Componential Model of creativity of Amabile (1983).
\r\n\t- BMD measurement technology
\r\n\t- Osteoporosis and fracture risk
\r\n\t- Bone growth and remodeling
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThe submission is also open to any other original study related to these research topics.
Creativity is one of the most appreciated learning skills current the XXI century [1]. Creativity is conceived as a higher-order thinking skill based on complex and postformal thought concerned with the creation of new and valuable ideas [2, 3]. Higher-order thinking skills are those involved in proficient and strategic thought, and these skills comprise critical, creative and metacognitive thinking, also known as deep learning [4]. In addition, the development of creativity is today considered essential in order to achieve an effective and a high-level learning.
Despite the observed need for the development of creativity in the curriculum, there is a general tendency to reproduce teaching and learning models and a constraint on teacher’s search for procedures to teach creativity, which involves little creativity development in students, with a predominance of reproductive learning [5].
Creativity is inherent in human development and his personality. It begins to be developed from the first years of school and continues into higher education and increases through the number of experiences that the individual has, and to the extent that the activity of teachers could promote it [5, 6].
Therefore, creativity has been an essential competence for the curriculum design and development. In order to answer this deal, the concept and the psychological construct of creativity has been defined and later, its psychological process involved has been treated to implement teaching and learning strategies oriented to such ends.
There is a consensus among scholars that creativity is not just another skill, but rather a complex process of human subjectivity that is based on a set of psychological resources that are specifically configured and regulate human behavior [7]. Contemporary researchers have expanded the concept of creativity by recognizing that creative action is a dynamic and inconclusive process and is even co-constitute with the broader social context [8].
Considering the different approaches to their study assumed by Rodhes [9], creativity has been defined as a result, as a process, as a construct derived from the influence of the context and as a personality feature of human nature.
There is not a consensus about the definition of creativity, but it has been generally accepted as the ability to do creative products. A creative product is defined as something new, original and appropriate or valued in a particular context [10, 11, 12, 13].
Most authors advocate understanding creativity not only from the results or the products generated, but also from the process from which it is reached. In this sense, Gardner\'s definition can be assumed for this purpose. For Gardner, a creative person is a person who solves problems regularly, develops new products and defines issues in a field that initially is novel but ultimately becomes accepted in a particular cultural context [12]. This definition includes the four approaches to the study of creativity: personality (creative person), the process (problem solving), the context (cultural context) and finally, the product (new products).
Regarding the definition of creativity as a result of human activity, many authors consider creativity as the ability to do creative products, hence a creative person is one that produces creative products regularly.
A creative product is defined as something new, original and appropriate or valued in a particular context [10, 11, 12, 13]. These characteristics have also been summarized in two fundamental aspects of creative products, which are novelty and quality, which also must involve originality and adequacy respectively [14].
What is something new?
Is something different to the previously existing things. There is nothing totally new because something new comes from something that previously exists. Therefore, novelty will depend on the frame of reference to which it is compared. For this reason, there are degrees of novelty. It has been considered these two types of creativity besides that [15, 16, 17]:
P-Creativity: is new with respect to oneself (personal creativity). It is also called Little- c creativity.
H-Creativity: is new with respect to History (social creativity). It is also called Big- C creativity
Also, there are some differences between the frequency of the novelty and the context where it is generated. Therefore, it has been described four types of creativity (see Figure 1). According to this continuum, Kaufman and Beghetto [18] have developed
Mini-c: individual/personal and everyday creativity is used to define a type of creativity involved in performances, actions or new events of daily life with personal meaning [19]. This type of category also refers to a mental or emotional internal state of creativity [20] and helps to differentiate the subjective to the objective creativity and the Mini-c from the Little-c. Hence, it is also used to distinguish between subjective and objective forms of personal creativity.
Little-c: individual creativity that is grown as a hobby. It is associated with the innovative contributions clearly useful but not exceptional.
Pro-C: not eminent social creativity is given in a creative profession. This kind of creativity comes from people who are creative at their work and helps to distinguish between the area of the Big-C creativity and the area of the Little-c creativity, or between the social and personal creativity.
Big-C: eminent creativity or exceptional creativity. Is used to indicate a type of eminent and exceptional creativity that stands out in a field or domain of knowledge and is socially recognized.
Grades of creativity.
This model proposes that a person could be gradually creative, in a personal level (Little –c and Mini-c) fostering creativity in everyday life. Thus, increase the possibilities to be creative on a social level (Pro-C and Big-C) to become exceptionally creative.
What is something original?
Originality implies that a product is different from other, highly unusual or statistically rare. Furthermore, for most authors, a product may be original to varying degrees (personal, social and universal).
What is appropriate or valued in a particular context?
The suitability of a product means that it is valued and/or appropriate in a particular context. To this end, a proper creative product must meet certain criteria or quality standards, providing true value or usefulness to society, culture or context in which it occurs.
As it was indicated in this section, a creative product can be creative to varying degrees (personal-social) and must meet certain levels of innovation and quality. Creative thinking skills development implies that novelty has to involve a certain level of originality, and quality must involve a certain level of adequacy in a particular social context [14].
Many authors have explained creativity as a process clearly differentiated from others cognitive process. Guilford [21] was one of the first authors to propose creative thinking as a cognitive process involved in the structure of intelligence. Today, his theoretical model remains a referent for explaining and predicting a person\'s creative potential and creative performance. His model of the Structure of Intellect (SOI) defined creativity as a result of a cognitive operation called divergent production, which is related to creative solutions of problems characterised by moving in many directions, in contrast to convergent thinking, characterised by moving in one direction to search for a correct answer (see Figure 2).
Guilford’s Model Structure of Intellect (SOI).
Furthermore, Guilford [21, 22, 23] proposed these four productive processes of divergent thinking:
Fluency: the production of a large number of ideas. There are three types of fluency: (1) Ideational fluency: quantitative production of ideas in a given class, (2) Associational fluency: building relationships, (3) Fluency of expression: easy to build sentences.
Flexibility: the ability to produce changes in thinking- a change of some kind, of meaning,-a change of meaning, interpretation or use of something, a change in the way of understanding a task or strategy intended to do it, or a change in the direction of thought, which may involve a new interpretation of the problem.
Originality: the production of unusual and intelligent responses collected from premises distant or remote. In order to evaluate this component, the principle of statistical infrequency of an idea within the set of members of a given population has been proposed.
Elaboration: the ability to produce the highest number of steps or details to execute a plan. It is related to the ability to make implications when planning skills are being applied.
Other authors are relevant in addressing and highlighting creativity as a specific thinking process, such as Torrance, Maslow and De Bono, among others. Torrance [24] describes creativity as the hypothesis development and validation process. Defines creativity as sensitivity to problems, deficiencies and gaps in information, the absence of certain elements, etc., which leads to formulate conjectures and hypothesis about their solution, evaluate, test and modify these assumptions to communicate the findings. Maslow [25] distinguished between two types of creative thinking and describes two types of creativity, primary and secondary. The creative process is largely composed of the primary creativity, which is related to creative inspiration, and secondary creativity prepares and develops primary creativity and expresses the "finished product". Finally, De Bono [26] defined creativity as lateral thinking. Lateral thinking involves the generation of ideas, is not sequential, unpredictable and not limited by convention. Lateral thinking is the opposite of vertical thinking defined as sequential, linear, predictable and conventional. Both processes are necessary and complementary.
Hence, there are empirical evidences about two kinds of thinking, creative and critical thinking, that shows a cerebral correlate with both sides of our brain. It has been observed that both styles of thinking imply two different mental operations and processes such as: visual-verbal, parallel- vertical, unconscious-conscious, divergent-convergent, etc. Creativity is located in the right brain hemisphere and in the frontal lobe, as well as having a neurological basis of a stronger hemispheric connection, as a result of an optimal interaction between the two hemispheres. In addition, a high creative thinking ability consisting of frontal and parietal regions within default, salience, and executive brain system [27, 28].
A constant throughout the history of creativity has been to recognise the creative process as the semblance of problem solving [29]. This will be discussed in the last section of this chapter.
There are some classic studies of the creative personality made by Mackinnon [30, 31]. Personal characteristics that performed highly creative products (buildings for architects, published works for novelists or writers) were assessed. The following characteristics of a creative person were founded:
High intrinsic motivation to solve problems, rather intrinsic than extrinsic.
Security and confidence, not worry about the opinion others have of them.
Qualities for social success; they are balanced, spontaneous and confident in their social relations, while they are not particularly sociable temperament and cooperative.
Not deliberately conformist though. They are truly independent.
Prefer the aesthetic and theoretical values. They are searching for truth and beauty.
Preference for intuitive perception resulting from flexibility, spontaneity and openness of mind to experience.
Inclination towards the complex and asymmetrical.
Two thirds of the study participants were introverts but there is no evidence that introverts are more creative than extroverts.
According to mental health, creative individuals scored above average in the general population in certain psychological traits, but they had enough strength and mental control that allowed them to express themselves in a productive and in a creative way.
Other salient features that define the creative personality are [32, 33]:
The flow of ideas and flexibility of thought.
Not conventional thinking. Thoughts and associated ideas in unusual ways and use of unconventional strategies to solve problems.
Independence and autonomy. High degree of autonomy, independence and confidence. They do not need to be seen or relied on.
Self-discipline, self-control and perseverance. They are responsible for their own actions and have a high degree of strength and persistence to successfully finish a started project.
High achievement motivation. They usually do not feel satisfied with their ideas or projects because they think they can improve them.
Tolerance for ambiguity. They are more capable than most people to carry out the work in the absence of specific requirements.
Preference for complex tasks and information.
Strong sense of humor.
A recent meta-study highlights these same personal characteristics, emphasising awareness, flexibility of thought, abundance of ideas and their ease and the originality of ideas as the fundamental pillars of creative personality and the core of the main studies analysed [34]. In addition, creative persons must also find four essential factors for creativity potential: affect, cognition, willingness and empathy [29].
The importance of the cultural value or the context in creativity has been highlighted by different authors. The influence of the social environment for creativity development, is essential; this is what makes it possible to provide innovative solutions to the problems i.e., what surrounds the student and contributes to the development of his personality [5].
In this sense, Glăveanu [35] has presented an overview of how expanded conceptions of creativity including the context dimension can help move the field from a
Csikszentmihalyi [17] defined creativity as any act, idea or product that changes an existing domain or a transformation of an existing domain into a new one, and argues that creativity is to bring something truly new that is valued enough to be added to the culture. Gardiner emphasises interdisciplinarity and collaboration for greater creativity and epistemic control of knowledge [37].
The Amabile [10]
Domain-relevant skills. It depends on the cognitive, perceptual and motor innate skills and formal and informal education of the person in a particular domain. It includes the knowledge in a domain, the technical skills and the special skills in that domain.
Creativity-related processes. It depends on the experience in the generation of new ideas and personality. It includes the cognitive style, the use of heuristics to generate new ideas, and the style of work.
Intrinsic task motivation. It depends on the initial level of intrinsic motivation toward the task, on the presence or absence of social inhibitors and on the individual abilities to minimize cognitively external inhibitors. It includes attitudes toward the task and the perception of one\'s motivation to undertake it.
Domain-relevant skills | Creativity-related processes | Intrinsic task motivation | |
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Componential Model of creativity of Amabile (1983).
A key issue in developing creativity context-related is motivation. To develop creativity, it should be a higher intrinsic motivation than an extrinsic one. Amabile [10] attaches great importance to the influence of social factors on creativity, so that intrinsic motivation, internal evaluation in accordance with technical criteria and the absence of external rewards are crucial factors for its development. Intrinsic motivation is particularly relevant in the early stages of the idea generation or in the early stages of creativity and extrinsic motivation is particularly relevant in the developmental phase of these initial ideas, when the product needs to be developed in detail. In turn, it has been shown that extrinsic motivation can encourage the creativity as long as it does not exceed the intrinsic motivation one, and both kinds of motivation should be combined in a synergistic, additive and complementary way. In other words, “extrinsic incentives and task motivation must combine in a synergistic, additive, or complementary fashion” (p. 352) [38].
According to
According to De la Torre [41], creative teaching is characterized by being active, motivating, dynamic and involving. For this author creative learning refers to knowledge built with the active involvement of the subject, from its planning to its internalisation, characterised by intrinsic motivation, being learner-centred, openness of the process and self-evaluation.
The development of creative thinking skills is essential for turning creative potential into creative performance. That is, if creative skills are deliberately, consciously and voluntarily fostered, each individual will be able to convert his or her creative potential into creative behavior [2, 6, 42].
In this respect, the development of creative skills must be personal and voluntary, but it must also be stimulated by the educational context. From a didactic point of view, creativity is a concept that should be addressed curricularly in the objectives, as formative content, as a strategy, in learning activities and in assessment. If not, it is reduced to a mere aspiration for a good social reception [43].
In general, it can be stated that the recommendations from research, derived from the implemented programmes and strategies for the development of creativity are based on applying divergent thinking processes (fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration, transformation, sensitivity and symbolic play) and convergent thinking processes (analysis, synthesis and evaluation of ideas) involved in the creation of products in the problem-solving process to achieve the optimal development of creativity [2]. An important finding of a meta-analysis was that more successful training programmes were more likely concerned with directed and structured exercises aiming at developing specific, task-relevant cognitive skills operating on available knowledge, involving idea production and cognitive training in problem solving strategies [6, 42].
There is a considerable evidence revealing beneficial effects on different facets of creative potential. Studies on creativity in education field show an effective and real development of creativity if relevant efforts are made in this direction in all levels of education from pre-school to higher education [3, 8, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48]. In addition, evidence has been found to suggest the importance of the role of the educator as a basis for the development of creativity and an opportunity to guide the child\'s early development of creativity [49]. A recent meta-study, highlights the importance and the need to explain and explore the teaching-learning processes involved in the development of creativity, identifying the techniques and procedures used [8].
Therefore, there is an insistence on the need to promote educational measures and processes that involve teachers in the development of their students\' creative thinking, based on teaching methods that allow them to generate knowledge and respond to social, scientific and technological problems [50, 51]. In this regard, a systematic review of 210 studies on education and educational policy suggests that teachers\' skills, attitudes, willingness to act as role models, awareness of students\' needs, flexible lesson structuring and certain types of classroom interaction are central to the teaching of creativity, and highlights the importance of educational culture in supporting creativity, where it is necessary to generate conceptions of creativity and for teachers to develop their own creativity, working constructively with a mentor, as well as the importance of action research and reflection on one\'s own educational praxis [52].
At this point, it is stressed the importance of applying the creative thinking process in problem solving, as it would be the ideal strategy in order to develop creativity, as creativity and problem-solving have many similarities [2, 53]. Thus, is applying creative strategies in those processes that require a divergent, productive or idea-generating thinking style and analytical and evaluative strategies in those phases of the process that require a more conventional thinking or a convergent thinking style, aimed at finding a correct answer or its final elaboration.
In this section a distinction between the development of creative skills is made through overcoming the creative thinking barriers as a way to be aware of the internal and external conditioning factors of creativity, and how they are perceived in the educational context. Finally, the most relevant strategies for the development of creative skills are described in order to use them specifically in the educational context, with emphasis on problem solving.
Simberg and Osborn [54, 55] were the first to identify and analyse barriers to creative thinking under three types of blocks: perceptual, cultural and emotional. Simberg recommended overcome these blocks and described them as follows:
Perceptual blocks. Assume not to see the problem or not to see what is wrong, due to several limitations such as to isolate the problem, define the terms of the problem, use the senses to observe the problem, perceive remote relationships, investigate the obvious or distinguish between cause and effect.
Emotional blocks. Are those from the individual\'s own insecurities, such as the fear of being wrong or looking foolish, clinging to the first idea or solution that comes to mind, rigidity of thought, high motivation to succeed quickly, excessive desire of security, fear and distrust superiors, lack of energy to solve a problem, the experience and the lack of will to implement a new solution.
Cultural blocks. Are those that derive from what is taught and has learned to accept as good or bad, such as the desire to adapt to an accepted rule, the desire to be practical and economical, the tendency to adopt an attitude of all or nothing, having too many or little knowledge about something, being too competitive, having too much faith in statistics or logic, believe that fantasy is not worth it and believe that is not polite to be very curious or doubtful.
Lorna [56] describes creativity barriers as obstacles affecting the creative and innovative skills of individuals. She considers that knowledge, identification and awareness of the barriers to creative thinking, could prevent their emergence and allow for the creative potential of individuals. To this end, Lorna has created the
These blocks and barriers have also been summarised in two types: internal and external barriers. Internal barriers have been related to the perceptual blocks and the emotional blocks and external ones have been related to the cultural blocks.
More recent literature provides various examples of how people can be effectively cognitively stimulated in the context of creativity enhancement, and significant performance gains psychometrically determined creativity were also seen as a result of continuous engagement in divergent thinking task [57].
From this approach, the optimal methodology for the development of creativity would be the development of students\' strategic thinking through the teaching of different creative strategies in the classroom. Creative strategies are an adaptive procedure or set of procedures by which action is sequentially organized to achieve the desired purpose or goal [58]. These strategies are characterized by flexibility in planning, contextual adaptation, the creation of a relaxed and rewarding atmosphere, participatory and interactive roles among students and between students and teachers, productivity or personal achievements, high degree of satisfaction and awareness of self-learning [58]. These strategies seek, among other aspects, to develop capacities and skills of ideation, interaction, elaboration, communicative competence, argumentation to express and defend one\'s own points of view, collaborative work and role-playing. They are characterized by being strategies oriented towards the development of attitudes, values, emotional sensitivity and persistence in the task initiated [59].
Classic creative strategies to develop creative thinking skill began to apply in training courses from the industrial field started in 1930 and 1940. These strategies could help to unlock and stimulate the divergent thinking and facilitate the development of creativity. Nowadays these strategies are applied in the educational context in different divergent thinking tasks [57]. These creative strategies are involved in idea production which is particularly effective in improving creative-related skills [42, 60].
A way to classify the strategies outlined in the scope of the development of creativity, it has been proposed three types of processes used in problem solving [61]:
Analogical: is based on the similarity or the likeness as a solution of the problem.
Antithetical: is based on solving the problem of the counter tide it had been done before.
Randomly: once discussed the problem with similar methods and opposite, there is an area of seemingly unrelated concepts to the problem and random estimates are used for their solution.
The main strategies for the development of creativity are summarised below:
Brainstorming [55]. Its objective is to conduct a group or a project to get as many ideas, suggestions, valid alternatives and original ideas as possible. This strategy can be applied in a single phase, in which each participant prepares its own list of ideas and then be shared with other individuals, in a second phase of work in pairs and in a third phase of group work. Eventually it is needed to evaluate all the ideas and choose the best.
This strategy has four basic rules:
Critical judgment is excluded. Do not reject or censor any idea how absurd or strange it may seem.
The free imagination is welcomed.
The amount is demanded.
The combination and improvement of the proposed ideas is sought.
Attribute listing [62]. This strategy consists of moving the attributes of an object or situation to another object or situation. Its aim is to sensitise the student to grasp the characteristics of the objects and transforming them to generate significant wealth of new ones. This technique should be applied as follows:
Focusing on a target or topic of a potential job.
Display various attributes or characteristics of the target of topic (e.g., if it is an object: shape, color, size, etc.).
Select those attributes that best describe the object or subject.
Thinking about possible changes in each.
Modify the characteristics of an attribute without changing other attributes and see what happens.
Checklist [55]. This strategy is based on the formulation of questions, because the questions are one of the supports of creative attitudes. Prior knowledge of a problem predisposes to the development of questions, because knowing involves wanting to know more and this can lead to many discoveries. This strategy proposes a number of questions issued by the educator to encourage creative thinking; these are the follows:
Use the existing elements that have been already used for other purposes.
Adapt or copy other similar realities to improve what we have.
Modify; giving new forms, colors, aspects.
Increase, make larger, stronger, higher, that multiplies the effects or appears more often.
Reduce; make smaller, lighter, delete parts or complications, divide or ignore.
Replace; change something by other ingredients, materials, procedures, techniques, etc.
Change the order or sequence of its components.
Reverse the object; replace the positive with the negative, to start at the end, to reverse a situation, use of irony.
Combine the ideas to improve the object.
Synectics [63]. The word comes from Greek and means the union of different elements and seemingly irrelevant. Is applied in group problem solving to increase the possibilities of its resolution. To applied it, activities are proposed to make the strange familiar and the familiar strange through free associations, involving four forms of metaphorical analogy, which are as follow:
Personal analogy: imagine that you are the object or situation of the problem to identify its elements.
Direct analogy: look for some phenomenon or similar solution in other areas of knowledge or disciplines.
Symbolic analogy: interpersonal or object images are used to describe the problem. Poetical and metaphorical type of responses can be used.
Fantastic analogy: fantastic events, imaginary or irrational ideas can be used to challenge the established laws and to create another kind of reality.
Invention of products [64]. This strategy proposes the creation of inventions. The strategy to develop the invention comprises the following steps:
Analyse the design and the creation objectives.
Generate ideas. New ideas from different categories, original and infrequent ideas and detailed ideas are seeking.
Assess the ideas generated.
Designing something new or improve an existing design.
Storywritting [65]. This strategy encourage imagination by the development of stories and provides the description of different ways for it. Some of these ideas are: create stories from a word or from a randomly selected image, change the main character of a familiar story, transforming traditional stories introducing changes to its continuation or ending, imagine a fantastic character and create a story from this character (e.g., a man of glass; a man of iron), setting riddles and metaphors of their characteristics, using analogies, synectics, etc.
Method of the Six Thinking Hats [66]. This method tries to stimulate simultaneously six different ways of thinking related to the symbolic use of six different hats, including:
The white hat is neutral and objective. It relates to the facts, data and objectives.
The red hat suggests anger and emotions. It provides the emotional standpoint.
The black hat is somber and serious. Is cautious and careful, says the weaknesses and difficulties of the ideas.
The yellow hat is cheerful and positive. It includes optimistic hope and positive thinking.
The green hat symbolizes the abundant, fertile growth and new ideas.
The blue hat is cool, symbolizes the color of the sky that is above all. It relates to the control, organization of thought processes and the use of other hats. One could assume that this hat symbolises the use of metacognition.
Design Thinking. Design thinking offers teachers needed support and skills. Design is a process of “making” solutions, and a well-recognized by-product of creative confidence and self-efficacy. Design thinking is an iterative process that repeatedly reformulates a problem to find its core and then analyses possible solutions to find the most favourable, allowing for the formation of ‘creative bridges’ between problems and solutions [53]. Thus, both analytical thinking and divergent creative thinking are key to design processes, worked through five core design thinking skills: Empathising, Defining Problems, Ideating, Prototyping, and Testing [67].
Creative, metacognitive and critical thinking skills problem-solving model. Adapted from Allueva [68] is based on complex thinking and higher order thinking processes in problem solving [2]. See Figure 3. This model stresses the importance of developing creative thinking skills in problem solving, applying creative strategies in those processes that require a divergent, productive or idea-generating style of thinking and a more analytical and evaluative strategies in those phases of the process that require a more conventional or convergent thinking, aimed at finding a suitable response or its final elaboration. Throughout all the process, metacognitive skills involved in problem-solving are proposed. In this sense, there is some recent research on the implication of metacognition for the development of creativity [37, 69].
Creative, metacognitive and critical thinking skills problem-solving model.
Figure 3 shows how to apply the creative, metacognitive and critical thinking process in problem solving. First, the problem is presented and simultaneously, divergent production processes (in those tasks that require the generation of novel and valuable ideas) and convergent production processes are applied (in those tasks that require valid and reliable answers). During the task, metacognitive thinking processes (planning, regulating-controlling and checking the task). The three mentioned thinking skills are applied until a mental product of the problem is achieved.
As an example, the sequence of activities in the expositive sessions is:
At the beginning of the session: enquiry into prior knowledge: brainstorming, posing questions about subject content, knowledge activation questions, etc.;
During the session: stimulate the creative thinking, creative strategies are proposed: brainstorming, synectis, proposing examples and counterexamples, generating lists of attributes to certain questions, visualisation, make questions, etc.;
At the end of the session: relevance and educational implications in the classroom of the issues raised (creation of scenarios and narratives and search for solutions using divergent thinking skills in different cases).
The sequence of activities in the practical sessions is:
Presentation of the activity through cooperative work in the classroom. Creative strategies are proposed to solve the different practical activities through the stimulation of divergent thinking and lateral thinking: "what if", creative narrative techniques, brainstorming, use of analogies, list of attributes, synectics, creative visualisation, among others. The explanation of each strategy will be done prior to the solution of the proposed activities;
Development and supervision of the creative performance for the practical activities proposed;
Shared discussion. Small group discussion and large group presentation of the proposals put forward, explaining the creative process carried out for their solution. To this end, the hypothesizing of possible alternative solutions will be encouraged, promoting hypothetical-deductive thinking, creative and metacognitive thinking skills are supported;
Evaluation: group feedback on the creative resolution of the activity is done, suggestions for improvement of the solutions are proposed. Individual and group student’s self-evaluation is carried out to analyse the creative strategies application during the learning process. Finally, teacher\'s evaluation of the activity resolution (i.e., using a weighted evaluation scale) is proposed which is based on previously established evaluation criteria. Thus evaluation, should assess the main implemented creativity factors that were involved in the teaching sessions, as the indicators of creative thinking developed: fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration, among others.
It can be affirmed that development involves skills of increasing complexity and, in general, it has been shown that human thinking is diverse, complex and multifaceted and that it requires the coordination of multiple cognitive processes.
For this reason, we highlight the importance of the development of higher order thinking skills, more specifically those that have been shown to be most effective in teaching-learning processes, namely critical, creative and metacognitive thinking skills. Traditionally, more attention has been paid in education to the development of critical, analytical or formal thinking skills, and creative thinking processes have been neglected. For this reason, it is highlight creative skills as an object of development and study in this chapter.
Creativity is a complex and multidimensional construct, which makes it difficult to define in a precise and consensual way. However, it can be affirmed that the different existing approaches to the study of creativity provide a complementary vision of creativity and shed more light for future research, which will serve to discover the mental processes and mechanisms involved in creative and human thinking and the factors that influence them.
So far, it has been highlighted the importance of creativity in society and in education, as well as the importance of creativity in everyday life, while it has been shown through research that the development of creativity can provide an improvement in educational quality and student learning. Accordingly, we believe that creative skills should be developed in all possible contexts, taking into account the personal characteristics of each student, so that they are able to generate creative products in a variety of contexts. It has also been highlighted that essential indicators of creative potential are creative thinking processes applied to problem solving in the curriculum and, more specifically, those involving divergent thinking for the generation of ideas.
From this approach, it is proposed that the development of creative thinking skills should be carried out in the different areas of the curriculum as a transversal competence and in a deliberate and specific way. Likewise, evaluation is proposed, with the intention of assessing whether their development has been effective. In order to develop creative skills and creative thinking, barriers it should be removed and it should be applied creative skills involved in the problem-solving process. The aim is to generate creative products through the use and application of creative strategies intentionally in the teaching-learning process.
Food safety is one of the key issues that people are most concerned about. Food poisoning caused by foodborne diseases is a major problem in food safety. Pathogens are infectious agents that can cause foodborne diseases, which include fungi, protozoans, bacteria and viruses. They enter the human body through various modes of infection like food, water and air, and are responsible for deaths worldwide. The major foodborne pathogens include
Biosensors are a high-tech analytical device developed by the interdisciplinary integration of physics, chemistry and biology. They mainly use biomolecular recognition elements (such as antibodies, enzymes, nucleic acids, etc.) to recognize the targets analyte, and then converts to optical, electrical, magnetic or other signals that are easy to capture and recognize by a transducer for easy readout. Because of its advantages of high efficiency, easy automation and simple operation, it has been widely used in the field of food safety [4, 5].
It is anticipated that the future research direction of developing novel biosensors is to achieve the accurate identification of pathogens and eliminate the interference from food sample impurities. As emerging technologies, bacteriophage can recognize viable and unviable pathogens and can be a precise recognition element to replace traditional antibodies in the immune response, contributed to construct various precise biosensors. And the magnetic relaxation switch sensors which can realize high signal-to-noise ratio and background-free detection have also attracted extensive attention in the field of rapid detection for foodborne pathogens. In recent years, extraordinary progress has been made in terms of bacteriophage- and biosensor-based detection methods, focusing on their potential use in the field of rapid detection for foodborne pathogens, and becoming frontier research hotspot. This chapter will mainly introduce the latest developments and future prospects of bacteriophage-based precise identification technologies, which allow accurate detection of foodborne pathogens. Additionally, it will summarize the research progresses and development directions of novel magnetic relaxation switch sensors in the field of rapid detection for foodborne pathogens.
Bacteriophages (shortened to phage), composed of protein and nucleic acid, are viruses that can specifically infect bacteria and proliferate in host bacteria. Phage was first discovered by Frederick W. Twort in 1915 and subsequently isolated by Felixd’Herelle in 1917, who named phages according to their properties [6]. According to their basic structural forms, phages can be classified into icosahedral phages without tail structure, icosahedral phages with tail structure, and filamentous phages. Most phages are icosahedral phages with tail structure [7]. The head capsid and tail are composed of proteins. These phages consist of thehead capsids containing the genetic material of the phage (DNA or RNA), and the tails that have special receptors to recognize the cell surface of the host bacteria, which are related to phage specificity (Figure 1). Phage typically could also be categorized into lytic or temperate phages based in their life cycle.
Structure of a typical bacteriophage.
Especially in the recent years, with a better understanding of the detailed knowledge phage characteristics, its application in clinical disease treatment, foodborne pathogen detection and other aspects has been gradually expanded. Phages offer several advantages, such as simple structure, easy to generate quantities in within a short time, high specificity to host bacteria, harmless to human, good stability, and the ability to distinguish viable and unviable bacteria. Their short preparation time and low cost are also the advantages over antibodies. Based on these advantages, a variety of methods have been developed to detect pathogenic bacteria that using phages as the probes. Phages have shown a good application prospect in the field of rapid detection for pathogenic bacteria.
Compared with biometric elements such as antibodies and nucleic acids, phages have obvious advantages in the detection of pathogenic bacteria [8]. The features of bacteria and phages including specific interactions between phages and target bacterial cells, their infectious ability and phage-induced cell lysis, provide a basis for the detection of pathogenic bacteria [9]. At present, the phage-based detection methods are mainly based on phages (natural phages or recombinant phages) and phage components as recognition elements. Phage-based detection methods mainly include phage amplification, phage-based biosensors which combined natural phages with biosensors (such as electrochemistry biosensors and optics biosensors) and engineered phage-based methods (such as reporter phages and phage display technology). Phage component-based assays are mainly conducted by taking advantage of phage receptor binding proteins and lysin proteins. This part will discuss the research progress of the current phage-based detection methods to provide a comprehensive theoretical basis for food safety assessment.
Phage amplification is a classical method for the detection of foodborne pathogens. The principle of this strategy was based on the measurement of progeny phage released from the infected target bacteria. Specifically, phages were mixed with the sample solution to infect the target bacteria. Then the viricides such as ammonium ferrous sulfate are used to kill the free phages in the culture medium. After phages were released from the lysed target bacteria, the helper bacteria cells were added to propagate the phages and determine the phage titer using the double-layer plate method, so as to evaluate the number of target bacteria. This method has been used for the detection of
Rajnovic et al. developed a method based on the analysis of optical density kinetics in bacterial cultures with lysed MS2 phage for bacterial infection. This method can detect as few as 10 phage particles per assay volume after a phage incubation period of 3.5 h. And it could detect as low as 104 CFU/mL
Phage-mediated biosensors can be divided into two categories in principle. One is to use phages as recognition and capture components of pathogenic bacteria, supplemented by other substances for signal readout, but it donot lyse bacteria. The other is to use naturally occurring lytic phages to specifically lyse host bacteria and release intracellular substances, which in turn trigger the catalysis of the substances to produce signals for readout. In this section, we will review the recent developments of these two detection methods.
Due to their advantages of high sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, fast response and low cost, sensors have become one of the most widely used methods in the detection of pathogenic bacteria. Zhou et al. developed a carbon nanotube (CNT)-based impedimetric biosensing method for rapid and selective detection of viable
Phages are used to specifically lyse host bacteria to release intracellular enzymes or other specific substances. The released enzymes act as markers to catalyze the reaction of active substances to produce specific substances and generate signals that can be measured by biosensors, so as to detect pathogenic bacteria [16]. The intracellular enzymes that can be used as markers mainly include adenylate kinase, β-D-galactosidase, β-D-glucuronidase, etc. Chen et al. immobilized T7 phage particles on magnetic beads to capture and lyse
Schematic representation of detection of
In addition, researchers combined phages and bioluminescence reagents to develop optical-based methods, such as ATP bioluminescence, NADH bioluminescence for pathogenic bacteria detection. First of all, the target bacteria were subjected to phage specific infection, and lysed to release ATP and NADH, since the content of ATP and NADH in each cell was roughly constant. ATP is then catalyzed by luciferase to react with luciferin or NADH with substrates such as FMN and aldehydes to emit light [18]. Bacterial count could be evaluated from quantitative measurements of ATP bioluminescence. Eed et al. developed an ATP bioluminescence-sensing assay to detect microbial viability. A bioluminescent recombinant
Reporter phage detection techniques are based on molecular biology methods. In this method, the reporter phage containing the reporter gene is constructed first. The reporter gene is introduced into the host chromosome and encodes the expression of a fluorescent substance or a colorimetric marker dependent substrate for pathogen identification.
Reporter genes commonly used at present include firefly luciferase gene (luc), bacterial luciferase gene
Phages have the unique ability to display peptides or proteins on their surfaces and can be used for the detection of foodborne pathogens. This technique named as phage display as first discovered in 1985. The proteins or peptides displayed are capable of affiniting to a variety of targets such as carbohydrates, proteins, small molecules, or whole cells. The basic principle is to fuse the gene encoding for the target peptide or proteinto the phage surface protein encoding gene, causing the mixed protein to be expressed on the phage surface [24]. Bacteriophage (M13, F1, FD, T4 and T7, etc.) are commenly used in phage display technology. McIvor et al. panned out
Phage components, such as RBP and lysins, not only have specific affinity to target bacteria, but also are highly adaptable to environmental conditions. RBP, located in the tail of the virion, anchor the phage to the host cell during infection by recognizing unique protein or carbohydrate (polysaccharide) sequences on the surface of the host bacteria [27]. Lysins are phage-encoded enzymes produced in infected host bacteria at the end of the lytic cycle. These hydrolases enable the phage to lyse the host cell from within and the release of progeny phage particles.
The RBP of phage not only has unique host tail recognition specificity that can specifically recognize host bacteria, but also hashigh resistance to environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature and resistance stability. The RBP of phage can be used as a potential probing element for pathogen detection. Singh et al. reported the use of the RBP of
Tolba et al. used the anchor region of
Target | Limit of detection | Method | References |
---|---|---|---|
104 CFU/mL | Phage amplification | [11] | |
8 CFU /25 g | [12] | ||
10 CFU/mL | Biosensor | [13] | |
3 CFU/mL | [14] | ||
103 CFU/mL | [15] | ||
104 CFU/mL | [17] | ||
103 CFU/mL | Engineered phage | [23] | |
1.3 | Phage display | [26] | |
102 CFU/mL | Phage components | [28] | |
100 cells | [30] | ||
105 CFU /mL | [31] | ||
3 cells/100 μm2 | [32] |
Application of phage in detection of pathogenic bacteria.
In general, the mechanism of phage’s specific adsorption on host bacteria, the advantages of phage and its application in the detection of pathogenic bacteria are introduced in this part. Phage has great application potential in the detection of pathogenic bacteria due to its advantages of good stability, easy preparation, strong specificity, high safety, and ability to distinguish viable and unviable bacteria. Bacteriophage component-based assays may have some advantages over the use of full phage particles. Phage proteins exhibit greater stability to extreme pH and temperature. The smaller protein size allows for more intensive surface modifications and targeted chemical functionalization to enhance the binding activity of these surfaces compared to the whole phage. In some cases of applications, phage-derived proteins offer another advantages, including captured intact bacteria without inducing lysis and releasing toxic products. The application of phage-derived proteins, while promising to replace antibodies used to capture and enrich bacterial pathogens, is still in its infancy and its potential is largely untapped.
In addition to the wide application of phage-based accurate identification in the field of food safety, the development of effective novel biosensing technologies with low background has also shown great application prospects. Nowadays, the application of magnetic relaxation switch (MRS) sensors in the rapid detection of foodborne pathogens increasingly attracted attention. Compared to traditional optical signal, the magnetic signal owns high specificity, for which the signal is negligible especially in biological and environmental samples. The developing MRS assays do not require complex separation and purification steps and can be performed in turbid, opaque and non-uniform medium, enabling background-free detection [34, 35]. Besides, the MRS senosrs have the advantages of fast detection, simple operation, high signal-to-noise ratio, and easy to realize on-site detection, which holds great promise for food safety. Based on this, we reviewed the MRS sensors research progress in the field of rapid detection for foodborne pathogens in next part.
Magnetic relaxation switch sensor has been an up-and-coming biosensing technology in recent years. It uses magnetic relaxation time as a signal readout to qualitatively and quantitatively detect targets. In physics, the relaxation refers to the process of returning to an equilibrium state after a certain equilibrium state is destroyed. Classical MRS sensors generally uses magnetic material as signal probe for detection. The magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are a kind of promising materials that can be extensively explored in various fields including clinical medicine, magnetic resonance imaging, data storage and food safety due to their unique size and physicochemical properties [36]. The basic principle of MRS sensors is the shortening of the relaxation time of water molecules mediated by MNPs, which can result in the nonuniform magnetic field. We can measure relaxation time of water protons through the process of relaxation, and relaxation time can be used as signal readout to reflect the amounts of targets. The relaxation time includes longitudinal relaxation time (T1) and transverse relaxation time (T2). In recent years, with the in-depth study of MNPs and relaxation mechanism, a series of magnetic sensors have been designed and worked at the molecular and cellular levels that combine with relaxation time as signal readout for target detection [37, 38].
Conventional MRS assay is generally based on the aggregation or dispersion of nanoparticles leading to the change of relaxation signal, as shown in Figure 3 [39]. The application of MRS sensor started in 2001 by Weissleders’s group, who use four different types of molecular interactions (DNA-DNA, protein-protein, protein-small molecule and enzyme catalysis) to show that the nanoparticles MRS technology can detect targets in vivo with highsensitivity, efficiency, and high-throughput. This platform is based the functional superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SMNPs) aggregated or dispersed
The principle of classic magnetic relaxation switch (MRS) sensors [
The principle of MRS sensors based on magnetic particles changed state is to modify the donor/receptor (such as antigen/antibody, biotin/streptavidin, aptamers, etc.) on the surface of magnetic particles to construct specific magnetic probe. In the process of analysis, the specific recognition of the donor-receptor causes the state to change from dispersion to aggregation, hence affected the uniformity of the local magnetic field. When the water molecules diffuse through these uneven magnetic fields, the lateral relaxation of protons is accelerated and caused shorter lateral relaxation time [40]. The degree of magnetic probe state and T2 signal change are positively correlated with the content of the target substance in the sample, so as to achieve the purpose of quantitative detection.
Based on this principle, Zhao et al. proposed a sensitive and rapid method for detecting
Except through the change of T2 to judge result, Wang et al. developed a MRS sensor based on SMNPs which uses T2 for signal readout for the rapid detection of the foodborne pathogen
Sara et al. proposed NMR-based detection system to detect pathogenic levels of
The above protocols are all single-mode detection based on magnetic, so some scholars try to develop a dual-mode detection scheme. A protocol is proposed by Tyler et al. through the unique combination of magnetic and fluorescent parameters in a nanoparticle-based platform to construct a simple
However, the disadvantage of the MRS sensors depending on the state of magnetic particles is that the magnetic signal only positively correlated with the concentration of the target within a certain range, hence the linear range is narrow. And the state change is also susceptible to interference fcaused by various factors such as the sample matrix, which is easily suffered from the nonspecific adsorption and aggregation of magnetic particles that cause the inaccuracy of detection.
The amount-dependent MRS sensors has proposed to solve the limitations of state-dependent MRS sensors. The basic scheme of MRS sensors based on the change of magnetic particles amounts depended on the difference in the separation speed of magnetic particles of different sizes in the same magnetic field. The magnetic particles of large diameter are used as the carrier of immunomagnetic separation, and the magnetic particles of small diameter are used as the magnetic signal probe. The donor/receptor specific recognition function molecular is modified on the both carrier and probe magnetic beads. The probe specifically recognizes the magnetic particles modified with the acceptor/donor through the carrier modified with the donor/receptor, and changes the number of magnetic probes after magnetic separation and other operations, thereby realizing biosensing. When the target appears and is recognized, the amount of magnetic probes is changed after magnetic separation, thereby realizing quantitative biosensing. This mode does not need to induce the aggregation of magnetic particles, which effectively improves the stability of MRS sensors. In addition, the T2 signal is more sensitive to the change of magnetic probe concentration, which effectively improves the sensitivity of MRS sensors.
Chen et al. firstly proposed amount-dependent MRS sensor with more convenient operation, enhanced sensitivity and better reproducibility. Magnetic beads of large size (250 nm, MB250) can be separated more quickly than those of small size (30 nm, MB30) under an external magnetic field. Based on this phenomenon, a MRS sensor combined with magnetic separation that enables one-step, sensitive detection of pathogens. The MB250 and MB30 can selectively capture and enrich the targets to form the “MB250-target-MB30” conjugate. After magnetic separation, unreacted MB30 can be used as signal readout probe and corresponds to the concentration of targets (Figure 4a). The entire immunoassay can be completed within 30 min and the detection limit is 102 CFU/mL. Compared with conventional MRS sensor, this kind of sensors could avoid the unstable state of aggregation and ensure the accuracy of the signal, which is capable for the detection of
(a) A MRS sensor based on the amounts of antibody-modified MNP for
To integrate the amount-dependent technology and realize operate on 96-well plates, Zou et al. described a novel MRS sensor for
Conventional MRS assays employ monodispersed MNPs as the magnetic probe and modulate their states or amounts to result in the changes of transverse relaxation time of water protons. Nevertheless, the stability of MNPs when conjugating with the ligands remains an issue. The conjugation of MNPs may affect their stability, and the nonspecific interaction between MNPs and the sample matrix can result in the instability that affect the accuracy. The state-dependent and amount-dependent MRS sensors still need to be mediated by MNPs. The coupling procedure of the acceptor/donor on the surface of MNPs may be quite different for different operators, hence still insufficient for stability. Therefore, some researchers proposed novel paramagnetic ion-mediated MRS assays which have greatly improved the capability. It is much easier to prepare the aqueous solution of paramagnetic ions than that of MNPs. And its solution generally has a longer shelf life. Furthermore, paramagnetic ions have different valence states that can be interconverted by redox reactions, providing a versatile magnetic sensing platform. Wang et al. described a magnetic immunosensor relying on Mn(VII)/Mn(II) interconversion to trigger the corresponding change in the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance of the T2. The signal of the water protons detected in Mn(II) aqueous solution is much stronger than Mn(VII) aqueous solution, hence enable to develop a background signal-free magnetic immunosensor with a high signal-to-background ratio through employ immunomagnetic separation and enzyme-catalyzed reaction (Figure 5a). The detection limit of this method for
(a) A paramagnetic ion Mn(VII)/Mn(II) mediated MRS sensor for
In addition to catalyzing the redox of paramagnetic ion, the ALP can also participate in catalyzing the formation of hydrogels to cause the signal changes of T2. Wei et al. developed a sol-gel transition of hydrogels to change T2 signal for assaying foodborne pathogens. The ALP can catalyze the reaction to generate an acidic environment that could transform the sol-state alginate solution to hydrogel, and this process can directly regulate the diffusion rate of water protons resulting in the change of T2 signal (Figure 5b). This biosensing strategy directly modulates the water molecules rather than conventional magnetic probes, hence displaying high sensitivity for detecting 50 CFU/mL
Target | Limit of detection | Mode | References |
---|---|---|---|
3 MPN | State-dependent | [41] | |
1.1 MPN | State-dependent | [42] | |
103 CFU/mL | State-dependent | [43] | |
1.55 × 103 CFU/mL | State-dependent | [44] | |
A single genome copy | State-dependent | [45] | |
105 CFU/mL | State-dependent | [46] | |
50 CFU/mL | State-dependent | [47] | |
1 CFU | State-dependent | [48] | |
2 CFU/mL | State-dependent | [49] | |
102 CFU/mL | Amount-dependent | [2] | |
50 CFU/mL | Amount-dependent | [50] | |
105 CFU/mL | Amount-dependent | [51] | |
2.3 × 103 CFU/mL | Amount-dependent | [52] | |
2.6 × 104 CFU/mL | Amount-dependent | [53] | |
20 CFU/mL | Paramagnetic-ion | [54] | |
102 CFU/mL | Paramagnetic-ion | [56] |
Applications of MRS sensors in foodborne pathogens detection.
Note: MPN—most probable number; CFU—colony forming unit.
This section mainly introduces the research progress of phage-based precise identification methods and magnetic relaxation switch sensors in the field of rapid detection for foodborne pathogens. Bacteriophage has strong specificity to pathogenic bacteria, easy to prepare, harmless to human body, can be used as a novel identification element to detect pathogenic bacteria. It mainly realized the rapid detection of foodborne pathogens by phage amplification, genetic engineering or detect the components. Besides, as a novel multidisciplinary analysis technology, the MRS sensors have the advantages of efficient analysis, high signal-to-noise ratio and simple operation, which is based on different scheme such as state, amounts and paramagnetic ion. The development of traditional MRS sensors are mature, but mainly relies on the state, mobility and distribution of hydrogen protons in the detection system, which have the disadvantage of insufficient sensitivity or targeting. Therefore, the targeting can be enhanced by developing novel functionalized nanoparticles while increasing sensitivity. With the deepening of research, the MRS sensors will play a more important role in the rapid detection of foodborne pathogens. The future research direction of MRS sensors can focus on multiple and high-throughput detection, achieve intelligent and portable on-site rapid detection, and exploring a revolutionary magnetic sensing mechanism. In the future, these emerging sensors based on specificity of phage and the efficient readout of MRS mentioned above will be developd rapidly for foodborne pathogens detection and contribute powerful methodological guarantee food safety, as well as human health.
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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It has played a vital role in human evolution and is an imperative constituent of a well-balanced diet. It is a good source of proteins, zinc, iron, selenium, and phosphorus followed by vitamin A and B-complex vitamins. Average value of meat protein is about 23% that varies from higher to lower value according to the type of meat source. Meat fat and its fatty acid profile is point to worry, with respect to its consumption, but its moderate usage is always advised by doctors and nutritionists, in order to lead a healthy life. Fat content of animal carcasses ranges between 8 and 20%. Quality traits of meat along with its nutritional composition become dependent upon animal breed type, feeding source (grains, pasture and grass), genetics of animal and post mortem techniques. This chapter will mainly focus on the variant aspects of nutritional constituents of meat including proteins and essential amino acids, fats and fatty acid profile, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals along with their health benefits to human health.",book:{id:"6669",slug:"meat-science-and-nutrition",title:"Meat Science and Nutrition",fullTitle:"Meat Science and Nutrition"},signatures:"Rabia Shabir Ahmad, Ali Imran and Muhammad Bilal Hussain",authors:[{id:"235082",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Imran",slug:"ali-imran",fullName:"Ali Imran"},{id:"239057",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabia Shabir",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rabia-shabir-ahmad",fullName:"Rabia Shabir Ahmad"},{id:"243634",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"muhammad-bilal-hussain",fullName:"Muhammad Bilal Hussain"}]},{id:"19983",doi:"10.5772/20101",title:"Dietary Effect of Soybean (Glycine max) Products on Gut Histology and Microbiota of Fish",slug:"dietary-effect-of-soybean-glycine-max-products-on-gut-histology-and-microbiota-of-fish",totalDownloads:4496,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:47,abstract:null,book:{id:"497",slug:"soybean-and-nutrition",title:"Soybean and Nutrition",fullTitle:"Soybean and Nutrition"},signatures:"Daniel L. Merrifield, Rolf Erik Olsen, Reidar Myklebust and Einar Ringø",authors:[{id:"37424",title:"Prof.",name:"Einar",middleName:null,surname:"Ringø",slug:"einar-ringo",fullName:"Einar Ringø"},{id:"37436",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Merrifield",slug:"daniel-merrifield",fullName:"Daniel Merrifield"},{id:"91338",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolf Erik",middleName:null,surname:"Olsen",slug:"rolf-erik-olsen",fullName:"Rolf Erik Olsen"},{id:"91341",title:"Prof.",name:"Reidar",middleName:null,surname:"Myklebust",slug:"reidar-myklebust",fullName:"Reidar Myklebust"}]},{id:"60270",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75961",title:"Antioxidants from Natural Sources",slug:"antioxidants-from-natural-sources",totalDownloads:4478,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:45,abstract:"Antioxidants are the defense system of the body against the damage of reactive oxygen species, which is normally produced during the various physiological processes in the body. There are various sources of these antioxidants like endogenous antioxidant present in the body and exogenous food source. In recent decades, alternate of synthetic food antioxidants by natural ones has fostered interest on vegetable sources and the screening of inexpensive raw materials particularly from the agriculture for identifying new antioxidants. Polyphenols are the significant plant compounds with antioxidant activity, though not the only ones. Some but not only restricted to biological properties such as anticarcinogenicity, antimutagenicity, antiallergenicity, and antiaging activity have been reported for natural and synthetic antioxidants. Among the sources of natural antioxidants, the most important are those coming from routinely consuming vegetables and fruits; however, antioxidant from other plant and agriculture waste should not be ignored.",book:{id:"6678",slug:"antioxidants-in-foods-and-its-applications",title:"Antioxidants in Foods and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Antioxidants in Foods and Its Applications"},signatures:"Haseeb Anwar, Ghulam Hussain and Imtiaz Mustafa",authors:[{id:"240684",title:"Dr.",name:"Haseeb",middleName:null,surname:"Anwar",slug:"haseeb-anwar",fullName:"Haseeb Anwar"},{id:"244522",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"ghulam-hussain",fullName:"Ghulam Hussain"},{id:"244523",title:"Ms.",name:"Jaweria",middleName:null,surname:"Nisar",slug:"jaweria-nisar",fullName:"Jaweria Nisar"},{id:"244524",title:"Mr.",name:"Imtiaz",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"imtiaz-mustafa",fullName:"Imtiaz Mustafa"}]},{id:"19751",doi:"10.5772/18808",title:"From Soybean Phytosterols to Steroid Hormones",slug:"from-soybean-phytosterols-to-steroid-hormones",totalDownloads:11647,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:null,book:{id:"496",slug:"soybean-and-health",title:"Soybean and Health",fullTitle:"Soybean and Health"},signatures:"Feng-Qing Wang, Kang Yao and Dong-Zhi Wei",authors:[{id:"32646",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng-Qing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"feng-qing-wang",fullName:"Feng-Qing Wang"},{id:"32662",title:"MSc.",name:"Kang",middleName:null,surname:"Yao",slug:"kang-yao",fullName:"Kang Yao"},{id:"32663",title:"Prof.",name:"Dong-Zhi",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",slug:"dong-zhi-wei",fullName:"Dong-Zhi Wei"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64570",title:"Banana Pseudo-Stem Fiber: Preparation, Characteristics, and Applications",slug:"banana-pseudo-stem-fiber-preparation-characteristics-and-applications",totalDownloads:9549,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Banana is one of the most well-known and useful plants in the world. Almost all the parts of this plant, that are, fruit, leaves, flower bud, trunk, and pseudo-stem, can be utilized. This chapter deals with the fiber extracted from the pseudo-stem of the banana plant. It discusses the production of banana pseudo-stem fiber, which includes plantation and harvesting; extraction of banana pseudo-stem fiber; retting; and degumming of the fiber. It also deals with the characteristics of the banana pseudo-stem fiber, such as morphological, physical and mechanical, durability, degradability, thermal, chemical, and antibacterial properties. Several potential applications of this fiber are also mentioned, such as the use of this fiber to fabricate rope, place mats, paper cardboard, string thread, tea bags, high-quality textile materials, absorbent, polymer/fiber composites, etc.",book:{id:"7544",slug:"banana-nutrition-function-and-processing-kinetics",title:"Banana Nutrition",fullTitle:"Banana Nutrition - Function and Processing Kinetics"},signatures:"Asmanto Subagyo and Achmad Chafidz",authors:[{id:"257742",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Achmad",middleName:null,surname:"Chafidz",slug:"achmad-chafidz",fullName:"Achmad Chafidz"},{id:"268400",title:"Mr.",name:"Asmanto",middleName:null,surname:"Subagyo",slug:"asmanto-subagyo",fullName:"Asmanto Subagyo"}]},{id:"61245",title:"Nutritional Composition of Meat",slug:"nutritional-composition-of-meat",totalDownloads:4531,totalCrossrefCites:33,totalDimensionsCites:60,abstract:"Meat ranks among one of the most significant, nutritious and favored food item available to masses, which aids in fulfilling most of their body requirements. It has played a vital role in human evolution and is an imperative constituent of a well-balanced diet. It is a good source of proteins, zinc, iron, selenium, and phosphorus followed by vitamin A and B-complex vitamins. Average value of meat protein is about 23% that varies from higher to lower value according to the type of meat source. Meat fat and its fatty acid profile is point to worry, with respect to its consumption, but its moderate usage is always advised by doctors and nutritionists, in order to lead a healthy life. Fat content of animal carcasses ranges between 8 and 20%. Quality traits of meat along with its nutritional composition become dependent upon animal breed type, feeding source (grains, pasture and grass), genetics of animal and post mortem techniques. This chapter will mainly focus on the variant aspects of nutritional constituents of meat including proteins and essential amino acids, fats and fatty acid profile, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals along with their health benefits to human health.",book:{id:"6669",slug:"meat-science-and-nutrition",title:"Meat Science and Nutrition",fullTitle:"Meat Science and Nutrition"},signatures:"Rabia Shabir Ahmad, Ali Imran and Muhammad Bilal Hussain",authors:[{id:"235082",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Imran",slug:"ali-imran",fullName:"Ali Imran"},{id:"239057",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabia Shabir",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rabia-shabir-ahmad",fullName:"Rabia Shabir Ahmad"},{id:"243634",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"muhammad-bilal-hussain",fullName:"Muhammad Bilal Hussain"}]},{id:"67214",title:"Microbial Contamination in Milk Quality and Health Risk of the Consumers of Raw Milk and Dairy Products",slug:"microbial-contamination-in-milk-quality-and-health-risk-of-the-consumers-of-raw-milk-and-dairy-produ",totalDownloads:3607,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"The dairy products industry is going toward safe milk and its products in the food market. Milk quality and food safety concern in the consumers’ health and nutrition in public health surveillance prevent food-borne diseases, food poisoning, and zoonosis risk by raw milk and fresh dairy products. The aim of this work is focused on milk microbial contamination and its impacts on milk production and dairy industry with their implications in milk product quality, food-borne diseases from raw milk, and unpasteurized milk by food-borne pathogen microbial contamination and milk and dairy product spoilage. The microbial milk contamination source comes from herd hygiene and health status, mastitis prevalence, production environment, and milking parlor and milk conserving practices in dairy farm. Moreover, these facts are implicated in milk quality and milk spoilage and unsafe dairy products. The milk production system and the dairy plant operations keep track in pasteurized milk and fresh dairy products reviewing the traceability in field situational diagnosis report.",book:{id:"7943",slug:"nutrition-in-health-and-disease-our-challenges-now-and-forthcoming-time",title:"Nutrition in Health and Disease",fullTitle:"Nutrition in Health and Disease - Our Challenges Now and Forthcoming Time"},signatures:"Valente Velázquez-Ordoñez, Benjamín Valladares-Carranza, Esvieta Tenorio-Borroto, Martín Talavera-Rojas, Jorge Antonio Varela-Guerrero, Jorge Acosta-Dibarrat, Florencia Puigvert, Lucia Grille, Álvaro González Revello and Lucia Pareja",authors:[{id:"15423",title:"Qco.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Pareja",slug:"lucia-pareja",fullName:"Lucia Pareja"},{id:"199849",title:"Dr.",name:"Velazquez",middleName:"Ordoñez",surname:"Valente",slug:"velazquez-valente",fullName:"Velazquez Valente"},{id:"280178",title:"Dr.",name:"Esvieta",middleName:null,surname:"Tenorio-Borroto",slug:"esvieta-tenorio-borroto",fullName:"Esvieta Tenorio-Borroto"},{id:"280179",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamín",middleName:null,surname:"Valladares-Carranza",slug:"benjamin-valladares-carranza",fullName:"Benjamín Valladares-Carranza"},{id:"280184",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Acosta-Dibarrat",slug:"jorge-acosta-dibarrat",fullName:"Jorge Acosta-Dibarrat"},{id:"285302",title:"Dr.",name:"Martín",middleName:null,surname:"Talavera Rojas",slug:"martin-talavera-rojas",fullName:"Martín Talavera Rojas"},{id:"285303",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Grille",slug:"lucia-grille",fullName:"Lucia Grille"},{id:"291633",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"González Revello",slug:"alvaro-gonzalez-revello",fullName:"Alvaro González Revello"},{id:"301478",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jorge Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Varela-Guerrero",slug:"jorge-antonio-varela-guerrero",fullName:"Jorge Antonio Varela-Guerrero"},{id:"301479",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Florencia",middleName:null,surname:"Puigvert",slug:"florencia-puigvert",fullName:"Florencia Puigvert"}]},{id:"60461",title:"Biological Activities of the Doum Palm (Hyphaene thebaica L.) Extract and Its Bioactive Components",slug:"biological-activities-of-the-doum-palm-hyphaene-thebaica-l-extract-and-its-bioactive-components",totalDownloads:4287,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica) is a type palm tree which has a wood texture and has edible oval fruits and the origin native to upper Egypt. The trunk of this small palm is dichotomous. It is one of the most important useful plants in the world. All parts of doum palm have a useful role such as fiber and leaflets which used to weave baskets and doum nuts which have antioxidants and secondary metabolites such as tannins, phenols, saponin, steroids, glycosides, flavonoid, terpenes and terpinoids. Also, roots, stems and leaves are used in medicine, ropes and baskets. Studies on anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and pharmacological potential of Hyphaene thebaica extracts and its major phytoconstituents like the phenolic, essential oil and flavonoid compounds are extensively discussed in this review.",book:{id:"6678",slug:"antioxidants-in-foods-and-its-applications",title:"Antioxidants in Foods and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Antioxidants in Foods and Its Applications"},signatures:"Hossam S. El-Beltagi, Heba I. Mohamed, Hany N. Yousef and Eman\nM. Fawzi",authors:[{id:"138817",title:"Dr.",name:"Heba",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",slug:"heba-mohamed",fullName:"Heba Mohamed"},{id:"240003",title:"Prof.",name:"Hossam",middleName:"Saad",surname:"El-Beltagi",slug:"hossam-el-beltagi",fullName:"Hossam El-Beltagi"},{id:"251695",title:"Prof.",name:"Eman",middleName:null,surname:"Fawzi",slug:"eman-fawzi",fullName:"Eman Fawzi"},{id:"251950",title:"Dr.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"Yousef",slug:"hany-yousef",fullName:"Hany Yousef"}]},{id:"71665",title:"Global Prevalence of Malnutrition: Evidence from Literature",slug:"global-prevalence-of-malnutrition-evidence-from-literature",totalDownloads:2132,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Malnutrition is a widespread problem, affecting the global population at some life stage. This public health epidemic targets everyone, but the most vulnerable groups are poverty-stricken people, young children, adolescents, older people, those who are with illness and have a compromised immune system, as well as lactating and pregnant women. Malnutrition includes both undernutrition (wasting, stunting, underweight, and mineral- and vitamin-related malnutrition) and overnutrition (overweight, obesity, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases). In combating malnutrition, healthcare costs increase, productivity is reduced, and economic growth is staggered, thus perpetuating the cycle of ill health and poverty. The best-targeted age for addressing malnutrition is the first 1000 days of life as this window period is ideal for intervention implementation and tracking for the improvement of child growth and development. There is an unprecedented opportunity to address the various forms of malnutrition, especially the 2016–2025 Decade of Action on Nutrition set by the United Nation. This aims to achieve the relevant targets of the Sustainable Development Goals that aim to end hunger and improve nutrition, as well as promote well-being and ensure healthy lives.",book:{id:"8030",slug:"malnutrition",title:"Malnutrition",fullTitle:"Malnutrition"},signatures:"Natisha Dukhi",authors:[{id:"311182",title:"Dr.",name:"Natisha",middleName:null,surname:"Dukhi",slug:"natisha-dukhi",fullName:"Natisha Dukhi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"323",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). 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