Abstract
The plants of genus Zanthoxylum are effectually utilized in conventional and present-day medicine system to fight many diseases and disorders like pain, seizures, inflammation, cancer, liver and heart malady. Many of its plants—trees and shrubs, are citrus in nature, with curative antimicrobial, antihelminthic, antipyretic, and antiviral activities. More than 100 of its plant species have been identified and recorded for their potential as an herb in modern pharmacopeia. The species of this genus also have potent ethno-pharmacological significance. Many medicinal secondary metabolites like terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids have also been profiled in many Zanthoxylum species. Additionally, fruit of many of the species is also significantly utilized as a major spice under the name “Sichuan pepper” in many countries like China and India. Thus, this unique blend of herb and spice characteristic of the genus needs a detailed description. This chapter highlights the major significant discoveries in the recent decade in this genus, which can add a step in the way of development of herbal medicines. Documentation of such medicinal plants may aid in derivation of plant-based medicines, which is the demand of the hour.
Keywords
- cancer
- herb
- herbal
- Sichuan pepper
- Zanthoxylum
1. Introduction
Herbal or phyto-based medicines are in the mainstream of present pharmacological world [1]. Nearly two-thirds of the medicines throughout the world is plant based, the rest being the conventional ones [2]. The main reasons behind the preference of herbal drugs over the synthetic ones are that they have negligible side effects, are cost-effective, and easily available [3]. Also, the knowledge of herbal sources has led to the formation of base for many modern medicines. Some examples mentioned by Vickers and Zellman [4] are aspirin taken from willow bark, digoxin from foxglove, and morphine from opium poppy. Many researchers have also stated the development of resistance to allopathic drugs after a long medicament leading to becoming ineffective [5]. Thus, a documentation of medicinal plants and its herbal aspect becomes the first step toward a “botanical healing.”
2. Zanthoxylum genus
3. Zanthoxylum as herbal medicine in ancient pharmacology
Several species under
4. Zanthoxylum as herbal medicine in modern pharmacology
4.1 Anticancerous activity
4.2 Neuroprotectant activity
Nakamura et al. [51] has reported that
4.3 Antiparasitic activity
4.4 Antimicrobial activity
Bark EE of
4.5 Antiviral activity
4.6 Antioxidant activity
Oxypeucedanin, a coumarin compound present in ME of roots of
4.7 Anti-inflammatory activity
The crude extract of
4.8 Antihyperglycemic activity
4.9 Insecticidal activity
Di-chloromethane extract of
4.10 Nematicidal activity
EO of
4.11 Hepatoprotective activity
Glycoprotein isolates of
4.12 Gastroprotective activity
4.13 Cardiovascular activity
4.14 Antiobesity activity
In a study, methyl cinnamate, an important bioactive compound of the
5. Zanthoxylum as spice
“Sichuan pepper” with its pungent odor and numbing taste belongs to the genus
6. Conclusion and future perspective
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