Performance of FVT and ES-LG models for pure hydrocarbons over wide ranges of pressure and temperature (entries are rounded to nearest whole number).
Abstract
Viscosity is a critical fundamental property required in many applications in the chemical and oil industry. Direct measurements of this property are usually expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, reliable predictive methods are often employed to obtain the viscosity. In this work, two viscosity models based on the free-volume and entropy scaling theories are assessed and compared for pure hydrocarbons. The modeling results are compared to experimental data of 52 pure hydrocarbons including straight-chain alkanes, branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics. This study considers viscosity data to extremely high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) conditions up to 573 K and 300 MPa. The results obtained with the free-volume theory viscosity in conjunction with the perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) equation of state are characterized by an overall average absolute deviation (AAD%) of 3% from the experimental data. The overall AAD% obtained with the predictive entropy scaling method by Lötgering-Lin and Gross is 8%.
Keywords
- high temperature
- high pressure
- hydrocarbons
- modeling
- viscosity
1. Introduction
Viscosity is a key property in many engineering disciplines, including chemical and petroleum engineering. For instance, viscosity influences the fluid flow through porous media and pipelines; hence, it is required for the design of pipelines and transport equipment as well as for the estimation of recoverable oil and flow rates in porous media or wellbores. Viscosity can be determined through experimental measurements. However, carrying out viscosity measurements at all conditions of interest is not only expensive and time-consuming but also may not be possible at extreme conditions such as those encountered in ultra-deep reservoirs including pressures up to 300 MPa and temperatures up to 573 K. Reliable prediction models provide an alternative approach to generating predicted and correlated viscosity data at conditions where experimental data are not readily available.
Unlike the viscosity of gases at low pressures which is well defined by the kinetic theory of the gases, the viscosity theory of liquids is still inadequately developed due to the complications caused by the intermolecular forces between the molecules [1]. Therefore, there is no widely accepted simple theoretical method for predicting liquid viscosities, and most estimation techniques used for viscosity prediction of liquids are of empirical or semiempirical nature. The empirical models are correlations based on experimental observation with no theoretical background, whereas semi-theoretical models have a fundamental basis but contain adjustable parameters determined by fitting the model to experimental data.
In the present study, two viscosity models based on the free-volume and entropy scaling theories are assessed and tested against viscosity data for pure hydrocarbons from different chemical families that are commonly found in crude oil at high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) conditions up to 573 K and 300 MPa. Pure components are well-suited for initial evaluation of the viscosity models because a viscosity model that has difficulty in correctly describing the viscosity of a single hydrocarbon is likely to fail when predicting multicomponent mixtures.
2. Free-volume theory (FVT)
The FVT model is based on the free-volume concept. The idea that the viscosity depends upon the free space was first introduced by Batschinski [2] about 100 years ago. The viscosity,
where
where
where the free-volume fraction
where
where
The unit for the viscosity is [Pa·s], when all other variables are in SI units. The term
The three pure component parameters
3. Entropy scaling model by Lötgering-Lin and Gross (ES-LG)
The basic idea of this method is to relate the viscosity to the residual entropy. The residual entropy is defined as the difference between a real state value and ideal gas state value at the same temperature and density,
where
A reduced viscosity is then defined as
where the pure component reduced viscosity,
with
The residual entropy,
where
The viscosity parameters
With
where
4. Modeling results
The two viscosity methods, FVT and ES-LG, are tested on a database consisting of 52 hydrocarbons (21 normal alkanes, 13 branched alkanes, 4 cycloalkanes, 14 aromatics) typically present in most of the crude oils from ambient conditions to extremely high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) conditions up to 573 K and 300 MPa. The temperature and pressure ranges considered in this study are given for each substance in Table 1. The performance of each model is assessed by the following statistical measures:
Compound | Ranges of conditions | Reference | FVT | ES-LG | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T/K | P/MPa | AAD/% | MD/% | Bias/% | AAD/% | MD/% | Bias/% | ||
CH4 | 298–573 | 0.1–300 | [11, 12, 13] | 3 | 33 | −2 | 15 | 47 | 13 |
C2H6 | 298–573 | 0.1–70 | [11, 14] | 2 | 5 | 1 | 7 | 35 | −6 |
C3H8 | 298–500 | 0.1–100 | [14, 15] | 5 | 21 | 1 | 6 | 20 | −2 |
n-C4H10 | 298–573 | 0.1–69 | [11] | 4 | 20 | 2 | 5 | 21 | 2 |
n-C5H12 | 298–573 | 0.1–252 | [16, 17] | 3 | 18 | 1 | 6 | 15 | −3 |
n-C6H14 | 298–573 | 0.1–300 | [16, 18] | 4 | 18 | −2 | 5 | 19 | −1 |
n-C7H16 | 298–573 | 0.1–100 | [16, 19] | 2 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 17 | 4 |
n-C8H18 | 298–523 | 0.1–242 | [18, 20, 21] | 2 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 2 |
n-C9H20 | 298–473 | 0.1–300 | [16, 19, 21] | 2 | 9 | 0 | 4 | 10 | 4 |
n-C10H22 | 298–573 | 0.1–300 | [16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24] | 2 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 14 | 2 |
n-C11H24 | 303–323 | 0.1–62 | [19] | 0.1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | −1 |
n-C12H26 | 298–573 | 0.1–300 | [16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27] | 3 | 13 | 0 | 4 | 17 | 2 |
n-C13H28 | 303–353 | 0.1–100 | [28] | 1 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 8 | −4 |
n-C14H30 | 313–393 | 0.69–60 | [29] | 2 | 8 | −1 | 5 | 12 | −2 |
n-C15H32 | 310–408 | 0.1–320 | [25] | 2 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 11 | 0 |
n-C16H34 | 298–534 | 0.1–273 | [30, 31] | 3 | 9 | 0 | 10 | 24 | 1 |
n-C17H36 | 323–573 | 0.1–0.1 | [3] | 2 | 6 | −2 | 8 | 16 | −8 |
n-C18H38 | 326–534 | 0.1–280 | [25, 31] | 3 | 12 | 0 | 9 | 28 | 8 |
n-C19H40 | 333–523 | [32] | 3 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 10 | 2 | |
n-C20H42 | 326–534 | 1.38–243 | [31, 33] | 4 | 13 | 0 | 12 | 40 | 9 |
n-C32H66 | 373–458 | 0.3–0.3 | [34] | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 2 |
Isobutane | 300–511 | 0.1–55 | [35, 36] | 3 | 11 | 2 | 3 | 13 | −1 |
Isopentane | 303–573 | 0.098–196 | [16, 37] | 6 | 22 | −3 | 11 | 23 | −7 |
Neopentane | 311–444 | 0.7–55 | [38] | 7 | 23 | −3 | 16 | 60 | −13 |
2-Methylpentane | 298–550 | 0.1–300 | [16] | 1 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 16 | 1 |
3-Methylpentane | 313 | 0.1–147 | [39] | 1 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 10 | 8 |
2,2-Dimethylbutane | 313 | 0.1–147 | [39] | 2 | 8 | −1 | 27 | 37 | −27 |
2,3-Dimethylbutane | 313 | 0.1–147 | [39] | 0.3 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 11 | −7 |
3-Ethylpentane | 313 | 0.1–147 | [39] | 2 | 3 | −2 | 17 | 20 | 17 |
2,4-Dimethylpentane | 313 | 01.147 | [39] | 2 | 6 | 1 | 23 | 29 | 23 |
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane | 298–523 | 0.1–300 | [20, 40, 41, 42] | 2 | 8 | 0 | 5 | 13 | 1 |
2,3,4-Trimethylpentane | 298–453 | 0.1–195 | [41] | 3 | 11 | 0 | 7 | 15 | −7 |
Squalane | 303–473 | 1–202 | [43, 44] | 6 | 33 | −2 | 26 | 49 | 23 |
2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane | 298–453 | 0.1–195 | [41, 45, 46] | 7 | 49 | −6 | 7 | 51 | −5 |
Cyclopentane | 298–353 | 0.1–300 | [47, 48] | 5 | 16 | −2 | 2 | 6 | −1 |
Cyclohexane | 298–393 | 0.1–100 | [49, 50] | 2 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 14 | 1 |
Methylcyclohexane | 298–343 | 0.1–300 | [51, 52] | 1 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 10 | −4 |
Ethylcyclohexane | 300–530 | 1–50 | [53] | 3 | 12 | −1 | 7 | 23 | −5 |
Benzene | 298–373 | 0.1–300 | [54] | 1 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 13 | −4 |
Toluene | 298–373 | 0.1–299 | [55] | 2 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 2 |
Ethylbenzene | 298–453 | 0.1–195 | [41] | 2 | 4 | 1 | 16 | 40 | 16 |
Butylbenzene | 313–373 | 0.1–100 | [56] | 2 | 9 | 0 | 4 | 11 | 4 |
Hexylbenzene | 313–373 | 0.1–100 | [56] | 1 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 5 |
Octylbenzene | 313–373 | 0.1–100 | [56] | 1 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 9 | 3 |
1,2-Diphenylethane | 353–453 | 0.1–195 | [41] | 1 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 17 | −12 |
m-Xylene | 298–473 | 0.1–199 | [20] | 2 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 10 | −2 |
o-Xylene | 298–348 | 0.1–110 | [57] | 1 | 3 | 0 | 25 | 30 | −25 |
p-Xylene | 298–348 | 0.1–110 | [57] | 2 | 7 | −1 | 6 | 8 | −6 |
Naphthalene | 375–454 | 0.1–101 | [58] | 8 | 33 | 1 | 11 | 22 | −11 |
1-Methylnaphthalene | 298–473 | 0.1–200 | [20] | 11 | 35 | −7 | 32 | 60 | −32 |
Tetralin | 298–448 | 0.1–201 | [20] | 5 | 20 | −1 | 29 | 53 | 28 |
Phenanthrene | 396–573 | 0.1–101 | [58] | 13 | 41 | −6 | 17 | 29 | −17 |
where
The overall AAD obtained with the FVT model in conjunction with the hybrid G-C PC-SAFT EoS is 3%. The three adjustable parameters (
The results obtained with the entropy scaling method by Lötgering-Lin and Gross are generally in good agreement with experimental data with an overall AAD of 8%. The AADs obtained for n-alkanes, branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics are within 1–15, 3–27, 2–7, and 3–32%, respectively. These results are impressive for a fully predictive model that requires only the input of the molecular mass and the number of functional groups in each molecule. Unfortunately, this model cannot differentiate between isomers, such as 2-methylpentane and 3-methylpentane, and xylene isomers. In addition, this model has not yet been extended to binary, ternary, and multicomponent mixtures, such as crude oils.
For comparison purposes, Figure 1(a–d) shows the performance of the two studied viscosity methods, FVT and ES-LG, for four pure compounds representative of straight-chain alkanes (n-hexane), branched alkanes (2,2,4-trimethylpentane), cycloalkanes (methylcyclohexane), and aromatics (toluene).
5. Conclusions
This work provides an assessment of the capabilities of two viscosity methods based on the free-volume and entropy scaling theories to model the viscosity of pure hydrocarbons over wide ranges of temperatures and pressures. The performance of the two studied viscosity models is discussed and evaluated by comparison to experimental viscosity data of 52 pure hydrocarbons from four different chemical families, namely, straight-chain alkanes, branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics, at ambient and extremely high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) conditions up to 573 K and 300 MPa. The viscosity of pure components is required in most mixture models as an input parameter, and hence accurate and reliable model for pure compounds, particularly under high-pressure conditions, is a prerequisite for the mixture viscosity to be accurately estimated using the mixture model. The predictive entropy scaling method proposed by Lötgering-Lin and Gross (ES-LG model) predicts the viscosity with an overall absolute average deviation of about 8%, and the predictions are reasonable for most engineering and industrial applications given that the accuracy of most experimental viscosity data is within 1–5%. The free-volume theory (FVT) viscosity model provides very satisfactory results with an overall AAD of 3%. However, it is important to note that unlike the entropy scaling method, the free-volume theory is not a predictive model and requires that sufficient experimental viscosity data are readily available over the temperature and pressure ranges of interest to determine the fluid specific parameters.
Acknowledgments
The Open Access Publishing fee for this chapter was fully paid by the University Library System, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
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