Radar sensor characteristics
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3568",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The purpose of this book is to provide the advances in plant in vitro culture as related to perennial fruit crops and medicinal plants. Basic principles and new techniques, now available, are presented in detail. The book will be of use to researchers, teachers in biotechnology and for individuals interested to the commercial application of plant in vitro culture.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0787-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5331-3",doi:"10.5772/52760",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",numberOfPages:222,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",numberOfDownloads:256285,numberOfWosCitations:163,numberOfCrossrefCitations:121,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:27,numberOfDimensionsCitations:283,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:29,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:567,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 7th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 11th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 10th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 15th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 1st 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142145/images/5428_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Annarita Leva is a specialist of the Foreign Ministry, in the International Cooperation Italy-Argentine, (1990), Italian Coordinator of collaborative research between NRCGEB-National Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ,Tehran ,Iran and IVALSA (2003-2004) \nand Project leader of National Projects on biotechnologies applied in perennials fruit crops (1982-1989; 1989-1991; 2006-2011). Dr Leva’s research area includes: the development of plant tissue culture techniques and related biotechnologies on perennial plants for: Micropropagation; Somatic embryogenesis; Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of the regenerated plants; In vitro somaclonal variation to induce new genetic variability. Annarita Leva is author or co-author of 75 \nscientific publications and recipient of an Academy award by Academy of Georgofili, Florence, Italy, for the scientific paper: Leva A.R. 2011. Innovative and rapid protocol for ex vitro rooting of olive microcuttings. Cent. Eur. J. Biol. 6(3) 352-358.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Trees and Timber Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"61221",title:"Mr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Rinaldi",slug:"laura-rinaldi",fullName:"Laura Rinaldi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61221/images/system/61221.jpg",biography:"Focus of her research activity is in the area of the propagation of fruit and ornamental trees in particular regards the development of methodologies to increase the growth of ornamental trees, procedures for in vitro regeneration of ornamental recalcitrant species and improvement of the seed germination of fruit trees. Laura M. R. Rinaldi is author or co-author of about 40 scientific publications and 15 oral or poster communications.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Naples Federico II",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"328",title:"Food Technology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-bromatology-food-technology"}],chapters:[{id:"40180",title:"Plant Tissue Culture: Current Status and Opportunities",doi:"10.5772/50568",slug:"plant-tissue-culture-current-status-and-opportunities",totalDownloads:66564,totalCrossrefCites:46,totalDimensionsCites:96,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Altaf Hussain, Iqbal Ahmed Qarshi, Hummera Nazir and Ikram Ullah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40180",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40180",authors:[{id:"147617",title:"Dr.",name:"Altaf",surname:"Hussain",slug:"altaf-hussain",fullName:"Altaf Hussain"}],corrections:null},{id:"40181",title:"Plant Tissue Culture Media",doi:"10.5772/50569",slug:"plant-tissue-culture-media",totalDownloads:105097,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:34,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Abobkar I.M. Saad and Ahmed M. Elshahed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40181",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40181",authors:[{id:"144204",title:"Prof.",name:"Abobkar",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"abobkar-mohamed",fullName:"Abobkar Mohamed"}],corrections:null},{id:"40186",title:"The Science of Plant Tissue Culture as a Catalyst for Agricultural and Industrial Development in an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/51843",slug:"the-science-of-plant-tissue-culture-as-a-catalyst-for-agricultural-and-industrial-development-in-an-",totalDownloads:5965,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"S.E. Aladele, A.U. Okere, E. Jamaldinne , P.T. Lyam, O. Fajimi, A. Adegeye and C.M. Zayas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40186",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40186",authors:[{id:"144798",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunday",surname:"Aladele",slug:"sunday-aladele",fullName:"Sunday Aladele"}],corrections:null},{id:"40187",title:"The Prerequisite of the Success in Plant Tissue Culture: High Frequency Shoot Regeneration",doi:"10.5772/51097",slug:"the-prerequisite-of-the-success-in-plant-tissue-culture-high-frequency-shoot-regeneration",totalDownloads:11085,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:38,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mustafa Yildiz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40187",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40187",authors:[{id:"141637",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Yildiz",slug:"mustafa-yildiz",fullName:"Mustafa Yildiz"}],corrections:null},{id:"40182",title:"In vitro Tissue Culture, a Tool for the Study and Breeding of Plants Subjected to Abiotic Stress Conditions",doi:"10.5772/50671",slug:"in-vitro-tissue-culture-a-tool-for-the-study-and-breeding-of-plants-subjected-to-abiotic-stress-cond",totalDownloads:9274,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:29,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rosa Ma Pérez-Clemente and Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40182",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40182",authors:[{id:"141481",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Maria",surname:"Pérez-Clemente",slug:"rosa-maria-perez-clemente",fullName:"Rosa Maria Pérez-Clemente"}],corrections:null},{id:"40183",title:"Flow Cytometry Applied in Tissue Culture",doi:"10.5772/50986",slug:"flow-cytometry-applied-in-tissue-culture",totalDownloads:5878,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Moacir Pasqual, Leila Aparecida Salles Pio, Ana Catarina Lima Oliveira and Joyce Dória Rodrigues Soares",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40183",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40183",authors:[{id:"148433",title:"Dr.",name:"Moacir",surname:"Pasqual",slug:"moacir-pasqual",fullName:"Moacir Pasqual"}],corrections:null},{id:"40179",title:"Somaclonal Variation in Tissue Culture: A Case Study with Olive",doi:"10.5772/50367",slug:"somaclonal-variation-in-tissue-culture-a-case-study-with-olive",totalDownloads:26010,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:54,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"A.R. Leva, R. Petruccelli and L.M.R. Rinaldi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40179",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40179",authors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],corrections:null},{id:"40196",title:"Tissue Culture Techniques for Native Amazonian Fruit Trees",doi:"10.5772/52211",slug:"tissue-culture-techniques-for-native-amazonian-fruit-trees",totalDownloads:4623,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Moacir Pasqual, Edvan Alves Chagas, Joyce Dória Rodrigues Soares and Filipe Almendagna Rodrigues",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40196",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40196",authors:[{id:"148433",title:"Dr.",name:"Moacir",surname:"Pasqual",slug:"moacir-pasqual",fullName:"Moacir Pasqual"}],corrections:null},{id:"40184",title:"Polyamines, Gelling Agents in Tissue Culture, Micropropagation of Medicinal Plants and Bioreactors",doi:"10.5772/51028",slug:"polyamines-gelling-agents-in-tissue-culture-micropropagation-of-medicinal-plants-and-bioreactors",totalDownloads:8530,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima, Renê Arnoux da Silva Campos, Lilia Gomes Willadino, Terezinha J.R. Câmara and Fabio Vianello",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40184",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40184",authors:[{id:"146379",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",surname:"Lima",slug:"giuseppina-lima",fullName:"Giuseppina Lima"},{id:"149761",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Vianello",slug:"fabio-vianello",fullName:"Fabio Vianello"},{id:"149762",title:"MSc.",name:"René",surname:"Campos",slug:"rene-campos",fullName:"René Campos"},{id:"149767",title:"Prof.",name:"Lilia",surname:"Willadino",slug:"lilia-willadino",fullName:"Lilia Willadino"},{id:"149768",title:"Prof.",name:"Terezinha",surname:"Camara",slug:"terezinha-camara",fullName:"Terezinha Camara"}],corrections:null},{id:"40185",title:"Effect of Additives on Micropropagation of an Endangered Medicinal Tree Oroxylum indicum L. Vent",doi:"10.5772/50743",slug:"effect-of-additives-on-micropropagation-of-an-endangered-medicinal-tree-oroxylum-indicum-l-vent",totalDownloads:5327,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Y.K. Bansal and Mamta Gokhale",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40185",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40185",authors:[{id:"149283",title:"Prof.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Bansal",slug:"yogendra-bansal",fullName:"Yogendra Bansal"},{id:"152962",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamta",surname:"Gokhale",slug:"mamta-gokhale",fullName:"Mamta Gokhale"}],corrections:null},{id:"40188",title:"Production of Useful Secondary Metabolites Through Regulation of Biosynthetic Pathway in Cell and Tissue Suspension Culture of Medicinal Plants",doi:"10.5772/53038",slug:"production-of-useful-secondary-metabolites-through-regulation-of-biosynthetic-pathway-in-cell-and-ti",totalDownloads:7935,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:21,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hu Gaosheng and Jia Jingming",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40188",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40188",authors:[{id:"145206",title:"Prof.",name:"Jingming",surname:"Jia",slug:"jingming-jia",fullName:"Jingming Jia"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5305",title:"Fermentation Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ade563b4042ed9674f6413b4ac8883f3",slug:"fermentation-processes",bookSignature:"Angela Faustino Jozala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5305.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174371",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela",surname:"Jozala",slug:"angela-jozala",fullName:"Angela Jozala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6293",title:"Yeast",subtitle:"Industrial Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"46632cf5c744c601f5c36175e8dc8dc4",slug:"yeast-industrial-applications",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata and Iris Loira",coverURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/cover.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5217",title:"Advances in Silage Production and Utilization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"74a9d90a738f4237f986bfc897dec332",slug:"advances-in-silage-production-and-utilization",bookSignature:"Thiago da Silva and Edson Mauro Santos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5217.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144240",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",surname:"Da Silva",slug:"thiago-da-silva",fullName:"Thiago Da Silva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5083",title:"Significance, Prevention and Control of Food Related Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb85a37391ab251574d0f2ad6cd3e805",slug:"significance-prevention-and-control-of-food-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Hussaini Anthony Makun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59728",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussaini",surname:"Makun",slug:"hussaini-makun",fullName:"Hussaini Makun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5781",title:"Phytohormones",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Crosstalk in Plant Development and Stress Responses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"054eaa85c13ebe3d04fb8852005d2bad",slug:"phytohormones-signaling-mechanisms-and-crosstalk-in-plant-development-and-stress-responses",bookSignature:"Mohamed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5781.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1521",title:"Weed Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f40548ae96805712a2367c7acab0fff",slug:"weed-control",bookSignature:"Andrew J. Price",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13747",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Price",slug:"andrew-price",fullName:"Andrew Price"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6007",title:"Old Yeasts",subtitle:"New Questions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4214dcadd46b262a55f53d855b3b60de",slug:"old-yeasts-new-questions",bookSignature:"Candida Lucas and Celia Pais",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6007.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95655",title:"Prof.",name:"Cândida",surname:"Lucas",slug:"candida-lucas",fullName:"Cândida Lucas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5100",title:"Fungal Pathogenicity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1a1402153a3f4f476ac29fd76d2cfbed",slug:"fungal-pathogenicity",bookSignature:"Sadia Sultan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5100.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176737",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Sultan",slug:"sadia-sultan",fullName:"Sadia Sultan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5705",title:"Future Foods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e0407db8b07ae39128d6454b67bc690",slug:"future-foods",bookSignature:"Heimo Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5705.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6723",title:"Polyphenols",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1844b27c0c7a6c102522f7428d96e3b6",slug:"polyphenols",bookSignature:"Janica Wong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6723.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"124788",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Janica",surname:"Wong",slug:"janica-wong",fullName:"Janica Wong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-versatility-of-simulated-annealing-with-crystallization-heuristic-its-application-to-",title:"Corrigendum to: Versatility of Simulated Annealing with Crystallization Heuristic: Its Application to a Great Assortment of Problems",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80608.pdf\r\n",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80608",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80608",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80608",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80608",chapter:{id:"77426",slug:"versatility-of-simulated-annealing-with-crystallization-heuristic-its-application-to-a-great-assortm",signatures:"Tiago G. Goto, Hossein R. Najafabadi, Guilherme C. Duran, Edson K. Ueda, André K. Sato, Thiago C. Martins, Rogério Y. Takimoto, Hossein Gohari, Ahmad Barari and Marcos S.G. Tsuzuki",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"May 25th 2021",datePrePublished:"July 6th 2021",datePublished:null,book:{id:"10627",title:"Engineering Problems - Uncertainties, Constraints and Optimization Techniques",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineering Problems - Uncertainties, Constraints and Optimization Techniques",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki and Prof. Rehab O. Abdel Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10627.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"146384",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Sales Guerra",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuzuki",slug:"marcos-sales-guerra-tsuzuki",fullName:"Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"77426",slug:"versatility-of-simulated-annealing-with-crystallization-heuristic-its-application-to-a-great-assortm",signatures:"Tiago G. Goto, Hossein R. Najafabadi, Guilherme C. Duran, Edson K. Ueda, André K. Sato, Thiago C. Martins, Rogério Y. Takimoto, Hossein Gohari, Ahmad Barari and Marcos S.G. Tsuzuki",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"May 25th 2021",datePrePublished:"July 6th 2021",datePublished:null,book:{id:"10627",title:"Engineering Problems - Uncertainties, Constraints and Optimization Techniques",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineering Problems - Uncertainties, Constraints and Optimization Techniques",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki and Prof. Rehab O. Abdel Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10627.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"146384",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Sales Guerra",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuzuki",slug:"marcos-sales-guerra-tsuzuki",fullName:"Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"10627",title:"Engineering Problems - Uncertainties, Constraints and Optimization Techniques",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineering Problems - Uncertainties, Constraints and Optimization Techniques",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki and Prof. Rehab O. Abdel Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10627.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"146384",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Sales Guerra",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuzuki",slug:"marcos-sales-guerra-tsuzuki",fullName:"Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10717",leadTitle:null,title:"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:"New Developments",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing, and this pathological condition is strongly associated with some serious adverse pregnancy outcomes and important miscellaneous long-term complications. Therefore, it is important that GDM is timely recognized and adequately managed. Although much knowledge has been acquired regarding the prevention, diagnosis, implications, and management of GDM, the exact mechanisms of its genesis are still under investigation. This book provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in gestational diabetes mellitus. It includes three major sections directing the reader’s attention to the etiology, management, and consequences of the disorder.",isbn:"978-1-83969-819-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-818-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-820-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94687",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"gestational-diabetes-mellitus-new-developments",numberOfPages:164,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"df4ea168770f9a62d90a92429dc237b7",bookSignature:"Miroslav Radenković",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10717.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:1099,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 20th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 15th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 13th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 2nd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 31st 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Full-time professor of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, and Toxicology, former Chairman of Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, and former Member of the Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"45327",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Radenkovic",slug:"miroslav-radenkovic",fullName:"Miroslav Radenkovic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45327/images/system/45327.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Radenković, MD, graduated from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade (FMUB), Serbia, in 1995, where he also obtained an MS in Pharmacology, board certification in Clinical Pharmacology, a Ph.D. in Medical Sciences, and sub-specialization in Pharmacotherapy in 1999, 2000, 2004, and 2016, respectively. He has worked in the Department of Pharmacology at FMUB since 1996. Dr. Radenković also obtained an MS in Bioethics from Clarkson University, NYC, USA, in 2021. He has participated in several scientific projects supported by the Ministry of Science, Serbia; the Austrian Science Fund; and the NIH Fogarty International Center Project, USA. Dr. Radenković is a member of the Ethics Committee of Serbia.",institutionString:"University of Belgrade",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Belgrade",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1067",title:"Maternal-Fetal Medicine",slug:"maternal-fetal-medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"79080",title:"Biomarkers in GDM, Role in Early Detection and Prevention",slug:"biomarkers-in-gdm-role-in-early-detection-and-prevention",totalDownloads:106,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"418302",title:"Dr.",name:"Samar",surname:"Banerjee",slug:"samar-banerjee",fullName:"Samar Banerjee"}]},{id:"79117",title:"Epigenetic: New Insight in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"epigenetic-new-insight-in-gestational-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"16137",title:"Prof.",name:"Annunziata",surname:"Lapolla",slug:"annunziata-lapolla",fullName:"Annunziata Lapolla"},{id:"362247",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Grazia",surname:"Dalfrà",slug:"maria-grazia-dalfra",fullName:"Maria Grazia Dalfrà"},{id:"427752",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",surname:"Burlina",slug:"silvia-burlina",fullName:"Silvia Burlina"}]},{id:"78115",title:"The Interaction between the Gut Microbiota and Chronic Diseases",slug:"the-interaction-between-the-gut-microbiota-and-chronic-diseases",totalDownloads:98,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"355351",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Temitope",surname:"Sanusi-Olubowale",slug:"temitope-sanusi-olubowale",fullName:"Temitope Sanusi-Olubowale"}]},{id:"79090",title:"Improving Gestational Diabetes Management through Patient Education",slug:"improving-gestational-diabetes-management-through-patient-education",totalDownloads:155,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"426925",title:"Dr.",name:"Radiana",surname:"Staynova",slug:"radiana-staynova",fullName:"Radiana Staynova"},{id:"426989",title:"Dr.",name:"Vesselina",surname:"Yanachkova",slug:"vesselina-yanachkova",fullName:"Vesselina Yanachkova"}]},{id:"79162",title:"Using Resistance Training in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus to Improve Glucose Regulation",slug:"using-resistance-training-in-women-with-gestational-diabetes-mellitus-to-improve-glucose-regulation",totalDownloads:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"312213",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisabet",surname:"Børsheim",slug:"elisabet-borsheim",fullName:"Elisabet Børsheim"},{id:"312825",title:"Dr.",name:"Brittany R.",surname:"Allman",slug:"brittany-r.-allman",fullName:"Brittany R. Allman"},{id:"438383",title:"Dr.",name:"Samantha",surname:"McDonald",slug:"samantha-mcdonald",fullName:"Samantha McDonald"},{id:"438384",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda",surname:"May",slug:"linda-may",fullName:"Linda May"},{id:"438385",title:"Dr.",name:"Amber W.",surname:"Kinsey",slug:"amber-w.-kinsey",fullName:"Amber W. Kinsey"}]},{id:"78883",title:"Pharmacotherapy of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Current Recommendations",slug:"pharmacotherapy-of-gestational-diabetes-mellitus-current-recommendations",totalDownloads:124,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"45327",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Radenkovic",slug:"miroslav-radenkovic",fullName:"Miroslav Radenkovic"},{id:"436249",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Jakovljević",slug:"ana-jakovljevic",fullName:"Ana Jakovljević"}]},{id:"80504",title:"GDM-Induced Vascular Injury and Its Relationship with Fetal Metabolic Impairment",slug:"gdm-induced-vascular-injury-and-its-relationship-with-fetal-metabolic-impairment",totalDownloads:84,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"417470",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Cristian",surname:"Espinoza",slug:"cristian-espinoza",fullName:"Cristian Espinoza"}]},{id:"79941",title:"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Maternal Microbiome Alterations",slug:"gestational-diabetes-mellitus-and-maternal-microbiome-alterations",totalDownloads:121,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"417613",title:"Dr.",name:"Dalia",surname:"Rafat",slug:"dalia-rafat",fullName:"Dalia Rafat"}]},{id:"78587",title:"Future Risks for Children Born to Mothers with Gestational Diabetes: Elucidation Using the Cell Model Approach",slug:"future-risks-for-children-born-to-mothers-with-gestational-diabetes-elucidation-using-the-cell-model",totalDownloads:171,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"215217",title:"Dr.",name:"Akio",surname:"Nakamura",slug:"akio-nakamura",fullName:"Akio Nakamura"},{id:"344824",title:"Dr.",name:"Ritsuko",surname:"Kawaharada",slug:"ritsuko-kawaharada",fullName:"Ritsuko Kawaharada"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"301331",firstName:"Mia",lastName:"Vulovic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/301331/images/8498_n.jpg",email:"mia.v@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"337",title:"Gestational Diabetes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"893f11fcb95d4ee07b6de7ed120a99c3",slug:"gestational-diabetes",bookSignature:"Miroslav Radenkovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/337.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45327",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Radenkovic",slug:"miroslav-radenkovic",fullName:"Miroslav Radenkovic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"776",title:"Preterm Birth",subtitle:"Mother and Child",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e5369103770cdbf61058ad75e2e63bb",slug:"preterm-birth-mother-and-child",bookSignature:"John C. Morrison",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/776.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68209",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Morrison",slug:"john-morrison",fullName:"John Morrison"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"952",title:"Cesarean Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cdde3ddf5707430e18678e9ed4c77f4e",slug:"cesarean-delivery",bookSignature:"Raed Salim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/952.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91354",title:"Dr.",name:"Raed",surname:"Salim",slug:"raed-salim",fullName:"Raed Salim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"233",title:"Ectopic Pregnancy",subtitle:"Modern Diagnosis and Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c65111e8ad6970e2023fc65cd3a92b5",slug:"ectopic-pregnancy-modern-diagnosis-and-management",bookSignature:"Michael Kamrava",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/233.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30190",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Kamrava",slug:"michael-kamrava",fullName:"Michael Kamrava"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7259",title:"Selected Topics in Midwifery Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5010271563ab3bbf99a960a183acb80",slug:"selected-topics-in-midwifery-care",bookSignature:"Ana Polona Mivšek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7259.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"85109",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Polona",surname:"Mivšek",slug:"ana-polona-mivsek",fullName:"Ana Polona Mivšek"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6295",title:"Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fc1274517f5c0c09b0a923b3027f3d8a",slug:"pregnancy-and-birth-outcomes",bookSignature:"Wei Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6295.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7173",title:"Multiple Pregnancy",subtitle:"New Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f599a465410812da5aee0b247d427e9b",slug:"multiple-pregnancy-new-challenges",bookSignature:"Julio Elito Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7173.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35132",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio",surname:"Elito Jr.",slug:"julio-elito-jr.",fullName:"Julio Elito Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5937",title:"Obstetrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"092197b1191815505a23e7dd1c9edde6",slug:"obstetrics",bookSignature:"Hassan Salah Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5937.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10721",title:"Preeclampsia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb38592b7a656d02dd6b28c34e43de32",slug:"preeclampsia",bookSignature:"Hassan Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10721.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8471",title:"Prediction of Maternal and Fetal Syndrome of Preeclampsia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"327257ae2f4783050d327cd524bf2a3e",slug:"prediction-of-maternal-and-fetal-syndrome-of-preeclampsia",bookSignature:"Nidhi Sharma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8471.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"6850",title:"Air Traffic Control Tracking Systems Performance Impacts with New Surveillance Technology Sensors",doi:"10.5772/7164",slug:"air-traffic-control-tracking-systems-performance-impacts-with-new-surveillance-technology-sensors",body:'\n\t\t
Nowadays, the radar is no longer the only technology able to ensure the surveillance of air traffic. The extensive deployment of satellite systems and air-to-ground data links lead to the emergence of other means and techniques on which a great deal of research and experiments have been carried out over the past ten years.
\n\t\t\tIn such an environment, the sensor data processing, which is a key element of an Air Traffic Control center, has been continuously upgraded so as to follow the sensor technology evolution and, at the same time, ensure a more efficient tracking continuity, integrity and accuracy.
\n\t\t\tIn this book chapter we propose to measure the impacts of the use of these new technology sensors in the tracking systems currently used for Air Traffic Control applications.
\n\t\t\tThe first part of the chapter describes the background of new-technology sensors that are currently used by sensor data processing systems. In addition, a brief definition of internal core tracking algorithms used in sensor data processing components, is given as well as a comparison between their respective advantages and drawbacks.
\n\t\t\tThe second part of the chapter focuses on the Multi Sensor Tracking System performance requirements. Investigation regarding the use of Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast reports and/or with a multi radars configuration, are conducted.
\n\t\t\tThe third part deals with the impacts of the “virtual radar” or “radar-like” approaches that can be used with ADS-B sensors, on the multi sensor tracking system performance.
\n\t\t\tThe fourth and last part of the chapter discusses the impacts of sensor data processing performance on sub-sequent safety nets functions that are:
\n\t\t\tShort term conflict alerts (STCA),
Minimum Safe Altitude Warnings (MSAW), and
Area Proximity Warnings (APW).
Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a service provided to regulate the airline traffic. Main functions of the ATC system are used by controllers to (i) avoid collisions between aircrafts, (ii) avoid collisions on maneuvering areas between aircrafts and obstructions on the ground and (iii) expediting and maintaining the orderly flow of air traffic.
\n\t\t\tSurveillance sensors are at the beginning of the chain: the aim of these systems is to detect the aircrafts and to send all the available information to the tracking systems.
\n\t\t\t\tSurveillance sensor environment
Current surveillance systems use redundant primary and secondary radars. The progressive deployment of the GPS-based ADS systems shall gradually change the role of the ground based radars. The evolution to the next generation of surveillance system shall also take into account the interoperability and compatibility with current systems in use.
\n\t\t\t\tThe figure 3 above shows a mix of radar, ADS and Multilateration technologies which will be integrated and fused in ATC centers in order to provide with a high integrity and high accuracy surveillance based on multiple sensor inputs.
\n\t\t\t\tPrimary radars use the electromagnetic waves reflection principle. The system measures the time difference between the emission and the reception of the reflected wave on a target in order to determine its range. The target position is determined by measuring the antenna azimuth at the time of the detection.
\n\t\t\t\t\tReflections occur on the targets (i.e. aircrafts) but unfortunately also on fixed objects (buildings) or mobile objects (trucks). These kind of detections are considered as parasites and the “radar data processing” function is in charge of their suppression.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe primary surveillance technology applies also to Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE) and Surface Movement Radar (SMR).
\n\t\t\t\tSecondary Surveillance Radar includes two elements: an interrogative ground station and a transponder on board of the aircraft. The transponder answers to the ground station interrogations giving its range and its azimuth.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe development of the SSR occurs with the use of Mode A/C and then Mode S for the civil aviation.
\n\t\t\t\t\tMode A/C transponders give the identification (Mode A code) and the altitude (Mode C code). Consequently, the ground station knows the 3-dimension position and the identity of the targets.
\n\t\t\t\t\tMode S is an improvement of the Mode A/C as it contains all its functions and allows a selective interrogation of the targets thanks to the use of an unique address coded on 24 bits as well as a bi-directional data link which allows the exchange of information between air and ground.
\n\t\t\t\tA multilateration system is composed of several beacons which receive the signals which are emitted by the aircraft transponder. The purpose is still to be able to localize the aircraft. These signals are either unsolicited (squitters) or answers (SSR or Mode S) to the interrogations of a nearby interrogator system (can be a radar). Localization is performed thanks to the Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA) principle. For each beacons pair, hyperbolic surfaces whose difference in distance to these beacons is constant are determined. The aircraft position is at the intersection of these surfaces.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe accuracy of a multilateration system depends on the geometry of the system formed by the aircraft and the beacons as well as the precision of the measurement time of arrival.
\n\t\t\t\t\tNowadays, multilateration is used mainly for ground movement’s surveillance and for the airport approaches (MLAT). Its use for en-route surveillance is on the way of deployment (Wide Area Multilateration (WAM)).
\n\t\t\t\tThe aircraft uses its satellite-based or inertial systems to determine and send to the ATC center its position and other sort of information. Aircraft position and speed are transmitted one time per second at least.
\n\t\t\t\t\tADS-B messages (squitters) are sent, conversely to ADS-C messages which are transmitted via a point-to-point communication. By way of consequence, the ADS-B system is used both for ATC surveillance and on-board surveillance applications.
\n\t\t\t\tAs shown in figure 5 hereunder, a sensor data processing is composed generally of two redundant trackers. Radar (including Surface Movement Radar) data are received directly by the trackers while ADS-B and WAM sensor gateways help in reducing the data flow as well as checking integrity and consistency.
\n\t\t\t\tSensor Data Processing
As shown in figure 5 above, trackers are potentially redundant in order to prevent from sub-systems failure.
\n\t\t\t\tSensor Data Processing architectures have been shown and discussed in details in (Baud et al., 2009).
\n\t\t\tRadar sensor characteristics are available in table 1.
\n\t\t\t\tADS-B sensor characteristics are available in table 2.
\n\t\t\t\tScenarios that are used to compare the horizontal tracking performance among all possible sensor configurations are composed of straight line motion followed by a set of maneuvers including turn with different bank angles.
\n\t\t\t\tThese scenarios are mainly derived from the EUROCONTROL performances described in (EUROCONTROL 1997). They have been used to provide relative comparisons. Results extrapolation to live data feeds must take into account the sensor configuration, the traffic repartition over the surveillance coverage and specific sensor characteristics.
\n\t\t\t\tRADAR CHARACTERISTICS | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPSR | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSSR | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPSR + SSR | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Range | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUp to 250 NM | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUp to 250 NM | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUp to 250 NM | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Antenna rotation time | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4 up to 12 s | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4 up to 12 s | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4 up to 12 s | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Probability of detection | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t"/ 90 % | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t"/ 97 % | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t"/ 95 % | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Clutter density (number of plots per scan) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t40 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
Nominal measurement accuracy: - Range (m) - Azimuth (deg) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t40 0.07 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t30 < 0.06 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t30 < 0.06 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Measurement quantization (ASTERIX standard): - Range (NM) - Azimuth (deg) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1/256 0.0055 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1/256 0.0055 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1/256 0.0055 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
SSR false plots (%): - Reflection - Side lobes - Splits | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t< 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Mode A code detection probability | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | "/ 98 % | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t"/ 98 % | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Mode C code detection probability | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | "/ 96 % | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t"/ 96 % | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Mode C measurement accuracy (m) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | 7.62 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7.62 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Time stamp error | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<= 100 ms | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<= 100 ms | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<= 100 ms | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Nominal time stamp error (time disorder) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50 ms | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50 ms | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50 ms | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Radar sensor characteristics
ADS-B CHARACTERISTICS (1090ES) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNOMINAL VALUE | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Range | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t250 NM | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Refresh period | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1s | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Probability of detection | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t"/ 95% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Nominal Position Standard Deviation | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
Figure Of Merit | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Altitude Standard Deviation | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t25 fts | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
ADS-B transponder consistency | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t100% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
ADS-B sensor characteristics
Multi sensor tracking accuracy has been evaluated among 5 sensor configurations that are:
\n\t\t\t\tPSR only: radar with 4s revolution period,
SSR only: radar with 4s revolution period,
Multi radars configuration including 1 PSR radar, 1 SSR radar and 1 PSR + SSR radar,
ADS-B only: one ADS-B ground station at 1s update rate,
Multi sensors configuration that includes both multi radars configuration and the ADS-B ground station.
RMS position error comparison
Multi sensor tracking coverage helps to globally improve the tracking performance in term of:
\n\t\t\t\tLatency metrics: Latency reduced in update/broadcast modes to several hundreds of milliseconds instead of several seconds thanks to:
the update rate of new technology sensors (1s) compared to radar sensors (at least 4s and up to 12s),
the variable update technique used which does not make any bufferisation of new technology sensors data.
Continuity/integrity metrics:
Possible reduction of multi sensor tracks broadcast cycle thanks to the update rate of new-technology sensors,
Quicker track initiation.
Bigger coverage areas including airport areas (MLAT) and desert areas (ADS-B) where no radar data are available,
Accuracy metrics:
Improved accuracy even if the multi sensor configuration relies on one ADS-B ground station only, as can be seen on figure 3.
As can be seen in the previous paragraph, introduction of new technology sensors in the tracking systems that are used for Air Traffic Control applications improves the global performance of the systems compared to what is used at the current time (multi radar tracking systems).
\n\t\t\tUse of these new technology sensors require an evolution that leads from multi-radar tracking systems to multi-sensor tracking systems.
\n\t\t\tVirtual radar concept
However, in most cases, the transition from the existing radar based surveillance means (network, radar data processing, …) cannot be done straight away, and the Air Navigation Service Providers mainly ask for an integration of these new sensors into the existing system by a “radar-like” or “virtual radar” approach. Then, decisions could be done to have the WAM/MLAT reports or ADS-B reports appearing as if they are from any radars. This process is explained in details in (Thompson et. Al). This concept can be shown in figure 5.
\n\t\t\tMost of the advantages of the “radar-like” or “virtual radar” approaches are discussed in (Thompson et. Al) and in (Whitman et. Al).
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | "Radar like" approach with new technology sensors as ADS-B and WAM | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tMulti radars tracking system | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Multi sensor coverage | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tMulti sensor coverage allowed: provides coverage where none currently exist. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tOnly multi radars coverage. When an area is covered by ADS-B only, no control can be done. | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Transition from former to new technology | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tAllow transition and test environment | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tNew technology sensors not used in existing systems | \n\t\t\t\t\t
“Radar like” solution main advantages
A comparison between a “radar like” approach and an integrated multi sensor fusion with Variable Update technique is done in the following table.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | "Radar like" approach | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tIntegrated multi sensor fusion with Variable Update technique | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Existing radar data network impacts | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tDegrade the quality of the ADS-B / WAM report by introducing an additional latency (at least 1 s) to buffer the reports. The refresh r ate is increased to typically 4 s (3 report ignored upon 4) or 12s (11 reports ignored upon 12). | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tNo latency introduced by any radar data network. The refresh rate is the one provided by the sensor itself. | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Time stamping | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tDepending on the radar data format, the time stamping is sometimes not available. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tTime stamping available in the ADS-B and WAM standard. | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Fitting accurate data into useless radar format impacts | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tThis approach is not able to associate a correct standard deviation to the polar radar coordinates. For Radar, the error standard deviation in range and azimuth are fixed. For ADS-B / WAM report, the standard deviation is not constant and mainly depends either on the satellite configuration / Inertial Navigation System precision/bias or on the geometry of the receivers. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tInformation available in the ADS-B / WAM standards. | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Down-linked Aircraft Parameters (DAPs) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tDoes not allow the transmission of DAPs information including Mode S data if CD2 or ASTERIX Category 001 /002 is used to transmit ADS-B / WAM data | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tInformation available in the ADS-B / WAM standards. | \n\t\t\t\t\t
“Radar like” solution discussion
\n\t\t\t\tFigure 5 provides a comprehensive comparison of the RMS position error accuracy between three configurations:
\n\t\t\tADS-B data are fitted into a multi sensor tracking system using Multiple Report Variable Update technique,
ADS-B data fitted into standard radar data and multi sensor tracking system makes use of these ADS-B data as they are radar ones,
ADS-B data fitted into useless radar data format (introducing high quantization in range and in azimuth: Common Digitizer 2 format) and multi sensor tracking system makes use of these ADS-B data as they are radar ones.
RMS position error comparison between “radar like” and standard data fusion
By way of conclusion, we can say that:
\n\t\t\tthe “radar like” solution is interesting, whatever the kind of coverage:
when the tracking system is based on a track-to-track data fusion technique, and
when the ADS-B data has a high level of integrity.
the “radar like” solution is interesting only when the area to cover is not yet covered by other kind of sensors when the existing tracking system uses a multiple report variable update technique,
the accuracy of “radar-like” solution is worse than if we use the available ADS-B standards (see figure 5),
the gain in term of accuracy is very low when the area is covered by multiple radars.
Safety Nets are functions intended to alert air traffic controllers to potentially hazardous situations in an effective manner and with sufficient warning time so that they can issue appropriate instructions to resolve the situation.
\n\t\t\tSafety Nets monitoring systems typically include:
\n\t\t\tShort term conflict alerts (STCA),
Minimum safe altitude warnings (MSAW),
Area proximity warnings (APW).
STCA (Short Term Conflict Alert) checks possible conflicting trajectories in a time horizon of about 2 or 3 minutes and alerts the controller prior the loss of separation. The algorithms used may also provide in some systems a possible vectoring solution, that is, the manner in which to turn, descend, or climb the aircraft in order to avoid infringing the minimum safety distance or altitude clearance.
\n\t\t\t\tMinimum Safe Altitude Warning (MSAW) is a sub-system that alerts the controller if an aircraft appears to be flying too low to the ground or will impact terrain based on its current altitude and heading.
\n\t\t\t\tArea Penetration Warning (APW) is a tool that informs any controller that a flight will penetrate a restricted area.
\n\t\t\tThe most widely used safety net is STCA which is mandatory in many areas and appreciated by air traffic controllers. STCA requires short term trajectory predictions of up to 2 minutes. This is the maximum time over which it is considered valid to predict aircraft paths based solely on surveillance data. The trajectory data are
\n\t\t\t\tThe utility of safety nets depends on both the reliability of conflict detection and the false alert rate. The false alert rate tends to be highest in the areas where such tools are most needed i.e. in the Terminal Major Areas and particularly during the approach and climb out phases of flight.
\n\t\t\t\tSafety nets function directly benefits from the more accurate state vector (position and velocity for both horizontal and vertical axis) provided by any multi sensor tracking system. Indeed, the use of more accurate information and Down-linked Aircraft Parameters such as ADS-B or MLAT/WAM, specifically in Terminal Major Areas, improves the tracking in term of accuracy.
\n\t\t\t\tThese enhancements of the safety nets ensure safer and more efficient operations, by taking into account the development of new approach and climb procedures and by generalizing the use of user defined routes and closely spaced route networks.
\n\t\t\t\tThe possibility of using additional information (such as Aircraft Derived Data) for improving prediction (with regard to safety issues) needs to be mentioned, as well as the technical feasibility of adapting safety nets separation parameters to aircraft types.
\n\t\t\t\tRMS heading error comparison between update and broadcast at several update rates
RMS velocity error comparison between update and broadcast at several update rates
Multi sensor tracking performance helps to globally improve the STCA sub-system performance in term of:
\n\t\t\t\tQuicker STCA detection thanks to the reduction of multi sensor tracks broadcast rate:
the update rate of new technology sensors (1s) compared to radar sensors (at least 4s and up to 12s),
the variable update technique used which does not make any bufferisation of new technology sensors data.
Reduction of tolerances required for STCA,
More accurate multi sensor track velocity vector as can be seen on figures 6 and 7 that leads to less false STCA’s, especially for maneuvering aircrafts,
Transmission of down-linked parameters including rate of turn and trajectory intent information that helps the STCA to enhance and predict the track state vector more accurately.
Nowadays, the development of advanced ATM systems is realized by the implementation of advanced means of communication, navigation and surveillance for air traffic control (CNS/ATM).
\n\t\t\tThe definition of a new set of surveillance standards has allowed the emergence of a post-radar infrastructure based on data-link technology. The integration of this new technology into gate-to-gate architectures has notably the following purposes:
\n\t\t\tfluxing air traffic which is growing continuously,
increasing safety related to aircraft operations,
reducing global costs (fuel cost is increasing quickly and this seems to be a long-term tendency), and
reducing radio-radiation and improving the ecological situation.
In this context, sensor data processing will continue to play its key rule and its software as well as its hardware architecture is expected to evolve in the meantime. In a previous paper (see (Baud et. al., 2009)), we investigated the past and future of the sensor data processing architectures. In this paper, we have demonstrate the interest to integrate new technology sensors either in existing centers through the use of “radar-like” solutions (suitable for Non Radar Area only) or in future ATC centers in order to improve the global performance of the system.
\n\t\t\tThe accuracy performances that can be seen in this paper have been achieved under the hypothesis that the new technology sensors are really accurate and have a high level of integrity. However, it’s not completely the “real world” and we propose to discuss the ways to integrate inaccurate or inconsistent sensor data into multi sensor tracking systems for ATC applications in a future paper.
\n\t\tArtificial intelligence (AI) is an umbrella term that incorporates concepts such as supervised and unsupervised machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and reinforcement learning [1]. In essence, AI is the simulation of human learning by a machine (computer). Learning, in turn, is the procedure of acquiring information (input), which, after retention and processing, may lead to adjustment of behavior under given temporospatial circumstances or optimization of the chances of achieving specific goals (output). Each type of AI differs from the others in the extent of intervention by the operator, i.e., the degree of autonomy of the machine.
AI subtypes have certain integral components: an algorithm, specific datasets (training, validation, test), input (predictors), and output (outcomes), as well as performance indices of the algorithm for each dataset (sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, area under the receiver operator curve—AUROC, area under the precision-recall curve—AUPRC, and so on). Depending on the degree of autonomy of the AI algorithm, the operator (human researcher, data scientist) has variable knowledge of and interference to the aforementioned components. For instance, in
Schematic representation of the hierarchy of artificial intelligence algorithms. The more one moves to the top of the pyramid, the more autonomous the algorithm becomes and the less intervention is exerted by the researcher. AI — artificial intelligence, ML — machine learning, DL — deep learning.
Recently there has been documented an exponential increase of literature investigating the application of various AI algorithms in healthcare [3]. It is within this context that our team recently attempted to trace the applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in bariatric metabolic surgery (BMS) [4]. Based upon this study, this chapter is organized in seven sections, in concordance with the respective disciplines of BMS for which there have been relevant publications concerning applications of AI. The last two sections are devoted to the future perspectives of AI in BMS, as well as the methodological limitations and ethical barriers that should be considered when applying AI in BMS, in analogy to every biomedical scientific field.
Basic science and research are the cornerstones of evolution in medicine. Popular basic science applications on which AI may be applied include but are not limited to genome-wide sequencing (WGS), whole slide imaging (WSI), and all the omics (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, but also radiomics and multi-omics). Regarding the discipline of BMS in particular, metabolomics is a field of increased interest and intensive research, for the purpose of characterizing the metabolic milieu of patients living with obesity as well as for studying the long-term postoperative interactions between BMS and the metabolism [5, 6, 7].
In one of the first attempts to implement AI methods in BMS, Cortón et al. studied the gene expression profile in omental adipose tissue procured by women who were submitted to bariatric surgery and simultaneously suffered from polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) [8]. More specifically, the researchers implemented data mining, a method that combines traditional statistics, machine learning and database systems, and retrieved abnormal expression of genes that participate in insulin and Wnt signaling, oxidative stress, inflammation, immune function, and lipid metabolism. Additionally, they conducted hierarchical clustering, a type of unsupervised ML, in order to retrieve co-expressed genes in female patients with PCOS and consequently detect specific patterns of gene expression.
More recently, Chaim et al. calculated beta cell function through assessment of NO production by means of electro-sensor complex (ESC) data and statistical network, a set of DL algorithms [9]. Subjects consisted of patients living with obesity who were candidates for MBS. In another study, Macartney-Coxson et al. used genome-wide DNA methylation data and compared traditional statistics with combinatorial algorithms in the identification of methylation loci [10]. Study samples included subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue that had been harvested from obese individuals, before and after BMS. Besides, Candi et al. performed a metabolomics analysis of visceral adipose tissue harvested from individuals who had undergone bariatric surgery and identified three kinds of metabolotypes: healthy controls (normal weight), healthy obese, and pathological obese [11]. Consequently, they implemented RF analysis, an unbiased supervised classification technique, in order to differentiate among the three groups, but also retrieve the most important predictive metabolites for each category, with lipids playing a cardinal role with this respect. In another metabolomics-oriented study, Narath et al. used an untargeted approach that yielded 177 features [12]. Consequently, they processed the data with RF in order to detect short- and long-term metabolic changes following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The most important finding was that short-term changes in metabolites (1–3 weeks postoperatively) do not necessarily match long-term effects (up to 1 year).
Future research should focus on reconciling metabolic surgery, metabolomics, and deep learning. So far, application of DL in metabolomics has manifested several methodological limitations, including high computational cost, lack of external validation, non-calculation of isotopic peaks during sample analysis with spectroscopy, overfitting secondary to low sample size, reduced predictive ability upon application to asymmetrical datasets, poor applicability of outcomes from experimental animal models to human metabolomics, etc. [13]. On the other hand, the exponentially increasing numbers of patients who undergo BMS offer an excellent substrate for obtaining biological fluids (whole blood, plasma, serum, feces, urine) and tissues (gastric, adipose, liver) for further metabolomic analysis. The implementation of ML, and most importantly DL, could potentially assist in unraveling the roles of the myriads of metabolites through untargeted metabolomic analyses, distinguish between causes and effects, and gain clinical usefulness both for prediction and diagnosis. With this regard, one may distinguish the emerging role of data analysists as key members of the multidisciplinary BMS team.
Bariatric operations have a favorable safety profile, with an overall morbidity less than 5% and mortality less than 0.5%, as it has been documented over time by different investigators, based on data from large databases and comprehensive meta-analyses [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. Most importantly, this holds true even for special populations, such as patients suffering from diabetes [21] or at the extremes of age [22, 23]. Even during the COVID-19 pandemic, not only has bariatric surgery proven its endurable safety, but it may also have a protective effect for one of the most vulnerable population groups against the adverse sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 [24, 25], as shown in a series of publications by the GENEVA collaborative group regarding 7704 patients from 42 countries [26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. Due to the fact that complications and deaths following BMS are rare events, their evaluation from a statistical perspective is challenging. Thanks to artificial intelligence algorithms, it is now possible to incorporate and analyze data from big databases and cohorts of patients, with the advantage of yielding reliable results from imbalanced datasets, as well as having access to real-word conditions rather than idealized simulations, as is the case with randomized controlled trials. Besides, the concept of implementing AI algorithms in order to quantify and predict postoperative outcomes, with the intention to enhance clinical practice and improve decision-making, is gaining popularity within surgical literature [31, 32, 33].
Cao et al. pioneered research in prediction of serious complications after BMS by implementing machine learning [34], as well as deep learning methods [35], in a Scandinavian bariatric database (SOReg) comprising more than 40,000 bariatric patients. In their extensive analyses, they compared multiple machine and deep learning algorithms (as well as combinations of algorithms,
There are two studies regarding prediction of complications after specific operations. Wise et al. applied a DL algorithm (ANN) on a cohort of 101,721 patients from the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) who had undergone laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), in order to predict 30-day postoperative morbidity [38]. As compared with logistic regression, the ANN algorithm was more accurate in predicting postoperative complications, based upon easily obtainable demographic and clinical factors. Similarly, Sheikhtaheri et al. applied Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) to predict morbidity after one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) across five hospitals over a 4-year period [39]. The predictive performance of the model at the 10-day, 1-month, and 3-months intervals was favorable.
Regarding specific complications, Dang et al. developed the BariClot tool, a forward regression predictive model, in order to stratify individuals undergoing BMS according to their 30-day risk for venous thromboembolic (VTE) events [40]. Their data were retrieved from the MBSAQIP and included patients who had undergone either RYGB or LSG. As compared with established predictive tools for VTE, such as the Michigan Bariatric Surgery Collaborative or the Caprini score, BariClot demonstrated enhanced predictive accuracy, as documented by the relevant AUROCs (0.5817 vs. 0.5533 vs. 0.6023, respectively). Moreover, Nudel et al. developed and validated three different machine/deep learning models (ANN, X-Gradient Boosting, logistic regression) in order to predict not only VTE, but also leaks after BMS, again based on a MBSAQIP cohort of 436,807 patients [41]. AI models outperformed traditional LR in detecting both leak and VTE in a statistically significant manner.
Finally, AI has also been implemented for predicting long-term morbidity after BMS, including the development of gallbladder disease and formation of gallstones [42], nutritional deficiencies [43], nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [44], and fractures [45]. The implemented AI algorithms were ANN [42], SVM [44], and Bayesian networks [43, 45].
Undoubtedly, the main and utmost priority of any bariatric operation is weight loss. It has been long established that any bariatric intervention is more effective and durable in maintaining weight loss than optimal conservative treatment and lifestyle modifications [46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53]. Data that support this statement stem from both observational and randomized controlled studies. Although the latter are prospective in nature and thus can establish causality, they may be accompanied by publication bias. On the contrary, observational studies contain raw data as they are collected according to healthcare providers’ registrations and patient testimonials. As such, they can serve as an invaluable source of prediction, provided they undergo appropriate analysis with AI tools. Nevertheless, despite the accumulated experience and evidence with bariatric surgery and its effectiveness, to date there is no accurate tool for weight loss prediction, and most clinical models tend to overestimate the bariatric outcome of the most commonly performed procedures [54].
In one of the first relevant attempts, Lee et al. developed a predictive model back in 2007 with the use of a data mining technology through LR and ANN [55]. They found that ANN yields a better predictive accuracy for weight reduction at 2 years as compared with traditional methods, with the best predictors of successful weight loss being OAGB (vs. LAGB), high preoperative triglyceride level, and low glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level. Similarly, Giraud-Carrier et al. developed a predictive model with the use of a data-mining-based software available online [56]. The data mining process included problem formulation (prediction of the type of bariatric procedure and quality of its outcome); domain and data understanding (71,849 patients with >350,000 visits across 125 centers); data preparation and preprocessing (aka determination of input or predictors, i.e., physician ID, gender, age, ethnicity, employment status, smoking behavior, state of origin, BMI prior to surgery, surgery performed, and BMI at 12 months postoperatively); model building (multinomial logistic regression and decision tree C4.5); prediction of surgical procedure; prediction of success (classification into poor, fair, good, very good, and excellent if BMI reduction at 12 months was ≤5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20, and >20, respectively). Although these studies were performed at an era when experience on bariatric surgery was more limited, the armamentarium of procedures was significantly different, benchmarking was inadequate, and definition of weight loss was not according to current standards (%TWL or %EBMIL or %EBMIL), the study designs showed a dynamic potential. More recent attempts have implemented different methodology (i.e., a rule-based semantic approach, [57]) or different input data (i.e., preoperative patient liking for sweet beverages, [58]) in order to predict bariatric surgery outcomes in general.
Other studies have focused on specific bariatric operations. For instance, Piaggi et al. found that ANN models could successfully predict weight loss in women treated with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), although this method tends to be abandoned nowadays [59]. On the other hand, Celik et al. in a very recent study applied neural network Bayesian regularization, a DL algorithm, in patients who had undergone LSG and predicted excess and total weight loss (%EWL and %TWL, respectively) based on gastric remnant volumes (antrum and body were deemed as different compartments) [60]. Regarding RYGB, Wise ES
Apart from weight loss, MBS is associated with the alleviation of the long-term effects of associated medical problems (or comorbidity, as they were collectively referred to until recently), namely type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HTN), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), dyslipidemia, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), depression, etc. Most importantly, some of these health problems have been recognized as dedicated indications for MBS, irrespective of BMI [63]. The rationale of this is supported by high-quality evidence on the superiority of surgical management vs. intensive medical therapy [64, 65]. Regarding T2DM in particular, the evidence is solid and stems from cohorts with long-term perspective surveillance [66, 67, 68, 69], to the point that they have substantially contributed to the establishment of the concept of metabolic surgery in clinical practice [70, 71].
The advent of AI has introduced novel methods of predicting long-term remission of obesity-associated medical problems based on real-world data. In a recent comprehensive relevant study, Cao et al. compared three different AI models (Gaussian Bayesian Network – GBN, CNN, and traditional linear regression) in predicting 5-year remission of T2DM, dyslipidemia, HTN, OSA, and depression from data extracted from the large SOReg database concerning 6542 patients [72]. Among the examined algorithms, GBN showed excellent performance in predicting long-term remission of T2DM (AUC 0.942) and dyslipidemia (AUC 0.917), good performance for HTN (AUC 0.891) and OSA (AUC 0.843), and fair performance in predicting depression (AUC 0.750). On the other hand, van Loon et al. devised the Metabolic Health Index (MHI) to objectively quantify metabolic health, in analogy to BMI as an index for quantifying weight, and consequently developed an ordinal logistic regression model in order to quantify severity of comorbidity in a 6-grade scale [73]. As a scaffold, they used 4778 data records from 1595 patients and high-yield predictors included age, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), HbA1c, triglycerides, and potassium.
Regarding specific conditions, T2DM has been the most studied obesity-associated health problem with regard to AI algorithms so far. Lee et al. ran a series of multi-centric studies with the aim to investigate the effectiveness of BMS in T2DM resolution, as well as to predict short- and long-term T2DM remission after BMS [74, 75, 76]. Their analysis was performed by means of back propagation neural networks (BPN), a type of ANN, and important predictors of T2DM remission included younger patient age, shorter T2DM duration, higher weight, wider waist, higher C-peptide levels, and bypass operation (vs. restrictive one). A few years later, another group investigated the role of the advanced-Diabetes Remission (ad-DiaRem) score in improving the prediction of T2DM remission following RYGB [77, 78]. DiaRem is a valid prediction score for T2DM remission that relies on variables such as age, HbA1c, treatment with insulin, treatment with oral hypoglycemics other than metformin and classifies patients into five subgroups according to their probability of remission [79, 80, 81]. Ad-DiaRem has two additional parameters (diabetes duration and number of glucose-lowering agents). The group of Aron-Wisnewsky, Debédat et al. analyzed Ad-DiaRem with the use of machine learning and devised a 1-year algorithm with enhanced predictive accuracy as compared with the original score, which yielded a corrected classification for 8% of those misclassified with DiaRem [77]. The same team used ML methods to extend the predictive accuracy to 5 years post-RYGB, with the correct re-classification rate reaching 33% [78]. Consequently, AI can be implemented not only as a novel method, but also in order to improve established clinical tools.
At a more advanced level, Aminian et al. utilized ML in order to predict long-term end-organ complications owing to T2DM (in particular all cause-mortality, coronary artery events, heart failure, and nephropathy) in patients who did or did not undergo metabolic surgery [82]. A total of 2287 T2DM patients who had undergone metabolic operations were matched with 11,435 non-surgical diabetic patients. Analysis was performed by means of multivariable regression and random forest and data were uploaded by patients through user-friendly web-based and smartphone applications in an Individualized Diabetes Complications (IDC) risk score environment for clinical use. This is one of the most useful applications of ML in clinical practice so far. In another sophisticated study, Pedersen et al. combined clinical data (treatment with insulin, use of insulin-sensitizing agents, baseline HbA1c levels, and baseline serum insulin levels) with eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and processed the data with ANN [83]. The addition of the SNPs significantly improved the predictive ability of the algorithm.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) constitutes another entity of particular interest in the context of obesity. NAFLD/NASH represents the most common chronic liver disease worldwide nowadays, for the treatment of which BMS seems to play a pivotal role as it seems to offer sustainable resolution [84, 85, 86]. Back in 2013, Sowa et al. examined several ML algorithms (among which LR, knn, SVM, decision trees, RF) to determine noninvasive assessment of fibrosis in NAFLD based on serum parameters (transaminases, hyaluronic acid, and cell death markers) and compared their combined effect with the gold standard of liver biopsy, which was performed intraoperatively during BMS [87]. The combination of these parameters with RF had a better diagnostic accuracy than each single parameter. More recently, Uehara et al. constructed a noninvasive algorithm for predicting NASH in a Japanese population of patients living with morbid obesity [88]. The most important predictors (alanine aminotransferase—ALT, C-reactive protein—CRP, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance—HOMA-IR, and albumin) were selected by means of rule extraction technology.
Quality of life (QoL) after BMS is a parameter with increasing interest in literature because it is perhaps more patient-related and less of a technicality, as compared with safety, effectiveness, and resolution of associated health problems. There are several scores for evaluating QoL after BMS and their applicability has been implemented after various procedures [89, 90, 91, 92]. In the realm of AI, the group of Cao et al. has conducted two studies based on the SOReg with the use of CNN, Gaussian Bayesian Network (BN), and LR for predicting 5-year health-related QoL after BMS [72, 93]. GBN showed better predictive accuracy as compared with the other methods. In another publication, BN was implemented for a network meta-analysis of studies referring to QoL after BMS [94]. The analysis involved 26,629 patients in total and 11 different procedures.
One of the advantages of laparoscopic surgery (and video-assisted surgery in general) is the continuous recording of the procedure. In the digital era, these recordings can be transformed into captions, which subsequently may be stored, transferred, processed, etc. Another usage that has recently been highlighted is technical skill assessment. In comparison to crude measures of surgical performance, such as operative time, postoperative outcomes, and complications, video-assisted operative evaluation offers better opportunities for constructive feedback and progressive improvement of technique. The rating may be performed by human peers and supervisors, but lately ML has shown promising results in objective assessment of surgical skills [95].
In the field of BMS specifically, Twinanda et al. have pioneered AI techniques in laparoscopic videos with two discrete applications: retrieval of a specific fraction of the video (i.e., suturing of an anastomosis) and prediction of remaining time. In the former example, the researchers used Fisher kernel encoding, a precursor of deep learning techniques for managing large-scale object categorization, and applied it on 49 bypass and seven LSG videos [96]. In the latter case, remaining operative time in 170 RYGB videos was predicted by RSDNet, a DL-based algorithm that depends only on visual data for training rather than manual annotations [97]. Other pioneers in computer vision analysis of operative steps are Hashimoto et al., who implemented DNN to analyze LSG videos [98]. In this case, laparoscopic videos were segmented into seven steps: port placement, liver retraction, liver biopsy, gastrocolic ligament dissection, stapling of the stomach along the greater curvature, bagging specimen, and final inspection of the staple line. AI could extract quantitative data from video with an accuracy of >85%, a feature that allows quantification of operative capacity and objective evaluation for the purposes of both training and self-development. Similarly, Derathé et al. utilized annotated spatial and procedural data and processed them with SVM in order to predict surgical exposure [99].
In a totally different approach, Heremans et al. implemented ANN-based automated detection of food intake after neuromodulation by analyzing heart rate variability in electrocardiograms [100]. This is another example of intraoperative application of AI in a different kind of surgery for weight loss (neuromodulation).
We are living in an era that cost-effectiveness is paramount in medicine for every intervention, either conservative or surgical. It has been estimated that the cost of BMS is approximately 14,000 euros and 3600 euros annually ever after. In comparison, the cost for the non-surgical treatment of T2DM is about 12,200 euros per annum [101].
Cost analyses are considered dynamic systems that are affected by various, often non-predicable parameters. Many cost analyses studies are based on Markov models. Markov models are stochastic models designed for systems that change over time (i.e., dynamic ones) and change their parameters randomly. Using decision analysis with the implementation of a Markov process, Borisenko et al. calculated that the annual savings for a cohort of bariatric patients from the SOReg was 66 million euros, whereas over a lifetime bariatric surgery produced savings of 9332 euros [102, 103]. Similarly, Faria et al. compared different bariatric interventions and calculated that RYGB saves an average of 13,244 euros per patient as compared with best medical management [104].
AI is a relatively novel clinical tool, as such the healthcare provider should be cautious before adopting its methods and incorporating them into clinical routine. The following limitations are uniform across medicine, not BMS alone, and prompt the implementation of a solid frame in the context of which AI may yield its most beneficial aspects in clinical practice. Extensive analysis of AI limitations is beyond the scope of this chapter; therefore, we will attempt to outline the most important aspects of them.
One of the advantages of AI is the management of large amounts of data, but at the same time this is a prerequisite to obtain reliable outcomes. As such, data quantity is one issue. Data quality is another, and this can be achieved only when source data (i.e., registries or electronic health records—EHRs) are comprehensive and inclusive. In other words, all patients should have access to health services irrespective of socioeconomic status, and health services on their part should promote continuity of care instead of segmentation. The third important component is model interpretation, especially when it comes to deep learning, given that sometimes the relations between inputs (predictors) and outcomes are not obvious. Next, model generalizability and interoperability are paramount for implementing AI algorithms across different health systems and contexts, and these can be ensured only when the three former methodological requirements are met. Finally, AI researchers must ensure model security, i.e., avoid “contamination” of data. This is a potential issue even after meticulous training of data [105]. To address these potential sources of bias, several strategies have been proposed. Among them, oversampling minority groups in training datasets, creating flags for certain high-risk groups, and formulating baseline predictions at presentation of illness (i.e., in the case of BMS, before surgery) are the most feasible ones [106].
The usage of AI as a decision-making tool may also have medicolegal sequelae. In this case, one should take into consideration all the parameters, i.e., agreement between AI recommendation and standard of care, accuracy of AI prediction, physician action (acceptance or rejection of the AI decision), and patient outcome. Different combinations may lead to different legal outcomes, i.e., no injury of the patient and no liability of the surgeon, injury but no liability, or both injury and liability [107]. Consequently, on the one hand, healthcare providers should know how to interpret AI algorithm outcomes and recruit their clinical judgment above all; on the other hand, they should have an active role in shaping their liability issue through their professional societies and legislation-forming organizations.
Is the role of the surgeon threatened by the advent of AI? Are surgeons transforming from leaders to simple operators of what a machine has decided for a patient? Definitely not. AI should be deemed as a tool that is intended to assist surgeons in their daily workflow and ease their work with the intent to help them focus on what is important, i.e., physician-patient relationship. Additionally, AI offers a real opportunity for individualized interventions and precision medicine, not only at the time of operations, must (even most importantly) during the postoperative period and follow-up.
What impact does AI make on patients themselves? According to a recently published survey, it depends on the context. Fifty-five percent of participants were very or somewhat comfortable with AI making chest X-ray diagnosis, but the respective percentage for making cancer diagnosis dropped to 31.2% [108]. Consequently, the role of the surgeon remains central to continuum of healthcare provision, while discussing all diagnostic and therapeutic options with the patient is indispensable.
As it has been stressed out by Bellini et al., AI has contributed to substantial progress in decision-making, quality of care, and precision medicine, but several legal and ethical issues need to be addressed before its widespread application in clinical practice [109].
AI is gaining more and more ground to clinical practice, as it has been documented not only by our research [4], but also that of other investigators within the same context [109]. The clinician is not required to understand how AI algorithms work but should be cautious when interpreting AI-based outcomes and decision by evaluating its source data and metrics. For reasons of simplicity, AI should be considered a novel statistical tool with the advantage of yielding data from large, real-world registries of patients rather than restricted cohorts as the ones used in the context of randomized trials. Given the specialized nature of processing these data, specialists such as data scientists could assume new roles in the multidisciplinary team of managing bariatric patients.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Content alerts
",metaTitle:"Content alerts",metaDescription:"Content alerts",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/content-alerts",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Content alerts
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Content alerts
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"5,6,12,13,18"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11630",title:"Life in Extreme Environments - Diversity, Adaptability and Valuable Resources of Bioactive Molecules",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c39aa5fd22296ba53d87df6d761a5fc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afef Najjari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11630.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11804",title:"CRISPR Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4051570f538bd3315e051267180abe37",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yuan-Chuan Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11804.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",surname:"Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11608",title:"Candida and Candidiasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"862074d07a4355fe3035ae1d14f3e2e6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tulin Askun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11608.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"89795",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulin",surname:"Askun",slug:"tulin-askun",fullName:"Tulin Askun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11793",title:"Production, Nutritional and Industrial Perspectives of Barley",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"996125d4599193b3b6b749f5d8aa3cb2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Farhan Saeed and Dr. Muhammad Afzaal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11793.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"192244",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhan",surname:"Saeed",slug:"farhan-saeed",fullName:"Farhan Saeed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12157",title:"Rice Crops - Productivity, Quality and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2a38bb2448f4516740db05ce746f08e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Min Huang, Dr. Jiana Chen, Dr. Xiaowu Pan and Dr. Haiming Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12157.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"189829",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",surname:"Huang",slug:"min-huang",fullName:"Min Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11810",title:"Animal Behavior - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"db1dacc9284b2fc73f38fa985a586e15",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Volkan Gelen and Dr. Abdulsamed Kükürt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11810.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11637",title:"Neuropsychology of Dementia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d40f707b9ef020bb202be89404f77a1e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Devendra Kumar, Prof. Sushil Kumar Singh and Dr. Ankit Ganeshpurkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11637.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"454030",title:"Dr.",name:"Devendra",surname:"Kumar",slug:"devendra-kumar",fullName:"Devendra Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11624",title:"Agricultural Waste - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f86a9f720cc3ac0f1c385d0367ea89b9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Fiaz Ahmad and Prof. Muhammad Sultan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11624.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"338219",title:"Dr.",name:"Fiaz",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"fiaz-ahmad",fullName:"Fiaz Ahmad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11788",title:"Plant Stress Responses and Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fd76ac80924e5a4d530ad0a1b54ca1f4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Saddam Hussain, Dr. Tahir Hussain Awan, Dr. Ejaz Waraich and Dr. Masood Iqbal Awan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11788.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"247858",title:"Dr.",name:"Saddam",surname:"Hussain",slug:"saddam-hussain",fullName:"Saddam Hussain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11643",title:"Genetic Diversity - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b1e679fcacdec2448603a66df71ccc7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mahmut Çalışkan and Dr. Sevcan Aydin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11643.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:69},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:53},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"766",title:"Hydraulic Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-hydraulic-engineering",parent:{id:"117",title:"Energy Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:105,numberOfWosCitations:323,numberOfCrossrefCitations:517,numberOfDimensionsCitations:929,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"766",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3204",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d35273a0441f1b94bb6076f87a865769",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",bookSignature:"Andrew P. Bunger, John McLennan and Rob Jeffrey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3204.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"153589",title:"Dr.",name:"Rob",middleName:null,surname:"Jeffrey",slug:"rob-jeffrey",fullName:"Rob Jeffrey"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"2",chapterContentType:"conference paper",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"44353",doi:"10.5772/56192",title:"Fracturing Fluids",slug:"fracturing-fluids",totalDownloads:8642,totalCrossrefCites:48,totalDimensionsCites:80,abstract:null,book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Carl Montgomery",authors:[{id:"167745",title:"Dr.",name:"Carl",middleName:"T.",surname:"Montgomery",slug:"carl-montgomery",fullName:"Carl Montgomery"}]},{id:"44691",doi:"10.5772/56444",title:"Microseismic Monitoring Developments in Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation",slug:"microseismic-monitoring-developments-in-hydraulic-fracture-stimulation",totalDownloads:5334,totalCrossrefCites:60,totalDimensionsCites:75,abstract:"The last decade has seen a significantly increased interest in microseismic monitoring by the hydrocarbon industry due to the recent surge in unconventional resources such as shale-gas and heavy-oil plays. Both hydraulic fracturing and steam injection create changes in local pore pressures and in situ stresses and thereby brittle failure in intact rock plus additional slip/shearing in naturally fractured rock. Local rock failure or slip yields an acoustic emission, which is also known as a microseismic event. The microseismic cloud represents thus a volumetric map of the extent of induced fracture shearing, opening and closing. Microseismic monitoring can provide pertinent information on in situ reservoir deformation due to fluid stimulation, thus ultimately facilitating reservoir drainage. This paper reviews some of the current key questions and research in microseismicity, ranging from acquisition, processing to interpretation.",book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Mirko van der Baan, David Eaton and Maurice Dusseault",authors:[{id:"167515",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirko",middleName:null,surname:"Van Der Baan",slug:"mirko-van-der-baan",fullName:"Mirko Van Der Baan"}]},{id:"44686",doi:"10.5772/56406",title:"Effect of Flow Rate and Viscosity on Complex Fracture Development in UFM Model",slug:"effect-of-flow-rate-and-viscosity-on-complex-fracture-development-in-ufm-model",totalDownloads:4269,totalCrossrefCites:32,totalDimensionsCites:51,abstract:"A recently developed unconventional fracture model (UFM*) is able to simulate complex fracture networks propagation in a formation with pre-existing natural fractures. Multiple fracture branches can propagate at the same time and crisscross each other. The behaviour of a hydraulic fracture when it intersects a natural fracture, whether being arrested, crossing, creating an offset, or dilating the natural fracture, plays a key role in predicting the resulting fracture footprint, microseismicity, and improving production evaluation. It is therefore critical to properly model the fracture interaction in a complex fracture model such as UFM.",book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Olga Kresse, Xiaowei Weng, Dimitry Chuprakov, Romain Prioul and Charles Cohen",authors:[{id:"165658",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Kresse",slug:"olga-kresse",fullName:"Olga Kresse"}]},{id:"44660",doi:"10.5772/56422",title:"Fracturing Fluid Components",slug:"fracturing-fluid-components",totalDownloads:7425,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:51,abstract:"The materials and chemistry used to manufacture hydraulic fracture fluids are often confusing and difficult for the practicing hydraulic fracturing engineer to understand and optimize. Many times the failure of a particular fracturing treatment is blamed on the fluid because that is a major unknown from the design engineer's viewpoint. Many of the components and processes used to manufacture the fluid are held proprietary by the service company which adds to the confusion and misunderstanding. This paper makes an attempt to describe the components used in fracturing fluids at a level that the practicing frac engineer can understand and use. The paper is intended as a companion paper to the Fracturing Fluids design paper which describes how to use the fluids and viscosity generated by the fluids to design a fracturing treatment.",book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Carl Montgomery",authors:[{id:"167745",title:"Dr.",name:"Carl",middleName:"T.",surname:"Montgomery",slug:"carl-montgomery",fullName:"Carl Montgomery"}]},{id:"44208",doi:"10.5772/56404",title:"The Role of Natural Fractures in Shale Gas Production",slug:"the-role-of-natural-fractures-in-shale-gas-production",totalDownloads:4951,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:46,abstract:null,book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Ian Walton and John McLennan",authors:[{id:"165786",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Mclennan",slug:"john-mclennan",fullName:"John Mclennan"},{id:"167377",title:"Dr.",name:"Ian",middleName:null,surname:"Walton",slug:"ian-walton",fullName:"Ian Walton"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"44660",title:"Fracturing Fluid Components",slug:"fracturing-fluid-components",totalDownloads:7434,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:51,abstract:"The materials and chemistry used to manufacture hydraulic fracture fluids are often confusing and difficult for the practicing hydraulic fracturing engineer to understand and optimize. Many times the failure of a particular fracturing treatment is blamed on the fluid because that is a major unknown from the design engineer's viewpoint. Many of the components and processes used to manufacture the fluid are held proprietary by the service company which adds to the confusion and misunderstanding. This paper makes an attempt to describe the components used in fracturing fluids at a level that the practicing frac engineer can understand and use. The paper is intended as a companion paper to the Fracturing Fluids design paper which describes how to use the fluids and viscosity generated by the fluids to design a fracturing treatment.",book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Carl Montgomery",authors:[{id:"167745",title:"Dr.",name:"Carl",middleName:"T.",surname:"Montgomery",slug:"carl-montgomery",fullName:"Carl Montgomery"}]},{id:"44691",title:"Microseismic Monitoring Developments in Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation",slug:"microseismic-monitoring-developments-in-hydraulic-fracture-stimulation",totalDownloads:5341,totalCrossrefCites:60,totalDimensionsCites:75,abstract:"The last decade has seen a significantly increased interest in microseismic monitoring by the hydrocarbon industry due to the recent surge in unconventional resources such as shale-gas and heavy-oil plays. Both hydraulic fracturing and steam injection create changes in local pore pressures and in situ stresses and thereby brittle failure in intact rock plus additional slip/shearing in naturally fractured rock. Local rock failure or slip yields an acoustic emission, which is also known as a microseismic event. The microseismic cloud represents thus a volumetric map of the extent of induced fracture shearing, opening and closing. Microseismic monitoring can provide pertinent information on in situ reservoir deformation due to fluid stimulation, thus ultimately facilitating reservoir drainage. This paper reviews some of the current key questions and research in microseismicity, ranging from acquisition, processing to interpretation.",book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Mirko van der Baan, David Eaton and Maurice Dusseault",authors:[{id:"167515",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirko",middleName:null,surname:"Van Der Baan",slug:"mirko-van-der-baan",fullName:"Mirko Van Der Baan"}]},{id:"44746",title:"An ABAQUS Implementation of the XFEM for Hydraulic Fracture Problems",slug:"an-abaqus-implementation-of-the-xfem-for-hydraulic-fracture-problems",totalDownloads:4999,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"A new finite element has been implemented in ABAQUS to incorporate the extended finite element method (XFEM) for the solution of hydraulic fracture problems. The proposed element includes the desired aspects of the XFEM so as to model crack propagation without explicit remeshing. In addition, the fluid pressure degrees of freedom have been defined on the element to describe the fluid flow within the crack and its contribution to the crack deformation. Thus the fluid flow and resulting crack propagation are fully coupled in a natural way and are solved simultaneously. Verification of the element has been made by comparing the finite element results with the analytical solutions available in the literature.",book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Zuorong Chen",authors:[{id:"166734",title:"Dr.",name:"Zuorong",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"zuorong-chen",fullName:"Zuorong Chen"}]},{id:"44711",title:"Fractures and Fracturing - Hydraulic fracturing in Jointed Rock",slug:"fractures-and-fracturing-hydraulic-fracturing-in-jointed-rock",totalDownloads:5681,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Charles Fairhurst",authors:[{id:"166474",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Fairhurst",slug:"charles-fairhurst",fullName:"Charles Fairhurst"}]},{id:"44661",title:"Quantitative Evaluation of Completion Techniques on Influencing Shale Fracture ‘Complexity’",slug:"quantitative-evaluation-of-completion-techniques-on-influencing-shale-fracture-complexity-",totalDownloads:3824,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"N. Nagel, F. Zhang, M. Sanchez-Nagel and B. Lee",authors:[{id:"167406",title:"Dr.",name:"Neal",middleName:null,surname:"Nagel",slug:"neal-nagel",fullName:"Neal Nagel"},{id:"167425",title:"Dr.",name:"Fengshou",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"fengshou-zhang",fullName:"Fengshou Zhang"},{id:"167426",title:"Dr.",name:"Marisela",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-Nagel",slug:"marisela-sanchez-nagel",fullName:"Marisela Sanchez-Nagel"},{id:"167427",title:"Dr.",name:"Byungtark",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"byungtark-lee",fullName:"Byungtark Lee"},{id:"168410",title:"Dr.",name:"Xavier",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"xavier-garcia",fullName:"Xavier Garcia"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"766",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11974,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"82936",title:"Soil Degradation Processes Linked to Long-Term Forest-Type Damage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106390",signatures:"Pavel Samec, Aleš Kučera and Gabriela Tomášová",slug:"soil-degradation-processes-linked-to-long-term-forest-type-damage",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"82777",title:"Sustainability and Social Investment: Community Microhydropower Systems in the Dominican Republic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105995",signatures:"Michela Izzo, Alberto Sánchez and Rafael Fonseca",slug:"sustainability-and-social-investment-community-microhydropower-systems-in-the-dominican-republic",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82387",title:"Kept Promises? The Evolution of the EU Financial Contribution to Climate Change",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105541",signatures:"Cecilia Camporeale, Roberto Del Ciello and Mario Jorizzo",slug:"kept-promises-the-evolution-of-the-eu-financial-contribution-to-climate-change",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Mario",surname:"Jorizzo"},{name:"Cecilia",surname:"Camporeale"},{name:"ROBERTO",surname:"DEL CIELLO"}],book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82524",title:"Italy’s Small Exporting Companies: Globalization and Sustainability Issues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105542",signatures:"Roberta Pace and Francesca Mandanici",slug:"italy-s-small-exporting-companies-globalization-and-sustainability-issues",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",slug:"food-systems-resilience",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Daniel S. Tevera, Luís F. Goulao and Lucas D. Tivana",hash:"ae9dd92f53433e4607f1db188dc649b4",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Food Systems Resilience",editors:[{id:"171036",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana I.",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro-Barros",slug:"ana-i.-ribeiro-barros",fullName:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171036/images/system/171036.jpg",biography:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Ph.D., is the director of the Tropical College, University of Lisbon (ULisboa). She obtained a Ph.D. in Plant Molecular Biology from Wageningen University, the Netherlands. She is also a senior researcher, head of the lab, and professor at the School of Agriculture, ULisboa, and an invited professor at Nova University Lisbon (NOVA), Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM), and Gorongosa National Park (GNP). She is a member of the Coordination and Scientific Committees of the doctoral program “Tropical Knowledge and Management” (NOVA), Master in Biotechnology (UEM), and Master in Conservation Biology (GNP); and a national expert for Food and Nutrition Security and Sustainable Agriculture - High-Level Policy Dialogue EU-Africa. Her research expertise and interests are centered on biodiversity, environmental sustainability, agro-ecological approaches, and food and nutritional security.",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82667",title:"Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105914",signatures:"Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini and Alessandro Guzzini",slug:"perspective-chapter-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-indirect-spreading-routes-and-possible-countermeasures",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82559",title:"Perspective Chapter: Bioinformatics Study of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105915",signatures:"Črtomir Podlipnik, Radostina Alexandrova, Sebastian Pleško, Urban Bren and Marko Jukič",slug:"perspective-chapter-bioinformatics-study-of-the-evolution-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82521",title:"Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105731",signatures:"Gordon Ogweno",slug:"challenges-in-platelet-functions-in-hiv-aids-management",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82701",title:"Pathology of Streptococcal Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105814",signatures:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",slug:"pathology-of-streptococcal-infections",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tsutsumi"}],book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82634",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105747",signatures:"Lebeza Alemu Tenaw",slug:"bacterial-sexually-transmitted-disease",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82552",title:"Perspective Chapter: SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years Post-Onset of the Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105913",signatures:"Adekunle Sanyaolu, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Chuku Okorie, Abdul Jan, Priyank Desai, Abu Fahad Abbasi, Jasmine Mangat, Zaheeda Hosein, Kareem Hamdy, Nafees Haider, Nasar Khan, Rochelle Annan, Olanrewaju Badaru, Ricardo Izurieta and Stella Smith",slug:"perspective-chapter-sars-cov-2-variants-two-years-post-onset-of-the-pandemic",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"344229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Padayachee",slug:"sankeshan-padayachee",fullName:"Sankeshan Padayachee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315727",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelebogile A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mothupi",slug:"kelebogile-a.-mothupi",fullName:"Kelebogile A. Mothupi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"337613",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tshakane",middleName:null,surname:"R.M.D. Ralephenya",slug:"tshakane-r.m.d.-ralephenya",fullName:"Tshakane R.M.D. Ralephenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"6",type:"subseries",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188219/images/system/188219.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Umm al-Qura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"214235",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:"S.",surname:"Zijenah",slug:"lynn-zijenah",fullName:"Lynn Zijenah",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEJGQA4/Profile_Picture_1636699126852",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zimbabwe",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",middleName:null,surname:"Okware",slug:"samuel-ikwaras-okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178641/images/system/178641.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uganda Christian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82735",title:"The Influence of Salivary pH on the Prevalence of Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106154",signatures:"Laura-Cristina Rusu, Alexandra Roi, Ciprian-Ioan Roi, Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu and Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean",slug:"the-influence-of-salivary-ph-on-the-prevalence-of-dental-caries",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:43,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. Natto",slug:"herbs-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:69,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80441",title:"Periodontitis and Heart Disease: Current Perspectives on the Associative Relationships and Preventive Impact",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102669",signatures:"Alexandra Roman, Andrada Soancă, Bogdan Caloian, Alexandru Bucur, Gabriela Valentina Caracostea, Andreia Paraschiva Preda, Dora Maria Popescu, Iulia Cristina Micu, Petra Șurlin, Andreea Ciurea, Diana Oneț, Mircea Viorel Ciurea, Dragoș Alexandru Țermure and Marius Negucioiu",slug:"periodontitis-and-heart-disease-current-perspectives-on-the-associative-relationships-and-preventive",totalDownloads:65,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79498",title:"Oral Aspects and Dental Management of Special Needs Patient",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101067",signatures:"Pinar Kiymet Karataban",slug:"oral-aspects-and-dental-management-of-special-needs-patient",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Pinar",surname:"Karataban"}],book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79699",title:"Metabolomics Distinction of Cigarette Smokers from Non-Smokers Using Non-Stationary Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Human Saliva",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101414",signatures:"Benita C. Percival, Angela Wann, Sophie Taylor, Mark Edgar, Miles Gibson and Martin Grootveld",slug:"metabolomics-distinction-of-cigarette-smokers-from-non-smokers-using-non-stationary-benchtop-nuclear",totalDownloads:56,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80295",title:"Preventive Methods and Treatments of White Spot Lesions in Orthodontics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102064",signatures:"Elif Nadide Akay",slug:"preventive-methods-and-treatments-of-white-spot-lesions-in-orthodontics",totalDownloads:87,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79876",title:"Management and Prevention Strategies for Treating Dentine Hypersensitivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101495",signatures:"David G. Gillam",slug:"management-and-prevention-strategies-for-treating-dentine-hypersensitivity",totalDownloads:93,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80020",title:"Alternative Denture Base Materials for Allergic Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101956",signatures:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Laura-Cristina Rusu and Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu",slug:"alternative-denture-base-materials-for-allergic-patients",totalDownloads:191,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79297",title:"Oral Health and Prevention in Older Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101043",signatures:"Irma Fabiola Díaz-García, Dinorah Munira Hernández-Santos, Julio Alberto Díaz-Ramos and Neyda Ma. Mendoza-Ruvalcaba",slug:"oral-health-and-prevention-in-older-adults",totalDownloads:112,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79903",title:"Molecular Docking of Phytochemicals against Streptococcus mutans Virulence Targets: A Proteomic Insight into Drug Planning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101506",signatures:"Diego Romário da Silva, Tahyná Duda Deps, Otavio Akira Souza Sakaguchi, Edja Maria Melo de Brito Costa, Carlus Alberto Oliveira dos Santos, Joanilda Paolla Raimundo e Silva, Bruna Dantas da Silva, Frederico Favaro Ribeiro, Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça-Júnior and Andréa Cristina Barbosa da Silva",slug:"molecular-docking-of-phytochemicals-against-em-streptococcus-mutans-em-virulence-targets-a-proteomic",totalDownloads:114,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79754",title:"Evaluation of Trans-Resveratrol as a Treatment for Periodontitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101477",signatures:"Tracey Lynn Harney",slug:"evaluation-of-trans-resveratrol-as-a-treatment-for-periodontitis",totalDownloads:110,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79515",title:"White Spot Lesions and Remineralization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101372",signatures:"Monisha Khatri, Shreya Kishore, S. Nagarathinam, Suvetha Siva and Vanita Barai",slug:"white-spot-lesions-and-remineralization",totalDownloads:79,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Biomedical Engineering",id:"7"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/6850",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"6850"},fullPath:"/chapters/6850",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()