More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
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Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
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“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
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Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
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We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
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Simba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
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IntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
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Since the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
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\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7831",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book has been prepared to embody the major and efficient applications of the different duties and the role of sustainability in urban planning and design, by a new reading of the city structure and composition, as well as offering a solid and clear concept for this kind of science. The book aims to illustrate various theories and methods of the treatment of the modern ideas of metropolitan life. The book is divided into two parts and contains 23 chapters.",isbn:"978-1-83880-352-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-351-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-414-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77648",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",numberOfPages:478,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",publishedDate:"December 16th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",numberOfDownloads:17070,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:35,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:64,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 15th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 30th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 29th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 17th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 17th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110471/images/system/110471.png",biography:"Prof. Amjad Almusaed has a Ph.D. in Architecture (Environmental Design) from Ion Mincu University, Bucharest, Romania. He completed postdoctoral research in 2004 on sustainable and bioclimatic houses at the School of Architecture, Aarhus, Denmark. His research expertise is sustainability in architecture and urban planning and design. He has carried out a great deal of research and technical survey work and has performed several studies in these areas. He has edited many international books and is an active member of many worldwide architectural associations. He has published more than 170 international academic works (papers, research, books, and book chapters) in different languages.",institutionString:"Jönköping University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"10",institution:{name:"Jönköping University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"194040",title:"Prof.",name:"Asaad",middleName:null,surname:"Almssad",slug:"asaad-almssad",fullName:"Asaad Almssad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194040/images/system/194040.jpg",biography:"Associate Prof. Asaad Almssad has more than thirty years of experience in industry, academia, and research at Umeå University, Sweden; Karlstad University, Sweden; and various European and non-European institutions. His research focuses on building structures, materials, sustainable building, and energy efficiency in building systems. He has authored and co-authored more than fifty research papers and many books. Currently, he is employed as a docent at Karlstad University.",institutionString:"Karlstad University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Karlstad University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"188308",title:"Dr.",name:"Linh",middleName:null,surname:"Truong - Hong",slug:"linh-truong-hong",fullName:"Linh Truong - Hong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188308/images/system/188308.jpg",biography:"Dr. Linh Truong-Hong is a researcher at the Department of Geoscience & Remote Sensing, the Delft University of Technology after he finished a Marie Curie Fellowship at the same Department. He obtained BEng. and MEng. from Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and a Ph.D. degree from University College Dublin. He was a senior researcher at University College Dublin (2013-2018) after finishing his post-doctoral research at the Dublin Institute of Technology (2011-2013). His research interests are to develop integrated frameworks to deploy LiDAR and Photogrammetry in 3D objection reconstruction and change detection for infrastructure inspection and assessment, construction management, and a smart city. Dr. Truong-Hong has published more than 60 scientific papers (with a total citation +1300) and filed 2 patents. His research activity has been recognized through 6 peer-reviewed international awards. His research projects were recently funded by Ireland and European Research Council.",institutionString:"University College Dublin",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University College Dublin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"871",title:"Urban Ecology",slug:"urban-ecology"}],chapters:[{id:"70567",title:"City Phenomenon between Urban Structure and Composition",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90443",slug:"city-phenomenon-between-urban-structure-and-composition",totalDownloads:1587,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cities are not just a sum of buildings, but especially a set of social relations that their inhabitants develop. Cities are characterized by a wide variety of social groups and lifestyles. An urban composition represents a form of the city in which it gets a formal order, so that the shape of any urban ensemble is not linked to a random phenomenon, but to an intervention mastered and understood as such. For the city, the urban composition represents what the architectural composition represents for a building. This concept regarding the composition is common both to the architecture and to the city. The main property of the composition is that it transforms a possibly dispersed ensemble into a whole, resolving the contradictions that arise when the requirements and conditions of the project are numerous. Spatial forms and urban compositions are built over time, longer than that of architectural composition. On the other hand, “design of the urban environment” is understood by us as a complex formation of public spaces of the city, located on the ground floor level of the city building and ensuring the vital activity of the urban community. This chapter will study the city phenomenon on a large scale.",signatures:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70567",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70567",authors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"},{id:"194040",title:"Prof.",name:"Asaad",surname:"Almssad",slug:"asaad-almssad",fullName:"Asaad Almssad"}],corrections:null},{id:"69045",title:"Future Planning of Global South Cities with Inclusive Informal Economic Growth in Perspective",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89145",slug:"future-planning-of-global-south-cities-with-inclusive-informal-economic-growth-in-perspective",totalDownloads:873,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Current urbanization trends and projections clearly indicate that the global South cities, especially of Asia and Africa, would be at the receiving end of about 80% of the expected 2.7 billion increase in urban population between 2010 and 2050. These trends and projections make it imperative for the future planning of the global South cities to step out of the box, away from the traditional planning systems, and begin to adopt inclusive and innovative planning approaches that would efficiently tackle the current and emerging urban realities in these cities rather than sticking to rigid planning standards that ignore realities, generate continuous conflict, and fail to take advantage of the potentials of these urbanization consequences, especially the resilient informal economy. The chapter examines the urbanization trends and one of its major challenges in global South cities; informal economic activities, the planning implications of these informal economic activities, various approaches that have been adopted by different governments and the effectiveness or otherwise of the approaches in tackling the challenges of informal economy. The chapter also focuses on the successful planning approaches that have been implemented with a view to portraying the key lessons that can ensure its applicability in other global South cities facing similar challenges.",signatures:"Vincent Aghaegbunam Onodugo and Nkeiru Hope Ezeadichie",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69045",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69045",authors:[{id:"304471",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent",surname:"Onodugo",slug:"vincent-onodugo",fullName:"Vincent Onodugo"},{id:"304742",title:"MSc.",name:"Nkeiru",surname:"Ezeadichie",slug:"nkeiru-ezeadichie",fullName:"Nkeiru Ezeadichie"}],corrections:null},{id:"70410",title:"New Metrics for Spatial and Temporal 3D Urban Form Sustainability Assessment Using Time Series Lidar Point Clouds and Advanced GIS Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89617",slug:"new-metrics-for-spatial-and-temporal-3d-urban-form-sustainability-assessment-using-time-series-lidar",totalDownloads:764,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Monitoring sustainability of urban form as a 3D phenomenon over time is crucial in the era of smart cities for better planning of the future, and for such a monitoring system, appropriate tools, metrics, methodologies and time series 3D data are required. While accurate time series 3D data are becoming available, a lack of 3D sustainable urban form (3D SUF) metrics, appropriate methodologies and technical problems of processing time series 3D data has resulted in few studies on the assessment of 3D SUF over time. In this chapter, we review volumetric building metrics currently under development and demonstrate the technical problems associated with their validation based on time series airborne lidar data. We propose new metrics for application in spatial and temporal 3D SUF assessment. We also suggest a new approach in processing time series airborne lidar to detect three-dimensional changes of urban form. Using this approach and the developed metrics, we detected a decreased volume of vegetation and new areas prepared for the construction of taller buildings. These 3D changes and the proposed metrics can be used to numerically measure and compare urban areas in terms of trends against or in favor of sustainability goals for caring for the environment.",signatures:"Sara Shirowzhan, John Trinder and Paul Osmond",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70410",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70410",authors:[{id:"267958",title:"Prof.",name:"John",surname:"Trinder",slug:"john-trinder",fullName:"John Trinder"},{id:"273838",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Shirowzhan",slug:"sara-shirowzhan",fullName:"Sara Shirowzhan"},{id:"295989",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",surname:"Osmond",slug:"paul-osmond",fullName:"Paul Osmond"}],corrections:null},{id:"69098",title:"Reshaped Urban Mobility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89211",slug:"reshaped-urban-mobility",totalDownloads:589,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The application of novel solutions in vehicle and information technologies and the need for sustainability result in significant change in urban mobility. Moreover, autonomous vehicles (AVs) are expected to contribute to this alteration as well. The mobility is considered not only a single trip from A to B anymore but a comprehensive service. Shared and demand-driven services are more and more available besides traditional transportation modes. Modes are presented, evaluated, and compared, giving a realistic scenario for upcoming changes and opportunities. The development of the passenger transportation system requires an integrated approach considering user expectations. It is facilitated by the concept of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS), in which improvement of the quality has higher relevance than before. The impacts of the alteration are also summarized.",signatures:"Csaba Csiszár, Dávid Földes and Yinying He",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69098",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69098",authors:[{id:"308328",title:"Dr.",name:"Dávid",surname:"Földes",slug:"david-foldes",fullName:"Dávid Földes"},{id:"308329",title:"Dr.",name:"Csaba",surname:"Csiszár",slug:"csaba-csiszar",fullName:"Csaba Csiszár"},{id:"308330",title:"MSc.",name:"Yinying",surname:"He",slug:"yinying-he",fullName:"Yinying He"}],corrections:null},{id:"69305",title:"Improving Feature Map Quality of SOM Based on Adjusting the Neighborhood Function",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89233",slug:"improving-feature-map-quality-of-som-based-on-adjusting-the-neighborhood-function",totalDownloads:706,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents a study on improving the quality of the self-organizing map (SOM). We have synthesized the relevant research on assessing and improving the quality of SOM in recent years, and then proposed a solution to improve the quality of the feature map by adjusting parameters of the Gaussian neighborhood function. We have used quantization error and topographical error to evaluate the quality of the obtained feature map. The experiment was conducted on 12 published datasets and compared the obtained results with some other improving neighborhood function methods. The proposed method received the feature map with better quality than other solutions.",signatures:"Le Anh Tu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69305",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69305",authors:[{id:"303676",title:"Dr.",name:"Le Anh",surname:"Tu",slug:"le-anh-tu",fullName:"Le Anh Tu"}],corrections:null},{id:"68301",title:"Procedure to Prepare and Model Speed Data Considering the Traffic Infrastructure, as Part of a Cyber-Physical System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88280",slug:"procedure-to-prepare-and-model-speed-data-considering-the-traffic-infrastructure-as-part-of-a-cyber-",totalDownloads:572,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter investigates the relationship between traffic control infrastructure (traffic lights and speed bumps) and the vehicles’ travel speeds, for certain hours and days of the week. The authors propose the following procedures: (1) street segmentation, (2) clustering and categorization of speed data, (3) histograms’ comparison analysis, (4) outlier detection, (5) modeling, and (6) delivering info to the users. Comparing speed histograms, segments with matching infrastructure presented similarities, regardless of the day of the week. Two techniques to model data were employed: polynomial regression and multinomial logistic regression. The algorithms to predict the travel speed category were also developed. The first technique yields on average 91.3% of data categorized correctly, and the second gets 90.09%. The traffic lights and speed bumps, located on the street segments under consideration, were identified as variables causing different travel speeds. The procedure allows to incorporate more traffic elements and can also be applied to other geographical locations.",signatures:"José Gerardo Carrillo-González, Jacobo Sandoval-Gutiérrez and Francisco Pérez-Martínez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68301",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68301",authors:[{id:"305883",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jose Gerardo",surname:"Carrillo Gonzalez",slug:"jose-gerardo-carrillo-gonzalez",fullName:"Jose Gerardo Carrillo Gonzalez"},{id:"306840",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacobo",surname:"Sandoval Gutiérrez",slug:"jacobo-sandoval-gutierrez",fullName:"Jacobo Sandoval Gutiérrez"},{id:"306841",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Pérez Martínez",slug:"francisco-perez-martinez",fullName:"Francisco Pérez Martínez"}],corrections:null},{id:"69685",title:"The Role of Public Spaces in Small Municipality",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89881",slug:"the-role-of-public-spaces-in-small-municipality",totalDownloads:620,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Public spaces are a subspace of municipality space: they are its physical type, closely linked to permanent settlements, especially to cities. There are both social communication and movement of people, things and goods. These are classic, usually architecturally designed spaces between buildings: squares, agora, streets and parks. Public spaces in small municipalities have been crucial to the functioning of the community, their social, historically, and also economic life. In various types of rural municipalities, the function and formation of public spaces have changed over the course of history, often in relation to the geographical location of the municipality in terms of location or local conditions and customs. Nowadays, the tourist attraction of the place is also an important driving element in the form of public spaces. This chapter should show how public spaces have changed over time using examples of different types of municipalities and show examples of good and somewhat worse care for them.",signatures:"Jana Moravcová, Jiri Pecenka, Denisa Pekna, Vendula Moravcova and Nikola Novakova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69685",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69685",authors:[{id:"181059",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jana",surname:"Moravcová",slug:"jana-moravcova",fullName:"Jana Moravcová"},{id:"181580",title:"Mr.",name:"Jiri",surname:"Pecenka",slug:"jiri-pecenka",fullName:"Jiri Pecenka"},{id:"223949",title:"Mrs.",name:"Denisa",surname:"Pekna",slug:"denisa-pekna",fullName:"Denisa Pekna"},{id:"223950",title:"Ms.",name:"Nikola",surname:"Novakova",slug:"nikola-novakova",fullName:"Nikola Novakova"},{id:"223951",title:"Ms.",name:"Vendula",surname:"Moravcova",slug:"vendula-moravcova",fullName:"Vendula Moravcova"}],corrections:null},{id:"69862",title:"Retracted: Lessons From the Past, Visions for the Future: Generative Creating of Sacral Space in the Urban Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89330",slug:"retracted-lessons-from-the-past-visions-for-the-future-generative-creating-of-sacral-space-in-the-ur",totalDownloads:309,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Balts’ tribes for cult rituals chose energetically powerful places as Lielvārde located on the right bank of the Daugava River. An integral part of the existence of humanity are symbols. The Latvians have one of the most complicated symbolic sign systems in the world—the Lielvārde belt included symbols of strong energy and encoded ancient information that characterizes the special relation to Nature, the World and the Universe. The creation of sacral space and religious ritual is connected by concepts the Place, the Way and the Symbol. In a generative process, the main procedure is to identify a performing aim as a character. Poetic logic is the generative art of connection between a past and a future time. Now on an island on the Daugava River, there is a place near Koknese where the past, the present and the future of the nation merge to give solace to the past, strength to the present and inspiration to follow your dream in the future. Landscape artist Shunmyō Masuno from Japan has visualized the Garden of Destiny, which is an architectural ensemble of monumental landscapes that has been shaped as the metamorphosis of the choir suite and symbolizes eternity.",signatures:"Silvija Ozola",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69862",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69862",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69514",title:"Human-Centered Approaches in Urban Analytics and Placemaking",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89675",slug:"human-centered-approaches-in-urban-analytics-and-placemaking",totalDownloads:838,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Planning for resilience and enabling positive design outcomes require combinatory methods of working with data, in order to assist decision-makers to develop evidence-based methodologies and to communicate new knowledge. The staggering rise of technology and the integration of data-aided analysis tools in urban planning not only facilitates our understanding of socioeconomic flux but also attempts to actively involve users to participate in the creation of environments that are responsive and appropriate to their needs. This chapter aims to contribute to the discourse on user involvement in design-oriented fields, and specifically in urban planning, by analyzing two different approaches of user participatory design, those of indirect and direct participation.",signatures:"Eleanna Panagoulia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69514",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69514",authors:[{id:"302797",title:"M.A.",name:"Eleanna",surname:"Panagoulia",slug:"eleanna-panagoulia",fullName:"Eleanna Panagoulia"}],corrections:null},{id:"73079",title:"Urban Sprawl",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92383",slug:"urban-sprawl",totalDownloads:555,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Swift progress in urban areas can pilot to urban sprawl, where new components are urbanized around the external boundaries of urban areas, frequently taking up important farmland. Many tenants want better residence, comfortable space, and calm and safe environment, which they discover in the new suburban growth far separate from the center of the city. This kind of expansion requires the addition of utilities and the transport network, as well as the precautions of services such as education, amusement, medical facilities, and commercial services. A number of Indian cities, for example, have a “Delhi,” a “Mumbai,” and other cultural-based communities that reflect our multi-cultural people. Historical information said, many Indian immigrants who lived in these neighborhoods were poorly treated and subject to racism and discrimination by the general people. Urbanization is a truth of life in most cities in India and around the world.",signatures:"Balamurugan Paramasivam and Illanthirayan Arumugavelu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73079",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73079",authors:[{id:"316721",title:"Dr.",name:"Balamurugan",surname:"Paramasivam",slug:"balamurugan-paramasivam",fullName:"Balamurugan Paramasivam"},{id:"319498",title:"Dr.",name:"Arumugavelu",surname:"Illanthirayan",slug:"arumugavelu-illanthirayan",fullName:"Arumugavelu Illanthirayan"}],corrections:null},{id:"71047",title:"Toward Practical Criteria for Analyzing and Designing Urban Blocks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90504",slug:"toward-practical-criteria-for-analyzing-and-designing-urban-blocks",totalDownloads:811,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The streets, blocks, lots, and buildings are the main elements of cities’ texture. Surrounded by streets and surrounding the buildings, urban blocks invariably interact with these components dialectically, in that it can connect the network of streets and buildings, hence its significance in urban design. However, affected by unsound formal and spatial changes of urban forms in modern and postmodern eras, space coherence reduction led to a loss of blocks’ identity. Therefore, we can barely find a comprehensive functional tool structured on a solid understanding to design this very component of the urban morphology. In this regard, this study seeks to define a practical tool for analyzing and designing this crucial element developing an operational, yet expandable, checklist for urban blocks including various factors, from concepts to indices. All these factors are classified under three main concepts: spatial balance, spatial continuity and integration, and durability. In fact, as a primitive step, this research can enable urban designers to understand urban blocks more effectively and use the framework to assess the current situation and design the future.",signatures:"Amir Shakibamanesh and Bita Ebrahimi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71047",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71047",authors:[{id:"314377",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir",surname:"Shakibamanesh",slug:"amir-shakibamanesh",fullName:"Amir Shakibamanesh"},{id:"314378",title:"MSc.",name:"Bita",surname:"Ebrahimi",slug:"bita-ebrahimi",fullName:"Bita Ebrahimi"}],corrections:null},{id:"69101",title:"Adaptive Governance as an Avenue for Delivering Public Purpose in the Wake of Financialization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89270",slug:"adaptive-governance-as-an-avenue-for-delivering-public-purpose-in-the-wake-of-financialization",totalDownloads:521,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The demand for infrastructure and utility services is an acute challenge for countries in middle- and low-income countries undergoing high levels of urbanization, demographic shifts, and civil and political reorganization. The demand for utilities occurs alongside a trend toward increased financialization of the local state. A challenge for meeting demand for utility services is the shift toward increased financialization where the delivery of public purpose is challenged. This chapter aims to highlight governing arrangements that aid in understanding how public purpose can be delivered through utilities using the case study of Medellin, Colombia. Through examples of public infrastructure projects and the delivery of water by its utility-company, Empresas Publicas de Medellin, the paper discusses how this company achieved alignment of essential services with public purpose through adaptive governance structures that mitigate adverse effects of financialization and promote the integration of economic, environmental, and social goals. While this case does not propose a transferable model of governance, it highlights arrangements that enable a more mixed, adaptive, and nuanced understanding of how adverse effects associated with total financialization might be abated.",signatures:"Corina Shika Kwami and Nick Tyler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69101",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69101",authors:[{id:"303407",title:"Dr.",name:"Corina Shika",surname:"Kwami",slug:"corina-shika-kwami",fullName:"Corina Shika Kwami"},{id:"304198",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",surname:"Tyler",slug:"nick-tyler",fullName:"Nick Tyler"}],corrections:null},{id:"70065",title:"Sustainable Design in Urban Green Space",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90026",slug:"sustainable-design-in-urban-green-space",totalDownloads:642,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"As a fundamental part of the urban function, urban green space faced a long-term maintenance requirement. The maintenance of urban green space (i.e., trimming, irrigation, fertilization, pesticide, and plant waste removal) can have environmental impacts, such as energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. This chapter focuses on the adjustment of the plant communities’ combinations in urban green space to reduce the environmental impacts in long-term maintenance. The plant communities in urban green spaces are a combination of four plant layers: woodland, shrubs, herbicides, and grassland. In this chapter, we will start to investigate the environmental impacts in the maintenance of urban green space. Then we introduced the quantitative method life cycle assessment (LCA), to quantify the environmental impacts of the maintenance tasks. We analyzed the maintenance environmental impact (MEI) index of 95 plant community samples (20 m × 20 m) in Zhengzhou (China) through LCA and sorted out the changing curves of the MEI index during the change of the combined amount in each plant layers. Finally, we sorted out the MEI strength of the plant layers and summarized the low MEI plant community model. The low MEI model can save energy consumption and GHG emissions of the maintenance tasks, to contribute to the sustainable development of the urban green space.",signatures:"Ning Li and Yang Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70065",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70065",authors:[{id:"306585",title:"Dr.",name:"Yang",surname:"Liu",slug:"yang-liu",fullName:"Yang Liu"},{id:"312405",title:"Prof.",name:"Ning",surname:"Li",slug:"ning-li",fullName:"Ning Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"67130",title:"Urban Planning Using a Geospatial Approach: A Case Study of Libya",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86355",slug:"urban-planning-using-a-geospatial-approach-a-case-study-of-libya",totalDownloads:845,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Large scale developmental projects firstly require the selection of one or more cities to be developed. In Libya, the selection process is done by selected organizations, which is highly influenced by human judgement that can be inconsiderate of socioeconomic and environmental factors. In this study, we propose an automated selection process, which takes into consideration only the important factors for city (cities) selection. Specifically, a geospatial decision-making tool, free of human bias, is proposed based on the fuzzy overlay (FO) and technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) techniques for development projects in Libya. In this work, a dataset of 17 evaluation criteria (GIS factors) across five urban conditioning factors were prepared. The dataset served as input to the FO model to calculate weights (importance) for each criterion. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier was then trained to refine weights from the FO model. TOPSIS was then applied on the refined results to rank the cities for development. Experimental results indicate promising overall accuracy and kappa statistics. Our findings also show that highest and lowest success rates are 0.94 and 0.79, respectively, while highest and lowest prediction rates are 0.884 and 0.673, respectively.",signatures:"Bahareh Kalantar, Husam A.H. Al-najjar, Hossein Mojaddadi Rizeei, Maruwan S.A.B. Amazeeq, Mohammed Oludare Idrees, Alfian Abdul Halin and Shattri Mansor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67130",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67130",authors:[{id:"267005",title:"Dr.",name:"Bahareh",surname:"Kalantar",slug:"bahareh-kalantar",fullName:"Bahareh Kalantar"},{id:"267007",title:"Mr.",name:"Maruwan",surname:"Salih Abu Bakr Amazeeq",slug:"maruwan-salih-abu-bakr-amazeeq",fullName:"Maruwan Salih Abu Bakr Amazeeq"},{id:"267009",title:"Prof.",name:"Shattri",surname:"Manosr",slug:"shattri-manosr",fullName:"Shattri Manosr"},{id:"278529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed Oludare",surname:"Idrees",slug:"mohammed-oludare-idrees",fullName:"Mohammed Oludare Idrees"},{id:"278534",title:"Mr.",name:"Husam",surname:"Abdulrasool H. Al-Najjar",slug:"husam-abdulrasool-h.-al-najjar",fullName:"Husam Abdulrasool H. Al-Najjar"},{id:"282942",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",surname:"Mojaddadi Rizeei",slug:"hossein-mojaddadi-rizeei",fullName:"Hossein Mojaddadi Rizeei"}],corrections:null},{id:"72059",title:"Digital Urban Administration Model for a Traditional City (Case Study of Ibadan, Nigeria)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92125",slug:"digital-urban-administration-model-for-a-traditional-city-case-study-of-ibadan-nigeria-",totalDownloads:399,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Urban administration has been a challenge in the developing economy especially in historical traditional settlements. Growth of these cities often outstrips the capacities of urban managers to administer urban systems coupled with the fact that developments in the older parts and new areas require different strategies. Therefore it is often recommended that digital technologies be adopted to enhance administration of old and new areas in urban settings. The chapter evaluated the challenges of urban administration in Ibadan city, Nigeria from colonial period to recent urban planning systems. It advanced a model of municipal administration in a digital platform for efficient management of Ibadan city. The model is also applicable to any similar cities in the developing economy. The model recommended a replacement paper and maps approach administration to digital approach. The chapter highlighted the deficiency of the current paper and map approach and advanced efficient approach through digital technologies.",signatures:"Oluseyi O. Fabiyi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72059",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72059",authors:[{id:"312883",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluseyi",surname:"Fabiyi",slug:"oluseyi-fabiyi",fullName:"Oluseyi Fabiyi"}],corrections:null},{id:"70425",title:"The Rise and Decline of Car Use in Beijing and Shanghai",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90130",slug:"the-rise-and-decline-of-car-use-in-beijing-and-shanghai",totalDownloads:724,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Chinese cities have primarily evolved around walking, bicycling and public transport with their dense, linear form and mixed land use. The recent urban growth spurt has involved private motorisation, but because of land constraints and not fearing urban density, as in Anglo-Saxon cities, the same dense urbanism has been maintained. This means that automobiles do not easily fit into this traditional fabric and especially the historic walking fabric. Issues like congestion and air quality have become major constraints to further growth. Using Beijing and Shanghai as case studies, the next phase of urban and transport development now appears to be to reduce car use with the dramatic growth in urban rail as in most developed cities in the twenty-first century. This decoupling of car use from economic growth is consistent with other developed cities but is a first for emerging cities, hence the paper aims to explain this pattern from the cultural, political and especially urban fabric perspectives. The application to other Chinese cities and emerging cities is now possible following Beijing and Shanghai’s lead.",signatures:"Yuan Gao, Peter Newman and Jeffrey Kenworthy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70425",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70425",authors:[{id:"282103",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan",surname:"Gao",slug:"yuan-gao",fullName:"Yuan Gao"}],corrections:null},{id:"72353",title:"Exploring the Prescriptive and Descriptive Lost Space in the Setting of Urban Fabrics of Kuala Lumpur",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89907",slug:"exploring-the-prescriptive-and-descriptive-lost-space-in-the-setting-of-urban-fabrics-of-kuala-lumpu",totalDownloads:735,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Due to the tension of urban uniformity and environmental setting, what emerges in most patterns of use in the city is lost space that usually ignored as insignificant. They emerge as if by accident during the design process, sometimes, the result of negligence or simply a feature of time flow in the city. To understand the phenomenon of lost space, this research seeks to identify the prescriptive and descriptive character of lost space from the local perception in Kuala Lumpur. This research also investigates the varied forces, circumstances, and the mechanisms that are responsible for their production. A qualitative analysis is made on selected parameters in the theory of lost space, activities, accessibility, connectivity, maintenance, and design. The result indicates that there were various new perceptions of descriptive lost space includes economic and social activity as these are an important strategy for maintaining the vitality and robustness of urban space. It is proposed in this paper the need of tools and effective ways of (re)designing a space to be applied in a new context and can act as a resource for urban life by hosting the intervention or alternative uses.",signatures:"Nurul Shakila Khalid",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72353",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72353",authors:[{id:"306584",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Nurul Shakila",surname:"Khalid",slug:"nurul-shakila-khalid",fullName:"Nurul Shakila Khalid"},{id:"306586",title:"Ms.",name:"Sabirah",surname:"Hilal",slug:"sabirah-hilal",fullName:"Sabirah Hilal"}],corrections:null},{id:"71196",title:"Integrated Approach towards Participatory Development of Urban Neighborhood Spaces: Chennai, India",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90832",slug:"integrated-approach-towards-participatory-development-of-urban-neighborhood-spaces-chennai-india",totalDownloads:694,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The social living of the urban households depends on the physical manifestation of spaces arranged to carry out their day-to-day activities of members including children, adult, women, men, old age, and differently able persons. Urban neighborhoods undergo changes in the spaces in house and building, places in a locality, and the overall built form. The city spaces experience transformation in the house spaces and common places, and the built form experienced the residential character change towards commercial and other nonresidential uses in the neighborhood. The impact of the spatial transformation demands to make redevelopment strategies to resolve the conflict between residential and commercial spaces in the neighborhood. So, the need for an integrated approach towards “Participatory Redevelopment” (PRD) of the urban neighborhood becomes a challenge for the city planners. The new planning model on PRD as an integrated approach developed by the author is followed in the redevelopment project hosted by the Corporation of Chennai. The PRD approach used “C-TC-C” model to follow participation as “Collective-Target Centered-Collective”. The PRD adopts the approach called the five-pillar system (FPS). These aspects are the main focus of this chapter within the context of T. Nagar, a residential neighborhood transforming into a busy retail commercial market area and residential living and parking spaces situated in the midst of Chennai City, the capital of the Tamil Nadu State in India.",signatures:"Abdul Razak Mohamed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71196",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71196",authors:[{id:"306597",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Abdul Razak",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"abdul-razak-mohamed",fullName:"Abdul Razak Mohamed"}],corrections:null},{id:"70224",title:"Assessing the Urban Design Quality of Turkish Cities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89779",slug:"assessing-the-urban-design-quality-of-turkish-cities",totalDownloads:726,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The common characteristic of qualified urban spaces is that they offer an environment enriched with livability criteria, protecting and maintaining the elements of identity and offering flexibility and diversity compatible with the current conditions. Nowadays, the first condition of creating such qualified/successful urban spaces is to reflect the “urban design” processes on the urban spaces. Therefore, the present study aims to discuss the “urban design” quality (the level of success) of the Turkish cities shaped within the scope of urban plans. This discussion was performed using the urban design criteria determining and assessing the actors, which play an effective and relevant role in urban design and planning processes. The fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method was used. By making use of the results of the present study, the conditions influencing the urban design aspect were re-discussed via current state analysis, and the foundation for a general assessment about the urban design quality of Turkish cities was established.",signatures:"Umut Doğan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70224",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70224",authors:[{id:"283474",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Umut",surname:"Doğan",slug:"umut-dogan",fullName:"Umut Doğan"}],corrections:null},{id:"69561",title:"Jamaican Universities Aiding the Design of an Urban Public Space",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89448",slug:"jamaican-universities-aiding-the-design-of-an-urban-public-space",totalDownloads:571,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Many governments are actively seeking solutions to address the economic crises bedeviling their countries. University/college towns have proven to be successful models of opportunities for attracting investments for economic development while at the same time promoting optimal health outcomes. Harvard, MIT and Newcastle universities provide examples of successful models of universities aiding in spatial design and planning of towns or neighborhoods where they are located to yield sustainable development. The Government of Jamaica has supported the proposal from the University of Technology, Jamaica, (UTech, Jamaica Ja.) to redesign the Papine area in St. Andrew into a university town, given its proximity to the two largest universities in Jamaica, UTech, Ja. and the University of the West Indies (UWI). Both institutions collaborated by using cutting-edge scholarly research and design approaches to propose workable solutions that can promote economic development and healthy lifestyle in an area designated as a university town. The research found that SOPARC was a feasible and reliable instrument for assessing park user variables and associated contextual variables. However, for the proposed design to be executed and maintained, the study recommends establishing a body such as a University District/Town Council with oversight responsibility for planning and land use management of the area.",signatures:"Carol Archer, Colette Cunningham-Myrie, Nadine Freeman-Prince, Marvin Reid, Brian Williams and Tamika Royal Thomas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69561",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69561",authors:[{id:"258764",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",surname:"Archer",slug:"carol-archer",fullName:"Carol Archer"},{id:"309045",title:"Prof.",name:"Marvin",surname:"Reid",slug:"marvin-reid",fullName:"Marvin Reid"},{id:"309046",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nadine",surname:"Freeman-Prince",slug:"nadine-freeman-prince",fullName:"Nadine Freeman-Prince"},{id:"309686",title:"Mr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Williams",slug:"brian-williams",fullName:"Brian Williams"}],corrections:null},{id:"67907",title:"Approaching Urban Design through the Analysis of Structural Differences within Three Neighborhood Typologies in Basra City",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87221",slug:"approaching-urban-design-through-the-analysis-of-structural-differences-within-three-neighborhood-ty",totalDownloads:696,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Recognizing the importance of physical environments as a major product of an urban design process for the livability of the built environment, this study focuses on urban planning and design characteristics within three different neighborhood typologies of Basra City. The aim of the study is to support future urban developments in the city based on evidences from the association between the current qualities of neighborhood design and the computed walking minutes of residents. These characteristics are determined from reviewed literature in urban design as reliable physical environmental perceived or objectively measured qualities. The methodology of this study describes four steps of analysis such as: (1) the use of the cadastral maps of the case studies as a source of raw information for objective measurement; (2) the use of objective and subjective measures as defining indicators that are utilized from previous studies; (3) the application of defined indicators for the selected neighborhoods through a comparative analysis; and (4) the conducting of statistical analysis to reveal the influence of the defined indicators on the walking. The findings of this study have led to conclusions on the importance of design attributes to future master planning of neighborhoods especially those of the traditional neighborhood, such as the Al-Saymmar neighborhood in Basra city.",signatures:"Qaaid Al-Saraify and David Grierson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67907",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67907",authors:[{id:"302327",title:"Dr.",name:"Qaaid",surname:"Al-Saraify",slug:"qaaid-al-saraify",fullName:"Qaaid Al-Saraify"},{id:"302328",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Grierson",slug:"david-grierson",fullName:"David Grierson"}],corrections:null},{id:"68452",title:"Lessons from Baghdad City Conformation and Essence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88599",slug:"lessons-from-baghdad-city-conformation-and-essence",totalDownloads:1233,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter aims to address the emergence of Baghdad and the phases of its morphology and transformation. The first era began with the Round City; this originated the first nucleus that later formed Baghdad. The historical parts of most Middle Eastern old cities usually occupy polar places in relation to the rest of their city zones. These historical centres can give a city its own identity and embody exceptional urban assets, if carefully maintained and managed. In this chapter, there are two significant periods, the Abbasid Empire and post-Abbasid Empire. One of the main concerns is the conflict between two trends, old fabric as a traditional pattern and modern thoughts and, consequently, how that could affect in formulating the development plan.",signatures:"Haider J.E. Al-Saaidy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68452",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68452",authors:[{id:"304091",title:"Dr.",name:"Haider",surname:"Al-Saaidy",slug:"haider-al-saaidy",fullName:"Haider Al-Saaidy"}],corrections:null},{id:"72713",title:"Urban Social Sustainability - Case Study; Gellerupparken–Denmark",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93124",slug:"urban-social-sustainability-case-study-gellerupparken-denmark",totalDownloads:704,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Urban social sustainability represents a more specific part of urban development. Citizen involvement is a vital element of any future urban social development and helps to maintain the vision of human and diverse cities because it provides vibrant and sustainable cities in which everyone has a seat and can speak. Gellerupparken, as something new, also meets all five criteria for when an area is a ghetto during a given year. The criteria generally consist of income, ethnic origin, level of education, crime, and employment. The study’s aim is to present an objective means, to the reactivation of a passive multicultural zone in Aarhus city of Denmark to integrate it in the social life city by using the appreciative inquiry method by an introduction of new city functions. The study will assume the effect of sustainability in an urban social area, in a case study using the application of the pedagogical method, namely, the “appreciative inquiry” method.",signatures:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72713",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72713",authors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"},{id:"194040",title:"Prof.",name:"Asaad",surname:"Almssad",slug:"asaad-almssad",fullName:"Asaad Almssad"}],corrections:null},{id:"69440",title:"Urban Design, Space Economy and Survival in the City: Exploring Women’s World of Work in Kumasi, Ghana",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89673",slug:"urban-design-space-economy-and-survival-in-the-city-exploring-women-s-world-of-work-in-kumasi-ghana",totalDownloads:363,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The nature of urban economic design in Kumasi, Ghana, is often reflective of neoliberal economic policies prescribed by Bretton Woods institutions during the economic reforms of the 1980s. The economic structure, which is characterized by uncertainties of formal jobs, has triggered people’s ingenuity to engage in novel occupations. One economic activity that has gained popularity in Kumasi is vending of roasted traditional food (RTF) by women. This chapter explores how women have used vending of RTF to overcome years of acute austerity in the “paid” job market. It concentrates on the economic, spatial, and social networks that sustain this informal activity. Drawing on multiple data sources, the results confirm how the structure of the city space has consigned RTF vendors to obscurity, yet their activities are responding to the economic realities of time—increasing urbanization, limited job opportunities, and accumulation of poverty. As a survival strategy, the vendors have developed social connections with clients and made their place comfortable in order to claim their rightful place in the urban space economy. We conclude that given their contributions, the vendors must be appreciated as agents of change and part of the urban system.",signatures:"Ebenezer Owusu-Sekyere and Samuel Twumasi Amoah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69440",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69440",authors:[{id:"307641",title:"Dr.",name:"Ebenezer",surname:"Owusu-Sekyere",slug:"ebenezer-owusu-sekyere",fullName:"Ebenezer Owusu-Sekyere"},{id:"307642",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",surname:"Twumasi Amoah",slug:"samuel-twumasi-amoah",fullName:"Samuel Twumasi Amoah"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5289",title:"Landscape Ecology",subtitle:"The Influences of Land Use and Anthropogenic Impacts of Landscape 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by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6066",title:"Landscape Architecture",subtitle:"The Sense of Places, Models and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd4ff3f5b34fb2ee8089dc8da74a843a",slug:"landscape-architecture-the-sense-of-places-models-and-applications",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6066.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited 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1. Introduction
An ever-increasing worldwide population, especially in many developing nations, necessitates additional food, fiber, and oil supplies, posing a serious challenge to agricultural scientists to produce more and more from limited, diminishing, and degraded land and water resources. By 2050, it is expected that the global population will have increased by 50%, and global grain demand would have doubled [1]. The stress from climate change, accompanying extreme weather and urbanization also creates the burden. Global agriculture in the present status points to a formidable challenge to agricultural sustainability. The most important danger to food security and the environment is dwindling per capita natural resources, as well as resource depletion and degradation. Existing intensification technologies are showing symptoms of wear and tear. The loss of biodiversity, groundwater shortages, fossil water extraction, groundwater contamination, and rising atmospheric CO2 levels are all severe risks to sustainability. A variety of methodologies are used in sustainable production practises. Specific strategies must take into account the site specific and individual nature of sustainable agriculture. Reduced dependency on monocultures can give better resilience and reduce the chance of total system failure, which is critical for attaining long-term sustainable agricultural development. It can be a dynamic and continuous process to adjust in changing circumstances. Diversification is the process of utilization of the various emerging opportunities created by new market, technology, changes in governmental policies, higher profitability and also stability in the production system [2]. It is a useful strategy for reducing the risk in farming [3]. Crop diversification is generally viewed as shift from a traditionally grown less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops. Crop diversification is recognized as one of the most environmentally feasible, cost-effective, and reasonable approaches to reduce uncertainty in agriculture, particularly in the face of climate change. Crop diversification helps in minimizing the alleviating second generations problem such as soil degradation, soil salinity, insect-pest and disease insurgence, environmental pollution, decline in farm profit, nutrient imbalance, climate change etc. Crop diversification promotes farm resilience, or the ability of an agroecosystem to return to its former productive state after being perturbed, by increasing geographical and temporal biodiversity. Although crop diversification is not a new concept to many rural people in developing and emerging economies, there has been little research on the subject to date. However, there is increasing global interest in the area, owing to current worries about biodiversity loss, as well as human and environmental health. Thus, in this book chapter we are trying to give some understanding about the topic Crop diversification an effective strategy for sustainable agriculture development.
2. Concept of crop diversification
Crop diversification, as opposed to specialized farming, can be defined as an attempt to promote crop diversity by crop rotation, multiple cropping, or intercropping, with the goal of improving productivity, sustainability, and supply of ecological systems [4, 5, 6]. It could be one step toward more sustainable production systems, value chains for minor crops [7], and socioeconomic benefits [8]. Enhanced agricultural diversity, better diverse crop rotations, mixed cropping [9, 10], cultivation of grain legumes in generally cereal-dominated systems [11], perennial leys or grassland [12], and regionally adapted varieties or variety combinations are all examples of agricultural diversification strategies. In developing countries, crop diversification is defined as the substitution of one or more agricultural products for another. Diversification in agriculture can be defined as the reinvestment of some farm productive resources, such as land, capital, farm equipment, and labour, into new enterprises [13]. A shift from less profitable cropping system to more profitable cropping system is also known as diversification. Diversification of agriculture, in general, refers to transitioning from a single crop’s regional or temporal dominance to the production of a variety of crops in order to meet the ever-increasing need for cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fibers, fuel, and feed. Crop diversification is a demand-driven, need-based situation specific and national goal seeking dynamic and iterative concept that incorporates spatial, temporal, value addition, and resource-complementary techniques, as well as a move from traditional and less-remunerative crops (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Basic concept of crop diversification.
3. Trends of agricultural diversification in South Asian Countries
South Asia has a long history of intensive agriculture, particularly irrigated rice cultivation techniques. Sector strategies in the region are mostly based on food self-sufficiency policies [14]. Throughout the last 30 years, the system’s research and agricultural support services have increased food production faster than population expansion and diminished the percentage of people living in poverty. There has been significant income increase, diet diversification, and decreases in per capita grain intake throughout the comparable time span. South Asian countries are actively diversifying their economies in favor of high-value commodities such as fruits, vegetables, livestock, and fisheries, with some inter-country variation. Price policy, infrastructure development (particularly markets and highways), urbanization, and technical advancements all have a significant impact on agricultural diversification. Agricultural diversification in favor of high-value crops by substituting inferior coarse grains has helped rainfed areas more [15]. Agricultural diversification is also helping to increase export markets and create new job possibilities. Using appropriate institutions, it is necessary to properly coordinate the production and selling of high-value commodities. Market reforms in the form of building and strengthening desired institutions through necessary legal changes might go a long way toward encouraging agricultural growth, increasing small farm income, and boosting exports. Diversifying rural production is the process by which families create several livelihoods utilizing different variations of resources and assets in order to be less influenced by changes in the marketplace (such as price decreases) and to secure market stability [16]. So, if a region has high demographic pressure but minimal diversification, low-profit traditional commodities cultivation will increase and the farming frontier will spread, causing deforestation and soil erosion [17, 18]. As a result, investing in agricultural diversification can help to prevent environmental degradation by allowing for the production of a wider range of commercially feasible and productive crops [19]. Various options of crop diversification in South Asian countries are presented in the below Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Various options of crop diversification.
4. Approaches to crop diversification
The next sections examine the many techniques to crop diversification depending on land appropriateness, water availability, and market demand viz. regional, seasonal, and temporal [20]. The different approaches of crop diversifications are presented in Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Different approaches of crop diversifications.
4.1 Horizontal diversification
It is done by basically two approaches, through crop substitution and crop intensification. These two approaches have been the two main process of crop diversification. Crop substitution means replacing any crop which is continuously growing as a monoculture crop or gain a tendency of specialization. For example, during green revolution era there was a tendency to growing cereals crops only. Now a days the trend has change a lot in developing countries. Farmers are shifting from monoculture cereals based staple food to high value crops like vegetable, spices etc. There are several advantages of crop substitution which could be higher net returns, improve resource use efficiency (land and labour), break in cycle of pest and disease etc. On the other hand, crop intensification is adding of new value crops to existing cropping system to increase the farm’s overall productivity. To reap the benefits of agricultural diversification, we must move away from simple crop rotation and toward intensive systems such as multiple cropping, intercropping, relay cropping, and so on. Crop intensification helps in job opportunity, profitability and energy use efficiency [21]. Some examples of crop intensification and their advantages are discussed in Table 1.
Example of crop intensification and their advantages.
4.2 Vertical diversification
Vertical crop diversification, on the other hand, represents the degree and level of industrialization of agricultural production. In this approach famers and others add value to products through packaging, processing, regional branding, merchandizing to improve the marketable value of crops. Food crop vertical diversification is also described as the extension of post-harvest activities, such as processing and transformation industries, to allow food crops to be sorted, graded, processed into both food and industrial products, packed, stored, and transported to domestic or export markets [23]. The rise of processing and transformation industries appears to be the most important factor in rural areas in terms of creating revenue and jobs. To boost crop yields and income creation at the local, regional, and national levels, both types of diversification (i.e., multiple cropping or horizontal diversification and agri-business or vertical diversification) will be required. The concept of vertical diversification is presented in the Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Options of vertical diversification.
4.3 Others approaches
Land based approach
Water-based approach
Varietal diversification
Diversification for nutritional security
Diversification for nutrient management
Diversification for pes management
Diversification for mitigation and adaption of climate change
5. Measure of crop diversification and its characterization
Different measurements of crop diversification and their characterization are depicted in the Table 2 [24].
Measure of crop diversification
Characterization
1. Temporal crop diversification
Crop rotation
Growing of two or more different crops by one after another in consecutive ways
Catch crop
Growing of crops to in between the space of two main crop or when no main crops are being grown
Double or multiple cropping
Growing two or more crops in one growing season
Relay cropping
In relay cropping second crop is grown in standing crop before the first crop is harvested
2. Spatial crop diversification
Alley cropping
It is an agroforestry system in which food crops are grown in alleys formed by trees
Intercropping
Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same land with definite pattern
Mixed cropping
Growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field
Variety mixture
Growing two or more varieties of a same species
Trap
Growing commercial and non-commercial crop simultaneously in the same land
Table 2.
Measure of crop diversification and its characterization.
6. Crop diversification pattern in South Asian Countries
Extent of crop diversification pattern, Sympson index and sources of crop diversification is presented in Table 3 [15].
Country
Sympson index of diversification in triennium ending
Sources of diversification (%) (1991–1992 to 1999–2001)
1981–1982
1991–1992
1999–2000
Cropping intensity
Crop substitution
Bangladesh
0.39
0.36
0.35
64.67
35.33
Bhutan
0.37
0.48
0.44
97.82
2.18
India
0.61
0.65
0.66
36.63
63.37
Maldives
0.77
0.77
0.77
83.22
16.78
Nepal
0.39
0.40
0.41
84.79
15.21
Pakistan
0.54
0.56
0.57
76.56
23.44
Sri Lanka
0.76
0.77
0.75
78.90
21.10
South Asia
0.59
0.63
0.64
42.98
57.02
Table 3.
Extent of diversification and sources of diversification in South Asian countries.
7. Major driving forces for crop diversification
High-value commodity production is driven by demand, which is primarily determined by rising income and urbanization. The major drivers of crop diversifications are discussed in Figure 5.
Rapid urbanization of developing countries is one of the biggest reasons of crop diversification. Urbanization puts pressure on land resources, a small number of farmers requires to produce for a larger number of consumers.
Change in consumers demand due to shifting from a diet-based staple to nutrient rich animal products, fruits and vegetables.
Improving nutritional benefits by diversifying the monoculture of traditional cereals crop.
Climate change
Value addition
Export potential
The key driver in altering production portfolios in favor of high-value commodities is road and market. They connect the producer and the consumer directly, reducing transportation and transaction costs. Mostly in case of perishable items, they lessen the danger of post-harvest loss [15].
Technology innovation may be a powerful driver for fostering agricultural diversification and accelerating agricultural growth. The fundamental driver of the ‘Green Revolution’ of the 1970s was biological technology [15].
Changing in governmental policy
Resilience and stability in production system.
Higher profitability
Figure 5.
Factors determining crop diversification.
8. Need for crop diversification
Nutritional food security and quality of life can be improved through diversification in food basket.
Food security
Poverty alleviation
Employment generation
Trade needs
Protecting the environmental degradation by reversing the decline trend in soil productivity and ground water table.
Income growth
Ecological balance
Sustainability of natural resources
9. Strategies for crop diversification
Shifting from low yielding low value crops to high yielding high value crops.
Shifting toward higher water requirement crop to lower requirement crops.
Shifting toward low energy efficient crop to higher energy crop
Inclusion of legumes and oilseed crops
Inclusion of crop which has national and international market demand.
10. Advantages of crop diversification
10.1 Increasing the profitability of small farm holdings
The domination of marginal and small farmers is one of the primary issues confronting India’s agricultural sector. These household makes up the majority of the rural population. Due to their low operating base, increasing the production of existing crops (staple food crops) may not be enough to boost their earnings. Therefore, diversifying the traditional cropping system is a best option to enhance income of small and marginal farmers.
10.2 Employment generation
Employment generation is a significant role of agriculture. But adopting the conventional cropping system like rice-wheat generally leads to lack of employment during off seasons. According to a number of studies, there is a serious problem of seasonal unemployment in different regions of our country, which leads to seasonal migration of labours/farmers to surrounding cities/towns in quest of contractual work [25]. Crop diversification helps rural households to have more opportunities of full-time employment.
10.3 Natural resource conservation and enhancement
Diversification is required to recover and enhance the value of the deteriorated natural resource base. Farmers in eastern India, particularly in West Bengal adopted wheat into a primarily rice system to take advantage of leftover moisture and so minimizes the need for wheat irrigation. In Punjab, on the other hand, an injudicious crop-mix, such as wheat-rice, has exacerbated the problem of water logging and salinity.
10.4 Improving export potential
To increase export potential, it is very much essential to adopt diversification in cropping systems. Such factors have weighed heavily on the minds of farmers in eastern India, particularly in West Bengal, where wheat has been introduced into a primarily rice system to take advantage of leftover moisture and so minimizes the need for wheat irrigation.
10.5 Risk reduction
Crop diversification is very much responsive to climatic and biotic vagaries, particularly in fragile ecosystems by expanding locally adapted or introducing novel varieties and related production systems will help resource-poor farmers improve their food security and income generation while also protecting the environment [26].
10.6 Pest and disease control
Crop diversification, which favors species combinations over monocultures, is one of the most cost-effective ways to combat pests and disease, and it has sparked a lot of attention in recent years [27].
10.7 Improvement of soil fertility
One of the most important constraints for sustainable crop production is low soil fertility. In smallholder systems, poor farming practises, mostly continuous cropping with limited external inputs, have gradually depleted soil fertility. Interaction of crop species with beneficial soil biota helps in maintaining biogeochemical cycling of both organic and inorganic nutrients in the soil and maintaining soil quality [28].
11. Review of literature
Kasem and Thapa during 2011 conducted a study in Thailand, collecting primary data from 245 farm households using a structured questionnaire to examine the impact of crop diversification on income and input consumption. They discovered that the vast majority of farmers stated that crop diversification contributed to a significant rise in their revenue [29]. The results of their research findings are depicted in Table 4.
Opinion
Frequency (n = 81)
%
Increased income
68
84
Enhanced food sufficiency
54
66.7
Flow of income throughout the year
43
53.1
Offers opportunity to produce crops according to market demand
12
14.8
Smoothens the effect of price fluctuation
10
12.3
Table 4.
Diversified farmers viewpoint about benefits of crop diversification.
Birthal et al. studied into the impact of crop diversification on India’s farm poverty. Data from a nationally representative survey was used. The dataset, according to them, contains information on the crops grown, as well as the costs and returns associated with each crop. This allows us to investigate the pattern and breadth of high value crop diversification across land sizes, as well as their profitability in comparison to other crops. In comparison to other crops, Table 5 shows the estimated net returns per hectare from high value crop cultivation. When compared to cereals, high value crop (HCVs) provided much higher returns to all types of farmers, including marginal farmers [30].
Crops
Marginal ≤1 ha
Small (1–2 ha)
Medium (2–4 ha)
Large >4 ha
All
Total cereal
9044 (456)
7099 (256)
7518 (403)
6164 (599)
8301 (304)
Fruits
37,347 (9283)
51,859 (19,187)
36,726 (13,289)
30,433 (13,585)
39,523 (9566)
Vegetable
22,423 (3100)
19,226 (1748)
20,641 (2402)
19,114 (4657)
21,459 (1852)
High value crops
25,618 (2486)
22,329 (2292)
21,411 (2834)
21,518 (4014)
24,263 (2091)
Table 5.
Comparison of net returns (Rs ha−1) from higher value crops with other crops by crop diversification.
One US$ = 47.62 in the survey year i.e., 2002–2003 [30].
Figures in parentheses are standard errors. Total cereals include rice, wheat, maize, and coarse cereals like pearl millet, sorghum, and barley. High-value crops include vegetables, fruits, condiments and spices, flowers, aromatic and medicinal plants, and plantation crops like tea and coffee.
Despite differences between countries, rural households in the majority of countries tend to rotate a small number of crops. Two, three, or a maximum of four agricultural products are the most common combinations used by households. Few households grow more than six distinct crops, most likely due to the small size of their allotment and the inherent challenge of producing many goods viz. water requirements, necessity of sun exposition and type of soil, among others. An empirical evidenced from eight different countries were analyzed and presented in Table 6 [31].
Diversification of crop through intercropping system has significant advantage in land use efficiency, monetary returns and crop productivity as compared to monocropping. Intercropping results in more efficient use of solar energy and harnessing benefits of positive interactions of crop association. Benefits of some potential intercropping system are discussed in below Table 7 with regards to system productivity, net returns and B:C ratio.
Number of crops produced and share of households (% of total national sample) producing each number
Country and year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
≥8
Total
Malawi, 2004
11
21
23
20
13
6
3
3
100
Nepal, 2003
3
25
8
18
8
10
3
25
100
Vietnam, 1998
7
7
8
8
9
7
8
46
100
Pakistan, 2001
22
61
15
2
0
0
0
0
100
Nicaragua, 2001
6
19
20
17
11
9
7
11
100
Indonesia, 2000
28
29
25
11
4
2
1
0
100
Albania, 2005
11
31
15
14
8
9
3
9
100
Panama, 2003
36
38
19
6
1
0
0
0
100
Table 6.
Share of household practicing different numbers of crops (an empirical evidence from eight developing countries) [31].
Table 7.
Economics of intercropping system for crop diversification.
12. Constrains of crop diversification
These are primarily socioeconomic and institutional barriers, such as the lack of holding consolidation and group farming, geographic disadvantages (remote areas far from shops and supermarkets), farmer ‘lack of education, the outright failure of the agricultural extension system, and a lack of transportation and marketing facilities.
Lack of salt and excess moisture tolerant crops and cultivars.
Lack of skill and knowledge in choosing alternate crops in cropping system
Small and fragmented land holding creates difficulty to ensure that they participate more fully in crop diversification.
Agricultural output is used as a raw material in agro-based industries. When monoculture becomes unsustainable, a more sustainable and profitable crop must be substituted. Because of massive infrastructure expenditure, switching over becomes difficult by that time; for example, the rice industry in Punjab and Haryana, the sugarcane industry in Uttar Pradesh, and the soybean industry in Madhya Pradesh states in India.
The major causes of high cost of production are rising wage rates and declining factor productivity. The researchers are being challenged to reduce the cost of production and produce new adaptive cultivars that can capture high market prices.
Over use and sub optimal use of natural resources like water and land resources, may negative impact on environment and sustainability.
Weak research-extention and farmers linkage.
Lack of knowledge among the farmer
13. Lack of concept of Crop diversification
Though there are hundreds of scientific papers in the field of agronomy on agricultural diversity such as crop rotation or intercropping, only a small percentage of these studies are about diversification as a concept [21].
14. Conclusion
Diversification is one of the most effective ways to boost farm revenue, resulting in increased food, nutrition, and environmental security, as well as poverty reduction in developing countries. It creates a tremendous impact on agro-socio-economic gains.
It increased the flow of income throughout the year.
Offers opportunity to produce crops according to market demand
Smoothens the effect of price fluctuation
Increase the grain equivalent yield, system production efficiency, relative production efficiency and land use efficiency of maize-fallow system.
15. Future prospects for the adoption of crop diversification
Overall potential of crop diversification is yet to be studied.
Impact of crop diversification on rural economics and poverty alleviation needs to be investigated in details.
Effect of crop diversification on soil health properties needs to be studied in details.
Social benefits of crop diversification are less well known.
\n',keywords:"crop diversification, sustainable agriculture, nutritional security, food security",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81179.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/81179.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81179",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81179",totalDownloads:49,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"January 3rd 2022",dateReviewed:"January 12th 2022",datePrePublished:"April 9th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"April 9th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Sustainable agricultural practices involve a variety of approaches. The most important approached for sustainable agriculture development is crop diversification. It allowing the farmers to employ biological cycles to minimize inputs, conserve the resource base, maximize yields and also reduce the risk due to ecological and environmental factors. It serves as an important opportunity to augment income and employment generation for rural communities. Crop diversification promotes the interaction of beneficial soil bacteria, interrupts the disease cycle, and reduces the quantity of weeds. Crop diversification boosts land-use efficiency and crop output by improving the physical and chemical qualities of soil. Crop diversification shows a lot of scope to alleviating the problems such as resurgence of insects-pests and weeds, soil degradation, environmental pollution, soil salinity, decline farm profit and climate change. Crop diversification through crop intensification system enhanced the net returns, B:C ratio, and overall system productivity of a farm. In order to achieve the benefits of crop diversification farmers are shifting from low value low yielding crops to high value high yielding crops. Thus, crop diversification has the sound capacity for achieving the goal of nutritional security, income growth, food security, employment generation and sustainable agriculture development.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81179",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81179",signatures:"Anamika Barman, Priyanka Saha, Shashank Patel and Anurag Bera",book:{id:"11357",type:"book",title:"Sustainable Crop Production - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production - Recent Advances",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Vijay Meena, Dr. Mahipal Choudhary, Dr. Ram Prakash Yadav and Dr. Sunita Kumari Meena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11357.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-697-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-696-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-698-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"420235",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"vijay-meena",fullName:"Vijay Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Concept of crop diversification",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Trends of agricultural diversification in South Asian Countries",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Approaches to crop diversification",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 Horizontal diversification",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2 Vertical diversification",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.3 Others approaches",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"5. Measure of crop diversification and its characterization",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"6. Crop diversification pattern in South Asian Countries",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"7. Major driving forces for crop diversification",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"8. Need for crop diversification",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"9. Strategies for crop diversification",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"10. Advantages of crop diversification",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"10.1 Increasing the profitability of small farm holdings",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"10.2 Employment generation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"10.3 Natural resource conservation and enhancement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"10.4 Improving export potential",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"10.5 Risk reduction",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"10.6 Pest and disease control",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"10.7 Improvement of soil fertility",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21",title:"11. Review of literature",level:"1"},{id:"sec_22",title:"12. Constrains of crop diversification",level:"1"},{id:"sec_23",title:"13. Lack of concept of Crop diversification",level:"1"},{id:"sec_24",title:"14. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_25",title:"15. Future prospects for the adoption of crop diversification",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Godfray HC, Beddington JR, Crute IR, Haddad L, Lawrence D, Muir JF, et al. Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science. 2010;327(5967):812-818'},{id:"B2",body:'Chand R, Chauhan S. Socio economic factors in agricultural diversification in India. Agricultural Situation in India. 2002;58(11):523-530'},{id:"B3",body:'Hedge DM, Tiwari SP, Rai M. Crop diversification in Indian agriculture. Agricultural Situation in India. 2003;60:255-272'},{id:"B4",body:'Kremen C, Miles AF. Comparing biologically diversified with conventional farming systems: What is known about environmental benefits, externalities and tradeoffs among crop productivity and ecosystem services. Ecology and Society. 2012;17:40'},{id:"B5",body:'Garbach K, Milder JC, DeClerck FA, Montenegro de Wit M, Driscoll L, Gemmill-Herren B. Examining multi-functionality for crop yield and ecosystem services in five systems of agroecological intensification. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 2017;15(1):11-28'},{id:"B6",body:'Wezel A, Casagrande M, Celette F, Vian JF, Ferrer A, Peigné J. Agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 2014;34(1):1-20'},{id:"B7",body:'Meynard JM, Charrier F, Le Bail M, Magrini MB, Charlier A, Messéan A. Socio-technical lock-in hinders crop diversification in France. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 2018;38(5):1-3'},{id:"B8",body:'Feliciano D. A review on the contribution of crop diversification to sustainable development goal 1 “No poverty” in different world regions. Sustainable Development. 2019;27(4):795-808'},{id:"B9",body:'Bedoussac L, Journet EP, Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Naudin C, Corre-Hellou G, Jensen ES, et al. Ecological principles underlying the increase of productivity achieved by cereal-grain legume intercrops in organic farming. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 2015;35(3):911-935'},{id:"B10",body:'Malézieux E, Crozat Y, Dupraz C, Laurans M, Makowski D, Ozier-Lafontaine H, et al. Mixing plant species in cropping systems: Concepts, tools and models: A review. In: Sustainable Agriculture. Springer; 2009. pp. 329-353'},{id:"B11",body:'Watson CA, Reckling M, Preissel S, Bachinger J, Bergkvist G, Kuhlman T, et al. Grain legume production and use in European agricultural systems. Advances in Agronomy. 2017;144:235-303'},{id:"B12",body:'Haughey E, Suter M, Hofer D, Hoekstra NJ, McElwain JC, Lüscher A, et al. Higher species richness enhances yield stability in intensively managed grasslands with experimental disturbance. Scientific Reports. 2018;8(1):1-10'},{id:"B13",body:'Gangwar B, Duhoon SK, Gill MS. System based production potential, yield gaps and diversification opportunities in selected zones of India. Progressive Agriculture. 2010;10(3):19-26'},{id:"B14",body:'Dorjee K, Broca S, Pingali P. Diversification in South Asian agriculture: Trends and constraints in South Asia: Patterns, determinants and policy implications. Economic and political weekly. In: Agricultural Diversification and Smallholders in South Asia. New Delhi, India: Academic Foundation Publishers; 2007. pp. 129-150'},{id:"B15",body:'Joshi PK, Gulati A, Birthal PS, Tewari L. Agriculture diversification in South Asia: Patterns, determinants and policy implications. Economic and Political Weekly. 2004;39:2457-2467'},{id:"B16",body:'Niehof A. The significance of diversification for rural livelihood systems. Food Policy. 2004;29(4):321-338'},{id:"B17",body:'Angel A, Ramos H. Competitividad de alternativas para la diversificación Agrícola: Frutas y Hortalizas. In: Proyecto CRECER/USAID. San Salvador: Chemonics International, Inc.; 1997'},{id:"B18",body:'Barrett CB, Bulte EH, Ferraro P, Wunder S. Economic instruments for nature conservation. Key Topics in Conservation Biology. 2013;2(2013):59-73'},{id:"B19",body:'Di Falco S, Perrings C. Crop biodiversity, risk management and the implications of agricultural assistance. Ecological Economics. 2005;55(4):459-466'},{id:"B20",body:'Nishan MA. Crop diversification for sustainability. Popular Kheti. 2014;2(2):20-24'},{id:"B21",body:'Babu S, Singh R, Avasthe RK, Yadav GS, Rajkhowa DJ. Intensification of maize (Zea mays)–based cropping sequence in rainfed ecosystem of Sikkim Himalayas for improving system productivity, profitability, employment generation and energy-use efficiency under organic management condition. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2016;86(6):778-784'},{id:"B22",body:'Alam MJ, Humphreys E, Sarkar MA. Intensification and diversification increase land and water productivity and profitability of rice-based cropping systems on the high Ganges River Floodplain of Bangladesh. Field Crops Research. 2017;209:10-26'},{id:"B23",body:'Hedley DD. Diversification: Concepts and directions in Indonesian agricultural policy. Soybean Research and Development in Indonesia. 1987;10:17'},{id:"B24",body:'Hufnagel J, Reckling M, Ewert F. Diverse approaches to crop diversification in agricultural research. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 2020;40(2):1-7'},{id:"B25",body:'Behera UK, Jha KP. Agro-economic assessment of different crops and cropping systems for the drought prone uplands of Kalahandi, Orissa. Journal of Andaman Science Association. 1999;15(1):30-34'},{id:"B26",body:'Shoffner AV, Tooker JF. The potential of genotypically diverse cultivar mixtures to moderate aphid populations in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). arthropod-plant. Interactions. 2013;7(1):33-43'},{id:"B27",body:'Tooker JF, Frank SD. Genotypically diverse cultivar mixtures for insect pest management and increased crop yields. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2012;49(5):974-985'},{id:"B28",body:'Jeffries P, Gianinazzi S, Perotto S, Turnau K, Barea JM. The contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable maintenance of plant health and soil fertility. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 2003;37(1):1-6'},{id:"B29",body:'Kasem S, Thapa GB. Crop diversification in Thailand: Status, determinants, and effects on income and use of inputs. Land Use Policy. 2011;28(3):618-628'},{id:"B30",body:'Birthal PS, Roy D, Negi DS. Assessing the impact of crop diversification on farm poverty in India. World Development. 2015;72:70-92'},{id:"B31",body:'Pellegrini L, Tasciotti L. Crop diversification, dietary diversity and agricultural income: Empirical evidence from eight developing countries. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d’études du développement. 2014;35(2):211-227'},{id:"B32",body:'Tripathi HN, Chand S, Tripathi AK. Biological and economical feasibility of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) + Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) cropping systems under varying levels of phosphorus. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 2005;50(1):31-34'},{id:"B33",body:'Rana NS, Kumar S, Saini SK, Panwar GS. Production potential and profitability of autumn sugarcane-based intercropping systems as influenced by intercrops and row spacing. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 2006;51(1):31-33'},{id:"B34",body:'Kumar A, Thakur KS. Effect of Brassica spp. and their sowing proportions on productivity, competition and economics of wheat (Triticum aestivum) + Brassica mixed cropping system under rainfed conditions of Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 2006;51(4):259-262'},{id:"B35",body:'Bharati V, Nandan R, Kumar V, Pandey IB. Effect of irrigation levels on yield, water-use efficiency and economics of winter maize (Zea mays)-based intercropping systems. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 2007;52(1):27-30'},{id:"B36",body:'Singh AK, Lal M, Prasad SR, Srivastava TK. Productivity and profitability of winter-initiated sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid complex) ratoon through intercropping of forage legumes and nitrogen nutrition. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 2007;52(3):208-211'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Anamika Barman",address:"anamikaiari123@gmail.com",affiliation:'
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Solar energy systems are equipped with a range of grid-support functions, which—if controlled or programmed improperly—present a risk of power system disturbances.",book:{id:"8919",slug:"reliability-and-ecological-aspects-of-photovoltaic-modules",title:"Reliability and Ecological Aspects of Photovoltaic Modules",fullTitle:"Reliability and Ecological Aspects of Photovoltaic Modules"},signatures:"Titu-Marius I. Băjenescu",authors:[{id:"286037",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Titu-Marius",middleName:"I.",surname:"Băjenescu",slug:"titu-marius-bajenescu",fullName:"Titu-Marius Băjenescu"}]},{id:"68288",title:"Toxic Materials Used in Thin Film Photovoltaics and Their Impacts on Environment",slug:"toxic-materials-used-in-thin-film-photovoltaics-and-their-impacts-on-environment",totalDownloads:990,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Photovoltaic industry has proved to be a growing and advantageous source of energy as it can be renewable, sustainable, reliable and clean. Significant improvements have been made in materials used and the production processes to reduce the costs, and to avoid possible issues induced by some hazardous materials. However, some health and environment challenges last, which must be overcome to make this technology a source of truly clean energy. This chapter provides an overview on the major environmental impacts of thin film technology associated with the use of toxic materials and the chemicals in the manufacturing processes. A summary of Environmental, Health and Safety issues associated with some thin film technologies like copper indium gallium diselenide (CIS/CIGS), cadmium telluride (CdTe) and amorphous silicon (a-Si) is done, in order to investigate potential infections induced by the environmental release of trace elements, usually coming from chemical vapor inhalation and eventually accidental spills during the manufacturing processes, on the health of humans and animals. Potential solutions will be provided to prevent some environmental issues.",book:{id:"8919",slug:"reliability-and-ecological-aspects-of-photovoltaic-modules",title:"Reliability and Ecological Aspects of Photovoltaic Modules",fullTitle:"Reliability and Ecological Aspects of Photovoltaic Modules"},signatures:"Hervé Joël Tchognia Nkuissi, Fransisco Kouadio Konan, Bouchaib Hartiti and Jean-Marie Ndjaka",authors:[{id:"192759",title:"Dr.",name:"Hervé Joël",middleName:null,surname:"Tchognia Nkuissi",slug:"herve-joel-tchognia-nkuissi",fullName:"Hervé Joël Tchognia Nkuissi"},{id:"295602",title:"Dr.",name:"Fransisco",middleName:null,surname:"Konan",slug:"fransisco-konan",fullName:"Fransisco Konan"},{id:"295603",title:"Prof.",name:"Bouchaib",middleName:null,surname:"Hartiti",slug:"bouchaib-hartiti",fullName:"Bouchaib Hartiti"},{id:"302650",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Ndjaka",slug:"jean-marie-ndjaka",fullName:"Jean-Marie Ndjaka"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"793",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. 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Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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