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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4613",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Desalination Updates",title:"Desalination Updates",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Desalination Update illustrates the growing research and development activities in the field of desalination of water. The chapters in this book also show the close link in the supply of water and supply of power. Power is needed to desalinate water, and water is needed to produce power via steam and cooling water. As the world is becoming increasingly in need of water and power, the education of generations of new workers in these technologies makes the publications of these books of rising importance. Students and specialists alike will find branching strands in this field of development worthy of dedication of careers. Never has shrinking essential resources and exploding needs confront mankind as much as water. Excellent reviews in this book provide keywords, concepts, and current knowledge and status of practice useful for teaching and continued evolution.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2189-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6395-4",doi:"10.5772/59351",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"desalination-updates",numberOfPages:312,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b3f820d8df1968a3c6e9708c6bb2abb7",bookSignature:"Robert Y. Ning",publishedDate:"October 28th 2015",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4613.jpg",numberOfDownloads:26201,numberOfWosCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitations:20,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:40,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:4,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:86,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 2nd 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 23rd 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 27th 2015",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 27th 2015",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 27th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"37139",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Ning",slug:"robert-y.-ning",fullName:"Robert Y. Ning",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Dr. Robert Y. Ning is Vice President, Science and Business Development of King Lee Technologies based in San Diego, CA, USA. This company was founded in 1977, and is specialized in chemistry and chemicals used in reverse osmosis (RO) membrane plants. Since 1995, Bob is responsible for science and product development, as well as establishment of a network of process design engineers and service providers around the world to design and service RO plant processes.\nBob has a B.S. degree in Chemistry from Rochester Instutitute of Technology, Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from University of Illinois, MBA from Fairleigh Dickinson University, and was a post-doctoral fellow at California Institute of Technology. He has 25 years of process chemistry experience in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries, prior to his current specialization in water and wastewater treatments.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"779",title:"Ecohydrology",slug:"engineering-environmental-engineering-ecohydrology"}],chapters:[{id:"49326",title:"Reverse Osmosis Chemistry — Basics, Barriers and Breakthroughs",doi:"10.5772/60208",slug:"reverse-osmosis-chemistry-basics-barriers-and-breakthroughs",totalDownloads:2863,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"While reverse osmosis (RO) for desalination of brackish water, seawater and wastewater is a most economical and powerful method, its sensitivity to fouling points to the importance of understanding the water chemistry involved and methods of fouling control and system maintenance. As a chemical developer of antiscalants, antifoulants, and operation and maintenance chemicals needed for RO systems, we present here a basic understanding of RO chemistry, the challenges of scaling and colloidal fouling that limits % recovery of permeate and some breakthroughs we have attained.",signatures:"Robert Y. Ning",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49326",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49326",authors:[{id:"37139",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert Y.",surname:"Ning",slug:"robert-y.-ning",fullName:"Robert Y. Ning"}],corrections:null},{id:"48686",title:"Modified Nanofiltration Membranes Performance Improvement for Desalination Applications",doi:"10.5772/60212",slug:"modified-nanofiltration-membranes-performance-improvement-for-desalination-applications",totalDownloads:1831,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The study focuses on NF membranes modification and performance improvement while desalinating brackish water. The study provides valuable information about flux and rejection changes and relationship with pressure changing before and after modification. Experimental works included in the study investigate modified and unmodified NF membranes performance while filtering synthesized single salt and mixture salt solution at various concentrations (ranged from 1000 ppm to 4000 ppm) and various pressure magnitudes (pressure ranged from 2 to 10 bars). The rejection rates witnessed an increase after membrane modification took place with about 11–30% for magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfate, and 50–60% for sodium chloride and potassium chloride.",signatures:"A. A. Abuhabib",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48686",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48686",authors:[{id:"173363",title:"Dr.",name:"Azzam A.",surname:"Abuhabib",slug:"azzam-a.-abuhabib",fullName:"Azzam A. Abuhabib"}],corrections:null},{id:"48518",title:"Phase Diagram and Membrane Desalination",doi:"10.5772/60419",slug:"phase-diagram-and-membrane-desalination",totalDownloads:2786,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Desalination technologies have made a significant impact in seawater and brackish water desalination. Recently, the evolution of membrane development has improved performance to lower operating costs and membranes have become the preferred technology for water desalination. Fortunately, different raw materials can be used for preparing membrane sheets which include either organic or inorganic materials, such as cellulose acetate, polyamide, polyimide, ceramic, natural, or artificial polymers. On the one hand, as a result of the variety of the raw materials which already exist in the entire world, different membrane separation processes might be applied dependent on the nature of the membrane sheet and the requirements of treatment process. On the other hand, there are different types of membranes can be used for membrane desalination by using different technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO), membrane distillation (MD), and forward osmosis (FO). The ternary phase diagram for membrane casting solution has an important role to get the required membranes.",signatures:"Ayman Taha Abd El-aziem El-gendi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48518",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48518",authors:[{id:"173600",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayman",surname:"Elgendi",slug:"ayman-elgendi",fullName:"Ayman Elgendi"}],corrections:null},{id:"48431",title:"Search for Environmentally Friendly Technology for Processing Molybdenum Concentrates",doi:"10.5772/60671",slug:"search-for-environmentally-friendly-technology-for-processing-molybdenum-concentrates",totalDownloads:1348,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"At the Institute of Metallurgy, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, a search has been carried out for the oxidative annealing of the molybdenum sulfide concentrate of the new Yuzhno-Shameiskoe deposit with calcium-containing additives. As a result, sulfurous gas transforms into calcium sulfate and does not evolve into the gas phase. In calcine, molybdenum and rhenium remain complete as calcium molybdate and perrhenate. The principles of the selective desalination of molybdenum and rhenium from calcine have been studied. Processes of their recovery from solutions have been studied.",signatures:"E.I. Kharin, N.A. Vatolin, B.D. Khalezov and E.A. Zelenin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48431",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48431",authors:[{id:"173713",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Evgeny",surname:"Kharin",slug:"evgeny-kharin",fullName:"Evgeny Kharin"}],corrections:null},{id:"48502",title:"Solar-Powered Desalination",doi:"10.5772/60436",slug:"solar-powered-desalination",totalDownloads:5028,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Drinkable fresh water, being a fundamental need of human beings, has become a serious concern for people especially living in crowded cities and countries with limited amount of water resources. Supplying fresh water is an energy intensive task especially when there is need for heating cold water to evaporate for distillation. Most of the big desalination plants around the world use fossil-based fuels as energy source to heat and vaporize the sea water or brackish water in order to produce fresh water.",signatures:"Emrah Deniz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48502",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48502",authors:[{id:"173369",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Emrah",surname:"Deniz",slug:"emrah-deniz",fullName:"Emrah Deniz"}],corrections:null},{id:"48946",title:"Cogeneration Power-Desalting Plants Using Gas Turbine Combined Cycle",doi:"10.5772/60209",slug:"cogeneration-power-desalting-plants-using-gas-turbine-combined-cycle",totalDownloads:4666,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The gas-steam turbine combined cycle (GTCC) is the preferred power plant type because of its high efficiency and its use of cheap and clean natural gas as fuel. It is also the preferred type in the Arab Gulf countries where it is used as cogeneration power-desalting plant (CPDP). In this chapter, descriptions and analysis of the GTCC components are presented, namely, the gas turbine cycle (compressor, combustor, gas turbine), heat recovery steam generator, and steam turbine. Combinations of the GTCC with thermally driven desalination units to present CPDP are presented. A parametric study to show the effect of using GTCC on several operating parameters on the CPDP is also presented, as well as cost allocation methods of fuel between the two product utilities (electric power and desalted seawater are also presented).",signatures:"M.A. Darwish, H.K. Abdulrahim, A.A. Mabrouk and A.S. Hassan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48946",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48946",authors:[{id:"173364",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Darwish",slug:"mohamed-darwish",fullName:"Mohamed Darwish"},{id:"173603",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abdulrahim",slug:"hassan-abdulrahim",fullName:"Hassan Abdulrahim"},{id:"173774",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel Nasser",surname:"Mabrouk",slug:"abdel-nasser-mabrouk",fullName:"Abdel Nasser Mabrouk"},{id:"175519",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashraf",surname:"Hassan",slug:"ashraf-hassan",fullName:"Ashraf Hassan"}],corrections:null},{id:"48622",title:"Adsorption Cycle and Its Hybrid with Multi-Effect Desalination",doi:"10.5772/60400",slug:"adsorption-cycle-and-its-hybrid-with-multi-effect-desalination",totalDownloads:2234,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Adsorption (AD) cycle is recently pioneered for cooling and desalination applications. For water treatment, the cycle can be used to treat highly concentrated feed water, ranging from seawater, ground water, and chemically laden waste water. This chapter presents a review of the recent development of AD cycle and its hybridization with known conventional cycles such as the MED and MSF. We begin by looking at the basic sorption theory for different adsorbent–adsorbate pairs, namely the silica gel–water and the zeolite–water pairs. Under the IUPAC categorization, there are six types of isotherm behavior that capture almost all types of adsorbent–adsorbate behaviors and many isotherm correlations have been developed to described their uptake patterns, namely the Henry, Langmuir, Toth, etc. We have recently developed a correlation that can universally capture all six types of isotherms of IUPAC and it requires only four regression coefficients.",signatures:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad, Kyaw Thu, Ang Li, Azhar Bin Ismail and\nKim Choon Ng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48622",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48622",authors:[{id:"16221",title:"Prof.",name:"Kim Choon",surname:"Ng",slug:"kim-choon-ng",fullName:"Kim Choon Ng"},{id:"174208",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Wakil",surname:"Shahzad",slug:"muhammad-wakil-shahzad",fullName:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad"},{id:"174211",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyaw",surname:"Thu",slug:"kyaw-thu",fullName:"Kyaw Thu"},{id:"174212",title:"Dr.",name:"Li",surname:"Ang",slug:"li-ang",fullName:"Li Ang"},{id:"174213",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar Bin",surname:"Ismail",slug:"azhar-bin-ismail",fullName:"Azhar Bin Ismail"}],corrections:null},{id:"48625",title:"Techno-Economics of Hybrid NF/FO with Thermal Desalination Plants",doi:"10.5772/60207",slug:"techno-economics-of-hybrid-nf-fo-with-thermal-desalination-plants",totalDownloads:1841,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hybrid desalination technology is defined as any combination of thermal and membrane processes in seawater desalination systems. So far, the two technologies have evolved rather independently with some degree of competition. Traditionally, in co-generation market applications, thermal desalination has succeeded in establishing a stronghold where large capacities are needed, energy costs are low, and seawater quality is challenging. However, in recent years, membrane systems have also succeeded in grabbing a larger share of the world seawater desalination market, mainly as a result of progress made in membrane and energy recovery technologies. Realizing the potential benefits and challenges faced by both technologies on their own, designers have been looking for ways to synergize and combine the two technologies in optimum configurations, which promise to further reduce the total cost of seawater desalination.",signatures:"Abdel Nasser Mabrouk, Hassan Fath, Mohamed Darwish and\nHassan Abdulrahim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48625",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48625",authors:[{id:"173603",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abdulrahim",slug:"hassan-abdulrahim",fullName:"Hassan Abdulrahim"},{id:"173774",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel Nasser",surname:"Mabrouk",slug:"abdel-nasser-mabrouk",fullName:"Abdel Nasser Mabrouk"},{id:"173604",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Darwish",slug:"mohamed-darwish",fullName:"Mohamed Darwish"},{id:"173942",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Fath",slug:"hassan-fath",fullName:"Hassan Fath"}],corrections:null},{id:"48626",title:"The Expanded Electrodeionization Method for Sewage Reclamation",doi:"10.5772/60981",slug:"the-expanded-electrodeionization-method-for-sewage-reclamation",totalDownloads:1567,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of the chapter is to introduce a new technology using the flow-divided electrodes for sewage reclamation based on redox and concentrating ions. This creative system can be used directly for sewage treatment without the need for costly ion-exchange membranes and other chemical reagents. Under experimental conditions, the removal percentage of TDS (total dissolved salts) is 83 %and the removal percentage of COD (chemical oxygen demand) is 92 %.",signatures:"Yansheng Li, Zhigang Liu, Ying Wang and Yunze Hui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48626",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48626",authors:[{id:"173407",title:"Prof.",name:"Yansheng",surname:"Li",slug:"yansheng-li",fullName:"Yansheng Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"48572",title:"Cr(VI) Adsorption Onto Biomass Waste Material-Derived Activated Carbon",doi:"10.5772/60206",slug:"cr-vi-adsorption-onto-biomass-waste-material-derived-activated-carbon",totalDownloads:2037,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Activated carbons derived from biomass waste material can be favorable compared to conventional activated carbons with respect to their adsorptive properties, low cost, and renewable sources. Literature about Cr(VI) adsorption onto biomass waste material based activated carbons has been reviewed. Activated carbon derived from peach stone was used for Cr(VI) adsorption from aqueous media. The effects of process parameters like pH, temperature, concentration, and adsorbent amount on Cr(VI) removal were examined with aspect of equilibrium and kinetics.",signatures:"Dilek Duranoğlu and Ulker Beker",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48572",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48572",authors:[{id:"175432",title:"Dr.",name:"Dilek",surname:"Duranoglu",slug:"dilek-duranoglu",fullName:"Dilek Duranoglu"},{id:"175696",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulker",surname:"Beker",slug:"ulker-beker",fullName:"Ulker Beker"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"303",title:"Expanding Issues in Desalination",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59baacd82853e81f2c0bb98ba737c5f3",slug:"expanding-issues-in-desalination",bookSignature:"Robert Y. 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This is, to a large extent, made possible by the availability of specialised analysis tools able to probe materials at the nano/micrometre levels. Examples of analytical tools found in typical materials research labs include Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) for elemental and chemical state information, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) for crystal structure determination, Raman Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for molecular identification, and so on [1, 2]. Thin film coatings of up to a few 100nm thickness abound in many advanced technological applications, including sensor devices designed for a whole range different stimulus [3]. These thin film structures derive their functional properties from their physical dimensions and chemical makeup. Film thickness, for instance, plays a key role in semiconductor solar radiation detectors, in determining the fraction of solar radiation that is absorbed in the active region of the detector [4]. The concentration and depth distribution of dopant species in semiconductor materials is key to the operation of sensor devices based on thin film diode and/or transistor structures. The aforementioned analytical techniques can readily provide surface and structural properties of a film but not so much thickness and elemental depth profile information. Ion beam analysis techniques using MeV energy beams have a demonstrated capability to provide this information, without the use of standards in most instances [5]. At the highest level of performance, standard-free analysis at 1% traceable accuracy has been reported [6].
Multilayer structures present unique challenges for elemental depth profiling analytical techniques. In sputter depth profiling using any of XPS, AES, or Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) there is a need for standards for calibration of the sputter etch rate to a depth scale. On the other hand, the interaction depth/range of MeV ions allows for probing films to depths of up to 1 micrometre or more depending on the probing ion species and energy, without necessarily sputtering the material. For a film comprising different layers the ion-matter interaction parameters change in a way that makes it possible to distinguish the different layers, again without recourse to a reference standard. This chapter begins with a look at how these fundamental interactions are exploited in two widely used ion beam analysis techniques; Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA). The discussion then progresses to description of a typical experimental set up before looking at practical multilayer film analysis examples that showcase the unique strengths of IBA techniques.
When a swift ion penetrates solid matter a number of interactions may take place between the ion and the target atomic nuclei and electrons. These include elastic and inelastic scattering, nuclear reactions, excitation and ionisation, photon emission, etc. The extent of the interaction between a beam of ions and the target atoms depends largely on the particular collision cross section σ (E, Z1, Z2), which in many instances is a function of both the ion energy and atomic numbers of the incident and target atoms. The cross-section gives the probability of a given type of ion-atom interaction taking place. If the cross section for a particular ion-atom combination is known, then detecting, counting and sorting the products of an interaction in some systematic way can provide information about the nature of target atoms. This information could be any of the identity, concentration and depth distribution of a particular atomic species in a film. Therein lies the core of ion beam analysis techniques, and indeed other similar ‘probe-and-measure’ analytical techniques. Within the kaleidoscope of possible interactions that may occur when an ion beam strikes a solid target material, there are three main physical parameters that underpin the application of ion beams in materials analysis. These are described hereunder.
As a swift ion moves through solid matter, it interacts with both the electron cloud and the atomic nuclei of the target material. Collisions with target nuclei provide the basis for identification of the target atom species according to their mass. This is achieved through treating the interaction as a binary elastic collision between the two particles. In the ideal case the effects of the electron sub-system and the neighbouring nuclei are ignored, thereby simplifying the mathematical treatment [7]. Figure 1 shows a representation of the ion-atom collisions relevant to (a) RBS and (b) ERDA. The backscattering and recoil angles are defined with respect to the incident beam direction by the orientation of the detectors employed for the measurement.
Collision kinematics for (a) RBS and (b) ERDA techniques. In RBS an incident ion of mass mi with energy Ei is backscattered through an angle 0 < θ < 90 with an energy EB, and in ERDA target atoms of different masses mR, are forward recoiled at an angle 90o < φ < 180o with different energies ER. The actual values of θ and φ are defined by the orientation of the RBS and ERDA detectors.
For RBS, applying the principle of conservation of kinetic energy and momentum in elastic collisions leads to the following equation that gives the backscattering energy
where
where,
The quantitative capability of ion beam analysis techniques is a direct consequence of the physical concept of cross section(σ) in ion-target interactions. The cross section describes the probability of a backscattering or recoil event occurring in a given direction, defined by the detector solid angle (Ω), and is a function of the interaction potential associated with the collision. Continuing with the concept of point charge interactions used in kinematics, quantitation in both RBS and ERDA techniques is based on a Coulomb interaction potential. For a pure Coulomb potential the RBS or Rutherford scattering cross section is given by [7, 8].
similarly the recoil cross section is given by
where
Additional parameters that are needed for concentration evaluation are the incident beam dose and the detector solid angle. Eqs. (3) and (4) both show that for a given experimental geometry, the experimental yield is directly proportional to the square of the
Depth analysis in ion beam analytical techniques follows directly from the energy lost by the projectile and the target atoms traversing the target sample [11]. In RBS for example, the energy loss of the incident ion as it enters and exits the target sample gives the location of the scattering atom below the surface, whereas in ERDA it is the total energy lost by the projectile ion as it enters and the recoil atom as it exits the target sample that gives a similar indication. The energy loss per unit depth, or the stopping force, is a fundamental ion-atom interaction parameter that is the key linkage between an energy spectrum and the thickness of a target layer. In basic terms the energy width
where S(E) is the energy dependent stopping force. The energy loss of the incident ion traversing a target material arises from two types of interactions which are dependent on the ion velocity [12]. At low energies (below about 1 keV/u) the energy loss is mainly due to elastic collisions with target nuclei. This is referred to as nuclear energy loss. As energy increases, interaction with the electron cloud becomes more dominant as the ion speed approaches that of the orbital electrons in target atoms. The energy loss is then mainly through inelastic collisions with the target electrons of the system. This is referred to as electronic energy loss and for the typical ion energies used in IBA, this is the dominant mode of energy loss.
Stopping force is also dependent on the
The three physical concepts of binary collisions, collision cross section and stopping force discussed above constitute the theoretical foundation of ion beam analysis techniques. Practical implementation of the techniques requires taking into account many other additional effects that lead to deviations from the ideal situation. Software codes have been devised over the years to aid the interpretation of energy spectra obtained in a measurement. These can be broadly classified into two categories. The first category encompasses codes that calculate concentration profiles directly from experimental energy spectra using modified analytical calculations [16, 17]. These modifications could include for instance screened Rutherford cross sections, where the effect of the electron cloud on the pure Coulomb interaction is taken into account in ion-atom collisions. One advantage of these codes is that they are unlikely to generate more information about the sample than the data actually contain. The main drawback is that the profiles derived are, strictly speaking, not real concentration depth profiles since they still have the energy resolution convoluted with effects of the actual sample structure and so one has to live with the limited depth resolution given by the experimental and sample conditions.
The second category (mainstream codes are in this group) includes codes that tackle the problem from the opposite viewpoint; a hypothetical sample structure is assumed and a theoretical energy spectrum calculated either analytically, as in SIMNRA [8], or by Monte Carlo (MC) methods [17, 18] and compared with the experimental one. This sample structure is altered until a best fit is obtained between the simulated and the experimental- spectra [18]. This iterative simulation approach uses analytical functions to convolute the ideal energy spectrum so as to consider most of the physical limitations that include the detector resolution, energy loss straggling, multiple scattering and sample roughness [11] among others.
Monte Carlo simulation-based codes such as MCERD, that is in-built in
Ion beam techniques are based on high energy ion beams generated from particle accelerators. Typical IBA accelerators vary in size, from small compact tandetrons of 2.0 MV terminal voltage to fairly huge tandem accelerators of up to 20 MV [19]. These machines deliver particles of energies ranging from 0.1–to 10 MeV/u, depending on particle mass. In brief, specific ions are injected from the ion source into the accelerator column where particle acceleration is due to a huge electrostatic field. On exiting the acceleration stage, a magnetic field is used to select ions of a specific charge to mass ratio, or energy, to filter through to the experimental end station or scattering chamber. The schematic in Figure 2 shows the general set up for both RBS and ERDA analysis techniques. There are of course additional accessory systems such as beam diagnostics, beam focusing elements, vacuum systems and high voltage power supplies, and so on that make up a complete accelerator system.
Basic set up for RBS and ERDA ion beam analysis techniques.
As pointed out in the introduction, functional exploitation of ion-matter interactions in ion beam analysis depends on the positioning and type of particle and/or photon detectors to detect and count the relevant products of ion-atom collisions. In RBS for instance, solid state semiconductor detectors are generally used to count the number of incident ions backscattered through a particular angle and to measure their energy as well. Raw data is collected in the form of an energy spectrum of backscattered particles. It is this energy spectrum that is fitted using analytical software like SIMNNRA [8] to extract sample properties such as elemental depth profiles.
In the case of ERDA, two detector variants are available. The simplest or conventional set up, mostly used for hydrogen analysis, consists of a solid-state detector with a filter foil in front of it to stop all other atomic species besides hydrogen. It is possible though, to select the incident beam species, energy and filter foil in such a way that other ions heavier than hydrogen can be analysed—if hydrogen itself is not one of the constituent elements of the target sample. The limitation of the conventional set up is quite apparent. If the object of analysis is the depth distribution of several elements in a sample then this configuration cannot be used. Mass dispersive detector systems such as time-of-flight (ToF) telescopes [20] become quite useful in this regard. In a ToF detector set up the energy of recoil atoms is measured simultaneously with their transit time over a known distance—leading to mass identification or separation. Figure 3 is a schematic of the ToF detector system used at the iThemba LABS ERDA set-up, where the flight path is 0.6 m long. Raw data generated from such a detector set up consists of 2-D scatter plots of ToF vs. energy (Figure 4) from which elemental energy spectra can be extracted and fed into analytical software for either direct depth profile calculation [16, 17] or simulation [8, 21].
The time-of-flight detector set up for heavy ion ERDA at iThemba LABS.
ToF vs. energy scatter plots from the analysis of an Al2O3-Ti bi-layer stack on a silicon substrate before annealing (a) and after annealing (c) in vacuum at 800°C. the resultant depth profiles are shown in (b) and (d), respectively. Channels in (a) and (b) refer to as yet uncalibrated time and energy axes. (reproduced with permission from ref. [
The examples of analyses below have been selected from the literature to highlight some of the relative strengths (and weaknesses) of the two IBA techniques discussed in this chapter.
Figure 4 shows results of ERDA depth profiling of an Al2O3/Ti/Al2O3/Ti/Si bi-layer film annealed at 800°C in vacuum [20], to study the Al2O3-Ti solid state reaction. The measurement was carried out using a 26.1 MeV 63Cu7+ beam, with a time-of-flight (ToF) recoil detector mounted at 30o (φ = 150o in Figure 1) to the incident beam direction. Further details of the measurement set-up are given in Msimanga et al. [20]. Coincidence measurement of the ToF and energy of atoms recoiled from the target sample allows for their separation according to mass. The 2-D scatter plots in Figures 4a and c show all the elements detected from each target sample, as well as the forward scattered incident 63Cu beam. The shape of the scatter plots derives from the simple inverse relationship between the ToF and kinetic energy
The depth profile of the as-prepared sample is shown in Figure 4b and that of the annealed one in Figure 4d. To get a sense of the analytical depth shown, if the depth scale is converted to units of nanometres using known atomic densities of the Al2O3 and Ti, the Ti/Si interface is about 150 nm from the surface in Figure 4b and shifts to just under 140 nm in Figure 4d, indicating silicide formation at the interface. The advantage of such ‘raw’ depth profiles, calculated using the direct energy-to-depth conversion code KONZERD [16] is that they give a quick visual description of the layer structure, with no need for a standard or reference sample. This provides a good starting point for further, more detailed analysis through MC simulation codes as described in ref. [20].
Bin Han et al. [22] report of the analysis of Ti0.7Al0.3N/MoN and CrN/MoN multilayer films on Si(001) substrates using RBS. The incident ions used were 2.42 MeV and 1.52 MeV Li2+ ions at varying incident angles. The RBS data was supplemented by XPS, SEM and HR-TEM. The measurement using the 2.42 MeV energy beam at 0o incidence was able to resolve the Ti and Mo signals from first seven pairs of bi-layers of 44 nm Ti0.7Al0.3N and 32 nm MoN. Figure 5 shows the experimental and SIMNRA simulated spectra for extracting the depth profiles [22]. For Al this was possible only for the first three bilayers—beyond which the overlap of the Al signal with that of Ti and Mo from deeper layers precluded Al analysis. A pertinent observation that Bin Han and co-workers make from their results is that the low energy incident beam gave a much a higher backscattering yield (an indication of enhanced sensitivity—see Eq. (3)) and better depth resolution, but for a shallower analytical depth. For a fixed beam energy, increasing the tilt angle improved the depth resolution but again at the expense of the analytical depth. Another important observation that highlights a chink in the armoury of RBS is that while the surface sensitive XPS confirmed nitrogen in the topmost layers, it also pointed out presence of oxygen in those layers. RBS could not, because of the ‘shadowing’ effect of the (heavier) substrate element signal on that of light elements.
RBS spectra from the analysis of Ti0.7Al0.3N/MoN and CrN/MoN multilayer films using 2.42 MeV Li2+ ions at 0o incidence angle (a) and at varying tilt angles (b). Similar spectra are shown in (c) and (d) respectively for a 1.52 MeV Li2+ incident beam. (taken from ref. [
In
Figure 6 shows, raw data from ToF and energy detectors, experimental and simulated energy spectra of oxygen recoils from different layers and, the depth distribution of oxygen in the layer stack. While the obtained profiles are rather unrealistic step functions, it is widely accepted that due to the
Raw energy vs. ToF data (left), experimental and simulated oxygen energy spectra (Centre), and depth distribution of oxygen (right) in a SiAlOx/CrAlSiNxOy/CrAlSiNx/W layer stack. (reproduced with permission from ref. [
Another unique application of IBA techniques is the study of solid state reactions in real-time. This is a technique which has been pioneered by among other labs, the iThemba LABS (formerly known as the National Accelerator Centre) in South Africa [24]. Magogodi et al. [25] report of in-situ real-time RBS analysis of a 125 nm thick Pd/Ti/Pd film stack to investigate diffusion kinetics and stoichiometric evolution under different annealing environments. This formed part of a study aimed at developing hydrogen storage materials. The measurement described used 2 MeV He2+ ions to probe the layer structure as the samples were annealed in vacuum and in hydrogen environments, with the data taking starting from 160°C up to 600°C, at 30-second intervals.
Figure 7 is a 2-D plot of the colour coded spectral yield as the temperature increases. For the sample annealed in vacuum, Figure 7a, the authors surmise that there is complete reaction between the Pd and Ti layers by the time the sample temperature reaches 550°C, and for the one annealed in a H2 environment, their conclusion is that the Ti-Pd reaction is, to a great extent, inhibited. The obvious advantage of such a measurement is that by monitoring the reaction in real-time, any intermediate phases that may form are also detected, and not just the end-point—thus facilitating the study of solid-state reaction mechanisms. Indeed this has been applied in, for example, studies of growth kinetics of Ni(Pt) silicides [26], where the analysis of the huge data generated was done using artificial neural networks.
Contour plots comparing the onset of reaction between atomic species in Pd/Ti/Pd layers annealed in (a) vacuum and in (b) hydrogen environments. (reproduced with permission from ref. [
Multilayer thin film structures have become ubiquitous in many device structures in the current era of nanotechnology driven advances in electronics, medicine, energy and other technological fields. Ion beam analysis techniques can readily generate invaluable structural information about multilayer films through standard-free analyses that are not possible with other analytical techniques. The physics behind RBS and ERDA techniques described in this chapter is well established and there are data analysis tools available to the materials analyst that can facilitate interpretation of experimental data with reasonably good accuracy. The selected applications described showcase the versatility of these analytical tools in addressing different problems from simple film thickness measurements to tracking solid state reactions in real-time.
The author would like to gratefully acknowledge financial and infrastructural support from the Tshwane University of Technology through the Photovoltaic Nanocomposites Research and Development Platform, and from NRF-iThemba LABS.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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The existing variety of proposed approaches is classified in accordance with the “big five rules” for these assays, including proper sample, receptor, interaction, response, and output. The solutions for rapid extraction of target analytes and preventing negative influence of extractants are considered. Role to antibodies affinity and specificity is characterized. Potential of alternate bioreceptor molecules is discussed. Immunoreactants’ compositions, concentrations, and locations on the test strip are characterized as factors determining assay parameters. The existing variety of labels is compared in terms of their optical and alternate registration. Tools to modulate a sequence of analytical reactions and to form aggregates of the detected labels are considered. The discussed approaches are illustrated through developments of test strips for detection of mycotoxins, veterinary drugs, and other analytes.",book:{id:"6470",slug:"rapid-test-advances-in-design-format-and-diagnostic-applications",title:"Rapid Test",fullTitle:"Rapid Test - Advances in Design, Format and Diagnostic Applications"},signatures:"Anatoly V. Zherdev and Boris B. 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Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"94",type:"subseries",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",keywords:"Environmental Protection, Socio-economic Development, Resource Exploitation, Environmental Degradation, Climate Change, Degraded Ecosystems, Biodiversity Loss",scope:"
\r\n\tSustainable development focuses on linking economic development with environmental protection and social development to ensure future prosperity for people and the planet. To tackle global challenges of development and environment, the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 adopted the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. SDGs emphasize that environmental sustainability should be strongly linked to socio-economic development, which should be decoupled from escalating resource use and environmental degradation for the purpose of reducing environmental stress, enhancing human welfare, and improving regional equity. Moreover, sustainable development seeks a balance between human development and decrease in ecological/environmental marginal benefits. Under the increasing stress of climate change, many environmental problems have emerged causing severe impacts at both global and local scales, driving ecosystem service reduction and biodiversity loss. Humanity’s relationship with resource exploitation and environment protection is a major global concern, as new threats to human and environmental security emerge in the Anthropocene. Currently, the world is facing significant challenges in environmental sustainability to protect global environments and to restore degraded ecosystems, while maintaining human development with regional equality. Thus, environmental sustainability with healthy natural ecosystems is critical to maintaining human prosperity in our warming planet.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11978,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. 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