\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9246",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Satellites Missions and Technologies for Geosciences",title:"Satellites Missions and Technologies for Geosciences",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Being a vital modern technology, satellite systems for navigation, telecommunication, and geosciences have developed rapidly in the last 25 years. Modern satellite technologies have become a base of our civilization and support our day-to-day activity in both practice and geosciences. This book is devoted to GNSS-remote sensing for ionosphere research, modeling and mitigation techniques to diminish the ionosphere and multipath impacts on GNSS, and survey of the modern satellite missions and technologies. We hope that the experts’ opinions presented in the book will be interesting for the research community and students in the area of satellites and space missions as well as in engineering and geoscience research.",isbn:"978-1-78985-996-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-995-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-301-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83246",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"satellites-missions-and-technologies-for-geosciences",numberOfPages:182,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f23d04613b089dae40f81342c3e7c7f4",bookSignature:"Vladislav Demyanov and Jonathan Becedas",publishedDate:"July 22nd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9246.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8144,numberOfWosCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitations:28,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:48,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:84,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 19th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 23rd 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 22nd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 10th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 10th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"154597",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Demyanov",slug:"vladislav-demyanov",fullName:"Vladislav Demyanov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/154597/images/system/154597.jpeg",biography:"Professor Vladislav Demyanov graduated from Irkutsk Military Aviation Engineering Institute as an electronic engineer in 1993, received his PhD in radio-wave physics from Irkutsk State University in 2000 and his doctorate of science degree in Engineering from Siberian Federal University (Krasnoyarsk, Russia) in 2011. \nHe has been working for the Institute of Solar and Terrestrial Physics and for Irkutsk State Transport University as a senior researcher and as a Professor. As an expert in his field, he is a member of the Radio-engineering Science Council of Siberian Federal University and a Head of State Examination Commission of Moscow State Aviation University.\nHis research interests are: ionosphere scintillation research, science education, navigation solutions for transport, and space weather impacts on GNSS.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"213157",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Becedas",slug:"jonathan-becedas",fullName:"Jonathan Becedas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213157/images/system/213157.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Jonathan Becedas is an Electrical Engineer and Industrial Engineer who graduated with honors. He holds a Master in Research and a PhD in Mechatronics from the University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Spain. He is the author of nearly 100 fully refereed scientific papers and has participated in over 20 competitive research projects, many of them for NASA, ESA, and the European Commission. He held a position of Researcher and Associate Professor at the University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) from 2002 until 2009 and was a Research Associate at the University of Leicester (United Kingdom) from 2009 until 2011. He was Head of the Robotics Department in Ixion Industry and Aerospace from 2011 until 2013. In that year he joined Elecnor Deimos Satellite Systems as Research Manager. He is currently R&D Manager and Head of the Projects Department in Elecnor Deimos Satellite Systems, where he coordinates R&D projects and satellite missions.",institutionString:"Elecnor Deimos Satellite Systems",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"637",title:"Spatial Analysis",slug:"spatial-analysis"}],chapters:[{id:"70189",title:"GNSS High-Rate Data and the Efficiency of Ionospheric Scintillation Indices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90078",slug:"gnss-high-rate-data-and-the-efficiency-of-ionospheric-scintillation-indices",totalDownloads:745,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The work discusses the efficiency of different ionospheric scintillation indices. The new index D2fi based on the GNSS carrier phase observable was introduced. We analyze the accuracy of the phase measurements, in particular its dependence on the GNSS equipment thermal noises, multipath and external noises, and presettings of Phase Lock Loop and Code Delay Discriminator. The performance of DROTI, S4, σφ, and D2fi was considered for the case of high-rate data. The “sensitivity” and reliability of each index differs significantly and depends on the time resolution of the carrier phase data. The new index D2fi advantages are that it is easily derived and has a clear dependence on GNSS hardware and software features. D2fi was proven to be a useful tool to detect the small-scale ionospheric disturbances based on high-rate GPS carrier phase measurements.",signatures:"Vladislav V. Demyanov, Maria A. Sergeeva and Anna S. Yasyukevich",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70189",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70189",authors:[{id:"154597",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladislav",surname:"Demyanov",slug:"vladislav-demyanov",fullName:"Vladislav Demyanov"},{id:"299487",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Sergeeva",slug:"maria-sergeeva",fullName:"Maria Sergeeva"},{id:"307343",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Yasyukevich",slug:"anna-yasyukevich",fullName:"Anna Yasyukevich"}],corrections:null},{id:"68567",title:"The Influence of the Lower Ionospheric Disturbances on the Operating Conditions of Navigation Satellite Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88552",slug:"the-influence-of-the-lower-ionospheric-disturbances-on-the-operating-conditions-of-navigation-satell",totalDownloads:746,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The study of the impact of ionospheric disturbances on the conditions of functioning of satellite communication and navigation systems and the development of methods to reduce this effect requires the development of methods for evaluating the parameters of ionospheric disturbances and their spatial and temporal distribution. Studies show that electron concentration disturbances, which can have a significant impact on the functioning of transionospheric radio channels, can occur both in the upper and lower ionosphere. At the same time, the methods of studying the dynamics of ionospheric disturbances in the lower ionosphere are not enough developed, and the interrelation of the lower and upper perturbations of the ionosphere is insufficiently studied. The aim of the work is an experimental study of disturbances of the upper and lower ionosphere in order to clarify the mechanisms of their relationship and study the spatiotemporal distribution of mid-latitude disturbances. The results obtained show that the contribution of the electron density disturbances in the D region to the total electron content of the ionosphere can be significant and considerably depends on the type of heliogeophysical processes.",signatures:"Boris Gavrilov, Yuriy Poklad and Iliya Ryakhovskiy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68567",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68567",authors:[{id:"300632",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",surname:"Gavrilov",slug:"boris-gavrilov",fullName:"Boris Gavrilov"},{id:"301271",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuriy",surname:"Poklad",slug:"yuriy-poklad",fullName:"Yuriy Poklad"},{id:"301272",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilya",surname:"Ryakhovskiy",slug:"ilya-ryakhovskiy",fullName:"Ilya Ryakhovskiy"}],corrections:null},{id:"70213",title:"Real-Time Monitoring of Ionospheric Irregularities and TEC Perturbations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90036",slug:"real-time-monitoring-of-ionospheric-irregularities-and-tec-perturbations",totalDownloads:876,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The ionosphere is a part of the upper atmosphere that is a threat to GNSS and satellite telecommunication systems. In this chapter, we will dive into the GNSS real-time monitoring of ionospheric irregularities and TEC perturbations, with a focus on the detection of small- and medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) for natural hazard applications. We will describe the Variometric Approach for Real-Time Ionosphere Observation (VARION) algorithm, which is capable of estimating TEC variations in real time, and it was used to detect tsunami-induced TIDs. In particular, the analytical and physical implications of applying the VARION algorithm both to GNSS dual-frequency MEO (medium Earth orbit) and GEO (geostationary orbit) satellites will be provided, thus highlighting its relevance for natural hazard early warning systems and real-time monitoring of ionospheric irregularities.",signatures:"Giorgio Savastano and Michela Ravanelli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70213",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70213",authors:[{id:"303941",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgio",surname:"Savastano",slug:"giorgio-savastano",fullName:"Giorgio Savastano"},{id:"303943",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Michela",surname:"Ravanelli",slug:"michela-ravanelli",fullName:"Michela Ravanelli"}],corrections:null},{id:"72133",title:"GPS Signal Multipath Error Mitigation Technique",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92295",slug:"gps-signal-multipath-error-mitigation-technique",totalDownloads:631,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The performance of GPS receiver depends on the accuracy of the range measurements. The predominant errors in range measurements are due to propagation path delays, making the measured range longer than it would be, if the signal has not reflected or refracted while propagating. In this chapter, an algorithm is proposed to mitigate the multipath error on the pseudorange measured from L1 carrier frequency. The error is estimated considering the linear combination of the GPS measurements and carrier frequencies of L band, viz. L1 and L2. This algorithm exploits the random nature of the multipath error and it avoids complex calculations involving sensitive parameter like reflection coefficient of the nearby reflectors. The multipath error is mitigated for standalone GPS receiver located in Indian subcontinent. Implementation of the algorithm shows pseudorange error due to multipath varied from 7 to 52 m, where the signals of low elevation satellites are most affected. GPS receiver position is calculated by considering multipath error corrected pseudoranges of all the visible satellites. This resulted in maximum error reduction of 30 m in receiver position estimates. This mitigation technique will be useful in selecting the site for GPS receiving antenna, where reflection coefficients are difficult to measure.",signatures:"Bharati Bidikar, Babji Prasad Chapa, Mogadala Vinod Kumar and Gottapu Sasibhushana Rao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72133",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72133",authors:[{id:"227785",title:"Dr.",name:"Bharati",surname:"Bidikar",slug:"bharati-bidikar",fullName:"Bharati Bidikar"},{id:"227794",title:"Prof.",name:"Gottapu",surname:"Sasibhushana Rao",slug:"gottapu-sasibhushana-rao",fullName:"Gottapu Sasibhushana Rao"},{id:"312020",title:"Mr.",name:"Babji Prasad",surname:"Chapa",slug:"babji-prasad-chapa",fullName:"Babji Prasad Chapa"},{id:"320171",title:"Dr.",name:"Mogadala Vinod",surname:"Kumar",slug:"mogadala-vinod-kumar",fullName:"Mogadala Vinod Kumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"70180",title:"The Impact of Space Radiation Environment on Satellites Operation in Near-Earth Space",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90115",slug:"the-impact-of-space-radiation-environment-on-satellites-operation-in-near-earth-space",totalDownloads:1261,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Energetic particles and electromagnetic radiation (EM) from solar events and galactic cosmic rays can bombard and interact with satellites’ exposed surfaces, and sometimes possess enough energy to penetrate their surface. Among other known effects, the scenario can cause accelerated orbit decay due to atmospheric drag, sporadic and unexplainable errors in functions of sensitive parts, degradation of critical properties of structural materials, jeopardy of flight worthiness, transient and terminal health hazard to both onboard passengers and astronauts, and sometimes a catastrophic failure that can abruptly end satellite mission. The understanding of the dynamics of the space radiation environment and associated effects is critically important for satellites design and operation in ionospheric plasma environment, in which satellites are designed to function. In this chapter we review some satellite anomalies associated with the space radiation environment and conclude with mitigation effort that can reduce such impact.",signatures:"Victor U. J. Nwankwo, Nnamdi N. Jibiri and Michael T. Kio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70180",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70180",authors:[{id:"94563",title:"Dr.",name:"Nnamdi",surname:"Jibiri",slug:"nnamdi-jibiri",fullName:"Nnamdi Jibiri"},{id:"300878",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",surname:"Nwankwo",slug:"victor-nwankwo",fullName:"Victor Nwankwo"},{id:"310318",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Kio",slug:"michael-kio",fullName:"Michael Kio"}],corrections:null},{id:"69333",title:"Ionospheric Scintillation Modeling Needs and Tricks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88313",slug:"ionospheric-scintillation-modeling-needs-and-tricks",totalDownloads:469,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The wavelength of the radio-wave satellite signal is of the order of the minimal small-scale ionospheric irregularities (i.e., a few centimeters). As the satellite signal passes through the ionosphere, its interaction with the ionospheric irregularity structures causes refraction, reflection, and polarization in the satellite signal. Ionospheric irregularities degrade the trans-ionospheric radio-wave signal quality, between the satellite and the receivers, due to scintillation. The physics-based model often fails to produce global morphology during the extreme solar events, whereas empirical models based on the ionospheric scintillation data demonstrate better quality to forecast the scintillation effects during extreme solar event. It is really tricky to make a scintillation model that is sensitive to low and high solar activities as well as extreme solar events simultaneously. In the presented book chapter, we will discuss/review the needs and tricks of modeling ionospheric scintillation during extreme solar events as well as all weather and latitudinal cases. There are several aspects that influence the scintillation occurrence, its strength, and global distribution. The latitudinal dependence, local weather, solar/geomagnetic activity conditions, and local times are the widely accepted factors that control and influence ionospheric scintillation most. This book chapter discusses all these aspects and also suggests the ways to cast aside those factors that led to the wrong measure of scintillation indices.",signatures:"Shishir Priyadarshi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69333",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69333",authors:[{id:"301174",title:"Dr.",name:"Shishir",surname:"Priyadarshi",slug:"shishir-priyadarshi",fullName:"Shishir Priyadarshi"}],corrections:null},{id:"70862",title:"Earth Observation Technologies: Low-End-Market Disruptive Innovation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90923",slug:"earth-observation-technologies-low-end-market-disruptive-innovation",totalDownloads:836,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"After decades of traditional space businesses, the space paradigm is changing. New approaches to more efficient missions in terms of costs, design, and manufacturing processes are fostered. For instance, placing big constellations of micro- and nano-satellites in Low Earth Orbit and Very Low Earth Orbit (LEO and VLEO) enables the space community to obtain a huge amount of data in near real-time with an unprecedented temporal resolution. Beyond technology innovations, other drivers promote innovation in the space sector like the increasing demand for Earth Observation (EO) data by the commercial sector. Perez et al. stated that the EO industry is the second market in terms of operative satellites (661 units), micro- and nano-satellites being the higher share of them (61%). Technological and market drivers encourage the emergence of new start-ups in the space environment like Skybox, OneWeb, Telesat, Planet, and OpenCosmos, among others, with novel business models that change the accessibility, affordability, ownership, and commercialization of space products and services. This chapter shows some results of the H2020 DISCOVERER (DISruptive teChnOlogies for VERy low Earth oRbit platforms) Project and focuses on understanding how micro- and nano-satellites have been disrupting the EO market in front of traditional platforms.",signatures:"Silvia Rodriguez-Donaire, Miquel Sureda, Daniel Garcia-Almiñana, Eloi Sierra, Jose S. Perez, Peter C.E. Roberts, Jonathan Becedas, Georg H. Herdrich, Dhiren Kataria, Ronald Outlaw, Leonardo Ghizoni, Rachel Villain, Alexis Conte, Badia Belkouchi, Kate Smith, Steve Edmondson, Sarah Haigh, Nicholas H. Crisp, Vitor T.A. Oiko, Rachel E. Lyons, Stephen D. Worral, Sabrina Livadiotti, Claire Huyton, Luciana A. Sinpetru, Rosa M. Domínguez, David González, Francesco Romano, Yung-An Chan, Adam Boxberger, Stefanos Fasoulas, Constantin Traub, Victor Jungnell, Kristian Bay, Jonas Morsbøl, Ameli Schwalber and Barbara Heißerer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70862",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70862",authors:[{id:"213157",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Becedas",slug:"jonathan-becedas",fullName:"Jonathan Becedas"},{id:"29453",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",surname:"Rodriguez-Donaire",slug:"silvia-rodriguez-donaire",fullName:"Silvia Rodriguez-Donaire"},{id:"43527",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Garcia-Almiñana",slug:"daniel-garcia-alminana",fullName:"Daniel Garcia-Almiñana"},{id:"213159",title:"MSc.",name:"David",surname:"González",slug:"david-gonzalez",fullName:"David González"},{id:"300754",title:"Dr.",name:"Miquel",surname:"Sureda",slug:"miquel-sureda",fullName:"Miquel Sureda"},{id:"300755",title:"Mr.",name:"Santiago",surname:"Perez",slug:"santiago-perez",fullName:"Santiago Perez"},{id:"301368",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Eloi",surname:"Sierra Salvadó",slug:"eloi-sierra-salvado",fullName:"Eloi Sierra Salvadó"},{id:"307268",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Roberts",slug:"peter-roberts",fullName:"Peter Roberts"},{id:"307269",title:"Dr.",name:"Georg",surname:"Herdrich",slug:"georg-herdrich",fullName:"Georg Herdrich"},{id:"307270",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhiren",surname:"Kataria",slug:"dhiren-kataria",fullName:"Dhiren Kataria"},{id:"307271",title:"Mr.",name:"Leonardo",surname:"Ghizoni",slug:"leonardo-ghizoni",fullName:"Leonardo Ghizoni"},{id:"307272",title:"Mr.",name:"Rachel",surname:"Villain",slug:"rachel-villain",fullName:"Rachel Villain"},{id:"307273",title:"Ms.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Heißerer",slug:"barbara-heisserer",fullName:"Barbara Heißerer"},{id:"307274",title:"Ms.",name:"Ameli",surname:"Schwalber",slug:"ameli-schwalber",fullName:"Ameli Schwalber"},{id:"307275",title:"Mr.",name:"Jonas",surname:"Morsbøl",slug:"jonas-morsbol",fullName:"Jonas Morsbøl"},{id:"307276",title:"Mr.",name:"Kristian",surname:"Bay",slug:"kristian-bay",fullName:"Kristian Bay"},{id:"307277",title:"Mr.",name:"Victor",surname:"Jungnell",slug:"victor-jungnell",fullName:"Victor Jungnell"},{id:"307278",title:"Dr.",name:"Constantin",surname:"Traub",slug:"constantin-traub",fullName:"Constantin Traub"},{id:"307279",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefanos",surname:"Fasoulas",slug:"stefanos-fasoulas",fullName:"Stefanos Fasoulas"},{id:"307281",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",surname:"Boxberger",slug:"adam-boxberger",fullName:"Adam Boxberger"},{id:"307283",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Romano",slug:"francesco-romano",fullName:"Francesco Romano"},{id:"307285",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",surname:"Crisp",slug:"nicholas-crisp",fullName:"Nicholas Crisp"},{id:"307286",title:"Dr.",name:"Vitor",surname:"Oiko",slug:"vitor-oiko",fullName:"Vitor Oiko"},{id:"307415",title:"Mr.",name:"Alexis",surname:"Conte",slug:"alexis-conte",fullName:"Alexis Conte"},{id:"307417",title:"Ms.",name:"Badia",surname:"Belkouchi",slug:"badia-belkouchi",fullName:"Badia Belkouchi"},{id:"307419",title:"Dr.",name:"Steve",surname:"Edmondson",slug:"steve-edmondson",fullName:"Steve Edmondson"},{id:"307420",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",surname:"Haigh",slug:"sarah-haigh",fullName:"Sarah Haigh"},{id:"307421",title:"Ms.",name:"Kate",surname:"Smith",slug:"kate-smith",fullName:"Kate Smith"},{id:"307422",title:"Ms.",name:"Rachel",surname:"Lyons",slug:"rachel-lyons",fullName:"Rachel Lyons"},{id:"307423",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",surname:"Worrall",slug:"stephen-worrall",fullName:"Stephen Worrall"},{id:"307424",title:"Ms.",name:"Sabrina",surname:"Livadiotti",slug:"sabrina-livadiotti",fullName:"Sabrina Livadiotti"},{id:"307425",title:"Ms.",name:"Claire",surname:"Huyton",slug:"claire-huyton",fullName:"Claire Huyton"},{id:"307426",title:"Ms.",name:"Luciana",surname:"Sinpetru",slug:"luciana-sinpetru",fullName:"Luciana Sinpetru"},{id:"307428",title:"Ms.",name:"Rosa María",surname:"Domínguez",slug:"rosa-maria-dominguez",fullName:"Rosa María Domínguez"},{id:"307430",title:"Dr.",name:"Yung-An",surname:"Chan",slug:"yung-an-chan",fullName:"Yung-An Chan"},{id:"307431",title:"Mr.",name:"Ron",surname:"Outlaw",slug:"ron-outlaw",fullName:"Ron Outlaw"}],corrections:null},{id:"72354",title:"A Survey on Small Satellite Technologies and Space Missions for Geodetic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92625",slug:"a-survey-on-small-satellite-technologies-and-space-missions-for-geodetic-applications",totalDownloads:923,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Advances in microelectronics, materials, combined with affordable and frequent launch opportunities has led to a revolution which consists of small satellite missions used for technology validation, Earth observation, space exploration. Small satellites are now being developed in large volumes for mega-constellations for Earth observation, Internet of Things (IoT) and low latency communications (internet) thus democratizing space and making new space applications a reality. Advances in small satellite platforms, miniaturization of instruments and the availability of low-cost launches for small satellites, can enable new, geodetic missions which can benefit from the use of constellations of small satellites. An overview of some of the most important small satellite based geodetic missions is presented, along with a brief overview of new mission concepts which can significantly enhance our knowledge in the geodetic field.",signatures:"Vaios Lappas and Vassilis Kostopoulos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72354",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72354",authors:[{id:"276932",title:"Dr.",name:"Vassilis",surname:"Kostopoulos",slug:"vassilis-kostopoulos",fullName:"Vassilis Kostopoulos"},{id:"312076",title:"Prof.",name:"Vaios",surname:"Lappas",slug:"vaios-lappas",fullName:"Vaios Lappas"}],corrections:null},{id:"69962",title:"Nanosatellites and Applications to Commercial and Scientific Missions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90039",slug:"nanosatellites-and-applications-to-commercial-and-scientific-missions",totalDownloads:1660,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:19,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In the past two decades, a silent revolution has taken place in the space domain, leading to what today is known as “New Space.” We have passed from a selected group of countries, space agencies, and big industries building, launching, and operating satellites and other spacecrafts, of a scenario in which many universities and research institutes can do it. The key of this was the definition of the “CubeSat” standard, back to 1999. In 2013, it all took off on the commercial Earth Observation sector with the first launches from two companies that are now running 100+ CubeSat constellations for optical imaging or weather prediction, with very low revisit times. Today, the same revolution is taking place in the fields of Telecommunications, and Astronomical Scientific missions. In this chapter, the evolution of the space sector is briefly revised until the arrival of the CubeSats. Then, the CubeSat intrinsic limitations are discussed as they are key to understand the development and current situation of the CubeSat sector. NASA and ESA strategies are also presented. 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Internationally early childhood years are defined as the period from birth to 8 years and are regarded as the most important years in a child’s life. Research has indicated that period from birth to 8 years has a crucial impact on children’s overall development and learning. There is a rapid growth in the brain during this period and any stimulation provided at this stage rapidly promotes the growth of the brain. By the time a child reaches 3 years of age, the brain has tripled in size [1]. The structural changes in the brain take place faster during the first 8 years than at any other stage of one’s life. Synaptic connections are also made during the early years of a child’s life. The strength of these synaptic connections is determined by the early life experiences as they respond strongly to outside stimulation. Since development and learning are directly related to the number of these synaptic connections, early childhood becomes the crucial period to help build a strong foundation and promote development and learning in young children.
\nResearch evidence over decades also suggests that the experiences during the early years influence the overall health, behaviour and learning of an individual throughout his/her life. The Council for Early Child Development is a not-for-profit, charitable organization, founded in 2004 by Dr. Fraser Mustard and has worked on many research studies which advocate that the early childhood is the ‘period of opportunity’ and children’s experiences influence neural pathways for later development [2]. It is also suggested that the experiences young children have while their brain is developing will have an impact on their development and will remain with them for their entire lives [3]. Children’s experience during the early years set a critical foundation for their entire life-course [4]. Thus, early years are termed as the ‘critical period’ or ‘sensitive period’ which have an impact on the overall development of the child. The early childhood years are critical for the development of brain and its associated capacities like hearing, vision, numbers and language skills as well as social and emotional skills.
\nDevelopment of language and early learning capacities of children are inextricably linked. Interestingly the relationship between language, culture and identity are closely intertwined. Thus it is crucial to understand and have a common definition of emergent literacy for young. This term serves as a holistic package of language and literacy development in young children. This is especially with respect to biological, cognitive, social and emotional development among young children.
\n‘Emergent Literacy’ is a process of making an individual literate – that is positive reading and writing experiences by an individual in socially significant and personally meaningful ways. In addition to this, “emergent literacy” approach is characterized by looking at children “in the process of becoming literate” [5, 6]. Thus, it is significant for children to read books to have pleasure, co-read to make meanings, understand that print/script has association and directionality, writing and drawing can be used for expression and communication among others.
\nTo summarize, the ability to read and write in young children or ‘emergent literacy’ is understood to be interrelated and interconnected, developing mutually through everyday play and other activities conducted by children. It is through these activities, children understand that written words make sense and have a meaning. The concept of emergent literacy also appreciates that the understanding about reading and writing in young children develops much before they enter formal school. In fact, young children are already in the process of understanding and constructing their language skills through interactions with family members and friends. Research into young children’s spontaneous engagements with written language before school-going age led to many new insights about the literacy acquisition process.
\nResearch and related theories of child development and early learning suggest that early childhood from birth to 8 years is a critical period of development [7]. The foundation for future development and learning is laid down during this critical period from birth to 8 years, covering the pre-primary and early primary years.
\nThe crucial early years are known to be critical for early learning and positive educational outcomes in later years, especially related with language and literacy skills [8]. This chapter focuses to highlight the status of emergent literacy in India, discussing the significance of play in early years. This will provide an overview of diverse play opportunities available to young children in the Indian setting and the impact on their holistic development.
\nEarly childhood educational programs play a significant role in a child’s life as they provide appropriate stimulation to young children at a ‘critical’ stage of their life and help them develop their full potential. Early learning in the first 5–8 years of childhood has decisive consequences for academic performance in school, as well as overall welfare and performance at work [9]. The importance of the early childhood educational programs has been further advocated by the results and findings of various research studies. Recent research on cognitive development provides reinforcing evidence that early education is crucial in getting children off to a good start in life [10]. It is also reiterated that early childhood services, including preschools can have a major beneficial impact on young people’s lives and give meaning to the long espoused social aim of children attaining their full potential in life [11].
\nThe positive impact of early childhood education is observed on different outcomes in children, including increase in academic skills of the children. A longitudinal study reported that children enrolled in child care and preschool environments scored higher in reading, mathematics and fine motor assessment than children with no regular attendance in preschool or participation in early childhood programs [12]. Similarly, it is also reported that preschool has a positive net effect on English and Math scores [13].
\nIn addition to academic benefits, early childhood programs also have a positive impact on other early outcomes, as children who attend preschool or other early education programs have been reported to have enhanced cognitive, verbal, and social development, and these benefits are maintained into the first few years of school. Moreover, children who attend an early childhood educational program exhibited enhanced pro-social behaviour like cooperation, sharing among peers and displayed less antisocial traits like delinquency. Findings from various research studies also report a positive impact of early childhood educational programs on cognitive, non-cognitive skills, school achievement, job performance and social behaviors and leads to lower juvenile delinquency and arrests [8].
\nMany economists have also reported that investing in early childhood programs has economic benefits in addition to the benefits to the individual. Investing in programs that provide education for young children also produces large economic returns. Every $1 invested in services to help families with young children, between $4 and $7 was saved on child protection, health, education and justice system [14]. It is further elaborated that interventions at an early age have positive long-term benefits for the child and are also more cost-effective than interventions at a later age [15].
\nHowever, the quality of early childhood education is an important factor and influences the impact of an early educational program on children’s learning and development. Various research findings have supported this statement. Two longitudinal studies, the Perry Preschool Project and the Abecedarian project have yielded sound empirical evidence and reported that high-quality early childhood programs have significant positive benefits for both the children and society in general. Similarly, the publication of The Effective Provision of Preschool Education (EPPE) research findings have provided robust evidence that the provision of high quality early childhood education make a significant difference to the learning outcomes of young children [13]. This report on EPPE Project also stated that there is no single factor that determines preschool attainment but good quality early learning provision is important. Similarly other researchers and studies also reported that programs that provide high quality to children are more likely to provide long lasting benefits to the young children attending these programs. High quality programs are especially beneficial for children at risk and belonging to disadvantaged sections of the society. Evidence for the influence of high-quality, comprehensive preschool experiences to mitigate the negative effects of risk on disadvantaged children’s emerging academic, social and self-regulatory competencies are reported by many studies. Moreover, high quality programs have also been reported to have a positive impact on overall development of children.
\nEmergent literacy is a term used to describe early reading and writing development among young children. It refers to children acquiring some language, reading and writing skills before formally entering the primary school. It includes listening, speaking, reading, writing and thinking. Literacy development does not begin upon entering a formal primary school, but it begins early in life and is an ongoing process. Emergent literacy is influenced in the context of home, with family members and peers. It is also viewed as the reading and writing behaviour that precedes and eventually develops into conventional literacy. It is thus, important to understand the sequence of changes and development that occur in young children.
\nThe sequence of changes that occur in children’s physical, motor, language, cognitive and socio-emotional skills are referred to as growth and development among children. These changes occur from birth and continue till the children reach adolescence stage. Children’s holistic growth and overall development is often observed through their enhanced skills in the five domains of development mentioned above. Cognitive abilities include abilities of children to learn and problem solving, while socio-emotional abilities involve skills of interacting with others and mastering self-control. Language abilities include understanding and use of language for communicating with others. Physical skills include fine motor skills and gross motor skills.
\nPlay has a major influence in developing the abilities and skills of children. It is argued, however, that free-flow play is at the centre of humanity across all parts of the world and within ancient civilizations [16].
\nAccording to popular beliefs, play is a concrete, manipulative, fun, hands-on, and creative activity. Play provides open-ended, self-discovery and theme-based teaching for children’s learning and development. Varied play activities and opportunities lead to better physical, language, cognitive and socio-emotional skills among young children. As children engage in play activities, they tend to use language skills to communicate among each other, develop strategies to play and win, learn social skills to cooperate and share among friends. Thus, group play activities are especially relevant for enhancing overall development of children. Individual play activities are also equally important for overall development of young children.
\nAll aspects of development and learning are thus influenced by play. Children are intrinsically motivated to engage in play activities even when they are very young. A 3-month old child loves to look at familiar face and smiles on recognizing the mother and enjoys participating in vocal exchange with the mother. An 8 month old child eagerly looks forward to playful exchanges with an older sibling and takes interests in games like peak-a-boo or hiding of objects. As children grow, their play grows in complexity and becomes more cognitively and socially demanding. Through play children learn to explore and discover, use their understanding to play imaginatively, express their emotions and inner feelings.
\nPlay also helps young children in development of abstract thought by understanding the use of symbols as forms of representation. Play is also a beautiful medium for young children to understand and develop a sense of who they are, learn social skills of sharing, turn-taking and negotiation and deal with conflict with friends and family and learn to negotiate and solve problems. Play also helps children to cope with emotional loss and come to terms with any traumatic experiences.
\nA few important features of play that describe in more detail how children behave, and learn while playing have also been outlined. Children use the first-hand experiences from life in their play [17]. They make up the rules as they play and make play props. Children choose to participate in play on their own; they cannot be made to play. Children also rehearse the future in their role-play and pretend play. Children play alone sometimes, or they may play with adults or other children.
\nChildren playing get deeply involved while playing and it is often difficult to distract them from their deep learning. Children try out their earlier learning, skills and competencies when they play. Also children at play coordinate their ideas, feelings and make sense of their relationships with their family, friends and culture.
\nBased on the experiences as an early childhood educator and conducting observations in pre-primary and primary classrooms, the following play and learning activities were observed as helpful in developing and promoting emergent literacy among young children:
Activities which encourage children to speak in the classrooms like show-n-tell, individual recitations, group recitations.
Theme based, short-term, coordinated planning of play activities. The curriculum and activities to be conducted need to be planned keeping in mind theme-based planning and provide children with opportunities or experiences that integrate language and literacy activities.
Efforts to integrate language and literacy activities during free play of children.
Opportunities for listening to music or musical instruments in all classrooms. Planned musical classes for children should be included in the curriculum. Children need to be exposed to different musical instruments.
Fun activities that help children experiment with reading and writing need to be planned and organized. These also help children to experiment with different writing materials.
Reading a variety of story books also helps children to become aware of different writing styles.
Writing has a communicative purpose; thus writing can be more meaningful when children write letters to their grandparents or friends make a list, make birthday invites and so on.
Children need to be encouraged to participate in discussions and sharing their views.
Teachers also need to provide opportunities to learn from peers. Creating learning corners, providing access to a variety of books and other literacy objects helps children in expressing themselves, thinking and sharing with their friends. Thus, more opportunities for collaborative learning can be provided by providing the appropriate classroom materials and planning such activities in the curriculum for the children.
In addition, traditional play activities in the Indian context are also useful in promoting emergent literacy among young children.
\nSeveral researches and innovative early childhood care and education programs have recognized that children learn best through play and learning by doing. Children in the younger age group are naturally curious and exploratory in nature. They want to discover their immediate world using their senses and physical attributes. Many researchers in the field of child development have noticed children in constant interaction with their environment, and they want to touch, feel and experience everything they see. All that matters to children is to play and enjoy with everything they come across. Furthermore children learn by doing, by being the active participants in the learning process. Although play promotes growth and development among children, children do not engage in different play activities for these outcomes. Rather play among children is self-initiated and is often described as being natural, spontaneous, enjoyable and is a reward in itself.
\nOne of the most common elements of childhood across cultures is play. Considering the diversity in India, it is utmost important to understand the diverse play opportunities available to young children in the Indian setting.
\nMoreover, exploring the relationship of play and cultural diversity is important for following reasons. First, a rapidly growing enrollment of young children from culturally diverse backgrounds is entering schools; this is significant in most urban cities where the migration is denser.
\nSecond, play is a way for children to learn about the world around them. They not only learn about themselves but also about diversity in principles, ideologies etc. among other people. And finally, play can encourage positive bonding and relationships among children with diverse cultural settings and enhance a positive awareness of individual differences as well. Playing traditional games enhances friendships or health but it is deeply connected towards making children prepared for the journey called life.
\nImparting cultural beliefs & values to young children is a way to orient young minds about their tradition in every society. There is also another thought that stresses upon the cultural influence on children and that it can come from many sources including the family, neighborhoods, child care and education centers, and the media. Play in early years also helps in developing a sense of pride and understanding of people in various cultures from the very beginning. Play is one of the mostly adapted techniques used with children to help them know and understand about their culture, practices, norms, customs, and values. It is also indicated that many traditional games with specific rules, provide a great means of communicating social norms of a society and form an integral part of that culture [18]. These games and their rules help in integration and solidarity among group members while providing aspects for segregation from other group members. Moreover, the types of play organized by children and play materials used are associated with their culture, for example,
This aspect is also enumerated in book on the history of toys [19]. The book describes that although some play materials such as toy animals or balls appear to be common among children everywhere, often toys and play materials mirror the culture in which children live. The author describes that at times children’s play material might have religious significance, while at other times they may be related to skills of the adults in the community. The author also gives the example of Eskimos and how they made toys with ivory as ivory was easily available. Similarly people living near sea often made toy boats.
\nSimilarly in India the play material available for children from different regions of the country depends on the locally available material to them. In Odisha, an east Indian state, children play with toys made of jute materials, while children living in the remotest village of Nandubar in Maharashtra, a west Indian state, have toys made out of wooden twigs, sticks etc.
\nChildren can connect with their heritage through traditional games and this has a deep lifelong positive impact on their learning. Early childhood researchers and practitioners have been actively discussing the importance of play in the lives of young children and guiding ECE educators through different sources about the use of play and traditional games, stories & lullabies as a means of promoting cultural awareness.
\nChildren have been observed to play in diverse settings. Regardless of city, suburban, or rural settings, throughout the world, children play. If they grow up in an agrarian economy and accompany their mothers into the fields, they find ways to play within that environment, and there are reports that mothers who work in such settings also find ways to make the time with their children pass in playful ways [20]. Children play whether they live in rural or urban settings; belong to rich or poor families. One of the most common essentials of childhood across cultures is play.
\nChildren’s play is influenced by cultural backgrounds and it is imperative to recognize the importance of cultural influences on children’s play. It is also important for early childhood educators to recognize the importance of play in the lives of young children in order to make use of play as a means of promoting cultural awareness.
\nIt is important to understand the relationship of play and cultural diversity as a large population of young children belonging to culturally diverse backgrounds are entering early educational setups. It is through play that children learn about the world around them and learn about their own and other cultural values. Play helps children understand and enhance a positive awareness of individual differences and cultural diversity of other children around them. Thus, play experiences provide an excellent way to teach children about differences among communities and negate any negative perceptions or stereotypes.
\nPlaying games has always been an exciting and the most loving part of growing up for us. Numerous times we fondly recollect the happiness experienced while playing childhood games. Most of us have definitely played traditional games when we were young, going to the terrace or outside on the streets or nearby park to play with our friends, was the most enjoyable part of our daily routine.
\nIndian traditional games like
Playing traditional games have always brought children together, encouraging teamwork and social interaction. Team games like
Children also have an immense love for stories and lullabies. Stories help in creating an enchanting and delightful world for young children and help them in learning nuances of life. Storytelling provides an inimitable way to understand, respect and appreciate one’s own as well as different cultures. This further helps in encouraging positive beliefs and attitudes towards diversity including people from different religion, communities, ethnicities and regions.
\nFolk-tales or folk-stories are constructed and told in captivating ways, and they carry huge entertainment prowess. Diversity exists in terms of stories considering the Indian setting and cultures they have. A common version of any story entails characters–human or animal–with the simple structure of a beginning, highlights, and conclusion. Often, these stories take shape of puzzles, with leading questions for children to express and solve it and further facilitates moral values among them. Almost all children are motivated by the suspense entailed in the stories, the characters and situations they are already familiar with. Children also learn to pay attention and to follow instructions, when the levels of stories extend from simple to complex. Moreover, many folk-tales, although essentially similar in situation, have been adapted in specific languages and therefore provide children with an opportunity to expand and learn their first language. Through the folk-tale activities, children use their short and long-term memory, exercise abstract thinking, and gain collective problem-solving skills [21]. Storytelling when narrated to children in various ways can Enhance intercultural understanding and communication among young children (Figure 1).
\nWhile listening to folktales and traditional lullabies, children participate actively, rather than listening passively. Children enjoy stories which are dramatic, vivid and involve situations that they have not heard about. Narrating stories and forming conversations around the characters and things in it, is the oldest form of imparting education about culture, family values and traditions. People around the world have always told tales as a way of passing down their cultural beliefs, traditions and history to future generations. We all have a story to tell and a drive to tell it.
\nStory telling by ‘Katha’ teacher.
In India, children generally go out and play with their friends or cousins on the streets or nearby parks. These street games have been played by previous generations as children. Parents or grandparents often narrate stories and share their experiences of playing these games as young children. Some of these traditional games played through generations are described below:
‘Kanchas’ or playing with small stones or marbles was a caveman’s game (Figure 2).
The origin of Kancha can be marked out to the early days of mankind. Kancha also known as Goti is an Indian traditional game which is mostly played by children and is cherished and fondly remembered by people of all ages. Kanchas are absolute fun to play with. The objective of this game is to hit a few marbles on the ground with your own marbles using a particular technique. Whoever is successful in hitting the targets takes the marbles of all other players and is the winner.
‘Gilli Danda’ another traditional cricket-like game played on the Indian streets and villages (Figure 3).
Boys playing
It is believed to be more than a thousand years old – dating back to the Mauryan Dynasty [22]. Gilli danda is known by various other names as well: like Tipcat in English, Lappa-Duggi in Pashto, Kon ko in Cambodian, Pathel Lele in Indonesian, Celikçomak in Turkish, Ciang sat in Zomi language, Đánh Trỏng in Vietnam and Quimbumbia in Cuba so on so forth. Gilli danda is played using two small wooden sticks which can either be prepared at home or with the help of the carpenter. While gilli is small, about 3 inches in length, the danda is 2 feet long with tapering ends, serving as a bat. The game is usually played in teams making a metre diameter circle on the ground and an oval shaped hole is dug in the centre of the circle and the Gilli is placed across the hole. The games allow the players to develop exceptionally good hand-eye coordination, ability to catch and strong wrists.
Kho kho is a traditional game that originated in Maharashtra one of the Indian western state (Figure 4).
Children playing
This game is played widely on Indian streets and on special sports events like children’s sports day in schools. The game hosts two teams, each containing 12 members, out of which 9 play at a time. The purpose of the game is to tag all the opponents in the team and the team with the shortest time to do so, wins. The game is one of the most popular sports in India and is enthusiastically played among children and adults alike. Besides the obvious health benefits, the game helps to propel sportsman spirit and camaraderie among the players. Since the game involves running, good for cardiovascular system. Hence, a kho kho game can help with a plethora of things.
A popular playground game ‘hopscotch’ in which players toss a small object into numbered spaces of a pattern of rectangles outlined on the ground and then hop or jump through the spaces to retrieve the object (Figure 5).
A popular playground game of Hopscotch.
This popular game is also played in other countries and is loved by all. In India it is called Stapu (Hindi), Nondi (Tamil), in Spain and some Latin American countries, it is rayuela, although it may also be known as golosa or charranca.
‘Ludo’, one of the most played indoor board game of India (Figure 6).
A board game—‘
This board game is an effective tool to develop child’s numeracy skills and positional language. Ludo is a great platform to reinforce the pre-number concept (counting, colors, and shapes) among young children. And just like any other game, the benefits of playing Ludo go beyond learning math.
\nThe benefits of the game include sharpening the concentration and enhancing the presence of mind. They also ensure the improvement in the focus and dedication of the child, this allows children to work on their eye-hand coordination, judgment skills, calculation as well. These games improve the concentration power of the player and further enhance their focus.
\nFascinatingly one can observe the expansion in child’s interactions with friends and at the same time attaining gross motor and physical strength [23]. Children also obtain better understanding of numbers and number related concepts like counting, sequencing, addition and subtraction. By grouping, regrouping, adding and reducing pebbles, children learn to do skip count of two, three, and four and so on and thus eventually learn multiplication tables. Thus, for early childhood practitioners working with young children and promoting developmentally appropriate practices, play becomes an important vehicle for advancing children’s social, emotional and cognitive development and also helps in promoting numeracy and emergent literacy skills [24].
\nCVD is one of the most common causes of death in the world [1]. Some disorders such as HTN, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis and inflammatory disorders can increase the risk of CVD [2]. Among these disorders, HTN is one of the most common diseases imposed by modern lifestyle in terms of decreased physical activity and unbalanced lipid-rich diet [3].
It is estimated that around 30% of the world population will get involved with HTN by 2025 [4]. HTN gradually develops without notice, hence possibly aggravating such fatal diseases as CVD and chronic heart failure (CHF) [3]. There are several risk factors for HTN, such as family history, genetic and environmental factors [4]. The prevalence in females is dependent on age. In other words, prevalence of HTN in women >50 years old strongly increases. For instance, high blood pressure ratio in women compared with men increments from 0.6 to 0.7 at the age of 30 years old, reaching 1.1 to 1.2 at the age of 65 years old [5]. CVD risks augment throughout the blood pressure range, which begins at 115/75 mmHg. The blood pressure which is higher than 140/90 mmHg needs intervention [3].
Drugs decreasing blood pressure including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers (CCBs), α-blockers and diuretics dwindle the complications of HTN [6]. However, most patients suffer from enhanced adverse drug reactions even in common doses and medication costs because of needing ≥2 drugs to attain blood pressure goals (< 140/90 mmHg or <130/80 mmHg in DM or chronic kidney disease) [6]. Whilst chemical drugs are necessary for treating and dominating the cardiovascular risk factors mentioned in the previous lines, diet also plays an important role in modulating them.
The Mediterranean diet is one of the most supreme in the world in terms of preventing chronic illnesses, such as CVD [2, 7, 8]. The bulk of the Mediterranean diet originates from plant sources of which olive tree products are the quintessential ingredient [9].
Olive tree (Olea europaea) belongs to genus Olea of the Oleaceae family [10]. The parts used in olive tree are leaf, fruit and skin. In ancient times, people applied olive tree, particularly olive leaves to treat fever, gout, wounds, diabetes, atherosclerosis and HTN [3, 11]. As a matter of fact, the leaf of the olive tree has several beneficial effects on human health attributed, in part, to hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypoglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, and especially anti-hypertensive effects [1, 7, 12]. The uses of olive leaf for humans are abundant. However, our aim is to focus on the anti-hypertensive yield.
There are lots of animals and human trials conducted to inquire about the anti-hypertensive effect of OLE. The animal studies are mostly conducted on rats. In 2002, Khayyal et al. performed an 8-week investigation into the effects of oral administration of OLE at different levels (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg/day) on blood pressure in rats rendered hypertensive by oral doses of 4-week L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, 50 mg/kg/day). They reported a dose-dependent prophylactic influence against the ascent in blood pressure induced by L-NAME and the greatest effect was related to the 100 mg/kg of the extract [13]. Besides these observations, the effect of OLE has also been researched in 2016 by Romero et al. In this study, a 5-week investigation on OLE (15% w/w OL) in spontaneously hypertensive rats at 30 mg/kg body weight reported a significant reduction of systolic blood pressure (−21.6 ± 5.5 mmHg) [14]. Although there are many other animal studies in this field, we intend to talk more about human clinical trials. Here, we collected a systematic review on a number of human randomised controlled trials (RCTs), which have been conducted to investigate the effect of OLE compared to placebo on systolic and diastolic blood pressure as primary or secondary outcomes in adults.
In 2008, an open, controlled, parallel-group, co-twin trial was carried out for 8 weeks on the anti-hypertensive effect of OLE in 40-borderline hypertensive monozygotic twins (age: 16–60) by Perrinjaquet-Moccetti et al. There were two parallel experiments, the first being the effect of a 500 mg OLE tablet (equivalent to 104 mg OL) once daily compared with no medication. The second experiment involved a 500 mg OLE tablet once daily compared with that of 1000 mg (equivalent to 208 mg OL) divided into two distinct doses. As a result, they revealed a significant dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure within pairs, with mean systolic differences of ≤6 mmHg (500 mg vs control) and ≤13 mmHg (1000 vs 500 mg), and diastolic differences of ≤5 mmHg. Also, mean blood pressure had significantly decreased just for the high dose group [3].
Elsewhere, in 2008, Saberi et al. verified the anti-hypertensive effect of OLE in another way. They enrolled 64 mild to moderate hypertensive patients with normal treatment resistance. They randomised the patients into two distinct groups (n=32 intervention & n=32 placebo). In the intervention group, each person received a 1000 mg OLE capsule divided into three doses daily. Consequently, the study demonstrated a significant decrease in mean systolic blood pressure. They found no remarkable effect on diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure in the intervention group compared to before OLE treatment, despite the fact that there was meaningful diastolic blood pressure reduction in the OLE group compared to the placebo group [5].
In contrast, De Bock et al. who performed a 12-week randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in 2013, demonstrated a different result. They assessed the effect of an OLE capsule (51.1 mg oleuropein; 9.7 mg hydroxytyrosol) daily on cardiovascular risk factors and insulin action in middle-aged overweight men. 46 participants (aged 35–55 years; BMI 25–30 kg/m2) randomly consumed OLE or placebo for 12 weeks with crossing over to the alternate arm after a 6-week washout. As a result, there were no remarkable changes in ambulatory (24-hour) blood pressure [15].
Further, in 2017, Lockyer et al. performed a randomised, double-blind, controlled, crossover trial to investigate the influence of a liquid-form OLE (136mg oleuropein; 6mg hydroxytyrosol) on blood pressure in prehypertensive patients. They used ambulatory blood pressure as the primary endpoint. The participants were 60 male subjects aged 45.3 ± 12.7, and body mass index (BMI) 27.0 ± 3.4 kg/m2. They received either OLE or placebo for 6 weeks before switching to the other treatment after a 4-week washout. After tracking down the 24-hour and daytime blood pressure in patients, they represented a marked daytime and 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressure reduction (about 3 mmHg) compared to the control group (placebo) [7].
In 2020, Yaghoobzadeh et al. performed a 12-week investigation into the effect of OLE on cardiometabolic profiles in patients (aged 30–60) with essential HTN. The trial participants were randomly selected regarding intervention and control groups. (n= 30 intervention & n=30 placebo). As a result, a 250 mg OLE capsule, twice daily, could decrease systolic blood pressure significantly. However, it did not show a meaningful effect on the diastolic part [4].
As you notice, all of these studies show the anti-hypertensive effect of OLE, except the experiment conducted by De Bock et al. [15]. The most important differences between this study and other studies might be related to the study design, type of disease, nature of OLE, duration of extract in-take, patients’ compliance and inclusion/exclusion criteria [4]. There is a systemic review and meta-analysis conducted by Muhammad Asyraf Ismail et al. in 2021 to show the effect of OLE on cardiometabolic profile in prehypertensive and hypertensive adults [1]. However, with all due respect to the authors of this study, there were a number of cases that encouraged us to make some updates with more accurate results. To clarify, the previous meta-analysis included 5 trials. Among these trials, in 2019, Javadi et al. did not investigate the effect of OLE on blood pressure [16]. Wong et al., studied a combined extract [17]. So, this study is not able to show us the pure effect of OLE. Susalit et al., compared OLE effect with a very strong anti-hypertensive drug (captopril) [6]. These three trials made the previous meta-analysis non-accurate, and they also excluded three useful RCTs for different reasons. De Bock et al. [15] were deleted because of not involving prehypertensive or hypertensive group in the study. Saberi et al. [5], was also deleted due to being a non-English RCT in addition to Lockyer et al. [7], who could not retrieve data after contacting the author [1]. Ultimately, the previous meta-analysis could not demonstrate the accurate effect of OLE on blood pressure. Hence, to determine the OLE effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, we aimed to perform a meta-analysis of these 5 human trials (Figures 1 and 2).
The meta-analysis of OLE compared to placebo or no treatment. Outcome: diastolic blood pressure (mmHg).
The met-analysis of OLE compared to placebo or no treatment. Outcome: systolic blood pressure (mmHg).
Our meta-analysis shows that OLE has a significant effect on the reduction of systolic blood pressure. But, its effect on diastolic blood pressure is not meaningful. The anti-hypertensive property of the olive leaf is due to its phenolic compounds.
Phenolic compounds are assorted as secondary metabolites that have a restricted distribution without any explicit function in general metabolism [10]. On the other hand, primary metabolites including nucleic acid, carbohydrate, protein, lipid and cofactors, are involved in the synthesis of substances that are pivotal for the growth of all organisms [18]. Olive tree polyphenols are present in the plant to combat pathogens inducing bacterial infections and to react to pests and insect injuries [19, 20]. There are a wide variety of phenolic compounds in Olea europaea and its by-products with much more concentration in olive leaves (comparison, 145 mg total phenolics/100 g fresh leaf compared to 110 mg/100 g olive fruit and 23 mg/100 ml extra virgin olive oil) [1, 7, 15]. Another comparison confirms the much more concentration of total polyphenols in olive leaves is relative to the olive oil and fruit; 1350 mg/kg fresh olive leaf versus 232 ± 15 mg/kg of extra virgin olive oil [21, 22]. High content of phenolic compounds in olive leaf excited the interest of many scholars to continue the investigations with animals and humans, and that resulted in realizing the beneficial health effects such as anti-hypertensive effects [23]. Major phenolic compounds extracted from olive leaf are categorised in the following.
Some researchers categorised the phenolic compounds of olive tree in 5 groups: flavones (apigenin-7-glucoside, diosmetin, diosmetin-7-glucoside, luteolin and luteolin-7-glucoside); flavonols (rutin); flavan-3-ols; oleuropeosides (verbascoside and OL) and substituted phenols (vanillin, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol) [24]. Also, some researchers categorised the phenolic compounds of olive leaves into three distinct groups: (1) phenolic acids like vanillic acid, syringic acid, salicylic acid, vanillin, etc. (2) Flavonoids like luteolin, rutin, and apigenin-7-o-glucoside, luteolin-7-o-glucoside, etc. (3) Hydroxycinnamates and structurally related compounds like verbascoside, oleoside, ligasterol, oleuropein, etc. [25]. The most abundant phenolic compound identified in olive leaves is oleuropein, followed by hydroxytyrosol, luteolin-7-glucosides, verbascoside, and apigenin-7-glucosides [23]. It has been demonstrated that there are some factors that affect the chemical composition variability of olive leaves, like origin, storage conditions, proportion of branches existing in the extract, weather conditions, moisture content and degree of soil contamination [26, 27]. On the other hand, some processes such as drying and extraction enable us to change nutritional composition of the OLE [28]. Oleuropein, the principal phenolic compound in olive leaf has a significant impact on the reduction of blood pressure due to the potential mechanisms of action with its specific chemical characteristics [2].
Oleuropein (OL) is a glycosylated secoiridoid that uniquely exists in plants of the Oleaceae family, presented in olive leaves at higher concentrations, and representing 1–14% of olive leaf weight, includes oleuropein in contrast with 0.005–0.12 % of olive oil weight [25, 29, 30]. OL is also known as a coumarine-like compound presented in olive trees [8]. It is an elenolic ester of hydroxytyrosol (HT), in addition to an oleosidic skeleton possessed in common to the secoiridoid glucosides of Oleaceae [11]. In fact, HT, known as 2-(3,4-Di-hydroxyphenyl)-ethanol is the precursor of OL and the major phenolic compound in extra virgin olive oil [25, 31]. The chemical formula of one oleuropein molecule is C25H32O13 with molar mass equals to 540.518 g.mol−1 in its standard state (at 25°C [77°F], 100 kPa) (Figure 3) [32]. OL has been distinguished in olive flesh, leaf, seed and peel of green (unripe) olive and is an active substance of olive leaves. Its concentration declines during maturation phase happening in olive fruits because of undergoing hydrolysis yielding different products, such as HT [8, 33, 34]. It creates the bitter taste of olive that must be removed by immersion in lye, hence generating an edible olive, known as table olive [29]. OL content in olive leaves varies depending on the cultivar, production area and leaf tissue conditions (frozen, dried or fresh) [11]. There is the possibility of extracting OL molecules by some special methods explained in the following.
Oleuropein chemical structure. Source: pubChem. URL:
There are various extracting methods of phenolic compounds from olive leaves (after drying and milling), including solid-liquid extraction by maceration and soxhlet extraction utilizing water-methanol blends or hexane to yield OLE [1, 35, 36]. For more explanation on one of the most common techniques, mixing the specific quantity of dried olive leaf powder with an aqueous alcohol solution, incubating there to produce an alcohol extract. after a draining process, the crude extract will be dried again and treated with alcohol and water solution at least two more times. Then, by distilling the mixed extract under vacuum, the OLE will be produced [6, 12]. OL can be chemically decomposed into two different products, including hydroxytyrosol (HT) and elenolic acid by distinct factors such as high temperature, acid, base, light, metal ions, etc. [37]. This process assembles the enzymatic hydrolysis of this phenolic compound that occurs in human body. However, the studies conducted to exactly specify what happens to this phenolic compound extracted from olive leaves during absorption from small intestine and colon to the blood circulation, have mentioned scattered findings. Therefore, we go directly to the mechanism of its action in the body.
The studies performed in human models to show the mechanisms of action for anti-hypertensive property of OL are scarce and have been conducted much more in vitro. This mysterious compound is endowed with anti-hypertensive property which is thought to be due to its influence on membrane receptors and/or enzymes involved in cell signalling, including ACE, L-type Ca2+ channels, nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), or to clarify, the metabolite of OL inhibits ACE. Another mechanism is that a degraded product of OL (3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl-ethanol) directly affects L-type Ca2+ channels as an antagonist resulting in blocking the channels [29, 38, 39]. In fact, OL has synergic effects with other active substances in OLE to present ACEI and CCB activity in the body. Also, the Vasodilator effect of OLE justifies its anti-hypertensive activity [1, 29]. This phenolic compound performs a particular task to increase NO bioavailability and expression of the inducible form of endothelial NO synthase (e NOS) studied in animal subjects [9, 25, 29, 40]. As a matter of fact, OL reacts with NO and its noxious derivative peroxynitrite (−OONO). There is a possibility that OL increases NO production via modifying two specific enzymes: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH-oxidase) and NO synthase [41]. These mechanisms modulate NO bioavailability, thus improving vascular function and ultimately reducing blood pressure [25]. The last one influences ROS. ROS play a significant role in the development of oxidative stress, which also encompasses the principal role in the pathology of HTN. ROS are produced permanently in the human body. They are indispensable for several mechanisms happening in the cells, such as chemical signalling, immune performance and energy production [24]. When the balance between ROS and antioxidants upsets, meaning ROS level more than the other, the cell makes oxidative stress [2, 9]. Indeed, an excess in the production of ROS which could be controlled by a number of enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), enable to damage lipids, proteins and DNA in the cells particularly cardiovascular cells, are even able to ruin the vascular function and structure [2, 42, 43]. So oxidative injury increases the risk of CVD. In this regard, the OL molecule consists of some active components that have determined scavenging functions [44]. So, there is a potential antioxidant property that is suggested to be related to the H-atom donation from the OL phenolic groups [8, 33, 45]. In other words, OL preserves paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus from oxidative stress. OL activates the Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated signalling pathway and finally, it improves mitochondrial function. Thus provides an exquisite way to treat HTN [1, 8, 46]. Hence, antioxidant property of OLE enhances its antihypertensive yield.
In spite of the beneficial health properties of OLE in human body, it is essential to be determined what dosage of this extract will be safe for the body. Many studies aimed at this indicated acute OLE toxicity (2000 mg/kg) and also 4-week OLE toxicity (100–400 mg/kg) revealed no symptoms of toxicity in subjects [47, 48]. However, another study reported the opposite result by noticing bleeding in the liver and kidneys of rats when using OLE [49].
OLE can reduce both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in human body. The effect of OLE on systolic blood pressure is more significant and mostly depends on the dose of the extract for diastolic part. The anti-hypertensive effect of OLE is mostly due to OL. The two most common methods of OL extraction are maceration and soxhlet. There are special mechanisms with which OL reduces blood pressure. For instance, inhibiting ACE, blocking L-type Ca2+ channels, possessing vasodilator activity by increasing NO bioavailability and having anti-oxidant properties.
Fatemeh Rahimianfar would like to appreciate deeply the following people who contributed to completing the full chapter: Dr. Sepideh Soltani and Dr. Mahdieh Sadat Mousavi Rad helped to perform the meta-analysis.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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Various technical variants of this test can detect antigen (native or foreign) or antibody, determine the intensity of the immune response whether pathological or not; the type of induced immune response as well as the innate immunity potential; and much more. These capabilities, as well as the high sensitivity and robustness of the test and a small price, make it possible to quickly and reliably diagnose diseases in most laboratories. Besides, ELISA is a test that is also used in veterinary medicine, toxicology, allergology, food industry, etc. Despite the fact that it has existed for almost 50 years, different ELISA tests with different technical solutions are still being developed, which improves and expands the application of the this exceptional test. The aim of this chapter is to empower the rider to optimize, standardize and validate an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.",book:{id:"9850",slug:"norovirus",title:"Norovirus",fullTitle:"Norovirus"},signatures:"Rajna Minic and Irena Zivkovic",authors:[{id:"325806",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Irena",middleName:null,surname:"Zivkovic",slug:"irena-zivkovic",fullName:"Irena Zivkovic"},{id:"325839",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajna",middleName:null,surname:"Minic",slug:"rajna-minic",fullName:"Rajna Minic"}]},{id:"56750",title:"Laboratory Approach to Anemia",slug:"laboratory-approach-to-anemia",totalDownloads:6255,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Anemia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and can be defined as a decreased quantity of circulating red blood cells (RBCs). The epidemiological studies suggested that one-third of the world’s population is affected with anemia. Anemia is not a disease, but it is instead the sign of an underlying basic pathological process. However, the sign may function as a compass in the search for the cause. Therefore, the prediagnosis revealed by thorough investigation of this sign should be supported by laboratory parameters according to the underlying pathological process. 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He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"344229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Padayachee",slug:"sankeshan-padayachee",fullName:"Sankeshan Padayachee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315727",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelebogile A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mothupi",slug:"kelebogile-a.-mothupi",fullName:"Kelebogile A. Mothupi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"337613",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tshakane",middleName:null,surname:"R.M.D. Ralephenya",slug:"tshakane-r.m.d.-ralephenya",fullName:"Tshakane R.M.D. Ralephenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"6",type:"subseries",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/65295",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"65295"},fullPath:"/chapters/65295",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()