Abstract
This chapter presents the applications of perturbation methods such as regular and homotopy perturbation methods to thermal, fluid flow and dynamic behaviors of engineering systems. The first example shows the utilization of regular perturbation method to thermal analysis of convective-radiative fin with end cooling and thermal contact resistance. The second example is concerned with the application of homotopy perturbation method to squeezing flow and heat transfer of Casson nanofluid between two parallel plates embedded in a porous medium under the influences of slip, Lorentz force, viscous dissipation and thermal radiation. Additionally, the dynamic behavior of piezoelectric nanobeam embedded in linear and nonlinear elastic foundations operating in a thermal-magnetic environment is analyzed using homotopy perturbation method which is presented in the third example. It is believed that the presentation in this chapter will enhance the understanding of these methods for the real world applications.
Keywords
- perturbation method
- thermal analysis
- fluid flow behavior
- dynamic response
- engineering systems
1. Introduction
The descriptions of the behaviors of the real world phenomena and systems through the use of mathematical models often involve developments of nonlinear equations which are difficult to solve exactly and analytically. Consequently, recourse is always made to numerical methods as alternative methods in solving the nonlinear equations. However, the developments of analytical solutions are obviously still very important. Analytical solutions for specified problems are also essential and required to show the direct relationship between the models parameters. When analytical solutions are available, they provide good insights into the significance of various system parameters affecting the phenomena. Such solutions provide continuous physical insights than pure numerical or computation methods. Indisputably, analytical solutions are convenient for parametric studies, accounting for the physics of the problem and appear more appealing than the numerical solutions. Also, they help in reducing the computation and simulation costs as well as the task involved in the analysis of real-life problems.
Although, there is no general exact analytical method to solve all nonlinear problems, over the years, the nonlinear problems have been solved using different approximate analytical methods such as regular perturbation, singular perturbation method, homotopy perturbation method, homotopy analysis method, methods of weighted residual, variational iterative method, differential transformation method, variation parameter method, Adomian decomposition method, etc. The non-perturbative approximate analytic methods present explicit approximate analytical solutions which often involve complex mathematical analysis leading to analytic expressions involving large number terms. Furthermore, the methods are inherently with high computational cost and time accompanied with the requirement of high skills in mathematics. Moreover, in practice, analytical solutions with large number of terms and conditional statements for the solutions are not convenient for use by designers and engineers. Also, in these methods, there are always search for particular value(s) that will satisfy the end boundary condition(s). This always necessitates the use of software and such could result in additional computational cost in the generation of solution to the problem. Also, the quests involve applications of numerical schemes to determine the required value(s) that will satisfy the end boundary condition(s). This fact renders most of the approximate analytical methods to be taken as more of semi-analytical methods than total approximate analytical methods. Moreover, these methods have their own operational restrictions that severely narrow their functioning domain and when they are routinely implemented, they can sometimes lead to erroneous results. Specifically, the transformation of the nonlinear equations and the development of equivalent recurrence equations for the nonlinear equations using differential transformation method proved somehow difficult in some nonlinear system such as in rational Duffing oscillator, irrational nonlinear Duffing oscillator, finite extensibility nonlinear oscillator. There is difficulty in the determination of Adomian polynomials for the application of Adomian decomposition method for nonlinear problems. There are lack of rigorous theories or proper guidance for choosing initial approximation, auxiliary linear operators, auxiliary functions, and auxiliary parameters in the use of homotopy analysis method. Therefore, the need for comparatively simple, flexible, generic and high accurate total approximate analytical solutions is well established. One of the techniques that can be applied for such quest is the perturbation method. Perturbation method, although comparably old, as a pioneer method for finding approximate analytical solutions to nonlinear problems, it offers an alternative approach to solving certain types of nonlinear problems. In the limit of small parameter, perturbation method is widely used for solving many heat transfer, vibration, fluid mechanics and solid mechanics problems. It is capable of solving nonlinear, inhomogeneous and multidimensional problems with reasonable high level of accuracy. The most significant efforts and applications of the method were focused on celestial mechanics, fluid mechanics, and aerodynamics. Although, the solutions reported for other sophisticated methods to difference problems have good accuracy, they are more complicated for applications than perturbation method. Therefore, over the years, the relative simplicity and high accuracy especially in the limit of small parameter have made perturbation method an interesting tool among the most frequently used approximate analytical methods. Although, the perturbation method provides in general, better results for small perturbation parameters, besides having a handy mathematical formulation, it has been shown to have a good accuracy, even for relatively large values of the perturbation parameter [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].
2. Example 1: regular perturbation method to thermal analysis of convective-radiative fin with end cooling and thermal contact resistance
Consider a convective-radiative fin of temperature-dependent thermal conductivity
The heat flow in the fin and its temperatures remain constant with time.
The temperature of the medium surrounding the fin is uniform.
The temperature of the base of the fin is uniform.
The fin thickness is small compared with its width and length, so that temperature gradients across the fin thickness and heat transfer from the edges of the fin is negligible compared with the heat leaving its lateral surface.
Applying thermal energy balance on the fin and using the above model assumptions, the following nonlinear thermal model is developed
The boundary conditions are
Considering a case when a small temperature difference exists within the material during the heat flow. This actually necessitated the use of temperature-invariant physical and thermal properties of the fin. Also, it has been established that under such scenario, the term
On substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (1), one arrives arrived at
The boundary conditions
On introducing the following dimensionless parameters in Eq. (8) into Eq. (5),
The dimensionless form of the governing Eq. (5) is arrived at as
On expanding Eq. (9), one has
The boundary conditions are
3. Method of solution using regular perturbation method
It is very difficult to develop closed-form solution for the above non-linear Eq. (10). Therefore, in this work, recourse is made to apply a relatively simple and accurate method approximate analytical method, the perturbation method. Perturbation theory is based on the fact that the equation(s) describing the phenomena or process under investigation contain(s) a small parameter (or several small parameters), explicitly or implicitly. Therefore, the perturbation method is applicable to very small magnitudes of ε where the nonlinearity is slightly effective. Although, it has been shown to have a good accuracy, even for relatively large values of the perturbation parameter,
In solving Eq. (10), one needs to expand the dimensionless temperature as
Substituting Eq. (13) into Eq. (10), up to first order approximate, we have
Leading order and first order equations with the appropriate boundary conditions are given as:
Subject to:
Subject to:
The boundary conditions
It can be shown from Eq. (15), (18) and (21) with the corresponding boundary conditions of Eqs. (16), (19) and (22) that the:
Leading order solution for θo is
While the first order solution θ1 is
The second-order solution θ2 is too huge to be included in the manuscript.
On substituting Eqs. (24) and (25) into Eq. (13) up to the first order (i.e. neglecting the higher orders), one arrives at
4. Example 2: homotopy perturbation method to analysis of squeezing flow and heat transfer of Casson nanofluid between two parallel plates embedded in a porous medium under the influences of slip, Lorentz force, viscous dissipation and thermal radiation
Consider a Casson nanofluid flowing between two parallel plates placed at time-variant distance and under the influence of magnetic field as shown in the Figure 2. It is assumed that the flow of the nanofluid is laminar, stable, incompressible, isothermal, non-reacting chemically, the nanoparticles and base fluid are in thermal equilibrium and the physical properties are constant. The fluid conducts electrical energy as it flows unsteadily under magnetic force field. The fluid structure is everywhere in thermodynamic equilibrium and the plate is maintained at constant temperature.
Following the assumptions, the governing equations for the flow are given as
where
and the magnetic field parameter is given as
The Casson fluid parameter,
The radiation term is given as
The appropriate boundary conditions are given as
On introducing the following dimensionless and similarity variables
One arrives at the dimensionless equations
with the boundary conditions as follows
where
5. Method of solution by homotopy perturbation method
The comparative advantages and the provision of acceptable analytical results with convenient convergence and stability coupled with total analytic procedures of homotopy perturbation method compel us to consider the method for solving the system of nonlinear differential equations in Eqs. (40) and (41) with the boundary conditions in Eq. (42).
5.1 The basic idea of homotopy perturbation method
In order to establish the basic idea behind homotopy perturbation method, consider a system of nonlinear differential equations given as
with the boundary conditions
where
The operator
By the homotopy technique, a homotopy
or
In the above Eqs. (47) and (48),
Also, from Eq. (47) and Eq. (48), one has
or
The changing process of
It should be pointed out that of all the values of
The basic idea expressed above is a combination of homotopy and perturbation method. Hence, the method is called homotopy perturbation method (HPM), which has eliminated the limitations of the traditional perturbation methods. On the other hand, this technique can have full advantages of the traditional perturbation techniques. The series Eq. (29) is convergent for most cases.
5.2 Application of the homotopy perturbation method to the fluid flow problem
According to homotopy perturbation method (HPM), one can construct an homotopy for Eq. (36)–(39) as
Taking power series of velocity, temperature and concentration fields, gives
and
Substituting Eqs. (55) and (56) into Eq. (53) and (54) as well as the boundary conditions in Eq. (42), and grouping like terms based on the power of
the boundary conditions are
In a similar way, the higher orders problems are obtained.
On solving Eqs. (57), (61) and (64) with their corresponding boundary conditions, we arrived at
In the same manner, the energy equations are solved. Following the definition of the homotopy perturbation method as presented in Eq. (52), one could write the solution of the fluid flow equation as
6. Example 3: homotopy perturbation method to dynamic behavior of piezoelectric nanobeam embedded in linear and nonlinear elastic Foundation in a thermal-magnetic environment
Consider a nanobeam embedded in linear and nonlinear elastic media as shown in Figure 3. The nanobeam is subjected to stretching effects and resting on Winkler, Pasternak and nonlinear elastic media in a thermo-magnetic environment as depicted in the figure.
Following the nonlocal theory and Euler-Bernoulli theorem, the governing equation of the structure is developed as
It is assumed that the midpoint of the nanobeam is subjected to the following initial conditions
The following boundary conditions for the multi-walled nanotubes for simply supported nanotube is given,
Using the following adimensional constants and variables
The adimensional form of the governing equation of motion for the nanobeam is given as
And the boundary conditions become
6.1 Solution methodology: Galerkin decomposition and homotopy perturbation methods
The method of solution for the governing equation includes Galerkin decomposition and homotopy perturbation methods. As the name implies the Galerkin decomposition method is used to decompose the governing partial differential equation of motion can be separated into spatial and temporal parts. The resulting temporal equations are solved using homotopy perturbation method.
The procedures for the analysis of the equations are given in the proceeding sections as follows:
6.1.1 Galerkin decomposition method
With the application of Galerkin decomposition procedure, the governing partial differential equations of motion can be separated into spatial and temporal parts of the lateral displacement function as
Using one-parameter Galerkin decomposition procedure, one arrives at
where
where
Substituting Eqs. (75) into (74), then multiplying both sides of the resulting equation by
where
The initial conditions are given as
A is the maximum vibration amplitude of the structure.
From the initial conditions in Eq. (83), one can write the initial approximation,
Eq. (22) satisfies the initial conditions in Eq. (83).
The homotopy perturbation representation of Eq. (77) is
From the procedure of homotopy perturbation method, assuming that the solution of Eq. (77) takes the form of:
On substituting Eqs. (86) into the homotopy Eq. (85)
rearranging the coefficients of the terms with identical powers of
with the conditions
with corresponding initial conditions
with corresponding initial conditions
The solution of the zero-order is given by.
From Eq. (27), we have
On substituting Eq. (94) into Eq. (90) and using trigonometric identities, after the colllection of like terms, one arrives at
The solution of the above Eq. (95) provides
Based on the procedure of HPM, setting
On substituting Eqs. (94) and (96) into Eq. (97), the result is
In order to find the natural frequency,
After simplification of Eq. (99), we have
The sextic equation can be written as
Eq. (101) can be written as
where
The roots of the sextic equation are
7. Conclusion
In this chapter, the applications of regular and homotopy perturbation methods to thermal, fluid flow and dynamic behaviors of engineering systems have been presented. Regular perturbation was used in the first example to developed approximate analytical solutions for thermal behavior of convective-radiative fin with end cooling and thermal contact resistance. In the second example, homotopy perturbation method utilized to study squeezing flow and heat transfer of Casson nanofluid between two parallel plates embedded in a porous medium under the influences of slip, Lorentz force, viscous dissipation and thermal radiation. The same method was used in the third example to analyze the dynamic behavior of piezoelectric nanobeam embedded in linear and nonlinear elastic foundations operating in a thermal-magnetic environment. It is hoped that the vivid presentation and applications of these perturbation methods in this chapter will advance better understanding of methods especially for real world applications.
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