Convergence analysis of the present work.
Abstract
In this chapter, three-dimensional Casson nanoliquid flow in two lateral directions past a porous space by Darcy-Forchheimer articulation is examined. The study includes the impact of uniform heat source/sink and convective boundary condition. The administering partial differential equations are shaped to utilizing comparability changes into a set of nonlinear normal differential conditions which are fathomed numerically. The self-comparative arrangements are gotten and contrasted and accessible information for uncommon cases. The conduct of parameters is displayed graphically and examined for velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle volume part. It is discovered that temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction rise for enhancement of Forchheimer and porosity parameters.
Keywords
- three-dimensional flow
- Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium
- Casson nanoliquid
- uniform heat source/sink
- convective boundary condition
- numerical solutions
1. Introduction
In many assembling processes and for mechanical reason, the investigation of heat exchange and boundary layer flow over linearly and nonlinearly extending surface are much imperative. These procedures and applications incorporate streamlined feature forming, wire drawing, and paper generation where a specific temperature will be required for cooling the particles in the liquid. At first, the stream qualities have been analyzed by [1] overextending surfaces. The perfection of finishing up item relies upon the rate of warmth exchange at the surface of extending material. Many creators expanded crafted by [1] managed heat exchange qualities alongside the flow conduct in different physical circumstances in [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].
Non-Newtonian fluids can’t be portrayed because of nonexistence of single constitutive connection among stress and rate of strain. In the current year, non-Newtonian fluids have turned out to be increasingly essential because of its mechanical applications. Truth be told, the enthusiasm for boundary layer flows of non-Newtonian fluid is expanding significantly because of its extensive number of functional applications in industry producing preparing and natural fluids. Maybe, a couple of principle illustrations identified with applications are plastic polymer, boring mud, optical fibers, paper generation, hot moving, metal turning, and cooling of metallic plates in a cooling shower and numerous others. Since no single non-Newtonian model predicts every one of the properties of non-Newtonian fluid along these lines examinations proposed different non-Newtonian fluid models. These models are essentially classified into three classifications specifically differential-, rate-, and fundamental-type fluids. In non-Newtonian fluid, shear stresses and rates of strain/disfigurement are not directly related. Such fluid underthought which does not comply with Newton’s law is a straightforward non-Newtonian fluid model of respectful sort. In 1959, Casson displayed this model for the flow of viscoelastic fluids. This model has a more slow progress from Newtonian to the yield locale. This model is utilized by oil builds in the portrayal of bond slurry and is better to predict high shear-rate viscosities when just low and middle road shear-rate information are accessible. The Casson show is more exact at both high and low shear rates. Casson liquid has one of the kind attributes, which have wide application in sustenance handling, in metallurgy, in penetrating operation and bio-designing operations, and so on. The Casson show has been utilized as a part of different businesses to give more exact portrayal of high shear-rate viscosities when just low and moderate shear-rate information are accessible [9]. Toward the starting Nadeem et al. [10] introduce the idea of Casson fluid and demonstrate over an exponentially extending sheet. Numerous examinations identified with viscoelastic properties of liquid are underthought [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17].
The nanoparticles in by and large are made of metal oxides, metallic, carbon, or some other materials [18]. Standard fluid has weaker conductivity. This weaker conductivity can be enhanced incredibly with the utilization of nanoparticles. Truly, the Brownian movement factor of nanoparticles is base fluid and is essential toward this path. An extraordinary measure of warmth is delivered in warm exchangers and microelectromechanical procedures to lessen the framework execution. Fluid thermal conductivity is enhanced by nanoparticle expansion just to cool such modern procedures. The nanoparticles have shallow significance in natural and building applications like prescription, turbine sharp-edge cooling, plasma- and laser-cutting procedure, and so on. Sizeable examinations on nanofluids have been tended to in the writing. Buongiorno [19] has investigated the mechanisms of nanofluid by means of snapshot of nanoparticles in customary base fluid. Such instruments incorporate nanoparticle measure, Magnus effect, dormancy, molecule agglomeration, Brownian movement, thermophoresis, and volume portion. Here, we introduce some imperative scientists who have been accounted for by considering the highlights of thermophoretic and Brownian movement [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27].
In displaying the flow in permeable media, Darcy’s law is a standout among the most prominent models. Particularly, flow in permeable media is exceptionally valuable in grain stockpiling, development of water in repositories, frameworks of groundwater, fermentation process, raw petroleum generation, and oil assets. In any case, it is by and large perceived that Darcy’s model may over anticipate the convective streams when the inertial drag and vorticity dissemination coproductive are considered. The expansion of established Darcy demonstrates incorporates inertial drag and vorticity dispersion. To think about the inertial drag and vorticity dispersion, Forchheimer [28] joined the root mean square. Forchheimer’s term was named by Muskat [29] and inferred that the consideration of Forchheimer’s term is substantial for high Reynolds number. Pal and Mondal [30] examined the hydromagnetic Darcy-Forchheimer flow for variable liquid property. Utilizing HAM strategy, Hayat et al. [31] got the systematic answer for Darcy-Forchheimer stream of Maxwell liquid by considering the Cattaneo-Christov hypothesis. Vishnu Ganesh et al. [32] analyzed the thick and Ohmic dispersals, and the second-order slip consequences for Darcy-Forchheimer flow of nanoliquid past an extending/contracting surface. Scientific model for Darcy-Forchheimer stream of Maxwell fluid with attractive field and convective boundary condition is given by Sadiq and Hayat [33]. Utilizing Keller’s box strategy, Ishak et al. [34] numerically examined the magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat exchange exhibitions over an extending cylinder. Mixed convective flow and the related warmth and mass exchange qualities over a vertical sheet immersed in a permeable medium have been explored by Pal and Mondal [35] by considering different impacts, for example, Soret, Dufour, and thermal radiation.
The principle objective here is to uncover the Darcy-Forchheimer connection on a three-dimensional Casson nanofluid flow past a stretching sheet. Heat transfer is handled with regular heat generation/absorption and convective-type boundary condition.
2. Mathematical formulation
Three-dimensional flow of Casson nanofluid filling permeable space by Darcy-Forchheimer connection is considered. Flow is bidirectional extending surface. Nanofluid model depicts the properties of Brownian dispersion and thermophoresis. Concurrent states of heat convective and heat source/sink are executed. We receive the Cartesian coordinate in such a way to the point that and pivot are picked along
and boundary conditions of the problem is
Here
Selecting similarity transformations are
Applying Eq. (7) in (1) is verified. and Eqs. (2)–(5) are
Boundary conditions of Eq. (6) become
In the above expressions,
These dimensionless variables are given by
Dimensionless relations of skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, and local Sherwood number are as follows:
where
3. Results and discussion
The correct arrangements do not appear to be achievable for an entire arrangement of Eqs. (8)–(11) with proper limit conditions given in Eq. (12) in light of the nonlinear shape. This reality compels one to get the arrangement of the issue numerically. Suitable likeness change is received to change the overseeing incomplete differential conditions into an arrangement of non-straight customary differential conditions. The resultant limit esteem issue is understood numerically utilizing an efficient fourth-order Runge-Kutta method alongside shooting method (see Ramesh and Gireesha [27]). Facilitate the union examination is available in Table 1. For the verification of precision of the connected numerical plan, an examination of the present outcomes compared to the
0 | 0.000000 | 1.000000 | 0.763674 |
1 | 0.695167 | 0.456344 | 0.365768 |
2 | 1.008110 | 0.202536 | 0.166242 |
3 | 1.146071 | 0.088680 | 0.073585 |
4 | 1.206291 | 0.038589 | 0.032175 |
5 | 1.232460 | 0.016746 | 0.013992 |
6 | 1.243809 | 0.007258 | 0.006070 |
7 | 1.248727 | 0.003144 | 0.002630 |
8 | 1.250857 | 0.001362 | 0.001139 |
9 | 1.251780 | 0.000590 | 0.000493 |
10 | 1.252179 | 0.000255 | 0.000213 |
11 | 1.252352 | 0.000111 | 0.000092 |
12 | 1.252427 | 0.000047 | 0.000040 |
13 | 1.252460 | 0.000020 | 0.000017 |
14 | 1.252474 | 0.000008 | 0.000007 |
15 | 1.252480 | 0.000006 | 0.000003 |
16 | 1.252482 | 0.000001 | 0.000001 |
17 | 1.252483 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 |
This section is fundamentally arranged to depict the effect of different correlated physical parameters on velocity profiles
Attributes of Forchheimer parameter
Figure 7 showed the impacts of non-Newtonian Casson fluid parameter
The variety in dimensionless temperature profile
Figure 10 displays the temperature
Figure 12 shows the impact of Lewis number
Impacts of the Biot number
when
The impact of physical parameter on nearby Nusselt
4. Conclusions
Three-dimensional flow of Casson nanoliquid within the sight of Darcy-Forchheimer connection, uniform warmth source/sink, and convective type boundary condition is considered. Numerical plan prompts the arrangements of physical marvel. From this investigation, we analyzed that the expanding Casson parameter compares to bring down velocity and higher temperature fields. The nearness of
0.1 | 0.084997 | 1.521377 |
0.5 | 0.239615 | 1.532624 |
2 | 0.324388 | 1.568759 |
5 | 0.343057 | 1.582440 |
10 | 0.349174 | 1.587619 |
50 | 0.353999 | 1.591990 |
100 | 0.354597 | 1.592550 |
500 | 0.355075 | 1.593001 |
1000 | 0.355134 | 1.593057 |
5000 | 0.355182 | 1.593102 |
10,000 | 0.355188 | 1.593108 |
100,000 | 0.355193 | 1.593113 |
1,000,000 | 0.355194 | 1.593113 |
5,000,000 | 0.355194 | 1.593114 |
References
- 1.
Crane LJ. Flow past a stretching plate. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik. 1970; 21 (4):645-647. DOI. org/10.1007/BF01587695 - 2.
Grubka LG, Bobba KM. Heat transfer characteristics of a continuous stretching surface with variable temperature. Journal of Heat Transfer. 1985; 107 (1):248-250. DOI: 10.1115/1.3247387 - 3.
Ali ME. Heat transfer characteristics of a continuous stretching surface. Heat and Mass Transfer. 1994; 29 (4);227-234. DOI.org/10.1007/BF01539754 - 4.
Gupta PS, Gupta AS. Heat and mass transfer on a stretching sheet with suction or blowing. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 1977; 55 :744746. DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450550619 - 5.
Gireesha BJ, Ramesh GK, Subhas Abel M, Bagewadi CS. Boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a dusty fluid flow over a stretching sheet with non-uniform heat source/sink. International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 2011; 37 (8):977-982. DOI.org/10.1016/J.Ijmultiphaseflow.2011.03.014 - 6.
Ramesh GK, Gireesha BJ. Flow over a stretching sheet in a dusty fluid with radiation effect. ASME Journal of Heat transfer. 2013; 135 (10):102702(1-6). DOI: 10.1115/1.4024587 - 7.
Bataller RC. Radiation effects for the Blasius and Sakiadis flows with a convective surface boundary condition. Applied Mathematics and Computation. 2008; 206 :832-840. DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.AMC.2008.10.001 - 8.
Gorla RSR, Sidawi I. Free convection on a vertical stretching surface with suction and blowing. Applied Science Research. 1994; 52 :247-257. DOI.org/10.1007/BF00853952 - 9.
Ochoa MV. Analysis of drilling fluid rhelogy and tool joint effects to reduce errors in hydraulics calculations [thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2006 - 10.
Nadeem S, Rizwan Ul Haq, Lee C. MHD flow of a Casson fluid over an exponentially shrinking sheet. Scientia Iranica B. 2012; 19 (6):1550-1553. DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.SCIENT.2012.10.021 - 11.
Mukhopadhyay S. Casson fluid flow and heat transfer over a nonlinearly stretching. Chinese Physics B. 2013; 22 (7):074701. DOI.ORG/10.1088/1674-1056/22/7/074701 - 12.
Hayat T, Shehzad SA, Alsaedi A, Alhothuali MS. Mixed convection stagnation point flow of casson fluid with convective boundary conditions. Chinese Physical Letter. 2012; 29 (11);114704. DOI.org/10.1088/0256-307x/29/11/114704 - 13.
Ramesh GK, Ganesh Kumar K, Shehzad SA, Gireesha BJ. Enhancement of radiation on hydromagnetic Casson fluid flow towards a stretched cylinder with suspension of liquid-particles. Canadian Journal of Physics. 2018; 96 (1);18-24. DOI.ORG/10.1139/CJP-2017-0307 - 14.
Maity S, Singh SK, Kumar AV. Unsteady three dimensional flow of Casson liquid film over a porous stretching sheet in the presence of uniform transverse magnetic field and suction/injection. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Material. 2016; 419 :292-300. DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.JMMM.2016.06.004 - 15.
Nadeem S, Haq RU, Akbar NS, Khan ZH. MHD three-dimensional Casson fluid flow past a porous linearly stretching sheet. Alexandria Engineering Journal. 2013; 52 :577-582. DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.AEJ.2013.08.005 - 16.
Ahmad K, Nazar R. Magnetohydrodynamic three dimensional flow and heat transfer over a stretching surface in a viscoelastic fluid. Journal of Science and Technology. 2011; 3 (1):33-46 - 17.
Ramesh GK, Gireesha BJ, Shehzad SA, Abbasi FM. Analysis of heat transfer phenomenon in magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid flow through Cattaneo-Christov heat diffusion theory. Communications in Theoretical Physics. 2017; 68 :91-95. DOI.ORG/10.1088/0253-6102/68/1/91 - 18.
Mustafa M, Hayat T, Pop I, Aziz A. Unsteady boundary layer flow of a Casson fluid due to an impulsively started moving flat plate. Heat Transfer-Asian Research. 2011; 40 (6):563-576. DOI: 10.1002/htj.20358 - 19.
Buongiorno J. Convective transport in nanofluids. ASME Journal of Heat transfer. 2006; 128 :240-250. DOI: 10.1115/1.2150834 - 20.
Ahn HS, Kim MH. A review on critical heat flux enhancement with nanofluids and surface modification. Journal of Heat Transfer. 2012; 134 :024001. DOI: 10.1115/1.4005065 - 21.
Makinde OD, Aziz A. Boundary layer flow of a nanofluid past a stretching sheet with a convective boundary condition. International Journal of Thermal Science. 2011; 50 :1326-1332. DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.IJTHERMALSCI.2011.02.019 - 22.
Hsiao KL. Nanofluid flow with multimedia physical features for conjugate mixed convection and radiation. Computers and Fluids. 2014; 104 :1-8. DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.COMPFLUID.2014.08.001 - 23.
Kuznetsov AV, Nield DA. Natural convective boundary layer flow of a nanofluid past a vertical plate: A revised model. International Journal of Thermal Science. 2014; 77 :126-129. DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.IJTHERMALSCI.2013.10.007 - 24.
Hayat T, Muhammad T, Alsaedi A, Alhuthali MS. Magnetohydrodynamic three dimensional flow of viscoelastic nanofluid in the presence of nonlinear thermal radiation. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2015; 385 :222-229. DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.JMMM.2015.02.046 - 25.
Ramesh GK, Roopa GS, Gireesha BJ, Shehzad SA, Abbasi FM. An electro-magneto-hydrodynamic flow Maxwell nanoliquid past a Riga plate: A numerical study. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. 2017; 39 (11):4547-4554. DOI.org/10.1007/s40430-017-0900-z - 26.
Ramesh GK, Prasannakumara BC, Gireesha BJ, Shehzad SA, Abbasi FM. Three dimensional flow of Maxwell nanofluid past a bidirectional porous stretching surface with thermal radiation. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress. 2017; 1 :6-14. DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.TSEP.2017.02.006 - 27.
Ramesh GK, Gireesha BJ. Influence of heat source/sink on a Maxwell fluid over a stretching surface with convective boundary condition in the presence of nanoparticles. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 2014; 5 :991-998. DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.ASEJ.2014.04.003 - 28.
Forchheimer P. Wasserbewegung durch boden. Zeitschrift des Vereins deutscher Ingenieure. 1901; 45 :1782-1788 - 29.
Muskat M. The Flow of Homogeneous Fluids Through Porous Media. New York: McGraw Hill; 1937 - 30.
Pal D, Mondal H. Hydromagnetic convective diffusion of species in Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium with non-uniform heat source/sink and variable viscosity. International Communication in Heat and Mass Transfer. 2012; 39 :913-917. DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.ICHEATMASSTRANSFER.2012.05.012 - 31.
Hayat T, Muhammad T, Al-Mezal S, Liao SJ. Darcy-Forchheimer flow with variable thermal conductivity and Cattaneo-Christov heat flux. International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow. 2016; 26 :2355-2369. DOI.ORG/10.1108/HFF-08-2015-0333 - 32.
Vishnu Ganesh N, Abdul Hakeem AK, Ganga B. Darcy–Forchheimer flow of hydromagnetic nanofluid over a stretching/shrinking sheet in a thermally stratified porous medium with second order slip, viscous and Ohmic dissipations effects. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 2016. DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.ASEJ.2016.04.019 (In press) - 33.
AdilSadiq M, Hayat T. Darcy–Forchheimer flow of magneto Maxwell liquid bounded by convectively heated sheet. Results in Physics. 2016; 6 :884-890. DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.RINP.2016.10.019 - 34.
Ishak A, Nazar R, Pop I. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow and heat transfer due to a stretching cylinder. Energy Conversion and Management. 2008; 49 :3265-3269. DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.ENCONMAN.2007.11.013 - 35.
Pal D, Mondal H. Influence of chemical reaction and thermal radiation on mixed convection heat and mass transfer over a stretching sheet in Darcian porous medium with Soret and Dufour effects. Energy Conversion and Management. 2012; 62 :102-108. DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.ENCONMAN.2012.03.017