\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"430",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Pesticides in the Modern World - Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure and Toxicity Assessment",title:"Pesticides in the Modern World",subtitle:"Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure and Toxicity Assessment",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The present book is a collection of selected original research articles and reviews providing adequate and up-to-date information related to pesticides control, assessment, and toxicity. The first section covers a large spectrum of issues associated with the ecological, molecular, and biotechnological approaches to the understanding of the biological control, the mechanism of the biocontrol agents action, and the related effects. Second section provides recent information on biomarkers currently used to evaluate pesticide exposure, effects, and genetic susceptibility of a number of organisms. Some antioxidant enzymes and vitamins as biochemical markers for pesticide toxicity are examined. The inhibition of the cholinesterases as a specific biomarker for organophosphate and carbamate pesticides is commented, too. The third book section addresses to a variety of pesticides toxic effects and related issues including: the molecular mechanisms involved in pesticides-induced toxicity, fish histopathological, physiological, and DNA changes provoked by pesticides exposure, anticoagulant rodenticides mode of action, the potential of the cholinesterase inhibiting organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides, the effects of pesticides on bumblebee, spiders and scorpions, the metabolic fate of the pesticide-derived aromatic amines, etc.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-457-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4426-7",doi:"10.5772/948",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"pesticides-in-the-modern-world-pests-control-and-pesticides-exposure-and-toxicity-assessment",numberOfPages:628,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"9ac0f193fefb3556d429c90f3f467beb",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva",publishedDate:"October 3rd 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/430.jpg",numberOfDownloads:103208,numberOfWosCitations:165,numberOfCrossrefCitations:70,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:198,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:433,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 12th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 9th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 16th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 15th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 14th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"6375",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6375/images/1631_n.jpg",biography:"Professor Margarita Stoytcheva graduated from the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy of Sofia, Bulgaria, with titles of Chemical Engineer and Master of Electrochemical Technologies. She has a Ph.D. and DSc. degrees in chemistry and technical sciences. She has acted in research and teaching in several Universities in Bulgaria, Algeria and France. From 2006. to the present she has participated in activities of scientific research, technological development and teaching in Mexico at the University of Baja California, Institute of Engineering, Mexicali, as a full time researcher. Since 2008. she has been a member of the National System of Researchers of Mexico. Her interests and areas of research are analytical chemistry and biotechnology.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"10",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"368",title:"Pestology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology-pestology"}],chapters:[{id:"20772",title:"Using Ecological Knowledge and Molecular Tools to Develop Effective and Safe Biocontrol Strategies",doi:"10.5772/19700",slug:"using-ecological-knowledge-and-molecular-tools-to-develop-effective-and-safe-biocontrol-strategies",totalDownloads:3306,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Martina Köberl, Elshahat M. 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Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3853",title:"Pharmacology and Therapeutics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09f9295bff8acbce8a68f3c329d51cd7",slug:"pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1516",title:"Pharmacotherapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5913f56353d16d5484d5a0955843db96",slug:"pharmacotherapy",bookSignature:"Farid Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1516.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74187",title:"Urologic Implications and Management in Spina Bifida",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94938",slug:"urologic-implications-and-management-in-spina-bifida",body:'
The abnormal development of the neural tube is considered the most common cause of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in children. Nearly all patients with myelomeningocele (over 90%) will have some type of bladder dysfunction (neurogenic bladder), and 30–40% of these children will develop some degree of renal disease as a long-term complication if treatment is not implemented at an early age in childhood. [1]
Depending on the severity of the fusion defect and its location, a variety of neurological deficits can be seen, with variable impact on somatic, parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the bladder. For unclear reasons, the level of the lesion correlates poorly with urodynamics findings and the severity of lower urinary tract dysfunction. [2] This affects its ability to store and empty urine and can lead to chronic kidney disease by poor bladder dynamics. Urological problems, including urinary tract infections, incontinence, and renal failure, are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Long term mortality is associated to urological complications in approximately 33% of these patients. [3]
Children with myelomeningocele also have increased risk of developing kidney stones. In one study, the prevalence of kidney stones was 4 percent among children with spinal dysraphism, compared with 0.2 percent in healthy children. Likely mechanisms for this predisposition to upper tract urolithiasis include immobility (with resultant bone resorption), bacteriuria, and urinary stasis. [4]
The bladder is a hollow muscular organ whose function is to store urine to about 400–500 mL in adults and to void as a consequence of a consequence of a filling stimulus. The micturition cycle is the continuous event of storing and voiding of urine. Normal micturition lasts approximately 15–20 seconds, and typically the bladder empties seven times a day and, usually, never at night. Under normal conditions, the bladder works at low pressures constantly. That means that during filling phase, its pressure does not exceed 10 cmH20. This condition allows the continuous gravitational flow of urine from the ureter to the bladder, and not vice versa. When, for abnormal conditions, the pressure in the bladder exceeds 40 cmH20, urine flow stops and flows back to the ureters, causing their dilatation, and in the long term alteration of kidney function, culminating in end-stage chronic kidney disease if not treated promptly. Chronic kidney disease is one of the most frequent causes of mortality in patients with spina bifida. [5]
After surgical management, walking with or without aids can be achieved in all patients with sacral levels and 95% with low lumbar lesions, while lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction tends to remain as large post-void residual volume, high voiding pressures, and urinary incontinence. In contrast, in patients with occult spina bifida, most cases are incidentally found during X-ray screening of low back pain. The vast majority is asymptomatic. Some cases are accompanied by lipomeningomyelocele, dermoid cyst, or thick flum terminale with minimum skin changes such as a dimple and focal hypertrichosis. In this scenario, LUT dysfunction may present in late childhood or in adulthood, and the severity of symptoms can vary, from nocturnal enuresis to urinary retention. In other words, the impact of the LUT will depend on the type of spinal dysraphism, whether it is a cystic or it is limited to an occult presentation.
The pattern of dysfunction caused by spinal dysraphism is determined by the site and type of lesion. Patterns are divided in three regions: the region above the pons, the region between the pons and the sacral cord, and the sacral cord and infrasacral region. Each region has particularities in bladder function. It is important to clarify that the manifestations according to this classification are not exact in all cases. The presentation of the neurogenic bladder in spina bifida is unpredictable. The clinical manifestations tend to present great heterogeneity. These mixed lesions can occur especially with lesions in close proximity of the conus medullaris. [6]
A detailed description of the most frequent sites affected by spina bifida are explained below:
A spinal cord lesion above the lumbosacral level, depending on completeness of the lesion, may eliminate (complete lesions) or at least reduce (incomplete lesions) voluntary cerebral control of micturition leading to neurogenic detrusor overactivity mediated by spinal reflex pathways. Detrusor overactivity has important clinical implications: reduced bladder capacity, detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia with post-void residual urine, incontinence, and a high intravesical pressure, which translates to a higher risk for chronic kidney disease. Severity of the clinical manifestations will depend on a complete injury is present and the level of injury (the higher, the more aggressive).
Lesions in this site will have predominantly voiding symptoms related to a hypocontractile (if incomplete lesion is present) or acontractile detrusor (complete lesion). The clinical presentation is due to injury to the parasympathetic motor nuclei that innervates the detrusor muscle. Stress urinary incontinence is usually related to Onuf’s nucleus injury and pudendal nerve dysfunction over the striated sphincter (Figure 1).
Patterns of bladder dysfunction caused by neurological disorders: (A) Suprapontine lesion pattern; (B) Infrapontine-suprasacral pattern; (C) Sacral/infrasacral lesion pattern.
Lower urinary tract manifestations are divided into two groups: storage and voiding symptoms. Storage symptoms appear as an alteration in the filling phase of the micturition cycle. These symptoms include: increased voiding frequency, urgency, nocturia, urinary incontinence, and painful bladder syndrome.
Voiding symptoms appear as a difficulty during urination or prior to the onset of it. They include: difficulty to initiate urination, need to strain or effort to initiate and maintain urination, weak or intermittent urinary stream, terminal drip, dysuria and urgency. These symptoms result in incomplete voiding.
The primary goal of treatment is to preserve upper urinary tract function, improve continence, and improve quality of life in these patients. [5]
In the scenario of the neurogenic patient associated with spinal dysraphism, the main complaint reported by patients is urinary incontinence, accompanied or not by urinary infections. Urinary incontinence can be explained by several pathophysiological mechanisms. Urodynamics is a useful tool that provides objective diagnostic information that allows us to know the specific cause of incontinence.
Treatment includes behavioral measures such as control of fluid intake and personal hygiene. The use of medications should always be combined with conservative measures. The aim of these drugs is to increase bladder capacity and decrease detrusor pressure. Anticholinergics (also named antimuscarinics) are the most commonly used drugs. Its efficacy has been demonstrated in neurogenic patients with urge urinary incontinence associated with an overactive detrusor. Beta 3 agonists are another option that was recently introduced. The efficacy of these drugs appears to be similar to anticholinergics with a non-inferior safety profile. The response to these medications is evaluated with the clinical control of incontinence, as well as an improvement in bladder capacity objectively observed by a decrease in detrusor pressure of less than 40 cmH2O when having a maximum bladder capacity in urodynamics. [5, 6]
These patients are at a higher risk of presenting high filling pressures, which generates vesicoureteral reflux, resulting in dilatation of the upper urinary tract and deterioration of renal function. Chronic retention and reflux to the upper tract are conditions that increase the risk of urinary infections. Management focuses on improving and maintaining detrusor pressure below 40 cmH2O and control of urinary incontinence.
The use of clean intermittent catheterization as a mechanism for bladder emptying is considered the treatment of choice in the vast majority of neurogenic patients with evidence of urine retention. This treatment aims to adequately empty the bladder and thereby reduce urinary infections and incontinence. The use of an indwelling transurethral or suprapubic catheter should be avoided due to the demonstrated risks of recurrent urinary tract infections, stone formation, and urethral trauma [6] (Figure 2).
Clean intermittent catheterization technique in male and female.
In patients where a functional voiding alteration is confirmed with dysfunction of the relaxation of the sphincter in the emptying phase of the micturition cycle, they can benefit from physiotherapy and biofeedback, which consist of training to improve bladder-sphincter coordination during urination. [5]
The main priority at the moment of birth is the closure of the spinal defect, as neurological complications are the main cause of morbidity and mortality during the first year of life; followed by urological complications. Specialized treatment centers state that the urological management should start immediately with intermittent catheterizations and anticholinergic medications due to the risk of collagen deposition in the bladder wall and consequent increased risk of upper urinary tract damage. In fact, each of the steps toward the management of this congenital disease are complex and the decisions may vary. [7]
A sonographic evaluation of the upper urinary tract as well as urine cultures are performed every 3 to 4 months. If both tests are normal, we wait until the age of 2 years, the age expected for most children to achieve voluntary control of micturition. In case of abnormal findings during any of the sonographic evaluations or 3 or more positive cultures accompanied with symptomatic infections during a year or less are encountered, it would be necessary to perform urodynamic testing complemented with a cystogram to discard any possibility of upper urinary tract damage due to a hostile bladder. If this is the case, it is time to start the adequate anticholinergic treatment and intermittent catheterizations. [8]
If no abnormal findings during this first 2-year follow-up are seen, an expectant management may be allowed.
Expectant management is modified to active management. Treatment goals are as follows: a) Avoidance of renal damage, b) Preservation of continence and c) Treatment of symptomatic urinary infections.
The first step is the functional evaluation by urodynamics and a structural evaluation with a cystogram. Videourodynamics is the Gold Standard as they are capable of evaluating both parameters. [9] A family member should be trained to perform clean intermittent catheterizations, so when the patient reaches the age of 6 years, this information should be passed onto the child to start self-intermittent catheterizations. We conducted a clinical trial in which we observed that intermittent catheterizations with clean technique using re-sterilized catheters did not increase neither the risk of urinary tract infection, nor bladder bacterial colonization. [10]
By performing urodynamic tests, the type of functional disturbance of the bladder may be assessed and classified in 4 types according to the Madersbacher classification: [11].
Type 1: High bladder pressure. High sphincter pressure.
Type 2: High bladder pressure. Low sphincter pressure.
Type 3: Low bladder pressure. High sphincter pressure.
Type 4: Low bladder pressure. Low sphincter pressure.
The risk of upper urinary tract damage is higher when Madersbacher type 1 and type 3 bladders are encountered. After identification of the bladder type, anticholinergic treatment should be started to normalize increased pressures. Three months after beginning of treatment, follow-up with a new urodynamic test is performed to assess the improvement of urodynamic parameters and clinical status.
The morphology of the bladder and the presence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) are assessed with a cystogram. The risk of vesicoureteral reflux in patients with neurogenic bladder is up to 17%. When VUR is observed, it is important to measure the detrusor pressure; if a pressure greater than 40 cmH20 is found, before thinking of any surgical treatment such as ureteral reimplantation, an attempt is made to decrease these pressures with conservative treatment. In case of success, a new evaluation is made to reassess if RUV disappeared (Figure 3) [12].
Diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm in neurogenic bladder with vesico-ureteral reflux.
After functional and structural evaluation, proper bladder classification and having started initial treatment, the second stage of management is continued. Follow-up is made with urine cultures every 3 months, renal sonography every 6 months and renography every 1 to 3 years. Regarding the urodynamic test, when the detrusor pressure is greater than 40 cmH2O, the medical treatment is modified and a new urodynamic test is performed 3 months after, this is done until the goal of detrusor pressure of less than 40 cmH2O is achieved [13].
When to perform a new urodynamic test? 1) When there is less than 90% of voluntary micturition control. 2) When a new morphologic or functional disturbance of the kidney is observed. 3) Five years after the last urodynamic study. During this time, the type of neurogenic bladder could be modified due to the morphologic changes of growth and its effect on spinal cord. [14]
When entering this stage, the patient is more aware of the disease and is more organized in its management. The bladder type usually reaches a stable state, and it is uncommon for the neurogenic bladder type to change. If this happens, it is important to evaluate the possibility of having a neurological disturbance that could need primary treatment.
By this age, intermittent catheterizations are usually mastered by the patient and clinical signs that could be suspicious of active infection are well identified. Other topics, such as sexuality and reproduction are approached. Reproduction methods are informed and instructed; recommendations are given to women who wish to reproduce, such as folic acid intake and modifications on the route of administration of oxybutynin, from the oral to the intravesical route. [15]
On November 23rd of 1993, we founded the Spina Bifida Association in Moterrey, Mexico, where we presently have 1055 patients enrolled with the following age ranges:
< 15 years: 311 (29.5%)
16–29 years: 572 (54.2%)
>30 years 172 (16.3%)
Total: 1055 (100%)
A total of 472 (44.7%) patients assist with relative frequency (At least 3 consultations per year). Our experience has been forged working with the everyday management of our patients during 26 years, assessing their progression and deciding which procedures are the most adequate for them.
Patients with neurogenic bladder due to spinal dysraphism have several factors that potentially increase the risk of urinary tract infections, such as, vesico-ureteral reflux (any grade), hypertonic bladder and foreign bodies inside the bladder. Schlager et al. observed that 70% of patients that perform intermittent bladder catheterizations present asymptomatic bacteriuria 24 weeks after the beginning of treatment. [16]
In patients with neurogenic bladder, including those secondary to myelomeningocele, urinary tract infections should be considered differently from those without any neurofunctional disease. The presence of bacteriuria within this group of patients is very common and unnecessary antibiotic treatment could be given if there is no acknowledgment of these facts. This could lead to future complications that develop due to antibiotic resistance and antibiotic side effects.
In patients performing intermittent bladder catheterizations, urine culture results with more than 10,000 CFU/ml are considered a clinical infection only when one or more of the following clinical features are present: foul smell, cloudy urine, fever of 38°C or more and abdominal or flank pain. [17] Positive urine culture without other clinical features is considered as bacterial colonization and requires no antibiotic treatment.
When deciding which antibiotic to prescribe, it is important to consider which antibiotics show the highest resistance within a community, which option would be delivered at adequate concentrations to the urinary bladder, this depending on the kidney’s capacity to eliminate the active drug, and which would be more suitable to eliminate infection. It is important to ponder these considerations before antibiotic administration, as damage to the renal parenchyma may develop in a kidney already vulnerable to damage. [18]
Among the behavioral methods that help us in the prevention of urinary tract infections we include: Adequate liquid intake, maintenance of low postvoid urine and short time periods between intermittent catheterizations.
Intermittent bladder catheterization is a risk factor that predisposes to infection. There is no significant difference in the prevention of urinary tract infections when comparing the sterile technique with the clean technique, as well as with the use of a sterile catheter compared to a reused clean catheter; furthermore, the risk of colonization is the same between both techniques. [19]
The objective of neurogenic bladder management secondary to myelomeningocele is focused on three main objectives: 1) Decrease the risk of renal damage 2) Preserve urinary continence and 3) Prevent urinary infection episodes. When these objectives are not reached with medical management, it is necessary to take more drastic decisions, otherwise, further problems regarding renal function may be encountered and quality of life may be affected. Such procedures include:
An attempt is made to modulate the nerve reflexes that control the bladder, sphincter and the pelvic floor through sacral nerve stimulation. The use of this technique is well documented in certain neurologically affected patients; however, in patients with myelomeningocele, there are controversial results due to structural abnormalities found at a sacral level, which makes this technique a lot harder. Evidence is still limited; however, this remains a continuous field of investigation (Figure 4) [20].
Sacral neuromodulation therapy for refractory cases.
The aim of this procedure is to increase the bladder capacity and decrease elevated pressures in the urinary tract through an intestinal patch surgically fixed at the bladder dome. Some contraindications for these procedures are: 1) Any functional or structural disturbance of the gut, 2) Disturbances of hand dexterity to perform intermittent catheterizations, 3) Cognitive disturbances and 4) Significant damage to the renal function. [21] Significant changes have been observed after surgery regarding bladder storage as well as a decrease in filling pressure. Some early complications reported in the recent literature are wound infection (4–6%) and intestinal obstruction (3–6%). The mortality rate within this group of patients is reported between 0 and 2.7%. Long-term complications include metabolic disturbances, such as hyperchloremia (16%) and decrease in renal function in patients with a creatinine clearance lower than 15 ml/min (15%) or higher than 40 ml/min (4.1%). [22] Mucus production by the intestinal lining is estimated between 35 and 40 gr/day, which predisposes to stone formation, infection and obstruction. After catheterizations, we perform intravesical irrigations with sodium bicarbonate at a dilution of 0.75% to reduce mucus thickness and attempt to reduce its production (Figures 5–7).
Ileocistoplasty: a segment of ileum is remodeled and anastomosed to the bladder dome to increase the capacity of the bladder.
Colocystoplasty: a segment of colon is remodeled and amastomosed to the bladder dome. Image obtain from hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, shared by Dr. Adrián Gutiérrez González.
Ileocecocystoplasty: Distal ileum and cecum are used to anastomose to the dome of the bladder.
Perforation after bladder-gut anastomosis has been reported in 0.8–13% of procedures, occurring approximately 2 years after surgery, with a mortality rate of 25%. Risk of bladder cancer has been reported 10–20 years after surgery, and is believed to be caused by urinary stasis, nitrosamines, bladder stones, chronic inflammation of the intestinal patch and possible immune mechanisms with an estimated incidence of 10–20%. [23, 24]
Cystoscopy surveillance is recommended after a period of 10 years of surgery and in patients that develop hematuria, suprapubic pain or recurrent urinary tract infections.
Ileovesicostomy uses ileum as a bypass between the bladder and skin. This technique represents many clinical problems due to obstruction; furthermore, it predisposes to infections and bladder stones The Ileal conduit technique uses an ileum fragment which is closed at one end, both ureters are anastomosed to the conduit and the remaining open ileum end is connected to the abdominal wall, urine is collected by an external pouch. [25]
The permanent use of urinary catheters is not a good option due to the multiple complications that could develop. These include recurrent infections, meatal erosion, traumatic hypospadias, and stone formation. However, this technique can be used in cases with no other alternative options. If this were the case, the possibility of a suprapubic tube would be the most suitable option, which presents fewer complications. It is reserved only for patients with bladder emptying disturbances. This procedure is not recommended for patients with hyperactive neurogenic bladder, as urine leak surrounding the catheter entrance could appear. [26]
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\\n\\n1. RETRACTIONS
\\n\\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\\n\\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\\n\\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\\n\\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\\n\\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\\n\\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\\n\\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\\n\\n3. CORRECTIONS
\\n\\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
\\n\\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\\n\\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\\n\\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\\n\\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
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Modeling and implementing a new heuristic algorithm may be time‐consuming but has strong motivations: on the one hand, even a small improvement of the new solution may be worth the long time spent on the construction of a new method; on the other hand, there are problems for which good‐enough solutions are acceptable which could be achieved at a much lower computational cost. In the first case, specially designed heuristics or metaheuristics are needed, while the latter hyper‐heuristics can be proposed. 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Moreover, the emergence of new tools for information dissemination, such as interactive digital TV, makes the selection of access technology, factor of fundamental importance. One of the greatest advantages of using digital TV as means to disseminate information is the installation of applications. In this chapter, a load characterization of a typical application embedded in a digital TV is performed to determine its behavior. However, it is important to note that applications send information through an access technology. Therefore, this chapter, based on the study on load characterization, developed a methodology combining Bayesian networks and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) analytical approach to provide support to service providers to opt for a technology (power line communication, PLC, wireless, wired, etc.) for the return channel.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Marcos César da Rocha Seruffo, Ádamo Lima de Santana, Carlos\nRenato Lisboa Francês and Nandamudi Lankalapalli Vijaykumar",authors:[{id:"10493",title:"Dr.",name:"Adamo",middleName:null,surname:"Lima De Santana",slug:"adamo-lima-de-santana",fullName:"Adamo Lima De Santana"},{id:"202549",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Seruffo",slug:"marcos-seruffo",fullName:"Marcos Seruffo"},{id:"202551",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadamundi",middleName:null,surname:"Vijaykumar",slug:"nadamundi-vijaykumar",fullName:"Nadamundi Vijaykumar"},{id:"202552",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Renato",middleName:null,surname:"Francês",slug:"carlos-renato-frances",fullName:"Carlos Renato Francês"}]},{id:"55594",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69222",title:"Multi‐Objective Hyper‐Heuristics",slug:"multi-objective-hyper-heuristics",totalDownloads:1457,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Multi‐objective hyper‐heuristics is a search method or learning mechanism that operates over a fixed set of low‐level heuristics to solve multi‐objective optimization problems by controlling and combining the strengths of those heuristics. Although numerous papers on hyper‐heuristics have been published and several studies are still underway, most research has focused on single‐objective optimization. Work on hyper‐heuristics for multi‐objective optimization remains limited. This chapter draws attention to this area of research to help researchers and PhD students understand and reuse these methods. It also provides the basic concepts of multi‐objective optimization and hyper‐heuristics to facilitate a better understanding of the related research areas, in addition to exploring hyper‐heuristic methodologies that address multi‐objective optimization. Some design issues related to the development of hyper‐heuristic framework for multi‐objective optimization are discussed. The chapter concludes with a case study of multi‐objective selection hyper‐heuristics and its application on a real‐world problem.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Mashael Suliaman Maashi",authors:[{id:"201702",title:"Dr.",name:"Mashael",middleName:null,surname:"Maashi",slug:"mashael-maashi",fullName:"Mashael Maashi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56264",title:"Heuristics Techniques for Scheduling Problems with Reducing Waiting Time Variance",slug:"heuristics-techniques-for-scheduling-problems-with-reducing-waiting-time-variance",totalDownloads:1681,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In real computational world, scheduling is a decision making process. This is nothing but a systematic schedule through which a large numbers of tasks are assigned to the processors. Due to the resource limitation, creation of such schedule is a real challenge. This creates the interest of developing a qualitative scheduler for the processors. These processors are either single or parallel. One of the criteria for improving the efficiency of scheduler is waiting time variance (WTV). Minimizing the WTV of a task is a NP-hard problem. Achieving the quality of service (QoS) in a single or parallel processor by minimizing the WTV is a problem of task scheduling. To enhance the performance of a single or parallel processor, it is required to develop a stable and none overlap scheduler by minimizing WTV. An automated scheduler's performance is always measured by the attributes of QoS. One of the attributes of QoS is ‘Timeliness’. First, this chapter presents the importance of heuristics with five heuristic-based solutions. Then applies these heuristics on 1‖WTV minimization problem and three heuristics with a unique task distribution mechanism on Qm|prec|WTV minimization problem. The experimental result shows the performance of heuristic in the form of graph for consonant problems.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Satyasundara Mahapatra, Rati Ranjan Dash and Sateesh K. Pradhan",authors:[{id:"201253",title:"Dr.",name:"Satyasundara",middleName:null,surname:"Mahapatra",slug:"satyasundara-mahapatra",fullName:"Satyasundara Mahapatra"},{id:"203077",title:"Dr.",name:"Rati Ranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Dash",slug:"rati-ranjan-dash",fullName:"Rati Ranjan Dash"},{id:"203078",title:"Dr.",name:"Sateesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Pradhan",slug:"sateesh-kumar-pradhan",fullName:"Sateesh Kumar Pradhan"}]},{id:"55554",title:"Hyper‐Heuristics and Metaheuristics for Selected Bio‐Inspired Combinatorial Optimization Problems",slug:"hyper-heuristics-and-metaheuristics-for-selected-bio-inspired-combinatorial-optimization-problems",totalDownloads:1571,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Many decision and optimization problems arising in bioinformatics field are time demanding, and several algorithms are designed to solve these problems or to improve their current best solution approach. Modeling and implementing a new heuristic algorithm may be time‐consuming but has strong motivations: on the one hand, even a small improvement of the new solution may be worth the long time spent on the construction of a new method; on the other hand, there are problems for which good‐enough solutions are acceptable which could be achieved at a much lower computational cost. In the first case, specially designed heuristics or metaheuristics are needed, while the latter hyper‐heuristics can be proposed. The paper will describe both approaches in different domain problems.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Aleksandra Swiercz",authors:[{id:"203032",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Swiercz",slug:"aleksandra-swiercz",fullName:"Aleksandra Swiercz"}]},{id:"55594",title:"Multi‐Objective Hyper‐Heuristics",slug:"multi-objective-hyper-heuristics",totalDownloads:1457,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Multi‐objective hyper‐heuristics is a search method or learning mechanism that operates over a fixed set of low‐level heuristics to solve multi‐objective optimization problems by controlling and combining the strengths of those heuristics. Although numerous papers on hyper‐heuristics have been published and several studies are still underway, most research has focused on single‐objective optimization. Work on hyper‐heuristics for multi‐objective optimization remains limited. This chapter draws attention to this area of research to help researchers and PhD students understand and reuse these methods. It also provides the basic concepts of multi‐objective optimization and hyper‐heuristics to facilitate a better understanding of the related research areas, in addition to exploring hyper‐heuristic methodologies that address multi‐objective optimization. Some design issues related to the development of hyper‐heuristic framework for multi‐objective optimization are discussed. The chapter concludes with a case study of multi‐objective selection hyper‐heuristics and its application on a real‐world problem.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Mashael Suliaman Maashi",authors:[{id:"201702",title:"Dr.",name:"Mashael",middleName:null,surname:"Maashi",slug:"mashael-maashi",fullName:"Mashael Maashi"}]},{id:"55968",title:"On the Use of Hybrid Heuristics for Providing Service to Select the Return Channel in an Interactive Digital TV Environment",slug:"on-the-use-of-hybrid-heuristics-for-providing-service-to-select-the-return-channel-in-an-interactive",totalDownloads:1271,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The technologies used to link the end-user to a telecommunication infrastructure, has been changing over time due to the consolidation of new access technologies. Moreover, the emergence of new tools for information dissemination, such as interactive digital TV, makes the selection of access technology, factor of fundamental importance. One of the greatest advantages of using digital TV as means to disseminate information is the installation of applications. In this chapter, a load characterization of a typical application embedded in a digital TV is performed to determine its behavior. However, it is important to note that applications send information through an access technology. Therefore, this chapter, based on the study on load characterization, developed a methodology combining Bayesian networks and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) analytical approach to provide support to service providers to opt for a technology (power line communication, PLC, wireless, wired, etc.) for the return channel.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Marcos César da Rocha Seruffo, Ádamo Lima de Santana, Carlos\nRenato Lisboa Francês and Nandamudi Lankalapalli Vijaykumar",authors:[{id:"10493",title:"Dr.",name:"Adamo",middleName:null,surname:"Lima De Santana",slug:"adamo-lima-de-santana",fullName:"Adamo Lima De Santana"},{id:"202549",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Seruffo",slug:"marcos-seruffo",fullName:"Marcos Seruffo"},{id:"202551",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadamundi",middleName:null,surname:"Vijaykumar",slug:"nadamundi-vijaykumar",fullName:"Nadamundi Vijaykumar"},{id:"202552",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Renato",middleName:null,surname:"Francês",slug:"carlos-renato-frances",fullName:"Carlos Renato Francês"}]},{id:"55704",title:"Advanced Particle Filter Methods",slug:"advanced-particle-filter-methods",totalDownloads:1541,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter presents a set of algorithmic methods based on particle filter heuristics. We start with an introduction to particle filters, which covers the main motivation and related works. Then, the generic framework for particle filter algorithm is presented, followed by two important use cases regarding indoor positioning and multitarget tracking; for both problems, modified particle filter algorithms are presented followed by experimental results, implementation remarks, and a discussion. Finally, a short list of conclusion and future work are presented.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Roi Yozevitch and Boaz Ben-Moshe",authors:[{id:"203049",title:"Prof.",name:"Boaz",middleName:null,surname:"Benmoshe",slug:"boaz-benmoshe",fullName:"Boaz Benmoshe"},{id:"203051",title:"Mr.",name:"Roi",middleName:null,surname:"Yozevitch",slug:"roi-yozevitch",fullName:"Roi Yozevitch"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"549",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:289,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11409,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. 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