Open access peer-reviewed chapter
The most cultivated winter wheat cultivars in Germany (Germany, 1972) stand out for their drought resistance.
Abstract
The problem of drought is acute in a large area of Russia, which will not decrease in the coming decades but will grow. The most important measures to combat drought are the selection of drought- and heat-resistant crops and the creation of varieties for various ecological and geographical zones of Russia based on the widespread use of the World Collections of Agricultural Plants. The results of the study of the gene pool of winter wheat during severe atmospheric drought, which manifested itself twice in 50 years of studying genetic resources from different countries in 1972 and 2010, are presented. The primary tasks were the mobilization of new forms of drought-resistant plants from the arid zones of Russia, as well as from abroad, the expansion of research on the identification of genetic sources and donors of drought resistance, the creation and accelerated introduction into agricultural production of new drought-resistant varieties and hybrids of winter wheat.
Keywords
- winter wheat
- genetic sources
- drought resistance
- breeding
- production
1. Introduction
The drought problem is serious in most areas of our country. In addition, as the results of research by the largest Russian and foreign climate scientists show [1], the probability of this adverse phenomenon will not decrease in the coming decades but will increase. N.I. Vavilov [2] rightly considered the selection of drought- and heat-resistant crops and the creation of drought-resistant cultivars for various ecological and geographical zones of the country based on the extensive use of the All-Union Institute of Plant Growing agricultural plants world collections will be the most important measures to cope with drought.
For the first time, the classification of agricultural plants cultivated in the USSR according to the degree of drought resistance was made by N.I. Vavilov and reported at the All-Union Conference on problems related to drought, held by the USSR Academy of Sciences and VASHNIL in 1931 in Moscow [2]. The need for such work, N.I. Vavilov notes in his report, that is related to the special agricultural conditions in our country, characterized by the widespread and frequent occurrence of such an unfavorable phenomenon as drought.
All the varieties of plant species and genera by agro- and ecological specifications were divided into three groups by N.I. Vavilov [2].
The first group included plants that are more resistant to drought and capable of yielding crops even in the conditions of an acutely arid summer. These, along with such xerophytic plants, such as cactus and agaves, include millet, sorghum, chickpeas, fine-grained lentils, various types of lathyrus, sweet clover, granary, mogar, yellow alfalfa, sudan grass, sheep fescue, and a number of fruit and essential oil crops.
The second group consists of plants with intermediate resistance, having a large range of variability and showing a relative resistance to drought, able to produce crops with minimum moisture. Plants of this group are of the greatest importance in agriculture, occupying a significant part (more than 3/5) of the agricultural area of crops. It includes crops such as wheat, barley, maize, rye, sunflower, cotton, sugar beet, alfalfa, and vicia.
The third group includes plants less resistant to drought, which can yield only in conditions of sufficient moisture. This group consists of the vast majority of plants grown in the territory of our country.
The study of the world’s variety of agricultural plants has shown that the most precious source material resistant to drought is collected in the territory of our country. The priority tasks at the present stage are mobilization of new forms of drought-resistant plants from the arid zones of our country, as well as from abroad; expanding research into identifying genetic sources and donors of drought resistance; accelerated introduction of new drought-resistant varieties, and the most important crop hybrids into agricultural production.
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2. World gene pool of winter wheat for drought resistance
It was a severe atmospheric drought in 1972 and 2010, during 50 years studying of the winter wheat gene pool from the world collection of VIR in the conditions of the Moscow region.
In 1972, grain maturation took place under conditions of exceptional atmospheric drought. The summer of 1972 lasted 145 days, from May 2 to September 24, and was characterized by the predominance of hot and sunny weather, high-temperature stress, and high water deficit.
The average monthly air temperature in May was 11.8°C, which is not significantly higher than normal, but this period was characterized by a lower than average level of monthly precipitation: 28.6 mm precipitation rate fell although the average monthly rate—50 mm. In combination with the practical absence of atmospheric precipitations in the second and third decades of April, this lead to a significant deficit, which negatively affected the synchrony and speed of spring cereal seedlings, their growth, and development, in leguminous crops and perennial grasses.
The water content in the first one-meter layer of soil under wheat decreased by 26 mm in May—from 209 to 183. For 7 days, the relative humidity was below 40%.
The average monthly temperature in June was 18.7°C, which is 3.3°C lower than the average long-term norm. The absolute maximum has reached 32.0°C and the minimum has not decreased below 9°С.
The amount of atmospheric precipitations in June was only 16.4 mm with a standard of 72 mm, and due to their dispersal, the biological effectiveness of precipitation was very low. As a consequence, the reserves of productive water in the soil continued to decrease and amounted to 155 mm in the first one-meter layer of soil under wheat in the first decade of June, 135 in the second, and 126—in the third.
In July, further warming was observed; the average daily air temperature for the month was 22°С with a norm of 17.7°С. The absolute maximum in the first decade reached 35.5°С, in the second—34.0°С, in the third—32°С, and the absolute minimum has not dropped below 7°С. On the surface of the soil, the temperature reached 4550°С.
Against such a high-temperature background, the amount of precipitation was extremely small, only 14 mm of precipitation fell against the average monthly rate—99 mm. The increasing lack of moisture created a high soil drought. The moisture reserve in the first one-meter soil layer below the winter wheat was 90 mm in the first decade and 107 mm in the second.
Three days in a month, there was air dryness (relative humidity of no more than 30%) and 10 days with humidity in a range of 31–40%.
August weather conditions differed little from July. The average monthly air temperature was 20.3°C, which is 4.4°C higher than normal. The absolute maximum temperature reached 34.5°C in the first decade, 35.5°C in the second, and 36.0°C in the third, which exceeds this indicator for the last 92 years. The absolute minimum air temperature was 5.5°C. The amount of rain during the month was 18.1 mm with a standard of 76 mm.
The increasing lack of moisture contributed to the intensification of atmospheric drought, in August, 12 days with a relative humidity of 16–29% and 8 days with a humidity of 34–39% were recorded.
In such conditions, there were difficulties in sowing winter crops.
By the end of August, the sum of positive air temperatures since the beginning of the growing season was 2381°C with an average annual norm of 1932°C, and the amount of atmospheric precipitations rate was 177 and 298 mm, respectively.
It was extremely difficult to perform experimental and agricultural work under such weather conditions.
The air temperature in September was equal to the long-term average—10.3°C. The first two decades were characterized by drought, and in the third 52.4 mm of precipitation fell. They have significantly improved the conditions for the emergence of winter seedlings, very weak and sparse within a month from the start of sowing. Collection of nurseries of wheat and rye were flown in the second half of September. The moisture reserve in the first 1 m layer of soil under wheat was 145, 143, and 178 mm, respectively, for the decades of September.
During the assessing winter wheat from the VIR World Collection for drought resistance, we used mainly agronomic indicators: the yield of varieties and its decrease in drought conditions compared to the control. The mass of 1000 grains was also identified as one of the main agronomic indicators. In total, 500 samples from different countries of origin were studied.
The mass of 1000 grains. In the reporting year, grain loading took place in conditions of exceptional soil and atmospheric drought. Only thanks to the double loosening of the row spacing in the soil, an insignificant amount of moisture available to plants has been preserved. Wheat leaves had almost completely dried up by June 26, and further accumulation of dry matter occurred only through the root system and the stem, which was still green. As a result, the grain maturation continued, but its value turned out to be 30–40% less than in normal weather conditions years. The mass of 1000 grains of the standard cultivar—Mironovskaya 808 in 1972 was 36.1 g. It was noted that 49 samples (out of 300) in 1972 were approaching the norm on this indicator and 12 exceeded it (Table 1).
| VIR catalog number | Cultivar | Massof 1000 grains (g) |
|---|---|---|
| 40469 | Heinnriehsvon Heindenburg | 40 |
| 40476 | Konkurrenzenvon Meyer Wageninger | 38 |
| 26208 | Hildebrandts Weissweizen | 39 |
| 40467 | Heinrichs Gelbkoerniger Dickkopf | 39 |
| 45029 | Dippes Triumph | 38 |
| 43034 | Fanal | 37 |
| 40468 | Hildebrandts WeisserViktoria | 37 |
| 39737 | Bielers Edelepp | 38 |
| 44973 | Skumstall | 37 |
| 40487 | Halletspedigree v. vilmorin | 37 |
| 44796 | Basta | 39 |
| 43920 | Mironovskaya 808, st. | 36 |
Table 1.
Productivity. In the conditions of 1972, a natural assessment of winter wheat samples for drought resistance was made. The standard cultivar yield was—240 g/m2 (compared to 372 g in 1969 and 358 g in 1970).
Most of the samples from Germany had a yield lower than that of the zoned variety. A yield equal to the standard cultivar level had only one sample in 1972—Steiners strusi k-44858—246 g/m2; a yield of 4 samples: Golland k-39583—228 g/m2, Trankensteiner Brauner k-40914—220 g/m2, Goldene Aue k-40477—216 g/m2, and Stiegler 22 k-26353—216 g/m2 was almost at the level of the standard cultivar—Mironovskaya 808—240 g/m2. Other samples: Heines Teverson K-185, Shiriffs K-1672, Kujavischer weisser Kolben K-6290, St 3876 50 k-43054, Lolimanns Beseler III k-26403, Cimbals Grossherzog V Sachz k-26205, Bensings Trotzkopf k-26228, Continental Dickkopf K-26310, and Liessau K-26354 had yield from 204 to 214 g/m2.
Under very dry conditions, in 1972, the following samples were identified by drought resistance and a set of signs:
Liessau (к-26354)—is winter-hardy, quite productive, matures 1 day later than the standard Mironovskaya 808.
Heine Stamm 3256 (к-40864)—is winter-hardy, matures at the same time as the standard, relatively short, resistant to lodging, has a fairly large grain, yielding.
Loosdorfer Prasident Hanisch (к-40894)—matures at the same time as the standard, is stunted, and weakly affected by powdery mildew.
Heines 1751 (к-41245)—is winter-hardy, matures at the same time as the standard, relatively stunted, resistant to lodging, and yielding.
Steiners Strusi (к-44858)—matures at the same time as the standard, relatively short, weakly affected by powdery mildew, and quite yielding in arid conditions.
Bielers Edelepp (к-39737)—is winter-hardy, has a large grain, is quite yielding, and is weakly affected by powdery mildew.
38/120 (к-40105)—stunted, resistant to lodging, and weakly affected by brown rust.
Neuzucht 14/14 (к-40109)—stunted, resistant to lodging, weakly affected by brown rust and powdery mildew, quite winter-hardy, and yielding.
Schindlers N. Z. (к-40472)—has a large grain and good yielding.
Russe 991 (к-40858)—matures at the same time as the standard, is stunted, weakly affected by brown rust.
Standerers Markus (к-35660)—is winter-hardy, has a large grain, and matures later than the standard for 1 day.
к-39751—quite winter-hardy, stunted, weakly affected by brown rust, and has a large grain.
Halle 1020 (к-34063)—weakly affected by powdery mildew, has a large grain.
Thus, the source material of winter wheat from Germany is of particular interest for practical use (Table 2).
| VIR catalog number | Cultivar | Grain mass from 2 m2, g |
|---|---|---|
| 43920 | Mironovskaya 808, st. | 480 |
| 44858 | Steiners Strusi | 492 |
| 39583 | Golland | 456 |
| 40914 | Frankensteiner Brauner | 440 |
| 40477 | Goldene Aue | 432 |
| 26353 | Stiegler 22 | 432 |
| 185 | Heines Feverson | 428 |
| 1672 | Shiriffs | 428 |
| 6290 | Kujavischer Weisser Kolben | 420 |
| 43054 | St 3876/50 | 420 |
| 26403 | Lohmanns Beseler III | 412 |
| 26205 | Cimbals Grossherzog V.Sachz | 412 |
| 26228 | Bensings Trotzkopf | 408 |
| 26310 | Berkners Continental Dickkopf 95 | 408 |
| 26354 | Liessau | 408 |
Table 2.
The most productive winter wheat cultivars in Germany in 1972.
Drought-resistant samples selected from varieties of other countries in 1972: local cultivar (k–25029) Uzbekistan—late ripening, resistant to lodging, plant height 115 cm, affected by brown and yellow rust to an average degree, mass of 1000 grains—32 g, grain yield from 1 m2 to 130 g, while the yield of standard cultivar—240 g/m2;
The local variety (k-36323) Turkmenistan is precocious, the plant height is 120 cm, resistant to lodging, the defeat of powdery and yellow rust is average, the mass of 1000 grains is 28 g, the grain yield from 1 m2 is 170 g, while the yield of standard cultivar is 240 g/m2;
Impeto (k-40296) Italy—precocious, plant height 90 cm, powdery and yellow rust is affected to an average degree, weight of 1000 grains—32 g, grain yield from 1 m2 to 175 g, while the yield of standard cultivar is 240 g/m2;
Tepas (k-44546) Italy—plant height 80 cm, resistant to lodging and brown and yellow rust, mass of 1000 grains—30 g, grain yield from 1 m2 to 190 g, while the yield of standard cultivar is 240 g/m2;
Local cultivar (k-12757) Afghanistan—precocious, plant height 110 cm, resistant to rust diseases, mass of 1000 grains—26 g, grain yield from 1 m2 to 150 g, while the yield of standard cultivar is 240 g/m2;
Local cultivar (k-24084) India—precocious, plant height 105 cm, resistant to lodging, good resistance to rust diseases, mass of 1000 grains—20 g, grain yield from 1 m2 to 120 g, while the yield of standard cultivar is 240 g/m2;
Monon (k-44397) USA—precocious, plant height 100 cm, resistant to lodging, mass of 1000 grains—30 g, grain yield from 1 m2 to 195 g, while the yield of standard cultivar is 240 g/m2;
Arache (k-45079) USA—precocious, height of plant—95 cm, resistant to lodging and brown and yellow rust, mass of 1000 grains—32 g, grain yield from 1 m2 to 210 g, the yield of standard cultivar is 240 g/m2;
Albidum 11 (k-46730) Russia—medium-ripened, created with the participation of wheat from California, plant height 90 cm, resistant to diseases, resistant to lodging, mass of 1000 grains—39 g, grain yield from 1 m2 to 386 g, the yield of standard cultivar—240 g/m2;
Bezostaya 1 (k-42790) Russia—precocious, resistant to lodging, height of plants—105 cm, affected by rust diseases to an average degree, mass of 1000 grains—37.8 g, grain yield from 1 m2 to 200 g, the yield of standard cultivar—240 g/m2;
Odesskaya 3 (k-38441) Ukraine—is medium-ripe, height of plants—95 cm, resistant to lodging, is affected by rust diseases to an average degree, the mass of 1000 grains is 35.1 g, the grain yield from 1 m2 is 220 g, the yield of standard cultivar—240 g/m2;
As a result, a comparative analysis of the parameters of drought resistance in the VIR World Collection of samples revealed genotypes with high resistance to drought from Germany (in the first place), single samples from Italy, the USA, and Russia. The selected samples are of value and interest for practical use in breeding. Breeders have created drought-tolerant and highly productive cultivars on their basis in the Russian Federation.
The second severe drought in the Russian Federation over the past 50 years occurred in 2010.
The vegetation conditions in 2010 were quite unfavorable. The average temperature of the vegetation season was 6.5°C (22.9°C) above the average long-term norm (16.4°C). In May 2010, weather conditions were favorable for the growth and development of winter wheat plants—the air temperature corresponded to the average annual value (14.2–14.5°C). The last rain fell on June 18 and there was no rainfall until September 3. The air temperature in the Moscow region in June was 33°C, in July—up to 38°C, in August—up to 39.7°C (the average long-term temperature was +18.2°C, +20.5°C, +19.0°C in June, July, and August, respectively), the hydrothermal humidification coefficient (HHC) was 0.8. The lack of precipitation, as well as the abnormally high temperature of the air, has created a threat to the normal development and maturation of the wheat grain. The full maturation of the winter wheat samples took place between July 10 and 15, almost a month earlier than the optimal period. In conditions of severe atmospheric drought, the collection was evaluated for drought resistance. A total of 500 samples from different countries were analyzed. Among these, 42 samples of winter wheat were characterized by drought resistance, including 14 high-yield samples (Table 3).
| VIR catalog number | Origin | Cultivar | Grain mass per 1 m2, g |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | Moscow region | Moscovskaya 39, st. | 475 |
| 64065 | Germany | Taras | 670 |
| 64062 | Germany | Tarmer | 665 |
| 57008 | Germany | TAW 7032/74 | 655 |
| 54633 | Moscow region. | Ferrugineum 737/76 | 640 |
| 64061 | Germany | Taroz | 680 |
| 54131 | Sweden | SV 71536 | 630 |
| 55971 | Kursk region . | L-1749 | 620 |
| 57222 | Germany | Severin | 620 |
| 54635 | Moscow region. | Lutescens 181/75 | 615 |
| 54689 | Moscow region. | Lutescens 12424/74 | 615 |
| 64054 | Poland | Juma | 615 |
| 55801 | Kursk region . | Lutescens 12 | 600 |
| 55315 | Sweden | WW 71919 | 600 |
| 55246 | Sweden | Sture | 600 |
Table 3.
High yield, drought-resistant winter wheat samples from VIR World Wheat Collection, 2010.
It should be noted that drought is one of the most complex and destructive global abiotic stressors associated with agriculture in many countries of the world. The resulting damage is greater than the damage caused by all other stressors. In the European part of Russia, over 50 years of study of the world genetic heritage of winter wheat, the drought happened twice: in 1972 and 2010. According to the time of onset and duration, the drought began from the middle to the end of the growing season. Some researchers have noticed the onset of drought at the beginning, middle, or end of the growing season, which had different levels of intensity [3, 4, 5]. Photosynthesis is impossible without water and its net productivity is strictly limited by the availability of available moisture in the soil. It should be noted that all cultivars, including drought-resistant cultivars, react negatively to water deficiency, which limits productivity.
Selection for drought resistance cannot be considered separately from crop production technology, the main task of which should be the accumulation and preservation of water in the soil. Since under long-term drought conditions, the yield has been determined and restricted by the pre-drying water resources in the soil.
Drought and high temperatures affect not only the yield but also the milling qualities of grain, as well as the baking properties of flour. At the same time, the size, exhaustiveness, weight of the grain, and the mass of flour also decrease [6, 7]. During these years, the protein content of grains and flour increases and reaches 17–19% or more, gluten—up to 45–50%. An extreme air temperature of over 34–35°C during the grain maturation period can alter the gene expression of various groups of proteins between glutenins and gliadins [7, 8, 9, 10].
Global warming and the disastrous 2010 drought are worrying about the production of cereals and other agricultural products. Modern conditions demand cultivars that use water more efficiently not only in dry years but in wet years as well. The solution to this problem is impossible without the enrichment of wheat plants by the genes of ancient local cultivars, which control resistance to a complex of pests and plant pathogens, extreme temperature tolerance, high yield and grain quality, and crop production.
Traditional recombination has now been partially replaced by molecular selection methods, but it should not be forgotten that recombinant breeding remains the basis for the use of indirect molecular technologies for the creation of new cultivars and hybrids using the genetic heritage of the best genotypes from the VIR World Wheat Collection.
Weather conditions in 2010 demonstrated the suitability of winter wheat and spring wheat breeding for drought resistance.
Below we present, particularly valuable collection samples of the worldwide VIR collection for use in the selection process in different countries [11], distinguished by drought resistance. In Russia, they are already in the breeding process in different regions.
к-64061, Taroz, (Germany); variety:
lutescens Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—95 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—43.6 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 680 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—141.8%.
Grain yield from1 hectare—68 centners per hectare (c/ha).
к-64065, Taros, Germany, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—95 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—43.5 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2˗ 670 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—139.6%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare—67 c/ha.
к-64062, Tarmer, Germany, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—90 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—42.4 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2˗ 665 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—138.5%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 66.5 c/ha.
к-64060, Tazit, Germany, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—85 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—42.7 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2˗ 660 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—137.5%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare ˗66 c/ha.
к-57008, TAW 7032/74, Germany, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—95 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—36.0 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 665 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—136.3%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 66.5 c/ha.
к-57581, Gama, Poland, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—85 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—40.7 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 650 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—135.4%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 65 c/ha.
к-54633, Ferrugineum 737/76, Moscow region, variety –
ferrugineum .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—95 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—49.7 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 640 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—133.3%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 60 c/ha.
к-54131, Sv 71536, Sweden, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—85 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—38.7 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 630 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—130.1%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 63 c/ha.
к-55971, L-1749, Kursk region, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—100 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—38.7 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 620 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—129%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 62 c/ha.
к-57222, Severin, Germany, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—95 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—43.3 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 620 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—129%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 62 c/ha.
к-54635, Lutescens 181/75, Moscow region, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—105 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—46.9 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 615 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—128.1%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 61.5 c/ha.
к-54689, Lutescens 12424/74, Moscow region, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—100 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—45.5 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 615 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—128.1%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 61.5 c/ha.
к-64054, Juma, Poland, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—100 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—45.5 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 615 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—128.1%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 61.5 c/ha.
к-64055, Rada, Poland, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—80 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—45.5 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 615 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—128.1%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 61.5 c/ha.
к-55246, Sture, Sweden, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—90 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—36.1 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 600 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—125%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 60 c/ha.
к-55315, WW 71919, Sweden, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—85 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—37.7 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 600 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—125%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 60 c/ha.
к-55801, Lutescens 12, Kursk region, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—75 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—38.8 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 600 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—125%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 60 c/ha.
к-64053, Maltanka, Poland, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—75 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—43.4 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 590 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—122.9%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 59 c/ha.
к-54657, Erythrospermum 543/75, Moscow region, variety –
erytrospermum .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—7 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—95 cm.
Resistance to lodging—7 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—42.6 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 590 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—122.9%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 59 c/ha.
к-58831, Lutescens 398, Voronezh region, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—7 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—95 cm.
Resistance to lodging—7 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—46.8 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2˗ 585 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—121.8%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 58.5 c/ha.
к-55233, Maris Marksman, England, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—90 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—34.8 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 580 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—120.1%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 58 c/ha.
к-58188, FAW 34727/75, Germany, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—90 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—39.2 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 575 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—119.9%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare—57.5 c/ha.
к-54129, Skjaldar, Norway, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—90 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—39.2 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 575 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—119.9%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 57.5 c/ha.
к-57580, Liwilla, Poland, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—7+ points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—95 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—39.6 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2˗ 575 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—119.9%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 57.5 c/ha.
к-54668, Lutescens 444/73, Moscow region, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—7 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—100 cm.
Resistance to lodging—7 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—40.4 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 570 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—118.7%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 57 c/ha.
к-64059, Roti, Germany, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—7+ points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—75 cm.
Resistance to lodging—7 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—42.8 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 565 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—117.7%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 56.5 c/ha.
к-64063, Orbis, Germany, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—7+ points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—90 cm.
Resistance to lodging—7 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—44.2 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 565 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—117.7%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 57 c/ha.
к-55337, Carstacht, Germany, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—95 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—44.2 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 565 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—117.7%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare—57 c/ha.
к-54705, Maris Kinsman, England, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—7 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—7+ points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—110 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—46.8 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 555 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—115.6%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 55.5 c/ha.
к-55322, WW 72074, Sweden, a variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—7+ points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—7+ points;
before harvesting—7 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—110 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—39.2 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 550 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—114.6%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare ˗55 c/ha.
к-56289, Hvede Sarah, Denmark, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—7+ points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—7 points;
before harvesting—7 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—95 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—40.6 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 550 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—114.6%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 55 c/ha.
к-56872, Helge, Sweden, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—100 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—38.7 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 550 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—114.6%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 55 c/ha.
к-57235, Donata, Netherlands, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—65 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—38.1 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 550 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—114.6%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 55 c/ha.
к-64027, Bussard, Germany, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—7 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—7 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—100 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—40.0 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 545 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—113.5%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 54.5 c/ha.
к-64028, Faktor, Germany, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—7 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—7+ points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—85 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—42.1 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 545 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—113.5%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 54.5 c/ha.
к-55313, WW 71822, Sweden, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—85 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—35.2 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 540 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—112.5%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 54 c/ha.
к-64025, Muck, Germany, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—7 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—7 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—100 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—40.4 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 535 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—111.5%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 53.5 c/ha.
к-54823, Linos, Germany, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—7 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—7 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—105 cm.
Resistance to lodging—7+ points.
The mass of 1000 grains—43.7 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 535 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—111.5%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 53.5 c/ha.
к-55218, С 975/69, Poland, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—7 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—7 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—90 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—42.6 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 535 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—111.5%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 53.5 c/ha.
к-54563, Lutescens 755/76, Moscow region, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—9 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—95 cm.
Resistance to lodging—7+ points.
The mass of 1000 grains—35.8 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 535 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—111.4%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 53.5 c/ha.
к-55321, WW 72073, Sweden, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—7+ points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—7 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—85 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—39.4 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 530 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—110.0%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 53 c/ha.
к-55306, Sv. 01750, Sweden, variety –
lutescens .Basic signs:
Winter hardiness—9 points (high).
Characteristics of the plants by development phases (points):
before leaving for winter—9 points;
after wintering—9 points;
before harvesting—7 points.
The height of the plants before harvesting—85 cm.
Resistance to lodging—9 points.
The mass of 1000 grains—39.5 g.
The defeat of powdery mildew and brown rust—high.
Grain mass from 1 m2 to 530 g/m2.
Grain mass from 1 m2 in comparison with the standard—110.0%.
Grain yield from 1 hectare to 53 c/ha.
The yield from the above samples is compared to the standard cultivar Moscow 39, the yield of which was 48.0 c/ha (on average out of 14 plots with area of 2 m2).
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3. Conclusions
Any breeding program, including the creation of drought-resistant varieties, requires a rich and well-researched material, which is concentrated within the VIR World Collection. The success of the work can be ensured with a large volume of hybridization work and a wide selection of drought-resistant forms; therefore, diverse genetic material should be involved for crosses and targeted selection for homeostasis should be carried out, against which the genes of drought resistance, yield, mass of 1000 grains, resistance to diseases will be combined. In our studies on drought resistance, German and Russian wheat had the highest percentage of resistant forms.
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Acknowledgments
The presented study was carried out as part of the Governmental Task for the Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery # 0432-2021-0003 to preserve, enlarge, and study the genetic collections of agricultural plants and establish the repositories of the horticultural and small-fruit crops that are free from hazardous viruses; and as a part of the Subject Plan for the All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology # 0598-2019-0005, Official Registration Number EGISU R&D–AAAA-A19-1191212901090. This paper has been supported by the Kazan Federal University Strategic Academic Leadership Program (PRIORITY-2030).
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