DNA marker for predicting fusarium wilt resistance in
Abstract
The Brassica genus comprises of agro-economically important vegetables. Disease causes great yield loss of Brassica vegetables worldwide. Different traditional methods such as crop rotation and chemical control have limited effect on different diseases of Brassica vegetables and cannot completely eradicate the pathogens by these methods. Development of disease resistant cultivars is one of the most effective, ecofriendly, and cheapest measure to control Brassica diseases. With the development of genomics, molecular biology techniques, and biological methods, it is possible to discover and introduce resistance (R) genes to efficiently control the plant diseases caused by pathogens. Some R genes of major diseases such as Fusarium wilt and clubroot in Brassica vegetables have been already identified. Therefore, we will focus to review the Fusarium wilt and clubroot resistance in Brassica vegetables and the methodologies for identification, mapping, and pyramiding of R genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs) to develop disease resistant cultivars. These techniques will be helpful for sustainable crop production and to maintain global food security and contribute to ensure protection of food supply in the Asian country as well as throughout the world.
Keywords
- R gene
- marker assisted selection
- Fusarium wilt
- clubroot
- Brassica
1. Introduction
Brassica is a commercially important genus that contains vegetables, oilseeds, condiments, and fodder crops, and they provide nutrition and health-promoting substances to humans worldwide [1]. The commercially important vegetables such as Chinese cabbage (var.
Production of Brassica vegetables constantly threatened by emerging viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases, whose incidence has increased in recent years [2, 3]. The major diseases of Brassica vegetables are Black rot, clubroot, Downy mildew, Fusarium wilt, soft rot, and Turnip mosaic virus [2]. Cultural, physical, biological, or chemical controls, or a combination of these controls, integrated pest management, are used for disease control [2, 3]. However, soil-borne phytopathogens such as Fusarium wilt or clubroot are hard to control by physical and chemical methods, and they can survive in the soil for many years in dormant conditions and become devastating when they find suitable host [2, 3, 4]. Thus, breeding the disease resistant cultivars of Brassica vegetables, especially against soil-borne phytopathogens, is the best way for effective disease control. Recently, some disease resistance genes (
In this chapter, we focus on the Fusarium wilt and clubroot and present the breeding for these disease resistances in Brassica vegetables using DNA marker selection.
2. DNA marker selection for breeding Fusarium wilt disease resistant cultivars in Brassica vegetables
Fusarium wilt was first identified in the United States by Smith in the 1890s, and in the following decades it was subsequently found in Japan and several other countries [14, 15]. In recent years, Fusarium wilt has been overspread in China [16].
2.1 Traditional management
A number of traditional techniques have been adopted to manage Fusarium wilt disease. Crop rotation is effective to control Fusarium wilt disease [18], and soil solarization [19] and soil steam sterilization [20, 21] can suppress significantly the
2.2 Isolation of resistance genes
Most
2.3 DNA marker selection system
Selection by inoculation test is labor-intensive and highly influenced by the environmental factors, and selection of suitable plants highly depends on the experience of breeders. In contrast, DNA marker selection is rarely affected by the environmental conditions. DNA marker selection also has merits that it can be performed at early developmental stages, can handle many samples, and can test multiple traits in a sample [37]. Identification of
As the susceptible allele (
Primer sequence | PCR condition | R | S | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bra012688m | F | AGTCGCTTGGAAGTCTGAGG | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min. | A | NA | [32, 33] |
R | GAGCTAACCAACTATACATTGAACC | |||||
YR688s | F | CTCCATCTGAGGATGGAAGTTGTACAAGCTCGGA | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 2 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s and 68 °C for 30s, and final extension at 68 °C for 2 min. This primer set is used with YR689s for multiplex PCR. | A | NA | |
R | GCTCCGAATTCGAATTGGTGAATATCGCATACGAG | |||||
SSR687int | F | CGTCAAAACCCTTTTGCCTA | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 2 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 30s, and final extension at 72 °C for 2 min. This marker is co-dominant DNA marker | LB | SB | |
R | CAAACGCTCGGTCCTGAAAT | |||||
Bra012689m | F | GCATCAAGGCAAAAATGTCA | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min. | A | NA | [32, 33] |
R | CATTATAGTAGAACCCAAGTTGATCC | |||||
YR689s | F | CCACTCAGATGTCGTTGAGAAGTCTGATACCATCG | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 2 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s and 68 °C for 30s, and final extension at 68 °C for 2 min. This primer set is used with YR688s for multiplex PCR | A | NA | |
R | AGGAGACGACGACTGATCCACAAAGTGTGTATC |
In
Primer sequence | PCR condition | R | S | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fusa-6 | F | TGATGCAAGTGTGGTGACAA | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min After PCR, | D | ND | [61] |
R | CAATCGCTTCTTGCTTCTCC | |||||
Fusa-4 | F | ATCATGGGATCGAGAGAAGCCGCCC | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min After PCR, | ND | D | [61] |
R | TAGCTTCATGCCATAGTCGTCCTGG | |||||
#1 | F | AGATTGTGCAATTAAACGCGACG | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min After PCR, | ND | D | [36] |
R | CATCCTCAGATTCCAAGCACAAC | |||||
#2 | F | GAAGTTGGGTAAAGAAATTGTTCGTGC | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min | SB | LB | [36] |
R | ATCCCAAGTTGATATCAGTAGGAAGAG | |||||
#3 | F | AATGGTTGCTCAATGAGAAGTATGC | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min After PCR, | ND | D | [36] |
R | GCCTCTGAAAGATCTGGAAAAAGAA |
3. DNA marker selection for breeding clubroot disease resistant cultivars in Brassica vegetables
Clubroot is also one of the most devastating diseases in Brassica vegetables and spreads almost all over the world [39]. Clubroot disease is caused by an obligate plant pathogen
3.1 Traditional management
Clubroot is quite difficult to control completely by the traditional methods due to the long survival spores of the
Some biocontrol agents against
3.2 Isolation of resistance genes
In
In
3.3 DNA marker selection system
A breeding for clubroot resistance is much more complex compared with Fusarium wilt resistance due to the complexity of plant–pathogen interactions. A number of clubroot resistance locus has been identified by the different research groups in
Primer sequence | PCR condition | R | S | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CRaim-T | F | TATATTAATGATAAAGCAGAAGAAGAAA | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min. | A | NA | [33, 49] |
R | AATGCGACTGAGAAAGTTGTAG | |||||
Craim-Q | F | TGAAGAATGCGGGCTACGTCCTCTGAAATC | NA | A | ||
R | GAAGTAGATGAACGTGTTTATTTTAGAAA | |||||
TCR108 | F | CGGATATTCGATCTGTGTTCA | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min. | A | NA | [33, 62] |
R | AAAATGTATGTGTTTATGTGTTTCTGG | |||||
mCrr1a | F | CGATGACATGTCTGCCTTCT | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min. | SB | LB | [33] |
R | TCTGAGATTCAACCGCTTCA | |||||
B50-C9 | F | GATTCAATGCATTTCTCTCGAT | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 1 min, 55 °C for 1.5 min, and 72 °C for 2 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 7 min. | A | NA | [60] |
B50 | R | CGTATTATATCTCTTTCTCCATCCC | ||||
B50-6R | F | AATGCATTTTCGCTCAACC | NA | A | ||
B50 | R | CGTATTATATCTCTTTCTCCATCCC | ||||
HC688–4 | F | TCTCTGTATTGCGTTGACTG | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 1 min, 60 °C for 1.5 min, and 72 °C for 2 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 7 min. | A | NA | [60] |
HC688–6 | R | ATATGTTGAAGCCTATGTCT | ||||
HC688–4 | F | TCTCTGTATTGCGTTGACTG | NA | A | ||
HC688–7 | R | AAATATATGTGAAGTCTTATGATC | ||||
BRMS-096 | F | AGTCGAGATCTCGTTCGTGTCTCCC | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 1 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 1 min, 40 °C for 1 min, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 4 min. | LB | SB | [63] |
R | TGAAGAAGGATTGAAGCTGTTGTTG | |||||
OPC11–2S | F | GTAACTTGGTACAGAACAGCATAG | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 30s, 45 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 40 °C for 1 min, and 72 °C for 2 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 7 min. | LB | SB | [64, 65] |
R | ACTTGTCTAATGAATGATGATGG |
In
4. Perspective
Both Fusarium wilt and clubroot are the serious disease for Brassica vegetables. Breeders are trying to develop the resistant lines for the both diseases by DNA marker assisted breeding. It has already been successfully developed Fusarium wilt and clubroot resistant lines. However, a Fusarium wilt resistant line can be infested by the clubroot or vice versa, while the clubroot has the virulence complexity. It is quite difficult to inoculate the multiple pathogens/races in an individual plant, while resistant breeding independently for each disease will make a further issue. DNA marker-based selection will enables us to overcome the mentioned issue. It has already found an association between a Fusarium wilt resistance allele and clubroot susceptible allele in
Acknowledgments
This chapter includes results supported by grants from Project of the NARO Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (Research program on development of innovation technology).
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