen"},{id:"290731",title:"Dr.",name:"Namrata",middleName:null,surname:"Dwivedi",slug:"namrata-dwivedi",fullName:"Namrata Dwivedi"}]},{id:"53518",title:"Application and Conversion of Soybean Hulls",slug:"application-and-conversion-of-soybean-hulls",totalDownloads:2254,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Soybean is one of the most cultivated crops in the world, with a global production of approximately 240 million tons, generating about 18–20 million tons of hulls, the major by-product of soy industry. The chemical composition of soybean hulls depends on the efficiency of the dehulling process, and so, the soybean hulls may contain variable amounts of cellulose (29–51%), hemicelluloses (10–25%), lignin (1–4%), pectins (4–8%), proteins (11–15%), and minor extractives. This chapter provides a review on the composition and structure of soybean hulls, especially in regard to the application and conversion of the compositions. Current applications of soybean hulls are utilizations to animal feed, treatment of wastewater, dietary fiber, and herbal medicine. The conversion of soybean hulls is concerned with ethanol production, bio-oil, polysaccharides, microfibrils, peroxidase, and oligopeptides. On the basis of the relevant findings, we recommend the use of soybean hulls as important source on environment, energy, animal breeding, materials, chemicals, medicine, and food.",book:{id:"5482",slug:"soybean-the-basis-of-yield-biomass-and-productivity",title:"Soybean",fullTitle:"Soybean - The Basis of Yield, Biomass and Productivity"},signatures:"Hua-Min Liu and Hao-Yang Li",authors:[{id:"190617",title:"Dr.",name:"Hua-Min",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"hua-min-liu",fullName:"Hua-Min Liu"}]},{id:"54205",title:"The Application of Genomic Approaches in Studying a Bacterial Blight-Resistant Mutant in Rice",slug:"the-application-of-genomic-approaches-in-studying-a-bacterial-blight-resistant-mutant-in-rice",totalDownloads:4074,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Rice bacterial blight disease (BBD), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the serious diseases in most rice production regions. In this report, we screened for resistance mutants from the mutation pool of TNG67 variety derived by sodium azide (SA) mutagenesis with phenotype investigation and assisted with fluorescent detection. SA0423 is a mutant of broad range resistance against Xoo for many years; the resistance was studied following the concept of central dogma. The inheritance of resistance was characterized, and three QTLs were mapped onto the genome of SA0423 using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and R/qtl by genomic approach. In transcriptomic approach, only one differential expression QTLs (eQTLs) were identified; two differentially expressed proteins (pQTLs) were identified and genetically characterized by proteomics after Xoo challenged in SA0423 mutant. To improve the bacterial blight resistance, makers are developed from QTLs, eQTLs and pQTLs to pyramid the resistance genes through marker-assisted breeding in our rice breeding programs.",book:{id:"5463",slug:"advances-in-international-rice-research",title:"Advances in International Rice Research",fullTitle:"Advances in International Rice Research"},signatures:"Chang-Sheng Wang and Da-Gin Lin",authors:[{id:"189870",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Sheng",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"chang-sheng-wang",fullName:"Chang-Sheng Wang"},{id:"194983",title:"Dr.",name:"Da-Gin",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",slug:"da-gin-lin",fullName:"Da-Gin Lin"}]},{id:"53124",title:"The Use of Rice in Brewing",slug:"the-use-of-rice-in-brewing",totalDownloads:4572,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Rice could be a useful raw material for the production of a gluten-free beer-like beverage. In today’s beer brewing industry, rice is primarily used as an adjunct in combination with barley malt. But, recently, there is some information about rice malt for brewing an all-rice malt beer. The use of rice as an adjunct in brewing is described highlighting the quality attributes of the final beer. The rice grain quality attributes of different samples are reported in order to evaluate their attitude to malting and brewing and also considering their enzymatic activity. Then, the different brewing processes to produce all-rice malt beers will be described and the final gluten-free rice beers is evaluated and compared to a barley malt beer. Finally, the levels of major aroma-active components of an all-rice malt beer and the results of the sensory analysis assessing the beer-like character of the rice beverage are reported. The obtained beer samples show a content of volatile compounds comparable with a barley malt beer. The sensory profile of the rice malt beer is similar to a barley malt beer in aroma, taste and mouthfeel.",book:{id:"5463",slug:"advances-in-international-rice-research",title:"Advances in International Rice Research",fullTitle:"Advances in International Rice Research"},signatures:"Ombretta Marconi, Valeria Sileoni, Dayana Ceccaroni and Giuseppe\nPerretti",authors:[{id:"189703",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ombretta",middleName:null,surname:"Marconi",slug:"ombretta-marconi",fullName:"Ombretta Marconi"},{id:"189706",title:"Dr.",name:"Valeria",middleName:null,surname:"Sileoni",slug:"valeria-sileoni",fullName:"Valeria Sileoni"},{id:"189707",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Perretti",slug:"giuseppe-perretti",fullName:"Giuseppe Perretti"},{id:"190973",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayana",middleName:null,surname:"Ceccaroni",slug:"dayana-ceccaroni",fullName:"Dayana Ceccaroni"}]},{id:"53218",title:"Evaluation of Palatability of Cooked Rice",slug:"evaluation-of-palatability-of-cooked-rice",totalDownloads:2298,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Quality evaluations of rice in Japan are performed by sensory testing and physicochemical measurements. The former is a basic method that requires large amounts of samples and several panelists. The latter is an indirect method that estimates the eating quality based on the chemical composition, cooking quality, gelatinization properties, and physical properties of cooked rice. Satake Co Ltd. developed a taste analyzer in the 1980s that is equipped with a palatability estimation formula that was based on the combination of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and physicochemical measurements related with sensory test. A novel method to evaluate the quality of the cooked rice is necessary to breed high‐quality rice cultivars and to select the suitable rice for each consumer and each purpose. We try to develop the novel method to evaluate the rice quality using various kinds of apparatus, such as Tensipresser, RVA, NIR, and spectrophotometer. Simple, rapid, and accurate method to evaluate the quality of rice grains is very valuable. We evaluated 16 Japanese and Chinese rice cultivars in terms of their physicochemical properties. Based on these quality evaluations, we concluded that Chinese rice cultivars are characterized by a high protein and that the grain texture after cooking has higher hardness and lower stickiness than Japanese ones reflecting the difference in consumers’ preference. The relationship between the palatability of rice and agronomical condition to preserve the bio‐diversity for Crested Ibis was investigated. Furthermore, the quality of rice grown in Sado Island, Japan, was assayed using rice grains grown in mountainous areas and in the field areas as samples.",book:{id:"5463",slug:"advances-in-international-rice-research",title:"Advances in International Rice Research",fullTitle:"Advances in International Rice Research"},signatures:"Ken'ichi Ohtsubo and Sumiko Nakamura",authors:[{id:"190638",title:"Prof.",name:"Ken\\'Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Ohtsubo",slug:"ken'ichi-ohtsubo",fullName:"Ken\\'Ichi Ohtsubo"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"350",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. 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Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. 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His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. 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