Fundamental Principles to Address Green Chemistry and Green Engineering for Sustainable Future

Abstract

The background of green chemistry represents the dramatic module of a new millennium, the substantiable chemical process steam for evaluation in designing phase to incorporate the principles of GC (Green Chemistry) in 1990s. there has been a tremendous success in developing a new product and process which are more compatible with biological, zoological and botanical perspective to illuminate the sustainability goal, this chapter represents the simplified way to lookout different approach adopted in GC-research, the methodology enhance the chemical process economics, concomitant which deduct the environmental burden. This review merely focusing on eco-friendly protocol which replace the traditional method of synthesis followed in chemistry to synthesize lifesaving drugs, with prevention outgoing waste from industries. GC and chemical engineering or green engineering (GE) should produce eco-friendly chemical process for drug design which likely to be spread rapidly in next few decades. This chapter explains in-depth and compact with detailed glimpse of environment friendly-protocol and principle bridging continent and scientific discipline to create new solution.

1. Introduction

Green chemistry approach is an advanced field of science and it attracted the scientist and researcher since decade, it opens the enormous gateways to modified version of known synthetic reaction in a newer way with associated enlarged potentiality accompanied by sustainability [1]. Revolutionary measures against solvent based synthetic reaction were invented in green synthesis roots, whereas organic solvents were replaced with non-organic medias in synthetic reaction to overcome the volatility and corrosiveness of hazardous nature of organic solvent to preserve the environmental greenness. Chemistry and engineering working in the area of green chemistry are proliferating, and quite justifiably [2], asked to explain why their experimental reactions, process or product is actually sustainable or green, it was an on-going debate on the topic, often the assert of sustainable or green reactions cut-throat disagreement. In this context, the 12-Principles of green chemistry become widely accepted set of criteria for high-speed screening towards “Greenness” for comparing the environmental acceptability of two rival process. The 12-Principle are not sufficient to elaborate the whole concept of green chemistry (Figure 1) mostly relevant to important concept in regards to environmental impact; for example, fundamental process or product need to be monitored for its lifecycle and heat recovery from exothermic or endothermic reaction. For this reason, some scientist proposes the 12-principles of green engineering (Figure 2).

Figure 1.

Classical principle used to followed in green chemistry for synthesis.

Figure 2.

Principles of green chemistry and green engineering.

In-depth scripture of both principles was, well articulated till date, here we representing the linking key which opens the roadmap, to get it, into the principle of green chemistry and green engineering, without lengthening the discussion, we are discussing the bullet points to crystal clear the importance of green technology which is lost in debate while digging-out the available repositories. Hence forth we are proposing a condensed version of green chemistry and engineering, fitting onto single sentence and incorporated mnemonic PRODUCTIVELY (green chemistry) and IMPOVEMENTS (Green engineering), we believe these two condensed forms are sufficient to manage the entitled topic of this chapter, this chapter re-present both the topic in form of 24-principle for sustainable green technological chemistry [3] (Figure 2). With this combined set we encourage the reader to reciprocate the sustainable future in new way called IMPROVEMENTS PRODUCTIVELY.

2. Methodology

This work speaks about the technical branch imbedded, environmental friendly and cost-effective utilization of resources that minimize or even exclude the production of harmful bi-product in designing and manufacturing of product, which will ultimately increase the yield of product [4].

2.1 Green chemistry application and synthetic methodology

With reciprocating to above principles some examples related to synthetic application, utilization, minimization of bi-product, invention, design, application of chemical process and products in academic laboratories and industries based on Environmental Protection Agencies (EPA) & Organization of economic co-operation and development (OECD) [5].

2.1.1 Synthesis of polymer

Synthesis of polycaprolactone. Poly (Ɛ-caprolactone) PCL is important biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymer used in prosthesis and controlled drug release matrix for active substance, this polymer obtained by ring polymerization reaction (Figures 3–10) [6].

• Synthesis of polyurethane: Novel synthetic routes to polyurethane production without using diisocyanate

• Synthesis of series of polyhydroxy-urethane

• Synthesis from commercially available ethylene carbonate

• Synthesis of Alternative route to synthesis poly (tri methylene urethane) and poly (tetra methylene urethane)

• Synthesis of 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene carbonate

• Synthesis of thermo-responsive polyurethane

• Synthesis of Reso-acetophenone (2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone)

• Bromination

Figure 3.

Polymerization of PCL.

Figure 4.

Optically active polyurethane bearing hydroxyl and carboxyl group.

Figure 5.

Poly addition of bifunctional and five carbonate and diamine

Figure 6.

Polyurethane from ethyl carbonate.

Figure 7.

Cationic ring opening polymerization reaction.

Figure 8.

New rout to polyurethane containing urethane bond.

Figure 9.

Sensitive phase transformation reaction in water.

Figure 10.

Dihydroxy acetophenone from resorcinol and acetic acid.

2.1.2 Alternative methods to classical synthesis

Less hazardous chemical synthetic reactions in chemistry to prevent accident, safeguard the environment and prevention of by-product, not only to the public but also to laboratory-worker [7]. How to use safe alternative methods in process material in process some examples depicted in the Table 1 represents the protocol for halogenation where as sustainable method safe, ecofriendly, less time consuming with high yield compare to classical methods, Tables 2–6 represents the green synthetic protocol which already replaced with classical methods.

Table 1.

Halogenation and condensation reaction [8].

Table 2.

Nitration ionic liquid and green solvent for future reference [8, 9].

Table 3.

Safe solvent auxiliary solvent/solvent free reactivity [10].

Table 4.

Protocol to synthesis oxime and basic Aldo condensation by utilizing sustainable catalysis [11].

Table 5.

Green protocol for Cannizaro’s reaction and use of catalytic reagents [10].

Table 6.

Green protocol for rearrangement and condensation [12] of drug molecules and microwave and ultrasonic synthetic reactions [13].

Where as the Table 6 represents the modern method of drug synthesis by using Microwave irradiation technique.

2.2 Green engineering and its application

Green engineering becomes a sustainable and training technology in construction sector [14], its values are influential and all-inclusive, its very broad field to meet the demand for more sustainable process, the innovation includes; Smaller continuous flow reactor, new scale reactor and designer, new separation technique which decreases the amount of necessary solvent and energy, Process designing requires no separation, an integrated system approach to maximize heat transfer. Green chemistry design of inherently safe reaction and use of nonhazardous materials also contribute to the use and application of green engineering principle. With this safe process, the risk management does not have to be engineered to limit the exposure or potential for accidents [15, 16].

Tables: Sustainable synthetic schemes with application and replacement of catalysts [17, 18].

3. Conclusion and future perspectives

The rapid industrialization and urbanization in present scenario are only to achieve growth and development around the globe. The natural creations unfortunately ignored by today’s generation to achieve goals. Whereas three essential pillars (soil, water & air) need to be sustainable to lead successful happy present life without compromising future. Where as green chemistry and green engineering emerged out necessity at this junction, to safeguard and substance of all leaving kingdom. It is our responsibility to maintain ecological balance.

The standpoint of this review chapter to show the possible improvement done, by improving energy efficiency, through elimination of unnecessary energy used and saving of 30% of cost on energy, which makes green technology of utmost important, the adaptation of vista of green chemistry with technological implementation will help to achieve conservation of resources, above all, research and construction, goes hand in hand, towards the sustainable development by adopting the 24principle of green synthesis, for sustainable future.

As author believe that it could start by creating awareness by implementing the portion of green chemistry and technology in academic to sensitize the students about the need of today without compromising tomorrow by following the slogan GO GREEN WITH CHIMISTRY & TECHNOLOGY.

Acknowledgments

Author immensely grateful to the management of Yenepoya Pharmacy college and Research center, Yenepoya University Deralkatte Mangaluru, and I extent me sincere gratitude to IntechOpen for giving me the opportunity to become a part of this novelty work. Last but not least my heartfelt thanks to Principle & Vice-Principle of Yenepoya Pharmacy college and Research center providing me the timely suggestions cooperation and support to carry out the novelty work. I never deny the support and love of my children and family for providing me the quality time to draft this chapter.

Conflict of interest

The author declared no conflict of interest.

Notes/Thanks/Other declarations

Thanks to publishing house for giving me the opportunity to contribute.

Synonyms and abbreviations

GC	Green chemistry
GE	Green Engineering
EPA	Environmental Protection Agencies
OECD	Organization of economic co-operation and development
PCL	Polycaprolactone