Welding positions and weld types identified by welding symbols for technical drawings.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3767",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Image Processing",title:"Image Processing",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"There are six sections in this book. The first section presents basic image processing techniques, such as image acquisition, storage, retrieval, transformation, filtering, and parallel computing. Then, some applications, such as road sign recognition, air quality monitoring, remote sensed image analysis, and diagnosis of industrial parts are considered. Subsequently, the application of image processing for the special eye examination and a newly three-dimensional digital camera are introduced. On the other hand, the section of medical imaging will show the applications of nuclear imaging, ultrasound imaging, and biology. The section of neural fuzzy presents the topics of image recognition, self-learning, image restoration, as well as evolutionary. The final section will show how to implement the hardware design based on the SoC or FPGA to accelerate image processing.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-026-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5848-6",doi:"10.5772/122",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"image-processing",numberOfPages:528,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9f9c08038d039627926e5f110f72aa8e",bookSignature:"Yung-Sheng Chen",publishedDate:"December 1st 2009",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3767.jpg",numberOfDownloads:94186,numberOfWosCitations:35,numberOfCrossrefCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:17,numberOfDimensionsCitations:60,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:14,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:117,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 24th 2013",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 14th 2013",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 18th 2013",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 17th 2013",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 16th 2014",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"2311",title:"Dr.",name:"Yung-Sheng",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"yung-sheng-chen",fullName:"Yung-Sheng Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/2311/images/system/2311.jpg",biography:"YUNG-SHENG CHEN received his B.S. degree from Chung Yuan Christian University in 1983, and his M.S. degree and Ph.D. from the National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, in 1985 and 1989, respectively, all in Electrical Engineering. He received a Best Paper Award from the Chinese Institute of Engineers in 1989, and an Outstanding Teaching Award from the Yuan Ze University in 2005, respectively. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE. In 1991, he joined the Electrical Engineering Department of the Yuan-Ze Institute of Technology (currently Yuan Ze University), Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC, where he is currently a Full Professor. Since 1998, his name has been listed in the Who's Who of the World. Currently, he serves as an Associate Editor of International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics. He is the invited Editor of the book 'Image Processing' published by InTech. His interests include human visual perception, computer vision, circuit system design, and information management.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Yuan Ze University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"544",title:"Image Processing",slug:"computer-and-information-science-computer-graphics-image-processing"}],chapters:[{id:"6667",title:"Image Acquisition, Storage and Retrieval",doi:"10.5772/7042",slug:"image-acquisition-storage-and-retrieval",totalDownloads:3985,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hui Ding, Wei Pan and Yong Guan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6667",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6667",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6668",title:"Efficient 2-D DCT Computation from an Image Representation Point of View",doi:"10.5772/7043",slug:"efficient-2-d-dct-computation-from-an-image-representation-point-of-view",totalDownloads:4326,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"G.A. Papakostas, D.E. Koulouriotis and E.G. Karakasis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6668",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6668",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6669",title:"Rank M-type Filters for Image Denoising",doi:"10.5772/7044",slug:"rank-m-type-filters-for-image-denoising",totalDownloads:2600,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6669",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6669",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6670",title:"Removal of Adherent Noises from Image Sequences by Spatio-Temporal Image Processing",doi:"10.5772/7045",slug:"removal-of-adherent-noises-from-image-sequences-by-spatio-temporal-image-processing",totalDownloads:3177,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Atsushi Yamashita, Isao Fukuchi and Toru Kaneko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6670",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6670",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6671",title:"Parallel MATALAB Techniques",doi:"10.5772/7046",slug:"parallel-matalab-techniques",totalDownloads:5212,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Ashok Krishnamurthy, Siddharth Samsi and Vijay Gadepally",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6671",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6671",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6672",title:"Feature Extraction and Recognition of Road Sign Using Dynamic Image Processing",doi:"10.5772/7047",slug:"feature-extraction-and-recognition-of-road-sign-using-dynamic-image-processing",totalDownloads:3899,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Shigeharu Miyata, Akira Yanou, Hitomi Nakamura and Shin Takehara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6672",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6672",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6673",title:"Development of Low Cost Air Quality Monitoring System by Using Image Processing Technique",doi:"10.5772/7048",slug:"development-of-low-cost-air-quality-monitoring-system-by-using-image-processing-technique",totalDownloads:3226,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"C.J. Wong, M.Z. MatJafri, K. Abdullah and H.S. Lim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6673",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6673",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6674",title:"Remote Sensed Image Processing on Grids for Training in Earth Observation",doi:"10.5772/7049",slug:"remote-sensed-image-processing-on-grids-for-training-in-earth-observation",totalDownloads:2481,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dana Petcu, Daniela Zaharie, Marian Neagul, Silviu Panica, Marc Frincu, Dorian Gorgan, Teodor Stefanut and Victor Bacu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6674",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6674",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6675",title:"Ballistics Image Processing and Analysis for Firearm Identification",doi:"10.5772/7050",slug:"ballistics-image-processing-and-analysis-for-firearm-identification",totalDownloads:5825,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dongguang Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6675",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6675",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6676",title:"A Novel Haptic Texture Display Based on Image Processing",doi:"10.5772/7051",slug:"a-novel-haptic-texture-display-based-on-image-processing",totalDownloads:2604,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Juan Wu, Aiguo, Song and Chuiguo Zou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6676",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6676",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6677",title:"Image Processing based Classifier for Detection and Diagnosis of Induction Motor Stator Fault",doi:"10.5772/7052",slug:"image-processing-based-classifier-for-detection-and-diagnosis-of-induction-motor-stator-fault",totalDownloads:3640,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"T. G. Amaral, V. F. Pires, J. F. Martins, A. J. Pires and M. M. Crisóstomo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6677",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6677",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6678",title:"Image Processing and Concentric Ellipse Fitting to Estimate the Ellipticity of Steel Coils",doi:"10.5772/7053",slug:"image-processing-and-concentric-ellipse-fitting-to-estimate-the-ellipticity-of-steel-coils",totalDownloads:4915,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Daniel C. H. Schleicher and Bernhard G. Zagar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6678",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6678",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6679",title:"On the Automatic Implementation of the Eye Involuntary Reflexes Measurements Involved in the Detection of Human Liveness and Impaired Faculties",doi:"10.5772/7054",slug:"on-the-automatic-implementation-of-the-eye-involuntary-reflexes-measurements-involved-in-the-detecti",totalDownloads:2524,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"François Meunier, Ph. D. and ing.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6679",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6679",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6680",title:"Three-Dimensional Digital Colour Camera",doi:"10.5772/7055",slug:"three-dimensional-digital-colour-camera",totalDownloads:2237,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yung-Sheng Chen, I-Cheng Chang, Bor-Tow Chen and Ching-Long Huang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6680",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6680",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6681",title:"Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) and 3D Images Evaluation in Nuclear Medicine",doi:"10.5772/7056",slug:"single-photon-emission-tomography-spect-and-3d-images-evaluation-in-nuclear-medicine",totalDownloads:5826,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Maria Lyra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6681",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6681",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6682",title:"Enhancing Ultrasound Images Using Hybrid FIR Structures",doi:"10.5772/7057",slug:"enhancing-ultrasound-images-using-hybrid-fir-structures",totalDownloads:1988,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"L. J. Morales-Mendoza, Yu. S. Shmaliy and O. G. Ibarra-Manzano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6682",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6682",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6683",title:"Automatic Lesion Detection in Ultrasonic Images",doi:"10.5772/7058",slug:"automatic-lesion-detection-in-ultrasonic-images",totalDownloads:2148,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yung-Sheng Chen and Chih-Kuang Yeh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6683",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6683",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6684",title:"Image Processing in Biology Based on the Fractal Analysis",doi:"10.5772/7059",slug:"image-processing-in-biology-based-on-the-fractal-analysis",totalDownloads:3954,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"István Sztojánov, Daniela Alexandra Crişan, Cătălina Popescu Mina and Vasilică Voinea",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6684",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6684",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6685",title:"Image Recognition on Impact Perforation Test by Neural Network",doi:"10.5772/7060",slug:"image-recognition-on-impact-perforation-test-by-neural-network",totalDownloads:2227,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Takehiko Ogawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6685",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6685",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6686",title:"Analog-Digital Self-Learning Fuzzy Spiking Neural Network in Image Processing Problems",doi:"10.5772/7061",slug:"analog-digital-self-learning-fuzzy-spiking-neural-network-in-image-processing-problems",totalDownloads:2759,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Artem Dolotov and Yevgeniy Bodyanskiy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6686",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6686",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6687",title:"Multichannel and Multispectral Image Restoration Employing Fuzzy Theory and Directional Techniques",doi:"10.5772/7062",slug:"multichannel-and-multispectral-image-restoration-employing-fuzzy-theory-and-directional-techniques",totalDownloads:2249,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alberto Rosales and Volodymyr Ponomaryov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6687",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6687",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6688",title:"Fast Evolutionary Image Processing Using Multi-GPUs",doi:"10.5772/7063",slug:"fast-evolutionary-image-processing-using-multi-gpus",totalDownloads:2352,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jun Ando and Tomoharu Nagao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6688",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6688",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6689",title:"Image Processing: towards a System on Chip",doi:"10.5772/7064",slug:"image-processing-towards-a-system-on-chip",totalDownloads:4201,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"A. Elouardi, S. Bouaziz, A. Dupret, L. Lacassagne, J.O. Klein and R. Reynaud",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6689",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6689",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6690",title:"Acquisition and Digital Images Processing, Comparative Analysis of FPGA, DSP, PC for the Subtraction and Thresholding.",doi:"10.5772/7065",slug:"acquisition-and-digital-images-processing-comparative-analysis-of-fpga-dsp-pc-for-the-subtraction-an",totalDownloads:3663,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Carlos Lujan Ramirez, Ramón Atoche Enseñat and Francisco José Mora Mas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6690",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6690",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6691",title:"Hardware Architectures for Image Processing Acceleration",doi:"10.5772/7066",slug:"hardware-architectures-for-image-processing-acceleration",totalDownloads:3957,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Almudena Lindoso and Luis Entrena",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6691",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6691",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6692",title:"FPGA Based Acceleration for Image Processing Applications",doi:"10.5772/7067",slug:"fpga-based-acceleration-for-image-processing-applications",totalDownloads:5251,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Griselda Saldaña-González and Miguel Arias-Estrada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6692",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6692",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"6693",title:"An FPGA-based Topographic Computer for Binary Image Processing",doi:"10.5772/7068",slug:"an-fpga-based-topographic-computer-for-binary-image-processing",totalDownloads:2962,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alejandro Nieto, Víctor M. Brea and David L. Vilariño",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6693",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6693",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"99",title:"Image Segmentation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5a76ae0e1714cc2c4019296ef7f4f08",slug:"image-segmentation",bookSignature:"Pei-Gee Ho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/99.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21284",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei-Gee",surname:"Ho",slug:"pei-gee-ho",fullName:"Pei-Gee Ho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"165",title:"Image Fusion and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"782ec4f52d3333c64421f1368ede04bf",slug:"image-fusion-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Yufeng Zheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/165.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24502",title:"Dr.",name:"Yufeng",surname:"Zheng",slug:"yufeng-zheng",fullName:"Yufeng Zheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"71",title:"Image Fusion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"image-fusion",bookSignature:"Osamu Ukimura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/71.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18400",title:"Dr.",name:"Osamu",surname:"Ukimura",slug:"osamu-ukimura",fullName:"Osamu Ukimura"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"149",title:"Recent Advances on Video Coding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e7cf16c546740b7b07ff0b182637f23",slug:"recent-advances-on-video-coding",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser Lorente",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/149.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1326",title:"Digital Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4aabc0c4713da53c9c996abed9fe259a",slug:"digital-image-processing",bookSignature:"Stefan G. Stanciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1326.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17941",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan G.",surname:"Stanciu",slug:"stefan-g.-stanciu",fullName:"Stefan G. Stanciu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3230",title:"Advanced Video Coding for Next-Generation Multimedia Services",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a890bd46555d3cd1652bf69eb6b313df",slug:"advanced-video-coding-for-next-generation-multimedia-services",bookSignature:"Yo-Sung Ho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3230.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33840",title:"Prof.",name:"Yo-Sung",surname:"Ho",slug:"yo-sung-ho",fullName:"Yo-Sung Ho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"112",title:"Effective Video Coding for Multimedia Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09a9826a6f8e7d58cf8516c609b4fa05",slug:"effective-video-coding-for-multimedia-applications",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/112.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5364",title:"Recent Advances in Image and Video Coding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fda66fbfe658c4c51b5c45c7cd5f3f59",slug:"recent-advances-in-image-and-video-coding",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5364.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3125",title:"Advances in Image Segmentation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"94056fc0687fbb81e9d8cc4b1e297312",slug:"advances-in-image-segmentation",bookSignature:"Pei-Gee Peter Ho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3125.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21284",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei-Gee",surname:"Ho",slug:"pei-gee-ho",fullName:"Pei-Gee Ho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3766",title:"Vision Sensors and Edge Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"991ded9232cebeeb3c6c51def14827d6",slug:"vision-sensors-and-edge-detection",bookSignature:"Francisco Gallegos-Funes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3766.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2868",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Gallegos-Funes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74443",slug:"corrigendum-to-fruit-flies-diptera-tephritoidea-biology-host-plants-natural-enemies-and-the-implicat",title:"Corrigendum to: Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea): Biology, Host Plants, Natural Enemies, and the Implications to Their Natural Control",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74443.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74443",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74443",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74443",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74443",chapter:{id:"29609",slug:"fruit-flies-diptera-tephritoidea-biology-host-plants-natural-enemies-and-the-implications-to-their-n",signatures:"M. A. Uchoa",dateSubmitted:"March 31st 2011",dateReviewed:"September 21st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 24th 2012",book:{id:"874",title:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control",subtitle:"Current and Future Tactics",fullTitle:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control - Current and Future Tactics",slug:"integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"87919",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoel",middleName:null,surname:"Uchoa",fullName:"Manoel Uchoa",slug:"manoel-uchoa",email:"uchoa.manoel@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"29609",slug:"fruit-flies-diptera-tephritoidea-biology-host-plants-natural-enemies-and-the-implications-to-their-n",signatures:"M. A. Uchoa",dateSubmitted:"March 31st 2011",dateReviewed:"September 21st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 24th 2012",book:{id:"874",title:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control",subtitle:"Current and Future Tactics",fullTitle:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control - Current and Future Tactics",slug:"integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"87919",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoel",middleName:null,surname:"Uchoa",fullName:"Manoel Uchoa",slug:"manoel-uchoa",email:"uchoa.manoel@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},book:{id:"874",title:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control",subtitle:"Current and Future Tactics",fullTitle:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control - Current and Future Tactics",slug:"integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7761",leadTitle:null,title:"Advances in Spacecraft Attitude Control",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Spacecraft attitude maneuvers comply with Euler's moment equations, a set of three nonlinear, coupled differential equations. Nonlinearities complicate the mathematical treatment of the seemingly simple action of rotating, and these complications lead to a robust lineage of research. This book is meant for basic scientifically inclined readers, and commences with a chapter on the basics of spaceflight and leverages this remediation to reveal very advanced topics to new spaceflight enthusiasts. The topics learned from reading this text will prepare students and faculties to investigate interesting spaceflight problems in an era where cube satellites have made such investigations attainable by even small universities. It is the fondest hope of the editor and authors that readers enjoy this book.",isbn:"978-1-78984-803-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-802-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-516-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77574",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advances-in-spacecraft-attitude-control",numberOfPages:284,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"933b56622351819a21f036a4295e45c2",bookSignature:"Timothy Sands",publishedDate:"January 15th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7761.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:9587,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:11,numberOfTotalCitations:24,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 16th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 22nd 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 8th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 16th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 15th 2019",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!0,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"258189",title:"Prof.",name:"Timothy",middleName:null,surname:"Sands",slug:"timothy-sands",fullName:"Timothy Sands",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258189/images/system/258189.jpg",biography:"Dr. Timothy Sands graduated from Columbia University, Stanford University, and the Naval Postgraduate School. He is an Interna-tional Scholar Laureate of the Golden Key International Honor Society, a Fellow of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, panelist of the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship program, and an interviewer for undergradu-ate admissions at Stanford University. He has published prolifically in archival journals, conference proceedings, books, and book chapters, in addition to giving plenary, keynote, and invitational presentations. He holds one patent in spacecraft attitude control. He is currently the Associate Dean of the Naval Postgrad-uate School’s Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Science having previously served as a university chief academic officer, dean, and research center director.",institutionString:"Cornell University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Stanford University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"682",title:"Aerodynamics",slug:"aerospace-engineering-aerodynamics"}],chapters:[{id:"69603",title:"Introduction to Satellite Attitude Control",slug:"introduction-to-satellite-attitude-control",totalDownloads:1358,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"290765",title:"Mr.",name:"Henry",surname:"Travis",slug:"henry-travis",fullName:"Henry Travis"}]},{id:"70364",title:"Kinematics: On Direction Cosine Matrices",slug:"kinematics-on-direction-cosine-matrices",totalDownloads:736,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"280356",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Brendon",surname:"Smeresky",slug:"brendon-smeresky",fullName:"Brendon Smeresky"},{id:"280360",title:"BSc.",name:"Alexa",surname:"Rizzo",slug:"alexa-rizzo",fullName:"Alexa Rizzo"}]},{id:"68143",title:"Quaternion-Based Spacecraft Dynamic Modeling and Reorientation Control Using the Dynamically Equivalent Manipulator Approach",slug:"quaternion-based-spacecraft-dynamic-modeling-and-reorientation-control-using-the-dynamically-equival",totalDownloads:688,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"298547",title:"Prof.",name:"Elżbieta",surname:"Jarzębowska",slug:"elzbieta-jarzebowska",fullName:"Elżbieta Jarzębowska"},{id:"305308",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Marcin",surname:"Kłak",slug:"marcin-klak",fullName:"Marcin Kłak"}]},{id:"69575",title:"An Overview of Evolutionary Algorithms toward Spacecraft Attitude Control",slug:"an-overview-of-evolutionary-algorithms-toward-spacecraft-attitude-control",totalDownloads:828,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"279323",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthew",surname:"Cooper",slug:"matthew-cooper",fullName:"Matthew Cooper"}]},{id:"68103",title:"Spacecraft Guidance Sensing at Relativistic Velocities",slug:"spacecraft-guidance-sensing-at-relativistic-velocities",totalDownloads:646,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"295287",title:"Prof.",name:"Emanuele",surname:"Calabrò",slug:"emanuele-calabro",fullName:"Emanuele Calabrò"}]},{id:"68120",title:"Analysis and Control of Nonlinear Attitude Motion of Gravity-Gradient Stabilized Spacecraft via Lyapunov-Floquet Transformation and Normal Forms",slug:"analysis-and-control-of-nonlinear-attitude-motion-of-gravity-gradient-stabilized-spacecraft-via-lyap",totalDownloads:688,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"268064",title:"Prof.",name:"Sangram",surname:"Redkar",slug:"sangram-redkar",fullName:"Sangram Redkar"},{id:"299165",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Peter",surname:"Waswa",slug:"peter-waswa",fullName:"Peter Waswa"}]},{id:"67273",title:"Optimal Trajectory Synthesis and Tracking Control for Spacecraft Large Attitude Manoeuvers",slug:"optimal-trajectory-synthesis-and-tracking-control-for-spacecraft-large-attitude-manoeuvers",totalDownloads:587,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"180724",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjan",surname:"Vepa",slug:"ranjan-vepa",fullName:"Ranjan Vepa"}]},{id:"69272",title:"Parameter Optimization for Spacecraft Attitude Stabilization Using Magnetorquers",slug:"parameter-optimization-for-spacecraft-attitude-stabilization-using-magnetorquers",totalDownloads:524,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"296167",title:"Prof.",name:"Renato",surname:"Bruni",slug:"renato-bruni",fullName:"Renato Bruni"},{id:"296538",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Celani",slug:"fabio-celani",fullName:"Fabio Celani"}]},{id:"70008",title:"Precise Attitude Control Techniques: Performance Analysis From Classical to Variable Structure Control",slug:"precise-attitude-control-techniques-performance-analysis-from-classical-to-variable-structure-contro",totalDownloads:746,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"295412",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Capello",slug:"elisa-capello",fullName:"Elisa Capello"},{id:"298346",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",surname:"Dentis",slug:"matteo-dentis",fullName:"Matteo Dentis"}]},{id:"68151",title:"Investigation of Singularities in a 3/4 CMG Configuration with Mixed Skew Angles",slug:"investigation-of-singularities-in-a-3-4-cmg-configuration-with-mixed-skew-angles",totalDownloads:497,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"290754",title:"Mr.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Lang",slug:"jonathan-lang",fullName:"Jonathan Lang"}]},{id:"70365",title:"Control Moment Gyroscope Skew Angle Variation and Singularity Penetration",slug:"control-moment-gyroscope-skew-angle-variation-and-singularity-penetration",totalDownloads:609,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"281178",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Kyle",surname:"Baker",slug:"kyle-baker",fullName:"Kyle Baker"}]},{id:"67835",title:"Single Axis Singularity Mapping for Mixed Skew Angle, Non-Redundant, Single Gimbaled CMG Systems",slug:"single-axis-singularity-mapping-for-mixed-skew-angle-non-redundant-single-gimbaled-cmg-systems",totalDownloads:543,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"294534",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Eryn",surname:"Culton",slug:"eryn-culton",fullName:"Eryn Culton"}]},{id:"67815",title:"Momentum Space Analysis for Mixed Skew Angle Arrays",slug:"momentum-space-analysis-for-mixed-skew-angle-arrays",totalDownloads:557,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"290833",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Zachary",surname:"Lewis",slug:"zachary-lewis",fullName:"Zachary Lewis"}]},{id:"69734",title:"Mixed Skew Angle Singularity Plotting for Non-Redundant Single Gimbal CMG Array",slug:"mixed-skew-angle-singularity-plotting-for-non-redundant-single-gimbal-cmg-array",totalDownloads:580,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"291232",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Joshua",surname:"Ten Eyck",slug:"joshua-ten-eyck",fullName:"Joshua Ten Eyck"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177730",firstName:"Edi",lastName:"Lipovic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177730/images/4741_n.jpg",email:"edi@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8841",title:"Deterministic Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd65f564ea0b77f91dea36cfcbaa1da7",slug:"deterministic-artificial-intelligence",bookSignature:"Timothy Sands",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8841.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"258189",title:"Prof.",name:"Timothy",surname:"Sands",slug:"timothy-sands",fullName:"Timothy Sands"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5847",title:"Aerial Robots",subtitle:"Aerodynamics, Control and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"340f32fcf4dae90d01d22d6a394b9d85",slug:"aerial-robots-aerodynamics-control-and-applications",bookSignature:"Omar Dario Lopez Mejia and Jaime Alberto Escobar Gomez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5847.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186649",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar",surname:"Lopez Mejia",slug:"omar-lopez-mejia",fullName:"Omar Lopez Mejia"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5801",title:"Turbulence Modelling Approaches",subtitle:"Current State, Development Prospects, Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"806f8c12f61aee260f439635c576baf8",slug:"turbulence-modelling-approaches-current-state-development-prospects-applications",bookSignature:"Konstantin Volkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5801.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118184",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstantin",surname:"Volkov",slug:"konstantin-volkov",fullName:"Konstantin Volkov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8643",title:"Hypersonic Vehicles",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c8b071f76d5ebaa5d249d728be4f42dd",slug:"hypersonic-vehicles-past-present-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pezzella and Antonio Viviani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8643.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14939",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Pezzella",slug:"giuseppe-pezzella",fullName:"Giuseppe Pezzella"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"5848",title:"Greedy Algorithms for Spectrum Management in OFDM Cognitive Systems - Applications to Video Streaming and Wireless Sensor Networks",doi:"10.5772/6349",slug:"greedy_algorithms_for_spectrum_management_in_ofdm_cognitive_systems_-_applications_to_video_streamin",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/5848.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5848",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5848",totalDownloads:2947,totalViews:81,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:61,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 1st 2008",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/5848",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/5848",book:{id:"6121",slug:"greedy_algorithms"},signatures:"Joumana Farah and François Marx",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"6121",type:"book",title:"Greedy Algorithms",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Greedy Algorithms",slug:"greedy_algorithms",publishedDate:"November 1st 2008",bookSignature:"Witold Bednorz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6121.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-7619-27-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5798-4",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:35,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"130302",title:"PhD.",name:"Witold",middleName:null,surname:"Bednorz",slug:"witold-bednorz",fullName:"Witold Bednorz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"590"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"5850",type:"chapter",title:"A Greedy Algorithm with Forward-Looking Strategy",slug:"a_greedy_algorithm_with_forward-looking_strategy",totalDownloads:7551,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Mao Chen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5837",type:"chapter",title:"A Greedy Scheme for Designing Delay Monitoring Systems of IP Networks",slug:"a_greedy_scheme_for_designing_delay_monitoring_systems_of_ip_networks",totalDownloads:2405,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yigal Bejerano and Rajeev Rastogi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5849",type:"chapter",title:"A Multilevel Greedy Algorithm for the Satisfiability Problem",slug:"a_multilevel_greedy_algorithm_for_the_satisfiability_problem",totalDownloads:3588,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Noureddine Bouhmala and Xing Cai",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5857",type:"chapter",title:"A Multi-start Local Search Approach to the Multiple Container Loading Problem",slug:"a_multi-start_local_search_approach_to_the_multiple_container_loading_problem",totalDownloads:3391,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Shigeyuki Takahara",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5838",type:"chapter",title:"A Partition-Based Suffix Tree Construction and Its Applications",slug:"a_partition-based_suffix_tree_construction_and_its_applications",totalDownloads:2764,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Hongwei Huo and Vojislav Stojkovic",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5853",type:"chapter",title:"Bayesian Framework for State Estimation and Robot Behaviour Selection in Dynamic Environments",slug:"bayesian_framework_for_state_estimation_and_robot_behaviour_selection_in_dynamic_environments",totalDownloads:7604,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Georgios Lidoris, Dirk Wollherr and Martin Buss",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5852",type:"chapter",title:"Efficient Multi-User Parallel Greedy Bit-Loading Algorithm with Fairness Control For DMT Systems",slug:"efficient_multi-user_parallel_greedy_bit-loading_algorithm_with_fairness_control_for_dmt_systems",totalDownloads:3670,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Cajetan M. Akujuobi and Jie Shen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5851",type:"chapter",title:"Energy Efficient Greedy Approach for Sensor Networks",slug:"energy_efficient_greedy_approach_for_sensor_networks",totalDownloads:3392,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Razia Haider and Muhammad Younus Javed",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5856",type:"chapter",title:"Enhancing Greedy Policy Techniques for Complex Cost-Sensitive Problems",slug:"enhancing_greedy_policy_techniques_for_complex_cost-sensitive_problems",totalDownloads:3118,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Camelia Vidrighin Bratu and Rodica Potolea",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5855",type:"chapter",title:"Greedy Algorithm: Exploring Potential of Link Adaptation Technique in Wideband Wireless Communication Systems",slug:"greedy_algorithm__exploring_potential_of_link_adaptation_technique_in_wideband_wireless_communicatio",totalDownloads:3429,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mingyu Zhou, Lihua Li, Yi Wang and Ping Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5854",type:"chapter",title:"Greedy Algorithms for Mapping onto a Coarse-grained Reconfigurable Fabric",slug:"greedy_algorithms_for_mapping_onto_a_coarse-grained_reconfigurable_fabric",totalDownloads:2624,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Colin J. Ihrig, Mustafa Baz, Justin Stander, Raymond R. Hoare, Bryan A. Norman, Oleg Prokopyev, Brady Hunsaker and Alex K. Jones",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5848",type:"chapter",title:"Greedy Algorithms for Spectrum Management in OFDM Cognitive Systems - Applications to Video Streaming and Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"greedy_algorithms_for_spectrum_management_in_ofdm_cognitive_systems_-_applications_to_video_streamin",totalDownloads:2947,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Joumana Farah and François Marx",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5847",type:"chapter",title:"Greedy Algorithms in Survivable Optical Networks",slug:"greedy_algorithms_in_survivable_optical_networks",totalDownloads:3231,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xiaofei Cheng",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5836",type:"chapter",title:"Greedy Algorithms to Determine Stable Paths and Trees in Mobile Ad hoc Networks",slug:"greedy_algorithms_to_determine_stable_paths_and_trees_in_mobile_ad_hoc_networks",totalDownloads:3068,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Natarajan Meghanathan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5835",type:"chapter",title:"Greedy Anti-Void Forwarding Strategies for Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"greedy_anti-void_forwarding_strategies_for_wireless_sensor_networks",totalDownloads:4050,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wen-Jiunn Liu and Kai-Ten Feng",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5834",type:"chapter",title:"Greedy Like Algorithms for the Traveling Salesman and Multidimensional Assignment Problems",slug:"greedy_like_algorithms_for_the_traveling_salesman_and_multidimensional_assignment_problems",totalDownloads:6247,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Gregory Gutin and Daniel Karapetyan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5833",type:"chapter",title:"Greedy Methods in Plume Detection, Localization and Tracking",slug:"greedy_methods_in_plume_detection__localization_and_tracking",totalDownloads:2886,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Huimin Chen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5846",type:"chapter",title:"Greedy Type Bases in Banach Spaces",slug:"greedy_type_bases_in_banach_spaces",totalDownloads:3661,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Witold Bednorz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5845",type:"chapter",title:"Hardware-oriented Ant Colony Optimization Considering Intensification and Diversification",slug:"hardware-oriented_ant_colony_optimization_considering_intensification_and_diversification",totalDownloads:2937,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Masaya Yoshikawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5844",type:"chapter",title:"Heuristic Algorithms for Solving Bounded Diameter Minimum Spanning Tree Problem and Its Application to Genetic Algorithm Development",slug:"heuristic_algorithms_for_solving_bounded_diameter_minimum_spanning_tree_problem_and_its_application_",totalDownloads:3775,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nguyen Duc Nghia and Huynh Thi Thanh Binh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5843",type:"chapter",title:"Opportunistic Scheduling for Next Generation Wireless Local Area Networks",slug:"opportunistic_scheduling_for_next_generation_wireless_local_area_networks",totalDownloads:3037,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ertuğrul Necdet Çiftçioğlu and Özgür Gürbüz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5842",type:"chapter",title:"Parallel Greedy Approximation on Large-Scale Combinatorial Auctions",slug:"parallel_greedy_approximation_on_large-scale_combinatorial_auctions",totalDownloads:2605,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Naoki Fukuta and Takayuki Ito",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5841",type:"chapter",title:"Parallel Search Strategies for TSPs Using a Greedy Genetic Algorithm",slug:"parallel_search_strategies_for_tsps_using_a_greedy_genetic_algorithm",totalDownloads:3164,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yingzi Wei and Kanfeng Gu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5840",type:"chapter",title:"Provably-Efficient Online Adaptive Scheduling of Parallel Jobs Based on Simple Greedy Rules",slug:"provably-efficient_online_adaptive_scheduling_of_parallel_jobs_based_on_simple_greedy_rules",totalDownloads:2352,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yuxiong He, and Wen-Jing Hsu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5839",type:"chapter",title:"Quasi-Concave Functions and Greedy Algorithms",slug:"quasi-concave_functions_and_greedy_algorithms",totalDownloads:3667,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yulia Kempner, Vadim E. Levit and Ilya Muchnik",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5832",type:"chapter",title:"Semantic Matchmaking Algorithms",slug:"semantic_matchmaking_algorithms",totalDownloads:6068,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Umesh Bellur, Harin Vadodaria and Amit Gupta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5831",type:"chapter",title:"Solving Inter-AS Bandwidth Guaranteed Provisioning Problems with Greedy Heuristics",slug:"solving_inter-as_bandwidth_guaranteed_provisioning_problems_with_greedy_heuristics",totalDownloads:2629,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kin-Hon Ho, Ning Wang and George Pavlou",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5830",type:"chapter",title:"Solving the High School Scheduling Problem Modelled with Constraints Satisfaction Using Hybrid Heuristic Algorithms",slug:"solving_the_high_school_scheduling_problem_modelled_with_constraints_satisfaction_using_hybrid_heuri",totalDownloads:4121,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ivan Chorbev, Suzana Loskovska, Ivica Dimitrovski and Dragan Mihajlov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5829",type:"chapter",title:"Toward Improving b-Coloring Based Clustering Using a Greedy re-Coloring Algorithm",slug:"toward_improving_b-coloring_based_clustering_using_a_greedy_re-coloring_algorithm",totalDownloads:2632,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Tetsuya Yoshida, Haytham Elghazel, Véronique Deslandres, Mohand-Said Hacid and Alain Dussauchoy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5828",type:"chapter",title:"WDM Optical Networks Planning Using Greedy Algorithms",slug:"wdm_optical_networks_planning_using_greedy_algorithms",totalDownloads:3444,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Nina Skorin-Kapov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"14",title:"Traveling Salesman Problem",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"traveling-salesman-problem-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Donald Davendra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/14.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2961",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",surname:"Davendra",slug:"donald-davendra",fullName:"Donald Davendra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"12736",title:"Traveling Salesman Problem: an Overview of Applications, Formulations, and Solution Approaches",slug:"traveling-salesman-problem-an-overview-of-applications-formulations-and-solution-approaches",signatures:"Rajesh Matai, Surya Singh and Murari Lal Mittal",authors:[{id:"13446",title:"Prof.",name:"Surya",middleName:"Prakash",surname:"Singh",fullName:"Surya Singh",slug:"surya-singh"},{id:"23587",title:"Dr.",name:"Murari Lal",middleName:null,surname:"Mittal",fullName:"Murari Lal Mittal",slug:"murari-lal-mittal"},{id:"23588",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Matai",fullName:"Rajesh Matai",slug:"rajesh-matai"}]},{id:"12401",title:"The Advantage of Intelligent Algorithms for TSP",slug:"the-advantage-of-intelligent-algorithms-for-tsp",signatures:"Yuan-bin Mo",authors:[{id:"13425",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-bin",middleName:null,surname:"Mo",fullName:"Yuan-bin Mo",slug:"yuan-bin-mo"}]},{id:"12402",title:"Privacy-Preserving Local Search for the Traveling Salesman Problem",slug:"privacy-preserving-local-search-for-the-traveling-salesman-problem",signatures:"Jun Sakuma and Shigenobu Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"13496",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",fullName:"Jun Sakuma",slug:"jun-sakuma"},{id:"13503",title:"Prof.",name:"Shigenobu",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Shigenobu Kobayashi",slug:"shigenobu-kobayashi"}]},{id:"12403",title:"Chaos Driven Evolutionary Algorithm for the Traveling Salesman Problem",slug:"chaos-driven-evolutionary-algorithm-for-the-traveling-salesman-problem",signatures:"Ivan Zelinka, Roman Senkerik, Magdalena Bialic-Davendra and Donald Davendra",authors:[{id:"2961",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",middleName:null,surname:"Davendra",fullName:"Donald Davendra",slug:"donald-davendra"},{id:"10213",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Zelinka",fullName:"Ivan Zelinka",slug:"ivan-zelinka"},{id:"14637",title:"Dr.",name:"Roman",middleName:null,surname:"Senkerik",fullName:"Roman Senkerik",slug:"roman-senkerik"},{id:"14638",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Bialic-Davendra",fullName:"Magdalena Bialic-Davendra",slug:"magdalena-bialic-davendra"}]},{id:"12404",title:"A Fast Evolutionary Algorithm for Traveling Salesman Problem",slug:"a-fast-evolutionary-algorithm-for-traveling-salesman-problem",signatures:"Xuesong Yan, Qinghua Wu and Hui Li",authors:[{id:"13316",title:"Dr.",name:"Xuesong",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Xuesong Yan",slug:"xuesong-yan"}]},{id:"12405",title:"Immune-Genetic Algorithm for Traveling Salesman Problem",slug:"immune-genetic-algorithm-for-traveling-salesman-problem",signatures:"Jingui Lu and Min Xie",authors:[{id:"13508",title:"Prof.",name:"Jingui",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Jingui Lu",slug:"jingui-lu"},{id:"14286",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",fullName:"Min Xie",slug:"min-xie"}]},{id:"12406",title:"The Method of Solving for Traveling Salesman Problem Using Genetic Algorithm with Immune Adjustment Mechanism",slug:"the-method-of-solving-for-traveling-salesman-problem-using-genetic-algorithm-with-immune-adjustment-",signatures:"Hirotaka Itoh",authors:[{id:"14380",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirotaka",middleName:null,surname:"Itoh",fullName:"Hirotaka Itoh",slug:"hirotaka-itoh"}]},{id:"12407",title:"High Performance Immune Clonal Algorithm for Solving Large Scale TSP",slug:"high-performance-immune-clonal-algorithm-for-solving-large-scale-tsp",signatures:"Fang Liu, Yutao Qi, Jingjing Ma, Maoguo Gong, Ronghua Shang, Yangyang Li and Licheng Jiao",authors:[{id:"13712",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutao",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yutao Qi",slug:"yutao-qi"},{id:"14343",title:"Prof.",name:"Fang",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Fang Liu",slug:"fang-liu"},{id:"14344",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingjing",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Jingjing Ma",slug:"jingjing-ma"},{id:"14345",title:"Dr.",name:"Maoguo",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",fullName:"Maoguo Gong",slug:"maoguo-gong"},{id:"14346",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronghua",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",fullName:"Ronghua Shang",slug:"ronghua-shang"},{id:"14347",title:"Dr.",name:"Yangyang",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yangyang Li",slug:"yangyang-li"},{id:"14348",title:"Prof.",name:"Licheng",middleName:null,surname:"Jiao",fullName:"Licheng Jiao",slug:"licheng-jiao"}]},{id:"12408",title:"A Multi-World Genetic Algorithm to Optimize Delivery Problem with Interactive-Time",slug:"a-multi-world-genetic-algorithm-to-optimize-delivery-problem-with-interactive-time",signatures:"Setsuo Tsuruta and Yoshitaka Sakurai",authors:[{id:"13355",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshitaka",middleName:null,surname:"Sakurai",fullName:"Yoshitaka Sakurai",slug:"yoshitaka-sakurai"},{id:"14462",title:"Prof.",name:"Setsuo",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuruta",fullName:"Setsuo Tsuruta",slug:"setsuo-tsuruta"}]},{id:"12409",title:"An Efficient Solving the Travelling Salesman Problem : Global Optimization of Neural Networks by Using Hybrid Method",slug:"an-efficient-solving-the-travelling-salesman-problem-global-optimization-of-neural-networks-by-using",signatures:"Yong-hyun Cho",authors:[{id:"13327",title:"Prof.",name:"Yong-Hyun",middleName:null,surname:"Cho",fullName:"Yong-Hyun Cho",slug:"yong-hyun-cho"}]},{id:"12410",title:"Recurrent Neural Networks with the Soft 'Winner Takes All' Principle Applied to the Traveling Salesman Problem",slug:"recurrent-neural-networks-with-the-soft-winner-takes-all-principle-applied-to-the-traveling-salesman",signatures:"Paulo Siqueira, Maria Teresinha Arns Steiner and Sérgio Scheer",authors:[{id:"3191",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:"Henrique",surname:"Siqueira",fullName:"Paulo Siqueira",slug:"paulo-siqueira"},{id:"13770",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Teresinha",middleName:null,surname:"Arns Steiner",fullName:"Maria Teresinha Arns Steiner",slug:"maria-teresinha-arns-steiner"},{id:"14317",title:"Prof.",name:"Sérgio",middleName:null,surname:"Scheer",fullName:"Sérgio Scheer",slug:"sergio-scheer"}]},{id:"12411",title:"A Study of Traveling Salesman Problem Using Fuzzy Self Organizing Map",slug:"a-study-of-traveling-salesman-problem-using-fuzzy-self-organizing-map",signatures:"Kajal De and Arindam Chaudhuri",authors:[{id:"13511",title:"Dr.",name:"Arindam",middleName:null,surname:"Chaudhuri",fullName:"Arindam Chaudhuri",slug:"arindam-chaudhuri"},{id:"14349",title:"Dr.",name:"Kajal",middleName:null,surname:"De",fullName:"Kajal De",slug:"kajal-de"}]},{id:"12412",title:"Hybrid Metaheuristics Using Reinforcement Learning Applied to Salesman Traveling Problem",slug:"hybrid-metaheuristics-using-reinforcement-learning-applied-to-salesman-traveling-problem-",signatures:"Francisco Chagas De Lima Júnior, Adriao Duarte Doria Neto and Jorge Dantas De Melo",authors:[{id:"14460",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:"Chagas",surname:"De Lima Junior",fullName:"Francisco De Lima Junior",slug:"francisco-de-lima-junior"},{id:"14469",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Dantas de Melo",fullName:"Jorge Dantas de Melo",slug:"jorge-dantas-de-melo"},{id:"23716",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriao",middleName:null,surname:"Duarte Doria Neto",fullName:"Adriao Duarte Doria Neto",slug:"adriao-duarte-doria-neto"}]},{id:"12413",title:"Predicting Parallel TSP Performance: a Computational Approach",slug:"predicting-parallel-tsp-performance-a-computational-approach",signatures:"Dolores Rexachs, Emilio Luque and Paula Cecilia Fritzsche",authors:[{id:"13424",title:"Mrs.",name:"Paula Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Fritzsche",fullName:"Paula Cecilia Fritzsche",slug:"paula-cecilia-fritzsche"},{id:"13619",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilio",middleName:null,surname:"Luque",fullName:"Emilio Luque",slug:"emilio-luque"},{id:"14383",title:"Prof.",name:"Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Rexachs",fullName:"Dolores Rexachs",slug:"dolores-rexachs"}]},{id:"12414",title:"Linear Programming Formulation of the Multi-Depot Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem with Differentiated Travel Costs",slug:"linear-programming-formulation-of-the-multi-depot-multiple-traveling-salesman-problem-with-different",signatures:"Moustapha Diaby",authors:[{id:"13467",title:"Dr.",name:"Moustapha",middleName:null,surname:"Diaby",fullName:"Moustapha Diaby",slug:"moustapha-diaby"}]},{id:"12415",title:"A Sociophysical Application of TSP: the Corporate Vote",slug:"a-sociophysical-application-of-tsp-the-corporate-vote-",signatures:"Hugo Hernandez-Saldana",authors:[{id:"13479",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez-Saldana",fullName:"Hugo Hernandez-Saldana",slug:"hugo-hernandez-saldana"}]},{id:"12416",title:"Some Special Traveling Salesman Problems with Applications in Health Economics",slug:"some-special-traveling-salesman-problems-with-applications-in-health-economics",signatures:"Liana Lupsa, Ioana Chiorean, Radu Lupsa and Luciana Neamtiu",authors:[{id:"14115",title:"Prof.",name:"Liana",middleName:null,surname:"Lupsa",fullName:"Liana Lupsa",slug:"liana-lupsa"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"14",title:"Traveling Salesman Problem",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"traveling-salesman-problem-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Donald Davendra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/14.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2961",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",surname:"Davendra",slug:"donald-davendra",fullName:"Donald Davendra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1940",title:"Bio-Inspired Computational Algorithms and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9025a709550b508f98bdb47a9a856d89",slug:"bio-inspired-computational-algorithms-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Shangce Gao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111444",title:"Dr.",name:"Shangce",surname:"Gao",slug:"shangce-gao",fullName:"Shangce Gao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6119",title:"Advances in Evolutionary Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49e46daf06834416b65ddf059cae29f6",slug:"advances_in_evolutionary_algorithms",bookSignature:"Witold Kosinski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6119.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6162",title:"Prof.",name:"Witold",surname:"Kosinski",slug:"witold-kosinski",fullName:"Witold Kosinski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6121",title:"Greedy Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7b8354916df79ba38188bafe59e3a89",slug:"greedy_algorithms",bookSignature:"Witold Bednorz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6121.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"130302",title:"PhD.",name:"Witold",surname:"Bednorz",slug:"witold-bednorz",fullName:"Witold Bednorz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7646",title:"Scientometrics Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86bbdd04d7e80be14283d44969d1cc32",slug:"scientometrics-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Suad Kunosic and Enver Zerem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7646.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88678",title:"Prof.",name:"Suad",surname:"Kunosic",slug:"suad-kunosic",fullName:"Suad Kunosic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81430",title:"Engineering Challenges Associated with Welding Field Repairs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104263",slug:"engineering-challenges-associated-with-welding-field-repairs",body:'Welded connections play a substantial role in the manufacturing processes of many types of parts, structures, equipment, and materials. Equipment manufacturers for vehicles and implements use a considerable amount of advanced welding techniques and applications throughout the design of their manufactured products. In the industrialized world, frequent breakdowns, failures, and the necessity of repairs are a part of ongoing operations. Mechanical and structural component failures are inevitable, particularly with mobile agricultural and construction equipment. Therefore, it is essential for engineers, field technicians, and those in similar roles to be educated on the characteristics of a successful weld repair, welding fundamentals, and the associated challenges of executing field repairs.
Identifying the engineering challenges of field repairs will be examined first. Properly executed welding techniques incorporate an extensive amount of engineering fundamentals to maintain the original assembly’s design and ensure adequate structural integrity once complete. There are many types of welding repairs that can be categorized by location, component type, design criteria, and the degree of critical quality requirements. Understanding basic material properties and identifying the material to be repaired is important for the welding process selection and the structural analysis of the proposed repair design. Certain repairs may not be accessible enough to clean the mill-scale, corrosion, or debris away, thereby narrowing the choice of possible welding processes, so repair preparation may also influence the welding process selection.
Understanding the various types of welding processes is vital to a manager seeking repairs. Each welding process features unique characteristics, often making one process more suited for a specific repair than other potential processes, based on the technical characteristics of the welding process equipment. Identifying the base material properties and measuring the thickness of pieces are both easily quantifiable metrics that are used to determine the proper weld size. For economic reasons, this analysis is always performed in manufacturing applications, but it is also necessary for quantifying the strength of a repair weldment to ensure that enough weld material has been applied to a given joint. Weldment strength mathematical field calculations will be examined in the chapter and illustrated with appropriate figures.
Finally, challenges for field engineers and technical managers will be summarized with emphasis on the identification of weld defects, preventative methods, and suggestions that can be used to minimize the occurrence of weld defects when conducting field repairs. Technical procedures for weld quality examination in field repairs should be useful for managers when instructing repairmen on alleviating defects or challenges within a job. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of the importance of repairs to business enterprises. There is value in having basic welding technical knowledge for an array of industry specialists. This chapter seeks to promote further education and interest in the engineering properties of welding repairs, their application to practical problems, and provide some value to operational managers utilizing heavy field equipment.
A variety of primary sources have been used for this chapter. Various sections of Blodgett’s
There is a multitude of jobs and types of repairs requiring welding applications. Challenges can often be categorized by the location, component type, design criteria, and the degree of critical quality needed in the repair. Repair location presents its own challenges from a logistical sense. Outdoor welding applications require mobilized welding equipment to access the repair. Mobilized welding equipment can require a fuel-based power source, due to a remote location or conditions. Due to the space constraint of certain repairs, it is common for mobile welding equipment to feature lengthy leads, which can also create unique circumstances. Outdoor welding repairs can present additional challenges derived from environmental factors, such as weather, terrain, and less than ideal base material circumstances. Not all welding processes are well-suited for this type of environment, limiting available repair options. These challenges call for strategic planning and an understanding of certain technical properties for repairs made in outdoor environments. There are fewer constraints for indoor welding repairs, where a variety of processes are available. Indoor welding environments found in machine shops, manufacturing facilities, prototype shops, and fabrication workshops are well equipped for operator comfort and process quality, without exposure to adverse environmental conditions.
Pipeline and structural welding are common examples of strictly outdoor welding applications. Professional welders of this category are highly skilled, due to the criticalness of their weldments and their ability to produce quality welds in difficult or uncomfortable body positions. This may consist of laying under a pipe in the mud to bevel, grind, mate, and weld pipe together, or it may mean being suspended hundreds of feet in the air, welding steel beams for structural applications. Critical preparation techniques are always used during the preliminary repair preparation process to ensure the quality of the weldment because, in many circumstances, time in the repair zone or position is limited.
Metal cleanliness and preparation are the most critical features for any field repair. Insufficient attention to base metal preparation will lead to unwanted imperfections in the repair. While certain welding processes are capable of penetrating through some surface rust, failing to clean the intended weld area of contaminants will always yield certain weld defects, such as slag inclusions, porosity, and craters. Weld defects lead to unwanted future cracks in the weldment, causing the component to lose structural integrity and have progressively weaker joint strength. Metal preparation is usually conducted using an electric angle grinder with a variety of disc attachments. Standard grinding discs are used to remove material quickly, and they perform well for removing large amounts of surface rust, paint, and other contaminates. Sanding disks, also referred to as “flap disks,” are effective at removing mill-scale on the base material and polishing the metal surface.
Material fitment to maintain proper dimensions and alignment with other components during the welding process is nearly as vital as material preparation. Repairs due to a defect or flaw causing a component or related component to be displaced from their original state must be approached with caution. These conditions require the fitment of material to be returned to a near-original state prior to the repair process. However, the removal of old material often includes the removal of the original weldment or the removal of material near the damaged area. Taking measurements beforehand or using a secondary, mirrored part for dimensioning can be helpful for reestablishing the original location of a displaced component in need of repair. When proper material fit-up is completed, weld material can be added to the removed areas by making a series of weld passes to build up the filler material. Adding an amount of weld material more than what is necessary is generally recommended, so later grinding can remove the excess.
After achieving proper fitment of the base pieces, constructing a jig or welding additional structures to the member may be necessary to maintain the position of the pieces while welding. Welding induces rapid temperature changes with the heat concentrated in a small area. This thermal transfer of energy causes the metal to expand slightly, and under extreme conditions, it can cause warpage and deformation. High temperatures cause a crystalline structural rearrangement and reduction in tensile and yield strength in most metal materials [3]. Metal warpage is more likely to occur when applying a large amount of weld material to thinner materials with thicknesses of less than 30 mm. Part of the preparation process for the repairman is evaluating and mapping out the intended weldments in an effort to evenly distribute heat applied to the material during the repair. If the material movement cannot be avoided by distributing weld material and heat evenly, a temporarily fixed member can be welded in place to prevent movement from occurring. The temporary support can later be removed and grinded away.
Welding repairs may be necessary on a variety of metal components that can be made from ferrous materials, such as carbon steel, stainless steel, and cast iron, as well as non-ferrous materials, such as aluminum and titanium alloys. Identification of the material is essential to executing a welding repair. Repairmen need to accurately be able to access which materials they are dealing with. All raw materials have specific properties associated with the type of material. Material properties are defined as measurable, quantifiable properties associated with the material. The material properties help categorize different materials and ease the process of material selection. Evaluating categories of mechanical properties of the material is an effective way to identify material for a field repair. Documentation is always best, but in the field, it seldom exists. When confronted with an unknown material, investigation should include at a minimum, a chemical test, and a hardness test. These two property indicators will help qualify the weldability of the material. Other properties can help narrow uncertainty in the base material. There are generally considered to be five categories of mechanical properties for common building materials [4], which are as follows:
physical properties;
mechanical properties;
thermal properties;
electrical properties; and
chemical properties.
Physical properties are perhaps the most easily identifiable material characteristics when conducting field repairs. These properties include the shape, size, color, texture, finish, porosity, and luster of the subject material [4]. Technological properties are also referred to as basic mechanical properties for the metal, and these include hardness, malleability, machinability, weldability, and formability. It is recommended that the material’s physical properties be evaluated first. This will allow an easier understanding and identification of mechanical properties, once known. In a repair situation, material identification is important for understanding the behavior of the component’s base metal and how it is likely to react to different welding processes.
Mechanical properties are critical to understanding structural repair applications, particularly when there are critical zones of stress and strength maintenance requirements. Material properties commonly found in engineering material references are as follows [3]:
ultimate tensile strength;
elongation;
modulus of elasticity;
compressive strength;
shear strength; and
fatigue strength.
Tensile strength for different types of material is experimentally determined by a standard testing method, conducted using a tensile test machine. The selected material is marked at two locations, 50.8 mm apart. Once the selected material is placed on the machine, an axial load is applied by pulling the material in opposite directions at a constant rate. As the test progresses, the load divided by the original cross-sectional area of the material within the marked area represents the resistance that the material has to the tensile load being applied [1].
The stress (σ) unit is in force per area, while the strain (
Modulus of elasticity (E) is a way to quantify the springiness of a material or the stress value of a given material as it is deformed by a force in one direction. It is also commonly referred to as Young’s Modulus, after English physicist, Thomas Young. The AISC states that the standard for all low-carbon steel is a modulus of elasticity of 200,000 mPa [5]. Section area is an important metric, used when calculating the stress and strength of materials with loads applied in compression, tension, and shear configurations. If the member is not symmetric throughout the length of the applied load, then the section at which the material or structure will induce the most stress is used in the calculation. Once the desired cross section is found, the neutral axis must be located. The neutral axis of a section represents the plane of zero strain and zero stress, and it can be a good place to locate a spot weld during the fitment process [1].
Material hardness is a well-correlated property with many other physical properties, and it is determined using a Brinell hardness test. The test is conducted by applying a known load to the surface of the material using a hardened steel ball. The diameter of the impression that the ball leaves on the tested material is the measured result of the test. The diameter of the impression can be converted to the Brinell number as follows [6]:
where
Fortunately, the Brinell Hardness Number does not typically need to be calculated. For most materials, the number can be found using various Brinell charts. One might be exposed to materials with a high Brinell hardness utilized in high wear environments, as in abrasive situations, due to contact with other moving components. The Brinell hardness can be increased using a thermodynamic hardening process. There are various methods of hardening materials, but in the simplest form, hardening is achieved by increasing the temperature of the material to a modest degree and then rapidly cooling it by quenching the material. The quick change from a high temperature to a cold temperature hardens the material by locking-in elevated temperature crystal structures.
Tool steel used for drill bits, mill cutters, and hand tools is typically hardened, along with other critical mechanical components, such as shafts, bearings, and gears. Hardened materials can be a challenge for welding repairs, due to their impenetrable nature of the material. The heat applied to the material during the welding process, along with the rapid cooling typically present in welding, can make the hardened steel base material brittle and cause cracking along the joint. Heating the material slowly and evenly with an oxygen-acetylene torch, while monitoring the temperature of the joint before welding, will soften the material and allow the weld process to penetrate deeper. After the weld is complete, cooling the material around the joint slowly will maintain the material’s hardness, but make the material less brittle. This softening process is also referred to as annealing [7].
The ASTM is an organization established to produce standards for material properties of all sorts. For nearly 120 years, ASTM has written technical standards for materials, products, and other systems [8]. Physical properties are defined by characteristics, such as corrosive resistance, hardness, density, and thermal conductivity, to name a few. When choosing metal material or evaluating an existing component for repair, corrosive resistance is an important factor to consider. Understanding the environment that the material is exposed to aids the welder in selecting preparation requirements and the welding process. In general, the welder should determine the following material properties before starting a repair:
the material hardness;
the moisture exposure;
will paint need to be removed; and
whether is it outside or inside the application.
It is commonly known that mild steel is corrosive, but when painted, the structural life of the steel is lengthened significantly. The corrosion rate is simply measured by the millimeters of corrosive penetration into the material per year. A common alternative to painting is the plating of the metal. Materials can be plated with a variety of different plating materials. Zinc-plated bolts are a common example of a component that receives plating for increased durability. It might be best to use stainless steel for structures exposed to salt water or high moisture atmospheric environments. Stainless steel is highly resistant to oxidation and a popular choice to use for marine structures, along with many industrial food processing applications having health code precautions. Materials with any of these anti-corrosion features must be treated specially, and repair welders must take these elements into account when planning repairs. Additionally, a repair technician should almost always consult a specialist, if they spot a highly stressed area, find corrosion or hydrogen embrittlement, or have a high-temperature operational environment [9]. Finally, if chemical information about the base material is available, levels of carbon and other alloying materials provide critical information to the repair technician. Certain stainless steels cannot be effectively welded, and in general, a 0.35% carbon level is typically considered the upper limit for welding. Material chemistry mainly identifies what cannot be welded or where extreme caution should be applied when making repairs. There are now test kits available that can determine a metal’s chemical content within a matter of hours [10]. There is simply no excuse for not knowing what material you are dealing with anymore.
There are three primary welding processes—gas metal arc welding (GMAW/MIG), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW/TIG), and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW/Stick/Arc). This section will describe the characteristics and advantages of each process. Various welding positions, the different weld joint types, weldment preparations to the base materials, the calculation of weld fillet size, and weld strength will additionally be reviewed.
Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW/Stick/Arc) is chosen for a variety of applications due to its uniquely robust properties, allowing it to be used in many environments. Stick welding is heavily used in structural and industrial heavy metal applications when less than ideal conditions are present. Common SMAW/Stick/Arc welding joints include the assembly of structural frameworks for buildings and the joining of pipe segments together in pipeline applications. The connections of high-pressure pipeline segments are generally made by SMAW/Stick/Arc welding. The pipe ends are typically beveled, mated, and welded with an E6010 electrode. This is called a root pass. There can be several root passes depending on the application. Root passes are then overlaid and capped by several additional weld passes, building additional filler material with each pass. This kind of weld is durable and self-healing around small weld defects. It is the oldest form of electrode welding and is still preferred when deep penetration is required.
There is an assortment of consumable electrodes available to the repairman. These are also referred to as “rods.” Electrodes are 30 cm long sticks of filler metal, wrapped with a flux coating. As shown in Figure 1, they are referenced with a four-digit numerical code with each number referencing a specification for the electrode. The first two numbers reference the tensile strength of the weld material that the rod will produce. The third number refers to the position(s) in the electrode that can be used for welding. One means that it can be used in all positions, and two means it can only be used in the flat and horizontal positions. The fourth number refers to the type of flux coating, the hydrogen content of the electrode, and if it can be used with alternating current, direct current, or both. An advantage of the stick welding process is its ability to make high penetrating welds on imperfectly prepared material with oxidation and mill scale, the oxidized scaly substance on the surface of most hot-rolled material.
Electrode specification stamped on the flux coating of a typical welding rod.
This makes SMAW/Stick/Arc welding an excellent choice for field repairs. The stick welding process is commonly used by repair shops for agricultural, off-road, and construction equipment repairs. With the correct rod, rusty and dirty metal can be welded effectively with minimal preparation. This process produces a very strong weldment with high material penetration and can produce an esthetically pleasing weld bead using certain electrodes. Unfortunately, as shown in Figure 2, it generates far more splatter and slag peel than other welding processes. However, those other processes require clean metal with minimal mill scale to make solid weldments. Stick welding can operate with either direct current or alternating current. Stick welding machines use a ground clamp and an electrode holder, commonly referred to as a “stinger” to make the necessary electric circuit.
Stick welded components showing the splatter form the process.
SMAW/Stick/Arc welding is the generally preferred choice of the process by many repairmen for field repairs. As previously mentioned, field repairs often require the use of mobile welding equipment. Notable welding equipment manufacturers, such as Lincoln Electric and Miller Electric, manufacture gasoline and diesel-powered welders for this purpose. Test engineers, pipefitters, construction crews, and other field repairmen will generally have their service vehicles equipped with machines of this category. Mobile welding rigs typically have electrode holders and ground leads in lengths of 15–30 m for repairs and jobs, where only limited vehicle access is available. If the stick welding process is utilized for repair work to an appearance-critical piece of equipment, extreme care must be taken to effectively tarp and shield the balance of the unit from the inevitable splatter of the process.
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW/MIG) is the predominate joining method in manufacturing and industrial settings. This process is preferred, because of its weld quality and speed, making it less expensive to implement in production situations. GMAW/MIG welding produces very little slag and creates a very clean welded connection when welding clean material. MIG welding is often referred to as “wire feed welding.” As shown in Figure 3, its nickname is due to the spool of wire fed through the MIG gun by the machine. When the trigger on the gun is actuated by the operator, electrified wire is fed through the end and shrouded by a gas cloud. A typical combination of shielding gas for welding mild steel is 75% argon and 25% CO2. As the welding wire is pushed toward the base material, it strikes an electric arc and melts the target material and filler materials together. Filler metals are rated by their tensile strength. A tensile strength rating of 482 mPa is common for most spools of filler wire. MIG welding is not as effective as SMAW/Stick/Arc for use on oxidized material, without significant clean-up and material preparation. However, it is more time-efficient than other processes for clean assemblies, making it an excellent process in production environments. As shown in Figure 4, it makes a beautiful, clean weld on clean material. Materials such as steel, aluminum, magnesium, carbon steel, nickel, and other alloy metals can be welded with the GMAW/MIG process, making this a versatile industrial tool, when multiple materials are in use. The ability to weld a variety of materials makes it a top choice in high production manufacturing [11].
Spool of 0.58 mm filler wire mounted on MIG welding machine.
Horizontal fillet weld on clean material done by GMAW/MIG welding.
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW/TIG) is a process commonly used for specialty welding repairs and applications, where additional craftsmanship is necessary. The GTAW/TIG welding process is commonly used on components that are made of stainless steel and other non-ferrous metals. TIG welding is expensive and time-consuming, due to its precision, but as shown in Figure 5, the quality of the GTAW/TIG weld is unsurpassed. Consequently, it is not often used for facilitating field repairs, but may be used for smaller repairs, especially for stainless-steel repairs. Stainless steel is an alloy with unique properties that do not allow it to be welded easily with other welding processes or without specific equipment configurations. Stainless steel material is subject to cracking at high welding temperatures from other welding processes, causing additional weld defects, which result in weld quality issues. However, stainless can be welded nicely with the use of a TIG welder, due to its low heat application from the tungsten rod in tandem with an argon shielding gas. The user has the ability to control the welding heat with great precision. TIG welding uses a foot pedal to control the machine amperage. It can operate on direct current or alternating current, but the tungsten electrode rod is not actually consumed very rapidly. The process requires filler metal to be fed manually by the welder into the arc that is struck by the tungsten rod attached to what is referred to as a “TIG torch.” TIG welding is commonly used in applications where bead esthetics are preferred because it produces no weld slag. These applications include stainless-steel exhaust headers, pipe/tubing, and roll cages. TIG welding produces a high tensile strength weld and is a very good choice for a variety of applications requiring clean-finished beads or the repair of exotic materials. It is a well-suited process for applications requiring clean, good-looking welds, and it is a highly regarded choice for critical stainless-steel joints and connections.
GTAW/TIG fillet weld on aluminum material.
The American Welding Society identifies four basic welding positions. These positions characterize the position of the electrode in relation to the object being welded. The four welding positions are described as the horizontal position, flat position, vertical position, and overhead position. These welding position definitions have been established by the AWS, due to the subtly, but critically differing, techniques associated with each position. Professional welders must pass welding application tests in each position to prove their competence for all of the established welding positions [3]. Weld metal behaves differently in all positions, creating challenges to consider when conducting a field repair. Identifying where the welding material will travel due to gravity, is a major consideration when making repairs in each welding position. Table 1 summarizes several of the welding symbols associated with different welding positions and types of weld. Well-specified repair instructions identify the welding position, weld type, and joint preparation to be used.
Welding positions and symbols | ||
---|---|---|
Position | Weld type | Symbol |
Flat | Fillet | 1F |
Flat | Groove | 1G |
Horizontal | Fillet | 2F |
Horizontal | Groove | 2G |
Vertical | Fillet | 3F |
Vertical | Groove | 3G |
Overhead | Fillet | 4F |
Overhead | Groove | 4G |
Welding positions and weld types identified by welding symbols for technical drawings.
The flat position is the simplest position and the easiest to execute by novice welders. Most welders find welding in this position to be natural and comfortable, typically traveling from left to right. It is generally recommended that the component being welded be turned to the flat position for easier constructability, if possible. Figure 6 shows the location of the material and fillet in a flat position weld. Molten weld material travels downward naturally in the flat position, penetrating the material adequately. The flat welding position is executed similarly for both fillet and groove joint configurations [12].
Base material orientation and working position for flat position fillet weld (1F).
The horizontal welding position is similar to the flat position with the joint rotated at 90°. A fillet weldment in the horizontal position can be slightly more challenging to execute than weldments made in the flat position. Horizontal groove welds typically require more attention and control of the weld pool to establish an equal penetration into both base metals. Again, left to right travel is generally preferred. Figure 7 shows the location of the material and the fillet in a horizontal position weld.
Base material orientation and working location for horizontal position fillet weld (2F).
The vertical position requires traveling uphill or downhill when welding. The vertical welding position is illustrated in Figure 8. It can be difficult to perform, due to the downward gravitational pull on the weld material before it cools. This can cause the weld material to build up when traveling uphill, and it can extinguish the arc when traveling downhill. To decrease the occurrence of material build-up, welders typically lower the amperage on the machine slightly. This allows the weld material to cool faster, decreasing its ability to move gravitationally. Traveling uphill is the preferred direction of travel for vertical position welding. This gives the welder more weld pool visibility, without the weld material blocking the welder’s view of the arc. The weld pool will cool away from the arc, so the proper speed of travel is critical to executing a proper vertical weld.
Base material orientation and working location for vertical position fillet weld (3F).
The overhead welding position is the most difficult, even for the most skilled tradesman. Figure 9 illustrates some of the challenges posed by the gravitational vector in executing an overhead weld. In the overhead position, the weld pool wants to naturally flow in the opposite direction of the joint. This will cause weld material to sag away from the joint as it cools, creating a crown [12]. A crown is an excess concavity of the face of the weld material that sags away from the joint [13]. Poor overhead welds can have void spaces, so keeping the arc tight and the diameter of the weld pool small helps avoid this defect. Welding in the overhead position is generally avoided if possible, but if required, additional care must be taken to identify problems and correct deficiencies. A project manager must understand that this weld is extremely challenging and to be approached with caution in a repair.
Base material orientation and working position for overhead position fillet weld (4F).
In a welding repair scenario, there will have been a joint already constructed. Identifying the joint type is critical to know what type of weld should be applied to repair the member. There are five primary joint configurations established by the AWS shown in Figure 10. The five weld joint configurations are described by the physical intersection between two joining materials. The shape of the base pieces is irrelevant to the joint classification. All metal joints can be classified under one of these five categories, whether the joint is constructed on a plate, pipe, or pre-made structural shapes. Weld joint classification is different from the weld type. The former depends on the relative position of the base pieces to one another, while the latter depends primarily on the joint preparation. In general, there are three weld types: fillet, groove, and slot types. The various weld types are illustrated in Figure 11.
The five established weld joint configurations.
The three established weld types.
The fillet weld is a type of weld used in most applications and is notable for being the most common type of welded joint connections. Fillet welds are used to make lap joints, corner joints, and T-joints [14]. The basic shape of a fillet weld is a right triangle with two equal leg sizes. However, it is difficult to make a fillet weld that formulates a perfect right triangle. There is a reasonably generous tolerance for the shape of a fillet weld. The weld throat is assumed to be the length of the hypotenuse, across the weld shape. Fillet welds must maintain a certain size relative to the thickness of the base metal. In other words, the throat of the weld cannot be too convex or too concave. A fillet weld with a throat that is too convex means there is not enough penetration into the joining material. A fillet weld with a throat that is too concave results from not enough weld metal applied. Either condition creates a weak weldment, and both should be flagged for repair, at present.
Groove welds are classified by the various shapes and sizes of the preparation on the base materials. The types of groove weld classifications are shown in Figure 12 and listed below:
square groove;
V-groove;
bevel groove;
U-groove;
J-groove;
flare V-groove; and
flare bevel groove.
Groove weld preparations in base material to be joined.
Groove welds can be used in corner joints, T-joints, and butt joints. Groove welds are often used for tight fitment applications. Each of the groove weld types listed in the text above has its own symbol and associated dimensioning method per the AWS symbol standard. There are significant material preparation techniques associated with groove weldments, and they typically concern the construction of the specific groove. These details are specified within the weld symbol structure. Beveling the ends of the material in a specific manner is necessary to form the groove. The beveling extent is specified by different bevel angles. Bevels allow for weld metal to fill the beveled-out area more easily and increase the strength of the weld.
Figure 13 above represents the material preparation of two steel plates for a 60o V-groove weldment. The angular dimension for the groove is specified within the weld symbol structure. After the weld has been applied between the pieces of base metal, the excess can be ground-away to present a smooth surface of the steel plates, as if the plate is one piece. If executed properly, groove welds can provide superior penetration and strength.
Material preparation for V-groove weldment.
Plug welds and slot welds are similar and are often used to join two overlapping plates. One of the two plates will have drilled holes or milled-out elongated slots. This internal opening to the second piece is where the weldment will be produced. When dimensioning a plug or slot weld, the hole diameter will be shown to the left of the plug symbol, and the plug spacing (distance between each hole) is shown to the right of the symbol. For slot welds, the width of the slot is shown to the left of the symbol, while the length and pitch are shown to the right of the symbol. A drawing detail is often referenced in the tail of the weld symbol structure. If the slot or plug is not to be filled completely with weld metal, the fill depth will be specified [14].
Determining the proper size of a weld is essential in conducting a welding repair. Over-welding by repairmen does not generally enhance the chances of success for a repair. A common misconception is that applying an excess of weld material provides additional strength to the joint. This is false, and over-welding can actually weaken the joint by the additional application of heat transferred to the material around the joint. Over-welding is quantifiable and can be calculated in manufacturing applications to minimize production costs. For repairs, it adds time to the job without any benefit to the customer, and it may be counterproductive. The depth of weld penetration is a more important factor in creating a good weld, and it can be properly gauged by correctly sizing the thickness of the weld.
The thickness of the weld is controlled by the depth of the material being welded. It is critical to understand that the material thickness input must be the thinnest material associated with the joint that is being welded. This is especially important in weldment strength calculations.
where
Figure 14 illustrates these variables on an illustration of a cross section of a tee joint. Following this recommendation for the fillet size will create the proper amount of weld penetration into the base material for a solid joint.
An illustration of fillet weld size variables used in weld strength calculations.
When calculating the throat size, a 0.71 scale factor sometimes appears in the equation for calculating throat size. This is the rough equivalent of
Minimum effective weld length of run.
Stitch welding is a technique used to connect base material pieces that will see little stress and fatigue in their duty cycles. Additional weld fillet length beyond the structural need is wasteful and costly. Stitch welding is generally a great technique for field repairs that require lengthy connections, eliminating the need to weld a solid bead that would introduce a significant amount of heat into the base material, potentially causing distortion and warpage. Engineering drawings feature unique callouts for stitch welding that include dimensions referencing the length of the stitch weld, the distance between each stitch weld, the weld type, and the size of the weld [15]. The drawings will also feature callouts for the intermittence of the weldment, such as intermittent welds on one or both sides of the joint and the staggered intermittent interval for the weldments [15]. In field repairs, it is usually up to the repairman to evaluate the stitch weld dimensions and the weld runs intermittently, depending on the stress of the joint. Significant guidance for the design of the weld can be had through the proper estimation of the needed weld strength.
Weld metal has tremendous strength, generally higher than the raw strength of the base metals that are being joined. This strength can be calculated with the type of load the material will face. Welded components may endure multiple different types of stress in unison. Fortunately, the superposition of loads principle allows the calculations of each type of stress remain separate. Transverse and shear loads represent the two most common load orientations.
The fillet welds represented by the right triangles shown in Figure 16 are very resistant to the transverse type of loading. However, if the load follows the direction of the arrow and only one fillet weld existed on the right-hand side of the plate, the connection would be weakened and would likely bend over itself and break off at the joint, toward the right-hand direction. In general, the best practice would be to weld both sides. However, if the application required only one fillet weld, due to a low load application, then the weld should be placed on the side of the plate that places the weld in tension, not compression. In this case, it would be the arrow side of the plate. If the load was in the opposite direction, then the preferred weld location would move to the other side.
Illustration of transverse loading on weldment.
Transverse loading is only when the load applied is perpendicular to the weldment. If the load is present in a direction parallel to the weld, as shown in Figure 17, then the strength of the weld must be calculated in shear. Shear loading is more detrimental to the structural integrity of a weldment than a transverse load. The decreased structural strength of the weld means that the weld strength cannot be calculated using the full tensile strength of the filler metal. Instead, the AWS recommends that the tensile strength of the filler material be reduced by multiplying by a value of 0.30, reducing the tensile strength by 70% [2]. Otherwise, the strength calculation process is the same.
Illustration of shear loading on weldment.
The calculation of weld strength for transverse load is straightforward, but it is important to emphasize that this is the calculated static strength of the weldment, without measurement against an applied load. Transverse loading requires three basic inputs for determination: filler tensile strength (
where
Table 2 shows the application of this model in calculating the weld strength for material and weldment length using specific values. The tensile strength for the most common MIG filler wire is 483 mPa, and that has been used here. The calculations show that the maximum strength of the weldments under transversal load is 200 and 198 kN in shear load. This number would be an upper bound for loading because the calculation lacks any accounting for imperfections. Any weld imperfections, defects, undercut, material imperfections, material fit-up problems, or dynamic or thermal loading during welding will reduce the strength of a welded joint. This calculation merely provides the theoretic strength of the specific design under specific conditions. In manufacturing, weldment specifications are properly simulated using finite element analysis, tested, and inspected to ensure that the applied loads do not exceed the factor of safety in the design. However, this level of analysis and design is typically not available to repair specialists. They simply tend to increase the factor of safety within their designs, accordingly.
Name | Value | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Inputs | |||
TF | 482 | mPa | Tensile strength of filler |
TM | 3.18 | mm | Thickness of material |
LW | 1092.2 | mm | Length of weld applied |
LS | 2.38 | mm | Leg size |
TS | 1.25 | mm | Throat size of weld |
A | 1366.26 | cm2 | Effective area of weld |
F | 658,536 | N | Strength of weld |
STF | 482 | mPa | Tensile strength of filler |
STM | 3.18 | cm | Thickness of material |
SLW | 1092.2 | cm | Length of weld applied |
SF | 197,561 | N | Strength of weld |
Spreadsheet calculation for weld strength under transverse and shear loading.
All of the necessary parameters for the basic weldment strength calculations can be easily obtained when conducting field repairs. A tape measure and a phone calculator are the only tools truly needed to execute this calculation in the field. The tensile strength of the filler wire can be found on the wire spool attached to the welding machine. For arc welding applications, the tensile strength is called-out on the electrode. Proper weldment design in repairs is just as critical, perhaps more so than in original manufacture.
Stitch welding is a technique used to connect base material pieces that will see little stress and fatigue in their duty cycles. Additional weld fillet length beyond the structural need is wasteful and costly. Stitch welding is generally a great technique for field repairs that require lengthy connections, eliminating the need to weld a solid bead that would introduce a significant amount of heat into the base material, potentially causing distortion and warpage. Engineering drawings feature unique callouts for stitch welding that include dimensions referencing the length of the stitch weld, the distance between each stitch weld, the weld type, and the size of the weld [15]. The drawings will also feature callouts for the intermittence of the weldment, such as intermittent welds on one or both sides of the joint and the staggered intermittent interval for the weldments [15]. In field repairs, it is usually up to the repairman to evaluate the stitch weld dimensions and the weld run intermittence, depending on the stress of the joint. Significant guidance for the design of the weld can be had through the proper estimation of the needed weld strength.
One of the more difficult tasks for an equipment manager is signing off on the acceptance of repair work when the work falls within the domain of a specialist. Welding repairs certainly meet these criteria for most individuals. This section will examine weld defects and how to recognize them. It will cover the repair of defective welds and then go into detail about more extensive examination methods necessary to verify the quality of a critical weld.
Defects in repair welds can have calamitous results. Therefore, it is necessary to identify defects and imperfections within a repair weld, before returning equipment to duty. Understanding the allowable variations in weld material’s physical and mechanical structure will provide a reasonable basis for inspecting welds for imperfections. Pockets of impurities and variations in the weld that are within the acceptable tolerance range are called “discontinuities.” Discontinuities that exceed the acceptable tolerance are called weld “defects” [16]. Defects must be ground away and repaired. Defects are generally caused by a poor welding technique, poor joint fit-up, or both. In the world of repair, poor joint fit-up is the most common cause of defective weldments. Repair jobs often consist of components that have separated and are no longer in their original position, making it difficult for the repairman to achieve the original geometry. This can be accomplished for many repairs, but sometimes it requires significant attention to detail and a bit of creativity to manipulate the original material into an acceptable repair position.
Defective welding techniques can cause impurities that affect the shape and size of the weldment, cause imperfections in the internal structure of the weld, and create other defects that adversely affect the weld’s strength. The basic categories of weld defects are overlapping, undercutting, distortion and warpage, cracks, craters, porosity, and inclusions. Overlap is excess weld metal that reaches beyond the joint onto the base metal. The primary cause of overlap is an incorrect angle of the electrode with respect to the base material. If the electrode is not angled away from the weld pool on the leading edge, the arc will manipulate the weld pool, causing notches to form between the overlap and the base metal.
Undercutting defects occur when electrode travel speed is too fast, causing grooves or gaps on the toe of the weldment between the base metal and weld metal. The rapid travel speed does not allow enough time for the weld metal to fill in after penetration has occurred into the base metal. A thin or narrow weld bead also indicates excessive travel speeds. Good technique and weld speed will eliminate this problem.
The misconception that over-welding creates stronger joints was mentioned previously. Over-welding can also cause distortion and warpage of the base metal by the excessive application of heat. This occurs due to an improper joint design from the base metal thickness and dimensions. Applying a large amount of weldment in several passes can induce a large amount of heat, and it will also cause thin materials to flex and warp. This weld defect is extremely difficult to correct after the fact, due to the alteration of the base metal’s natural shape. Heavy clamping in critical locations, before welding materials are likely to deform, is usually best. Once a piece has deformed into a complex shape, corrective choices become limited and generally involve minimizing further damage.
Cracks in the weld metal are often caused by other weld defects or excess stress induced at the joint. There are several classifications of cracks. Some cracks are internal and cannot be identified from the surface or at the throat of the weld. The stress-induced area at the toe of weldment is a common origination site for weld cracks [16]. Craters can form in the weld bead, causing a gap or hole in the weld metal due to the lack of filler metal deposited. Craters are easily corrected by revisiting the defect area after the weldment is complete. A new electrode should be used, beginning the tie-in 2.5 cm or so in front of the crater, allowing weld metal to melt and deposit into the crater, and extinguishing the arc after the proper amount of weld metal has filled the depression.
Porosity occurs when gas bubbles become trapped within the weld metal. This creates an uneven distribution of foamy weld metal. Porosity weakens the weld and can generally be identified at the surface of the weldment. Visible porosity is an indication that there is also porosity located below the throat of the weld. Inadequate weld preparation and contamination are the most common cause of weld porosity. The trapped gases are usually do not shield gases from the welding process, but gases from the oxidation and vaporization of the contaminates on the surface of the base metal [16].
Slag inclusions can result from trapped welding slag within the weld metal. This occurs only when using the SMAW/Stick/Arc welding process since GTAW/TIG and GMAW/MIG processes produce little slag peel. Slag inclusions can happen when an electrode has been consumed, and the welder ties into the old weldment with a new electrode, before removing the slag peel on the surface. Defects caused by improper welding techniques can be easily eliminated by following established welding procedures and maintaining the proper travel speed, arc length, and electrode angle recommended for the specific welding process.
Welding defects must be repaired by the complete removal of the defect using either torch removal or grinding methods. Portable grinders with stone wheels are an excellent tool for the removal of weld defects. There is a selection of sizes in grinding wheels, and some wheels are designed to use the surface of the wheel, while others are designed to be used only on the edge. Grinding wheels designed for grinding with the outer edge of the wheel are a popular choice for removing joints, where a groove or bevel is present. Once the defect has been ground away completely, another welding attempt can be tried. For long stretches of removal, an oxygen-acetenyl torch may be used to gouge out the defect. This can be a more efficient method of removal in certain situations. Torch gouging may also be the only practical choice, if the joint is space-constrained, with little room to reach the defect area with a grinding wheel.
It is important for field engineers and welders to evaluate the quality of their weldments. Each kind of defect displays unique characteristics, simplifying the identification and analysis process. Some defects are visually obvious, but a surprising number of repairmen do not thoroughly inspect their work after completion. Visually inspecting the weldment is vitally important to ensure the integrity of the repair, and it does not require significant effort. Cleaning the weldment and the area around the joint by removing slag with a wire brush is an easy process that results in improved visibility. The visual examination of a weld can usually be conducted with a flashlight, looking closely for the undesirable characteristics associated with the defects previously discussed.
The best practice for larger repairs and welding jobs is to have the inspection process functioning throughout the repair, conducted by a trained inspector at each step of the way. This preventative inspection protocol eliminates the continuance of defects during a repair [1]. However, an independent inspector for field repairs is not usually feasible. Therefore, it is vital for the welder to be capable of identifying defects as they occur. Quality control can be improved by having two or more qualified persons provide inspections. A fillet weld gauge is a handy tool for determining the size and quality of welded field repairs. This device is a measuring tool for checking the leg size and throat size of the weld [17].
In specialty applications where structural integrity is of utmost importance, inspections must be regular, and welds must meet the acceptable defect tolerance level. Specialty applications, such as underwater bridge welding, ship welding, and oil-rig applications must adhere to strict guidelines, codes, and are classified as a Class A weld. Welders in these fields must be licensed by passing a series of weld tests for joints configured in the 3F and 4F positions, administered and evaluated by AWS certified inspectors before beginning a new job, regardless of the prior experience of the welder. This requirement is due to the potential ramifications of a failed weldment [18].
Cracked components are common in the mechanical industry and are a regular failure mode for many pieces of equipment. These repairs are some of the toughest to execute, and this section will illustrate the overall process, so the equipment manager has an idea of the complexity of the operation. To repair a crack in carbon steel, a bevel directly on the crack must be ground to allow the weld metal to penetrate the base material, creating a tight joint at the crack. An electrode diameter size close to the width of the groove made by the grinder must be used. A standard size filler of 0.89 mm wire is generally sufficient if using a MIG welding process. Depending on the size and characteristics of the crack, an E6010 electrode and capped with a low-hydrogen E7018 electrode would be recommended to eliminate any undercut or hydrogen deposits created by the E6010 electrode, if using a GAW/Stick/Arc process. Finally, the weldment should be ground flush with the base metal to maintain its original appearance.
A field technician might encounter a situation where a gap needs to be bridged between two base pieces. A gap is when two materials should be welded together, but the pieces should not contact each other, as in Figure 18. The gap must be filled with weld metal, as in Figure 19. This technique should be considered the second stage in repairing a crack. A break that needs to be fixed by bridging a gap often originates from a hairline fracture or crack. When the material separates, it cannot always be drawn back together for repair. Filling gaps can be done in a variety of ways with different welding processes. Large gaps can be filled by using a backing strip. A backing strip is a section of material tack welded or stitch welded onto the base metal. This provides a surface for multiple welding passes without burning through. If a backing strip is used, it can later be grinded off and removed, or it can be left in place, depending on the criticality of the original dimensions. One simple technique to execute a gap fill is by making a series of tack welds along the joint, evenly spaced out. This allows the joint to be welded solid, while the tack welds provide enough weld metal to not blow through the joint. The fillet is typically ground flush after sufficient penetration and connection between the pieces has been established, as in Figure 20. Finally, a finish fillet can be applied to cap the weld, as in Figure 21.
Tack welds applied to establish a 0.3 cm gap between the separated pieces.
Multiple large tack welds used to fill the gap between the separated pieces, where a continuous weld would likely blow through the gap.
Welds ground-down to remove defects that occurred during the tack welding process joining the two separated pieces.
A fine cap fillet pass used to finish joining two separated pieces, which may be ground flush for a solid appearance.
Field repairs are frequently needed and often encountered by many technical professionals. Certified welders in manufacturing, pipeline, industrial, and fabrication shops gain a large amount of theoretical and application-based welding knowledge during their skilled-trade education. On the other hand, engineers and technologists are typically provided with very basic knowledge of welding processes and applications and have minimal field experience. These career areas may experience the need for welding repairs, especially when prototyping and testing. Gaining additional knowledge to further understand the theoretical process and mathematics behind welding techniques will increase the ability to execute, facilitate, and manage repairs of this nature. Management professionals will likely encounter the need to retain welding services, and they need to be able to competently specify the work to be done and be able to inspect it.
Challenges are present in all welding repairs. Critical considerations of these challenges are often not made, due to a lack of knowledge surrounding some of the more advanced topics. It can be difficult to evaluate all the factors in-field repair environments when time is constrained. Material properties, hardness of the material, and stress characteristics should really be thoroughly investigated when the repair is critical. Welding processes, equipment, and weldment preparation can provide the basis for conducting a proper field repair or general welding task, and it is incumbent upon a good equipment manager to understand the basics of welding. A breakdown of fundamental welding positions and types of welds has been shown. It has been demonstrated that the repairman’s physical position in relation to the weld is important to constructing a proper joint and executing a sufficient weldment. It was shown that the calculation for the correct weld size in relation to the base material is a simple field calculation. In more advanced major repairs, where stress-induced members are present, further field calculations for structural analysis of the weldment can be performed without excessive computation. These calculations provide quantitative metrics to determine the integrity of the repair weldment design if it were to be applied properly. The repairman can then judge whether the proposed weldment is adequate and sufficient for the repair.
The identification of welding defects, imperfections, and allowable tolerances for each is imperative in evaluating welds and managing quality repairs. The difference between an acceptable weld and an unacceptable weld can be minimal depending on the defect, and it is critical to be able to differentiate between the two. Finally, knowledge regarding the repairs and the correction of welding defects is perhaps the most valuable skill an equipment manager can have, as the correction of these deficiencies is frequently among the most commonly needed field repairs.
We would like to acknowledge our classmates from the Spring 2021 Power Units and Power Trains class at Purdue University’s School of Agricultural and Biological Engineering for their contributions to the structure and content of this technical chapter.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\\n\\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\\n\\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\\n\\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\\n\\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\\n\\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\\n\\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\n\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\n\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6669},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2458},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12710},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1016},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17715}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134176},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"23"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11437",title:"Social Media - Risks and Opportunities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"000e31f2e2f7295805e9a3864158ad63",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shafizan Mohamed and Dr. Shazleen Mohamed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11437.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"302450",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shafizan",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"shafizan-mohamed",fullName:"Shafizan Mohamed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Global Crises",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f61f975031e13ee705d8b5853f1aa58",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. David Eller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"476616",title:"Dr.",name:"Jack",surname:"Eller",slug:"jack-eller",fullName:"Jack Eller"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Sage Arbor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11769",title:"Multiculturalism and Interculturalism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6c4bda24f278d74f943f2155f13f4d73",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin, Dr. Tareque Aziz and Dr. Sreenivasan Jayashree",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11769.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11770",title:"Feminism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"008be465c708a6fde48c8468757a40af",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11770.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11773",title:"Archaeology - Challenges and Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17d91462fa926279f65164ac0d5641cd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11779",title:"Non-government Organizations - New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c109a472a9e0ea8398ae95e2d21be039",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Vito Bobek and Dr. Tatjana Horvat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11779.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11780",title:"Volunteering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"008a5fc8005ea6b9228cfe39f9521abe",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Diann Kelly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11780.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"325207",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diann",surname:"Kelly",slug:"diann-kelly",fullName:"Diann Kelly"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12115",title:"European Politics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"274a7fe06bb1c3cf128bf7ad081c7c12",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12115.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12116",title:"Youth and Youth Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5fcd245b25b23db90b3fd0430d61e168",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12116.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:120},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:34},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4430},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"85",title:"Organic Chemistry",slug:"organic-chemistry",parent:{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"},numberOfBooks:63,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1553,numberOfWosCitations:3773,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2097,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5157,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"85",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10861",title:"Furan Derivatives",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdfc39cecd82f91b0effac994f75c877",slug:"furan-derivatives-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Anish Khan, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, M. Ramesh, Salman Ahmad Khan and Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"293058",title:"Dr.",name:"Anish",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"anish-khan",fullName:"Anish Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10999",title:"Carbene",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"605a68d742896b92a81b245cdacc150a",slug:"carbene",bookSignature:"Satyen Saha and Arunava Manna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10999.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"226917",title:"Dr.",name:"Satyen",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",slug:"satyen-saha",fullName:"Satyen Saha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10884",title:"Bisphenols",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d73ec720cb7577731662ac9d02879729",slug:"bisphenols",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10884.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10443",title:"Accenting Lipid Peroxidation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"783b476008fbd1917ab059fb9f07b93c",slug:"accenting-lipid-peroxidation",bookSignature:"Pınar Atukeren",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10443.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54960",title:"Dr.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Atukeren",slug:"pinar-atukeren",fullName:"Pınar Atukeren"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10776",title:"Cellulose Science and Derivatives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"947660259ce1915c3cac58bf7d990424",slug:"cellulose-science-and-derivatives",bookSignature:"Arpit Sand and Sangita Banga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10776.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287032",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Arpit",middleName:null,surname:"Sand",slug:"arpit-sand",fullName:"Arpit Sand"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10701",title:"Alkenes",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6dd394ef1ca2d6472220de6a79a0d9a",slug:"alkenes-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Reza Davarnejad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10701.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88069",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Davarnejad",slug:"reza-davarnejad",fullName:"Reza Davarnejad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10507",title:"Current Topics in Chirality",subtitle:"From Chemistry to Biology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"692993cd6e2996714124df690df7c2e9",slug:"current-topics-in-chirality-from-chemistry-to-biology",bookSignature:"Takashiro Akitsu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10507.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147861",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashiro",middleName:null,surname:"Akitsu",slug:"takashiro-akitsu",fullName:"Takashiro Akitsu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9953",title:"Azoles",subtitle:"Synthesis, Properties, Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87a84470866a4c146b5c9c8e46185779",slug:"azoles-synthesis-properties-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Aleksey Kuznetsov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9953.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201033",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleksey",middleName:null,surname:"Kuznetsov",slug:"aleksey-kuznetsov",fullName:"Aleksey Kuznetsov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9673",title:"Lactose and Lactose Derivatives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ab106ead5209f74acb0860d5651aac0b",slug:"lactose-and-lactose-derivatives",bookSignature:"Néstor Gutiérrez-Méndez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9673.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176648",title:"Prof.",name:"Néstor",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez-Méndez",slug:"nestor-gutierrez-mendez",fullName:"Néstor Gutiérrez-Méndez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:63,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"36171",doi:"10.5772/36942",title:"Research of Calcium Phosphates Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"research-of-calcium-phosphates-using-fourier-transformation-infrared-spectroscopy",totalDownloads:9225,totalCrossrefCites:130,totalDimensionsCites:375,abstract:null,book:{id:"1591",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",fullTitle:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Materials Science, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina and Natalija Borodajenko",authors:[{id:"110522",title:"Prof.",name:"Liga",middleName:null,surname:"Berzina-Cimdina",slug:"liga-berzina-cimdina",fullName:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina"},{id:"112181",title:"MSc.",name:"Natalija",middleName:null,surname:"Borodajenko",slug:"natalija-borodajenko",fullName:"Natalija Borodajenko"}]},{id:"36178",doi:"10.5772/36323",title:"Applications of FTIR on Epoxy Resins - Identification, Monitoring the Curing Process, Phase Separation and Water Uptake",slug:"applications-of-ftir-on-epoxy-resins-identification-monitoring-the-curing-process-phase-separatio",totalDownloads:20806,totalCrossrefCites:84,totalDimensionsCites:254,abstract:null,book:{id:"1591",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",fullTitle:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Materials Science, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"María González González, Juan Carlos Cabanelas and Juan Baselga",authors:[{id:"107857",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Baselga",slug:"juan-baselga",fullName:"Juan Baselga"},{id:"138113",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"González",slug:"maria-gonzalez",fullName:"María González"},{id:"138114",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Cabanelas",slug:"juan-c.-cabanelas",fullName:"Juan C. Cabanelas"}]},{id:"53973",doi:"10.5772/66927",title:"Phenolic Compounds in Water: Sources, Reactivity, Toxicity and Treatment Methods",slug:"phenolic-compounds-in-water-sources-reactivity-toxicity-and-treatment-methods",totalDownloads:7253,totalCrossrefCites:74,totalDimensionsCites:158,abstract:"Phenolic compounds exist in water bodies due to the discharge of polluted wastewater from industrial, agricultural and domestic activities into water bodies. They also occur as a result of natural phenomena. These compounds are known to be toxic and inflict both severe and long‐lasting effects on both humans and animals. They act as carcinogens and cause damage to the red blood cells and the liver, even at low concentrations. Interaction of these compounds with microorganisms, inorganic and other organic compounds in water can produce substituted compounds or other moieties, which may be as toxic as the original phenolic compounds. This chapter dwells on the sources and reactivity of phenolic compounds in water, their toxic effects on humans, and methods of their removal from water. Specific emphasis is placed on the techniques of their removal from water with attention on both conventional and advanced methods. Among these methods are ozonation, adsorption, extraction, photocatalytic degradation, biological, electro‐Fenton, adsorption and ion exchange and membrane‐based separation.",book:{id:"6029",slug:"phenolic-compounds-natural-sources-importance-and-applications",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Natural Sources, Importance and Applications"},signatures:"William W. Anku, Messai A. Mamo and Penny P. Govender",authors:[{id:"195237",title:"Dr.",name:"Messai",middleName:"A.",surname:"Mamo",slug:"messai-mamo",fullName:"Messai Mamo"},{id:"196465",title:"Dr.",name:"William Wilson",middleName:null,surname:"Anku",slug:"william-wilson-anku",fullName:"William Wilson Anku"},{id:"196466",title:"Dr.",name:"Penny",middleName:null,surname:"Govender",slug:"penny-govender",fullName:"Penny Govender"}]},{id:"36184",doi:"10.5772/36186",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Building and Construction Materials",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-cementitious-materials",totalDownloads:7792,totalCrossrefCites:75,totalDimensionsCites:150,abstract:null,book:{id:"1591",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",fullTitle:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Materials Science, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"Lucia Fernández-Carrasco, D. Torrens-Martín, L.M. Morales and Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"107401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia J",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",slug:"lucia-j-fernandez",fullName:"Lucia J Fernández"}]},{id:"53128",doi:"10.5772/66368",title:"Phenolic Compounds: Functional Properties, Impact of Processing and Bioavailability",slug:"phenolic-compounds-functional-properties-impact-of-processing-and-bioavailability",totalDownloads:9318,totalCrossrefCites:75,totalDimensionsCites:142,abstract:"In this chapter, we discuss the influence of the processing methods on the content of phenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. The intake of fruits and vegetables based‐foods are associated with delayed aging and a decreased risk of chronic disease development. Fruits and vegetables can be consumed in natura, but the highest amounts are ingested after some processing methods, such as cooking procedures or sanitizing methods. These methods are directly methods are directly related to alteration on the phenolic content. In addition, the postharvest conditions may modify several phytochemical substances. Phenolic compounds are referred to as phytochemicals found in a large number of foods and beverages. The relative high diversity of these molecules produced by plants must be taken into account when methods of preparation are employed to obtain industrial or homemade products. Phenolic compounds comprise one (phenolic acids) or more (polyphenols) aromatic rings with attached hydroxyl groups in their structures. Their antioxidant capacities are related to these hydroxyl groups and phenolic rings. Despite the antioxidant activity, they have many other beneficial effects on human health. However, before attributing health benefits to these compounds, absorption, distribution, and metabolism of each phenolic compound in the body are important points that should be considered.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Igor Otavio Minatel, Cristine Vanz Borges, Maria Izabela Ferreira,\nHector Alonzo Gomez Gomez, Chung-Yen Oliver Chen and\nGiuseppina Pace Pereira Lima",authors:[{id:"146379",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"giuseppina-lima",fullName:"Giuseppina Lima"},{id:"194002",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristine",middleName:null,surname:"Vanz Borges",slug:"cristine-vanz-borges",fullName:"Cristine Vanz Borges"},{id:"194003",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor Otavio",middleName:null,surname:"Minatel",slug:"igor-otavio-minatel",fullName:"Igor Otavio Minatel"},{id:"194004",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"maria-izabela-ferreira",fullName:"Maria Izabela Ferreira"},{id:"194005",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Gomez",slug:"hector-gomez-gomez",fullName:"Hector Gomez-Gomez"},{id:"194006",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Yen Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chung-yen-oliver-chen",fullName:"Chung-Yen Oliver Chen"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"53973",title:"Phenolic Compounds in Water: Sources, Reactivity, Toxicity and Treatment Methods",slug:"phenolic-compounds-in-water-sources-reactivity-toxicity-and-treatment-methods",totalDownloads:7253,totalCrossrefCites:74,totalDimensionsCites:158,abstract:"Phenolic compounds exist in water bodies due to the discharge of polluted wastewater from industrial, agricultural and domestic activities into water bodies. They also occur as a result of natural phenomena. These compounds are known to be toxic and inflict both severe and long‐lasting effects on both humans and animals. They act as carcinogens and cause damage to the red blood cells and the liver, even at low concentrations. Interaction of these compounds with microorganisms, inorganic and other organic compounds in water can produce substituted compounds or other moieties, which may be as toxic as the original phenolic compounds. This chapter dwells on the sources and reactivity of phenolic compounds in water, their toxic effects on humans, and methods of their removal from water. Specific emphasis is placed on the techniques of their removal from water with attention on both conventional and advanced methods. Among these methods are ozonation, adsorption, extraction, photocatalytic degradation, biological, electro‐Fenton, adsorption and ion exchange and membrane‐based separation.",book:{id:"6029",slug:"phenolic-compounds-natural-sources-importance-and-applications",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Natural Sources, Importance and Applications"},signatures:"William W. Anku, Messai A. Mamo and Penny P. Govender",authors:[{id:"195237",title:"Dr.",name:"Messai",middleName:"A.",surname:"Mamo",slug:"messai-mamo",fullName:"Messai Mamo"},{id:"196465",title:"Dr.",name:"William Wilson",middleName:null,surname:"Anku",slug:"william-wilson-anku",fullName:"William Wilson Anku"},{id:"196466",title:"Dr.",name:"Penny",middleName:null,surname:"Govender",slug:"penny-govender",fullName:"Penny Govender"}]},{id:"53128",title:"Phenolic Compounds: Functional Properties, Impact of Processing and Bioavailability",slug:"phenolic-compounds-functional-properties-impact-of-processing-and-bioavailability",totalDownloads:9318,totalCrossrefCites:75,totalDimensionsCites:142,abstract:"In this chapter, we discuss the influence of the processing methods on the content of phenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. The intake of fruits and vegetables based‐foods are associated with delayed aging and a decreased risk of chronic disease development. Fruits and vegetables can be consumed in natura, but the highest amounts are ingested after some processing methods, such as cooking procedures or sanitizing methods. These methods are directly methods are directly related to alteration on the phenolic content. In addition, the postharvest conditions may modify several phytochemical substances. Phenolic compounds are referred to as phytochemicals found in a large number of foods and beverages. The relative high diversity of these molecules produced by plants must be taken into account when methods of preparation are employed to obtain industrial or homemade products. Phenolic compounds comprise one (phenolic acids) or more (polyphenols) aromatic rings with attached hydroxyl groups in their structures. Their antioxidant capacities are related to these hydroxyl groups and phenolic rings. Despite the antioxidant activity, they have many other beneficial effects on human health. However, before attributing health benefits to these compounds, absorption, distribution, and metabolism of each phenolic compound in the body are important points that should be considered.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Igor Otavio Minatel, Cristine Vanz Borges, Maria Izabela Ferreira,\nHector Alonzo Gomez Gomez, Chung-Yen Oliver Chen and\nGiuseppina Pace Pereira Lima",authors:[{id:"146379",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"giuseppina-lima",fullName:"Giuseppina Lima"},{id:"194002",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristine",middleName:null,surname:"Vanz Borges",slug:"cristine-vanz-borges",fullName:"Cristine Vanz Borges"},{id:"194003",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor Otavio",middleName:null,surname:"Minatel",slug:"igor-otavio-minatel",fullName:"Igor Otavio Minatel"},{id:"194004",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"maria-izabela-ferreira",fullName:"Maria Izabela Ferreira"},{id:"194005",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Gomez",slug:"hector-gomez-gomez",fullName:"Hector Gomez-Gomez"},{id:"194006",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Yen Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chung-yen-oliver-chen",fullName:"Chung-Yen Oliver Chen"}]},{id:"45635",title:"Application of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives in Pharmaceutical Industries",slug:"application-of-cellulose-and-cellulose-derivatives-in-pharmaceutical-industries",totalDownloads:10313,totalCrossrefCites:54,totalDimensionsCites:130,abstract:null,book:{id:"3173",slug:"cellulose-medical-pharmaceutical-and-electronic-applications",title:"Cellulose",fullTitle:"Cellulose - Medical, Pharmaceutical and Electronic Applications"},signatures:"Javad Shokri and Khosro Adibkia",authors:[{id:"140056",title:"Prof.",name:"Javad",middleName:null,surname:"Shokri",slug:"javad-shokri",fullName:"Javad Shokri"}]},{id:"57200",title:"Introductory Chapter: Principles of Green Chemistry",slug:"introductory-chapter-principles-of-green-chemistry",totalDownloads:2781,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"6067",slug:"green-chemistry",title:"Green Chemistry",fullTitle:"Green Chemistry"},signatures:"Hosam El-Din Mostafa Saleh and M. Koller",authors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"},{id:"218817",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Koller",slug:"martin-koller",fullName:"Martin Koller"}]},{id:"66517",title:"Microbial Cellulases: An Overview and Applications",slug:"microbial-cellulases-an-overview-and-applications",totalDownloads:3507,totalCrossrefCites:38,totalDimensionsCites:82,abstract:"Cellulases are a complex group of enzymes which are secreted by a broad range of microorganisms including fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes. In the natural environment, synergistic interactions among cellulolytic microorganisms play an important role in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic polymer materials. In fact, it is the combined action of three major enzymes which determines the efficiency of this process. They are exoglucanases, endoglucanases, and β-glucosidase. Microorganisms produce these enzymes in a diverse nature which determines their efficiency in cellulose hydrolysis. During the cellulose degradation reaction, the enzyme targets the β-1,4-linkages in its polymeric structure. This is an essential ecological process as it recycles cellulose in the biosphere. The application of this same scenario for industrial purposes is identified as an emerging area of research. Biofuel production, textile polishing and finishing, paper and pulp industry, and lifestyle agriculture are among the key areas where cellulase enzyme shows a broader potential. The objective of this chapter is to discuss the structure, function, possible applications, as well as novel biotechnological trends of cellulase enzymes. Furthermore, possible low-cost, enzymatic pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic material in order to use it as an efficient raw material for biofuel production will be discussed.",book:{id:"7363",slug:"cellulose",title:"Cellulose",fullTitle:"Cellulose"},signatures:"Sandhya Jayasekara and Renuka Ratnayake",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"85",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82029",title:"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Novel Benzimidazole Amide Derivatives Bearing Thiophene Moiety",slug:"synthesis-characterization-and-antimicrobial-properties-of-novel-benzimidazole-amide-derivatives-bea",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104908",abstract:"In the present investigation, novel amide derivatives of benzimidazole (4a-f) with different thiophene acids (a-f) coupled in the presence of 1-[Bis (dimethylamino) methylene]-1H-1, 2, 3-triazolo [4, 5-b] pyridinium 3-oxide hexafluorophosphate (HATU) reagent at room temperature and as-synthesized derivatives were characterized by (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) proton and carbon magnetic resonance, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical techniques. The amide derivatives were tested for in vitro antimicrobial and antifungal activity and ciprofloxacin was used as standard. The antifungal activity was tested with Carbendazim and Fenbendazole cell lines using clotrimazole standard drug. The results indicated the potential activity toward S. bacillus with compounds having IC 50 of 4 (a), 4 (b), 4 (d) and 4 (e) against antimicrobial strains with IC50 of 51.8 μm, 57.4 μm, 54.5 μm and 56.5 μm respectively. However, compounds 4 (a), 4 (c) and 4 (d) showed greater inhibitions against Carbendazim fungal cell line with IC50 of 22.9, 26.8 and 28.8 μm. On the other hand IC50 values of the Fenbendazole for compounds 4 (a), 4(c) and 4 (d) were found to be 12.7, 10.2 and 12.7 μm, respectively. The thiophene-substituted benzimidazole amide derivatives are the potential candidate drug for antibacterial and antifungal activity.",book:{id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg"},signatures:"Vinayak Adimule, Pravin Kendrekar and Sheetal Batakurki"},{id:"80168",title:"Benzimidazole: Pharmacological Profile",slug:"benzimidazole-pharmacological-profile",totalDownloads:83,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102091",abstract:"Benzimidazole is a bicyclic heterocyclic aromatic compound in which benzene fused to imidazole moiety. Benzimidazole holds a vital role in the field of medicinal chemistry which possesses wide variety of pharmacological activities like antibacterial, anti cancer, antifungal, antileishmanial, anti tubercular, anti viral and anti malarial respectively, hence the benzimidazole moiety attracting the medicinal chemist to synthesize the different benzimidazole derivatives with wide variety of pharmacological activities. The book chapter mainly discussed the anti cancer, anti HIV, antileishmanial and anti tubercular activites of recently synthesized benzimidazole derivatives.",book:{id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg"},signatures:"Mahender Thatikayala, Anil Kumar Garige and Hemalatha Gadegoni"},{id:"80130",title:"Exploring the Versatility of Benzimidazole Scaffolds as Medicinal Agents: A Brief Update",slug:"exploring-the-versatility-of-benzimidazole-scaffolds-as-medicinal-agents-a-brief-update",totalDownloads:60,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101942",abstract:"Benzimidazole, one of the finest classes of heterocyclic aromatic compounds have the characteristic structure of benzene fused with a five-membered imidazole ring. Despite being made their first appearance in the late 1870s, they are considered as a ‘privileged molecule’. The applications of this wonder molecule range from medicinal chemistry to material science. Benzimidazole being a potent inhibitor for various enzymes has got therapeutic effects like anticancer, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antihistaminic, antipsychotic, etc. It has also made its existence in various branches of medical science viz ophthalmology, neurology, cardiology and more. The applications of benzimidazole are not only limited to the biological field but also expanded to the field of material chemistry as well. This chapter summarizes the pharmacological properties of benzimidazole, illustrated on numerous derivatives since 2016.",book:{id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg"},signatures:"Gopakumar Kavya and Akhil Sivan"},{id:"79964",title:"The Anticancer Profile of Benzimidazolium Salts and Their Metal Complexes",slug:"the-anticancer-profile-of-benzimidazolium-salts-and-their-metal-complexes",totalDownloads:95,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101729",abstract:"Cancer is the most lethal ailment throughout the world in the present era. The development of new anticancer remedies with minor unhealthful effects and an alternate mechanism is crucial. Benzimidazole is a distinguished heterocyclic compound and is now recognized as the privileged scaffold for new drug discovery. This chapter deals with the anticancer capability of benzimidazolium salts and their metal complexes. The benzimidazolium derivatives have been prepared by the introduction of aliphatic and aromatic groups at two nitrogen atoms of the benzimidazole ring. Other modifications include hybridization with other pharmacophores and the preparation of metal complexes. The potent derivatives presented in this review can serve as novel drug candidates against cancer.",book:{id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg"},signatures:"Imran Ahmad Khan, Noor ul Amin Mohsin, Sana Aslam and Matloob Ahmad"},{id:"79835",title:"Advances of Benzimidazole Derivatives as Anticancer Agents: Bench to Bedside",slug:"advances-of-benzimidazole-derivatives-as-anticancer-agents-bench-to-bedside",totalDownloads:124,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101702",abstract:"Benzimidazole is one of the privileged nitrogen-containing scaffolds known for its versatile diversified role in insecticides, pesticides, dyes, pigments and pharmaceuticals. Due to its electron-rich environment, structural features and binding potency of various therapeutic targets, benzimidazole derivatives exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activity that majorly includes antimicrobial, antifungal, analgesics, anti-diabetic and anticancer agents. Several benzimidazole scaffolds bearing drugs are clinically approved; they are used for various indications. For example, Bilastine, Lerisetron, Maribavir and Nocodazole are the most widely used benzimidazole-based marketed drugs available as an antihistamine, antiviral and antimitotic agent, respectively. Another example is the recently approved anticancer drug Binimetinib and Selumetinib, which are indicated for BRAF mutated melanoma and plexiform neurofibromas. Not only this, many benzimidazole-based anticancer drugs are in late phases of clinical development. Due to the vast therapeutic potential of benzimidazole scaffold in cancer research, medicinal chemists have gained a lot of attraction to explore it more and develop novel, highly effective and target-specific benzimidazole-based potential anticancer drugs.",book:{id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg"},signatures:"Kashif Haider and Mohammad Shahar Yar"},{id:"65119",title:"Introductory Chapter: Polyaniline - From Synthesis to Practical Applications",slug:"introductory-chapter-polyaniline-from-synthesis-to-practical-applications",totalDownloads:966,totalDimensionsCites:2,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83397",abstract:null,book:{id:"7503",title:"Polyaniline - From Synthesis to Practical Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7503.jpg"},signatures:"Florin Nastase"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",slug:"ali-al-ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",slug:"carmelo-bastos-filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",slug:"yang-yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"asim-bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",slug:"antonio-neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",slug:"serestina-viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",slug:"yalin-bastanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",slug:"hongwei-ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",slug:"sotirios-goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",slug:"takashi-kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",slug:"wellington-santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",slug:"juan-ignacio-guerrero-alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"w.-david-pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"dinh-hoa-nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",slug:"hongbin-ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",slug:"yasushi-kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:15,paginationItems:[{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"81975",title:"Self-Sustained Communities: Food Security in Times of Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104425",signatures:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",slug:"self-sustained-communities-food-security-in-times-of-crisis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81996",title:"Perspective Chapter: New Active Learning Models in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105217",signatures:"Fred Awaah, Cosmas Lambini Kombat and Emmanuel Okyere Ekwam",slug:"perspective-chapter-new-active-learning-models-in-africa",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Human Development",value:90,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Education",value:89,count:4,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",slug:"brain-computer-interface",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Brain-Computer Interface",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9869",title:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9869.jpg",slug:"self-driving-vehicles-and-enabling-technologies",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marian Găiceanu",hash:"fd451ca2e4785ef098e04b7d695a18d9",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",editors:[{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9958",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9958.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-latest-advances-new-paradigms-and-novel-applications",publishedDate:"September 1st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Eneko Osaba, Esther Villar, Jesús L. Lobo and Ibai Laña",hash:"39648fbfdaa11385097d62b1f13aad54",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",editors:[{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Computational Neuroscience",value:23,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Evolutionary Computation",value:25,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:4}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"23",type:"subseries",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"asim-bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80967",title:"Hot on the Trail of Skin Inflammation: Focus on TRPV1/TRPV3 Channels in Psoriasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103792",signatures:"Lisa S. Martin, Emma Fraillon, Fabien P. Chevalier and Bérengère Fromy",slug:"hot-on-the-trail-of-skin-inflammation-focus-on-trpv1-trpv3-channels-in-psoriasis",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80952",title:"TRPV Family Ion Channels in the Mammary Epithelium: Role in Normal Tissue Homeostasis and along Breast Cancer Progression",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103665",signatures:"Sari Susanna Tojkander",slug:"trpv-family-ion-channels-in-the-mammary-epithelium-role-in-normal-tissue-homeostasis-and-along-breas",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80157",title:"Structural Determinants for Ligand Accommodation in Voltage Sensors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102094",signatures:"Abigail García-Morales, Aylin López-Palestino and Daniel Balleza",slug:"structural-determinants-for-ligand-accommodation-in-voltage-sensors",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"79690",title:"Mitochondrial Channels and their Role in Cardioprotection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101127",signatures:"Keerti Mishra and Min Luo",slug:"mitochondrial-channels-and-their-role-in-cardioprotection",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78415",title:"Epigenetic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99964",signatures:"Mehmet Ünal",slug:"epigenetic",totalDownloads:150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"77443",title:"Cyanobacterial Phytochromes in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97522",signatures:"Sivasankari Sivaprakasam, Vinoth Mani, Nagalakshmi Balasubramaniyan and David Ravindran Abraham",slug:"cyanobacterial-phytochromes-in-optogenetics",totalDownloads:197,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"75979",title:"Spatiotemporal Regulation of Cell–Cell Adhesions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97009",signatures:"Brent M. Bijonowski",slug:"spatiotemporal-regulation-of-cell-cell-adhesions",totalDownloads:180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76646",title:"Functional Mechanism of Proton Pump-Type Rhodopsins Found in Various Microorganisms as a Potential Effective Tool in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97589",signatures:"Jun Tamogami and Takashi Kikukawa",slug:"functional-mechanism-of-proton-pump-type-rhodopsins-found-in-various-microorganisms-as-a-potential-e",totalDownloads:216,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76510",title:"Evolution of Epigenome as the Blueprint for Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97379",signatures:"Zeenat Farooq, Ambreen Shah, Mohammad Tauseef, Riyaz A. Rather and Mumtaz Anwar",slug:"evolution-of-epigenome-as-the-blueprint-for-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:196,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"74615",title:"Diet-Epigenome Interactions: Epi-Drugs Modulating the Epigenetic Machinery During Cancer Prevention",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95374",signatures:"Fadime Eryılmaz Pehlivan",slug:"diet-epigenome-interactions-epi-drugs-modulating-the-epigenetic-machinery-during-cancer-prevention",totalDownloads:377,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:[{name:"Fadime",surname:"Eryılmaz Pehlivan"}],book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8094",title:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8094.jpg",slug:"aflatoxin-b1-occurrence-detection-and-toxicological-effects",publishedDate:"June 3rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xi-Dai Long",hash:"44f4ad52d8a8cbb22ef3d505d6b18027",volumeInSeries:14,fullTitle:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",editors:[{id:"202142",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi-Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Long",slug:"xi-dai-long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202142/images/system/202142.jpeg",institutionString:"Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39553/images/system/39553.jpg",institutionString:"São Paulo State University",institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8028",title:"Flavonoids",subtitle:"A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8028.jpg",slug:"flavonoids-a-coloring-model-for-cheering-up-life",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria and Anthony Ananga",hash:"6c33178a5c7d2b276d2c6af4255def64",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Flavonoids - A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8170",title:"Chemical Properties of Starch",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8170.jpg",slug:"chemical-properties-of-starch",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Emeje",hash:"0aedfdb374631bb3a33870c4ed16559a",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Chemical Properties of Starch",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Alginates - Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8504",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99994/images/system/99994.png",institutionString:"National University of San Luis",institution:{name:"National University of San Luis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. El-Sayed Salama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",middleName:null,surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/347657/images/system/347657.png",biography:"El-Sayed Salama is a professor in the Public Health School,\nLanzhou University, China. He is also a director of the Green Environmental & Energy Laboratory (GEEL) and a distinguished\nexpert of science and technology in the ecological industry, Gansu Province. His GEEL research work focuses on bioenvironmental science and bioenergy. He has several journal publications to\nhis credit.",institutionString:"Lanzhou University, Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Lanzhou University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Abdelhafez and Dr. Mohamed Abbas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196849/images/system/196849.jpg",biography:"Ahmed A. Abdelhafez, PhD, is an associate professor of the Department of Soils and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University. He is one of the leading scientists in the field of biochar in the Arab region. He worked as a researcher at the Department of Environmental Researches, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt, for more than 10 years. Dr. Abdelhafez focuses mainly on agricultural production, environmental contamination control, risk assessment and biochar technology. He is a member of the National Committee of Soil Sciences and the Academy of Scientific Research & Technology, Egypt. He has published several research papers related to environmental contamination, risk assessment and potential remediation technologies.",institutionString:"New Valley University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11666",title:"Soil Contamination - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c8890038b86fb6e5af16ea3c22669ae9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Adnan Mustafa and Dr. Muhammad Naveed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11666.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"June 9th 2022",editors:[{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/299110/images/system/299110.jpg",biography:"Adnan has completed his Ph.D in Soil Science from Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.\nHe is currently working as an Assistant Professor at Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic. He is simultaneously working as a Researcher with Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition (FA), Mendel University Brno and Institute of Environmental Studies, Charles University Prague, Czechia. \nHis research is focused on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation mechanisms, plant-microbe interactions, biochar production, and utilization for agricultural crop production and environmental remediation. He is actively involved in bioremediation of contaminated soils using organic and inorganic amendments in addition to exploiting plant-microbe interactions. He has published over 50 refereed journal articles, many of which sought to explore the effectiveness of innovative soil amendments and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for improving crop performance and soil resilience under various abiotic stresses. He has been working for several renowned academic societies and enjoys early career in research.",institutionString:"Brno University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",issn:"2753-894X",scope:"\r\n\tThis series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in business and management, economics, and marketing. Topics will include asset liability management, financial consequences of the financial crisis and covid-19, financial accounting, mergers and acquisitions, management accounting, SMEs, financial markets, corporate finance and governance, managerial technology and innovation, resource management and sustainable development, social entrepreneurship, corporate responsibility, ethics and accountability, microeconomics, labour economics, macroeconomics, public economics, financial economics, econometrics, direct marketing, creative marketing, internet marketing, market planning and forecasting, brand management, market segmentation and targeting and other topics under business and management. This book series will focus on various aspects of business and management whose in-depth understanding is critical for business and company management to function effectively during this uncertain time of financial crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, and military activity in Europe.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 27th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},subseries:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",keywords:"Demographic shifts, Innovation, Technology, Next-gen leaders, Worldwide environmental issues and clean technology, Uncertainty and political risks, Radical adjacency, Emergence of new business ecosystem type, Emergence of different leader and leader values types, Universal connector, Elastic enterprise, Business platform, Supply chain complexity",scope:"\r\n\tThe topic on Economics is designed to disseminate knowledge around broad global economic issues. Original submissions will be accepted in English for applied and theoretical articles, case studies and reviews about the specific challenges and opportunities faced by the economies and markets around the world. The authors are encouraged to apply rigorous economic analysis with significant policy implications for developed and developing countries. Examples of subjects of interest will include, but are not limited to globalization, economic integration, growth and development, international trade, environmental development, country specific comparative analysis, technical innovation and knowledge management, political economy analysis, and banking and financial markets.
",annualVolume:11971,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"104262",title:"Dr.",name:"Chee-Heong",middleName:null,surname:"Quah",fullName:"Chee-Heong Quah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104262/images/system/104262.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"236659",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Achim",fullName:"Monica Violeta Achim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/236659/images/system/236659.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Babeș-Bolyai University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"202039",title:"Dr.",name:"Nahanga",middleName:null,surname:"Verter",fullName:"Nahanga Verter",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCwtQAG/Profile_Picture_1643101901237",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Mendel University Brno",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"107745",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Panagiotis E.",middleName:null,surname:"Petrakis",fullName:"Panagiotis E. Petrakis",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRzzaQAC/Profile_Picture_1644221136992",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",middleName:null,surname:"Yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196259/images/system/196259.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Institute for Economic Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",keywords:"Consumer trends, Consumer needs, Media, Pricing, Distribution, Branding, Innovation, Neuromarketing",scope:"