\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6389",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Entrepreneurship - Trends and Challenges",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Trends and Challenges",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Entrepreneurship is a powerful attitude that, in such a way, in the last few years, has become a discipline increasingly transversal to different areas of knowledge. Many times, we think about the things we want such as a good house, a brand new car, a beautiful relationship, a good friendship, and a good way to be in the world. Is that possible that you convert into an entrepreneur? This book shows some examples of that possibility, from simple people to a big organization. In all cases, if you become an entrepreneur, it will be for your taste and pleasure, a means to survive and enjoy the uncertainty, and rejoice that you have all these in your hands and will. Can you find out the trends and overcome the challenges? We would say yes. It all depends on whether you want to develop and apply this attitude.",isbn:"978-953-51-3964-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3963-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4092-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69977",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"entrepreneurship-trends-and-challenges",numberOfPages:170,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f30626e6cc598d69d90838d24db873b8",bookSignature:"Sílvio Manuel Brito",publishedDate:"April 4th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6389.jpg",numberOfDownloads:12971,numberOfWosCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:21,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:41,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 16th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 6th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 3rd 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 1st 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 30th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"170935",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sílvio Manuel",middleName:"Da Rocha",surname:"Brito",slug:"silvio-manuel-brito",fullName:"Sílvio Manuel Brito",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9HrQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-04-25T07:50:04.png",biography:"Silvio Brito holds a degree in human resources management and work psychology from ISLA, a master’s degree in management in the area of organizational behavior from the Lusíada University, and a Ph.D. degree in psychology from the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is an effective member of the Portuguese Society of Psychology, INFAD (Spain), and CITUR (Portugal), as well as an investigator of Psyche EX (Spain), a member of the chair of Entrepreneurs (Spain), and the founder and general secretary of AFIDE (Spain). He teaches Human Resources at the Polytechnic Institute of Tomar (Portugal) and a master’s course in Portugal and abroad. He is also a member of its jury commissions in Portugal and abroad, and an advisor on several scientific research papers. He has published several scientific, national, and international publications in the field of human resources, management, and psychology. He is an investigator member of the Human Talent Research Group of Organizational Behaviour and Human Resources.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"453",title:"Entrepreneurial Economics",slug:"entrepreneurial-economics"}],chapters:[{id:"59795",title:"Introductory Chapter: Entrepreneurship as a Trend and as a Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75097",slug:"introductory-chapter-entrepreneurship-as-a-trend-and-as-a-challenge",totalDownloads:1280,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sílvio Manuel da Rocha Brito Brito",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59795",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59795",authors:[{id:"170935",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sílvio Manuel",surname:"Brito",slug:"silvio-manuel-brito",fullName:"Sílvio Manuel Brito"}],corrections:null},{id:"58034",title:"Arts and Entrepreneurship: Disentangling the Literature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72014",slug:"arts-and-entrepreneurship-disentangling-the-literature",totalDownloads:1844,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Arts entrepreneurship is not a new area of investigation, but it is far from constituting a consolidated topic. Scholars coming from several fields rediscovered it only in recent years, after a period in which it has been slow to emerge. Since the early 2000s, they developed a heterogeneous literature, which is difficult to disentangle. The purpose of this study is to shed light on arts entrepreneurship literature, outlining the most significant issues emerged and their trajectories for future development. We attempted to achieve the purpose of this chapter through a qualitative analysis of the relevant literature on the topic. Results revealed the most relevant issues to which scholars are devoting their efforts. With respect to these, we tried to identify subthemes and we attempted to trace the trajectories for future research. The first main theme concerns the entrepreneur in the arts, focusing on aspects such as identity and characteristics, and examining training and entrepreneurial education. Another theme regards entrepreneurship and training, which is attracting increasing attention, thanks also to the emergence of specific curricula and arts incubators. Besides these themes, other collateral issues emerged. Ultimately, literature is complex and multifaceted, but it is possible to read it with greater clarity.",signatures:"Francesca Rivetti and Mirella Migliaccio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58034",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58034",authors:[{id:"208613",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Francesca",surname:"Rivetti",slug:"francesca-rivetti",fullName:"Francesca Rivetti"},{id:"208617",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirella",surname:"Migliaccio",slug:"mirella-migliaccio",fullName:"Mirella Migliaccio"}],corrections:null},{id:"57880",title:"Entrepreneurial Orientation and Firm Performance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72009",slug:"entrepreneurial-orientation-and-firm-performance",totalDownloads:1683,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter assesses the important contribution of entrepreneurial orientation’s strategic determinant that influences export performance. Based on survey data from 247 Portuguese small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), findings suggest that entrepreneurial orientation has a positive and significant influence on export performance. This study deepens our understanding and provides novel insights into entrepreneurship and strategic management literature, since it combines multiple factors and has obtained the importance of each construct in SMEs business growth. Moreover, this chapter presents further evidences of the strategies that small firm managers should pursue and policy makers should promote.",signatures:"Orlando Lima Rua, Alexandra França and Rubén Fernández Ortiz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57880",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57880",authors:[{id:"207969",title:"Prof.",name:"Orlando Lima",surname:"Rua",slug:"orlando-lima-rua",fullName:"Orlando Lima Rua"},{id:"215881",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",surname:"França",slug:"alexandra-franca",fullName:"Alexandra França"},{id:"215882",title:"Prof.",name:"Rubén",surname:"Fernández Ortiz",slug:"ruben-fernandez-ortiz",fullName:"Rubén Fernández Ortiz"}],corrections:null},{id:"60145",title:"The Digitalisation of Rural Entrepreneurship",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75925",slug:"the-digitalisation-of-rural-entrepreneurship",totalDownloads:1733,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The main primary purpose of this chapter is to present new established understanding and knowledge of the digitalization of rural entrepreneurship, how it can help entrepreneurial survival and growth in rural industries, and what are the theoretical and practical implications. The digitalization concept of businesses is the issue of interest in the world today; however, it is still of concern in the rural South African entrepreneurship sector. Collection of primary data was done from 501 owners/managers operating in rural of the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province. The mixed questionnaire of quantitative and qualitative was used as the survey instruments. The questionnaire was distributed at the entrepreneur’s business premises, and they were given 7 days to respond while researcher and research assistants were always available to assist where necessary. The findings of this survey revealed that the large number of participants are not using their digital technology for the business purpose, but rather they use it for other things such as private communications and social friendship. The survey was confined in one province of South Africa; therefore, the generalization of the results should be done with care. This study has indicated some recommendation and suggested further research which may include other provinces as well as other countries.",signatures:"Lawrence Mpele Lekhanya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60145",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60145",authors:[{id:"208001",title:"Dr.",name:"Lawrence Mpele",surname:"Lekhanya",slug:"lawrence-mpele-lekhanya",fullName:"Lawrence Mpele Lekhanya"}],corrections:null},{id:"59850",title:"Micro-Finance: A Driver for Entrepreneurship",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75031",slug:"micro-finance-a-driver-for-entrepreneurship",totalDownloads:1211,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Micro-finance lending has long been the answer to many rural developments around the world. It has successfully led to women empowerment and helped in enhancing the socio-economic status of women globally. Development policies and programs have often ignored women as the integral source in alleviating the growth process. The study thus examines the impact of handicrafts on the socio-economic status of women in Pakistan. It also focuses on the role played by micro-finance institutions in enabling women’s micro-entrepreneurship. Women are successfully achieving a high social and economic status in countries like Pakistan through earnings from handicrafts’ industry. The data is analyzed quantitatively, using inferential statistics to support the descriptive analysis. Results of the findings showed that handicrafts prove to be improving the socio-economic status of women in Pakistan and micro-finance has been at its backbone.",signatures:"Asma Salman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59850",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59850",authors:[{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman"}],corrections:null},{id:"58202",title:"A Practical and Theoretical Approach to Social Venturing Entrepreneurship",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72011",slug:"a-practical-and-theoretical-approach-to-social-venturing-entrepreneurship",totalDownloads:1506,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Research in social venturing entrepreneurship promoted by Professor Gert Van Dijk is gaining ground. The concept of social venturing entrepreneurship is not new. It is rooted in entrepreneurship as described by classical authors like Von Mises, Kirzner, Schumpter Knight and social reformer like Raiffeisen. It is anchored in new institutional and behavioral economics and exit strategy theory. A social venturing entrepreneur is a creator of effective social change in the context of economic, social and political conditions. Social venturing entrepreneur masters the skills of networking and lobbying. A social venturing entrepreneur is recognized by the social venturing and co-operative entrepreneurship business model they employ to execute their teleology. Social venturing entrepreneurship has advantages above conventional entrepreneurship as it has reintroduced the concept as entrepreneurship as a calling. They aim to empower the stakeholders for whom they setup the social venture and exit when the stakeholders are able to self-manage the enterprise. This chapter explains the commonly used concepts, ontologies, the social venturing entrepreneur’s social venturing and co-operative business model, the economic theories and conceptual framework and practical application from appreciative inquiry point of view.",signatures:"Moulen Siame",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58202",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58202",authors:[{id:"207670",title:"Mr.",name:"Moulen",surname:"Siame",slug:"moulen-siame",fullName:"Moulen Siame"},{id:"215998",title:"Prof.",name:"Gert",surname:"Van Dijk",slug:"gert-van-dijk",fullName:"Gert Van Dijk"}],corrections:null},{id:"57036",title:"From Entrepreneurial Intentions to Behaviors: Wandering In- Between and Wondering about Challenges and Avenues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70836",slug:"from-entrepreneurial-intentions-to-behaviors-wandering-in-between-and-wondering-about-challenges-and",totalDownloads:1197,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In order to wander and understand the chasm between intentions and actions/behaviors, this chapter presents and discusses the leading theories (such as theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior), alternative ones (such as implementation intention theory and theory of goal-directed behavior), potential concepts bridging the intention-behavior gap (entrepreneurial motivation and commitment) and empirical intention-based models and their applicability and predictive validity in entrepreneurship field. For that purpose, it is argued that a socio- and cognitive psychological approach is the most suitable to understand entrepreneurship and in particular the intention-behavior link. This chapter invites entrepreneurship scholars to wonder about challenges in entrepreneurship research and education field and about potential research avenues. At the end, the chapter re-launches the debate by pointing out certain questionings for future research on entrepreneurial intentions and behaviors to produce novel knowledge.",signatures:"Wassim J. Aloulou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57036",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57036",authors:[{id:"207130",title:"Dr.",name:"Wassim",surname:"Aloulou",slug:"wassim-aloulou",fullName:"Wassim Aloulou"}],corrections:null},{id:"57901",title:"From Entrepreneurship to Social Activist: The Role of Indonesian Migrant Entrepreneurs in Taiwan and Socio- Economic Functions of Return-Migrant Entrepreneurship in Malang, East Java",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72013",slug:"from-entrepreneurship-to-social-activist-the-role-of-indonesian-migrant-entrepreneurs-in-taiwan-and-",totalDownloads:1027,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the case of Taiwan, Indonesian migrant entrepreneurs’ active in social activities; they are linked strongly to the petty conditions of co-migrants. In various cases, entrepreneurs play the role of friends in need, acting as third-party resources, to co-migrants, who turn to the former for help and self-actualization. Their activities contribute to bridging the relations between the larger community and Indonesian migrants living as a minority and as marginal foreign newcomers in Taiwan. Meanwhile, the case study of Indonesian return-migrant entrepreneurship at the home village of Malang found that migration and returning home experiences increase socio-economic mobility and develop socio-economic activities at home villages. The migrants’ experiences and enterprise activities have emerged as a critical source of sustainable livelihoods, migration knowledge of production application, self-transformation, and the economic reintegration process for return migrants in their home villages, all of which can create a new life for returnees after migration. Practically and theoretically speaking, the manner in which migrant and return-migrant entrepreneurs perform economic adaptation or social adjustment, indicates that the socio-economic function, comprising valuable ties that cut across classes, can prevent the social and economic isolation of disadvantaged entrepreneurs, co-migrants, and return migrants in the community.",signatures:"Paulus Rudolf Yuniarto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57901",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57901",authors:[{id:"208588",title:"Dr.",name:"Rudolf",surname:"Yuniarto",slug:"rudolf-yuniarto",fullName:"Rudolf Yuniarto"}],corrections:null},{id:"57358",title:"Social Entrepreneurship: Case Study in Unilever Food Solutions’ Trusted Hands Food Safety Online Training Program",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70955",slug:"social-entrepreneurship-case-study-in-unilever-food-solutions-trusted-hands-food-safety-online-train",totalDownloads:1490,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The social entrepreneurship is important in meso (organizational) and macro (policy-making) levels. This paper focuses on a case study in Turkey. “Trusted Hands Food Safety Online Training Program” by Unilever Food Solutions is examined as an example of social entrepreneurship. It is aimed to support food safety awareness in the industry to create and certificate the chefs. Unilever Food Solutions has received the Food Security Special Award, a project developed and implemented by the Food Safety Association. In the first year, 5000 chefs in Turkey intended to complete the education of this field and to have a certificate. It started with the support of professional associations. The sustainability and private sector involvement plays an essential role in this case, which is such an important issue such as health and hygiene.",signatures:"Pınar Başar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57358",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57358",authors:[{id:"208540",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Pınar",surname:"Başar",slug:"pinar-basar",fullName:"Pınar Başar"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6935",title:"Toward Super-Creativity",subtitle:"Improving Creativity in Humans, Machines, and Human - Machine Collaborations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98c0eed8bde901e69239d5217d9be28d",slug:"toward-super-creativity-improving-creativity-in-humans-machines-and-human-machine-collaborations",bookSignature:"Sílvio Manuel Brito",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6935.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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by",editors:[{id:"2961",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",surname:"Davendra",slug:"donald-davendra",fullName:"Donald Davendra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1940",title:"Bio-Inspired Computational Algorithms and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9025a709550b508f98bdb47a9a856d89",slug:"bio-inspired-computational-algorithms-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Shangce Gao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111444",title:"Dr.",name:"Shangce",surname:"Gao",slug:"shangce-gao",fullName:"Shangce Gao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6119",title:"Advances in Evolutionary 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Bednorz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7646",title:"Scientometrics Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86bbdd04d7e80be14283d44969d1cc32",slug:"scientometrics-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Suad Kunosic and Enver Zerem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7646.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88678",title:"Prof.",name:"Suad",surname:"Kunosic",slug:"suad-kunosic",fullName:"Suad Kunosic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"70180",title:"The Impact of Space Radiation Environment on Satellites Operation in Near-Earth Space",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90115",slug:"the-impact-of-space-radiation-environment-on-satellites-operation-in-near-earth-space",body:'Solar activity drives dynamic changes in the atmosphere and ionosphere that can affect the performance and reliability of satellites in near-Earth space environment, as well as ground-based technological systems and services that rely on them. This condition is referred to as space weather. The principal medium through which the Sun’s activity is communicated to the region of the near-Earth space environment, is the solar wind, which occurs in form of a continuous outflow of streams of energized charged particles and/or momentary eruption of large-scale, high-mass plasma known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Sources of energised particles and strong magnetic energy also include the solar flares and galactic cosmic ray, originating from outer space. The energetic particles and electromagnetic radiation from these processes form the near-Earth radiation environment and can be divided into (i) trapped radiation environment and (ii) transient radiation environments. The charged particles that are trapped or confined by the Earth’s magnetic field to certain regions in space such as the Van Allen belts form the trapped radiation environment. The transient particles environment consists of energetic particles from solar events, and galactic cosmic radiation that exist in the interplanetary space regions and in the near-Earth regions. Satellites and other space application systems are vulnerable to both trapped and transient energetic particles since they are basically designed to operate in the space plasma environment. The particles can bombard and interact with satellites’ surfaces, and sometimes posses enough energy to penetrate their exposed surfaces with possible access to their electrical, electronic and electrochemical components (EEECs). This scenario can induce sporadic and unexplainable errors in sensitive parts of spacecrafts, degrade the critical properties of their structural materials, jeopardize the flight worthiness of spacecrafts, constitute transient and terminal health hazard to both onboard passengers and astronauts, and even lead to total failure that can end the mission of affected spacecrafts [1, 2].
There are documented cases or evidence of satellites anomaly associated with space weather (or space radiation environment). In their study, Iucci et al. [3] verified and quantified the linkage between a large fraction of spacecraft anomalies and space weather perturbations. They compiled a large database of about 5700 anomalies registered by 220 satellites in different orbits over the period of 23 years (1971–1994). Their findings revealed that very intense fluxes (>1000 particles cm−2 s−1 sr−1 (pfu) at energy >10 MeV) of solar protons are linked to anomalies registered by the satellites in high-altitude (>15,000 km) near-polar (inclination >55°) orbits and to a much smaller extent to anomalies in geostationary orbits. They also reported that elevated fluxes of energetic (>2 MeV) electrons >10 8 cm−2 d−1 sr−1 are observed by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) on days with satellite anomalies occurring at geostationary and low-altitude (<1500 km) near-polar (>55°) orbits [3]. On the 22nd and 23rd of March 1991, an intense solar event occurred, which resulted to severe geomagnetic storms. This strong solar flare event with high energetic solar radiation caused disruption in high latitude point-to-point communication, and solar panel degradation on GOES-6 and -7 satellites, and was estimated to have decreased the expected lifetime of GOES-7 by 2 to 3 years. During the event, high energetic solar particles also increased the frequency of single event upsets (SEU) recorded by the spacecrafts; up to six geostationary satellites, including GOES-6 and -7, and the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS)-1 had about 37 reported cases of SEU during the main phase of the event. SEU will be explained in detail in Section 3.2. Other impacts associated with this solar activity include the loss of automatic altitude control of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-11 satellite, increased satellite drag due to the heated atmosphere, which necessitated a massive update of the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) catalogue of orbiting objects, and the complete failure of the geosynchronous orbiting Maritime European Communication Satellite (MARECS)-1 as a result of critical damage to its solar panels [4, 5].
On September 2009, South Africa’s SumbandilaSat (in low Earth orbit [LEO]) was reported to have experienced a power distribution failure due to radiation shortly after its launch, which rendered the Z- and Y-axis wheel permanently inoperable. However, the satellite continued to work as a technology demonstrator until 25 August 2011 when it failed completely. Its failure was again attributed to solar storm event, which caused the satellite’s onboard computer to stop responding to commands from the ground station [6]. On 5 April 2010, Galaxy 15 spacecraft (at geosynchronous altitudes) was reported to have experienced an anomaly that caused it to stop responding to any ground command [7]. The failure was attributed to an onboard electrostatic discharge (ESD), which led to a lockup of the field-programmable gate array within the spacecraft baseband communications unit. The interaction of the spacecraft with substorm-injected energetic particles caused the ESD after the spacecraft experienced surface and deep dielectric charging. A concise documentation of many other cases of satellite anomalies and losses that have been attributed to space weather can be found in several literatures (e.g., p. 33 of Refs. [8] and [9].
The Sun’s activity varies with time and position on the Sun, and characterized by 11-year cycle, which can be divided into solar minimum and solar maximum phases. The sunspots (and other solar indices such as solar radio flux) are viewed as main indicators of solar activity cycle. They are transient phenomenon seen as dark patches against photospheric bright background on the Sun. Observations made over the past two centuries have shown that the number of sunspots vary periodically, moving from minimum to maximum count approximately every 11 years. Figure 1 show a historic sunspot number. The latest solar cycle (cycle 24) peaked around year 2014. Currently, solar activity is on the decline and has been predicted to reach its minimum in late 2019 or 2020, while the solar maximum is expected to occur between 2023 and 2026 [10].
Historic sunspot number (source: SILSO graphics (
Solar energetic events such as high-speed solar wind streams (HSS), solar flares and CMEs that give rise to solar particle events and geomagnetic storms affecting the space environment are more frequent during solar maximum. Therefore, their impact on the atmosphere and air-based technology are expected to be higher during this phase of the solar cycle than the declining or minimum phase. Solar events and associated phenomena mainly contribute to trapped and transient energetic particles in near space that constitute the space radiation environment, in addition to galactic cosmic ray from outer space. The summary of types of space radiation, their origin or sources, and where they are important is shown in Figure 2.
Summary of types of space radiation, their origin or sources, and where they are important in the outer planets, planetary space and Earth, including the low Earth orbit (LEO), geostationary orbit (GEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO) and high Earth orbit (HEO) (source: Ref. [
When charged particles from the solar wind encounters and interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field, it compresses it sun-ward, forming the magnetosphere (see, Figure 3). This scenario creates a supersonic shock wave known as the Bow Shock. The solar wind drags out the night-side of the inner magnetosphere. This extension is known as the magnetotail. Although the magnetosphere is constantly being bombarded by charged particles, they are being deflected and cannot easily penetrate the region; however, some particles gain entrance through the polar region and become trapped in the Earth’s magnetic field. The trapped particles are contained in one of two doughnut-shaped magnetic rings surrounding the Earth called the Van Allen radiation belts, Figure 3. The inner belt contains a fairly stable population of protons with energies exceeding 10 MeV. The outer belt contains mainly electrons with energies up to 10 MeV. The charged particles which compose the belts circulate along the Earth’s magnetic lines of force. These lines of force are known to extend from the area above the equator to the North Pole, to the South Pole, and then circle back to the Equator. There is a part of the inner Van Allen belt (VAB) that dips down to about 200 km into the upper region of the atmosphere over the southern Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Brazil. This region is known as the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA). The dip results from the fact that the magnetic axis of the Earth is tilted approximately 11° from the spin axis, and the center of the magnetic field is offset from the geographical center of the Earth by 280 miles. The largest fraction of the radiation exposure received during spaceflight missions has resulted from passage through the SAA. Low inclination flights typically traverse a portion of the SAA up to six or seven times a day (see Figure 3).
(a) The Earth’s magnetosphere showing the Van Allen radiation belt. (b) Outer and inner (proton) belt (source: Ref. [
The transient particles or radiation environments consist of particles from solar events such as solar wind, solar flares, CMEs and galactic cosmic radiation in the interplanetary and near-Earth space regions. The solar wind consists of relatively low energy electrons and protons that can significantly affect externally mounted spacecraft components. Solar flares are also a major contributor to the overall ionizing radiation level. A solar flare can emit and accelerate energetic particles or protons in the interplanetary space that can reach Earth within 30 minutes of the flare’s peak. CMEs can propagate into the solar wind and drive shocks, which in turn accelerates solar energetic particles, and also deflect the galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) entering the heliosphere [13, 14]. CME can cause geomagnetic storms and other associated phenomena, leading to large-scale disturbances with adverse consequences in the geospace environment that can affect satellite systems.
Galactic cosmic radiations (GCR) are not directly connected to our Sun. They originate from outside the solar system. GCR consists of ionized atoms ranging from a single proton up to a uranium nucleus. The flux level of these particles is very low. Notwithstanding, they produce intense ionization as they pass through matter because they travel at a speed that is very close to that of light, and because some of them are composed of very heavy elements such as iron [15]. The energy of cosmic rays is usually measured in units of mega electron volt (MeV), or the giga electron volt (GeV). Most GCRs have energies between 100 MeV and 10 GeV. Cosmic rays include essentially all of the elements in the periodic table; about 85% protons, 14% alpha particles, and 1% heavy nuclei [16]. The Earth’s magnetic field provides natural shielding from both cosmic and solar particles depending primarily on the inclination and secondarily on the altitude. As inclination reaches auroral to polar regions, a satellite is outside the protection of the geomagnetic field lines. At polar orbits intense fluxes of energetic electrons, known as precipitating electrons, propagate down along magnetic field lines (and create the aurora), and as altitude increases, the exposure to these particles gradually increases [12].
When charged trapped or transient particles from solar events or cosmic sources bombards and interacts with the exposed surfaces of spacecraft, their effects can affect the system in a several ways. The effects from the natural space environment include spacecraft charging (SC), single event effects (SEEs), total ionizing dose (TID), and displacement damage (DD). However, the specific effect depends on the type of incident particle, its energy and probably the source. Trapped heavy ions do not have sufficient energy to generate the ionization required to cause SEEs, and they do not make a significant contribution to TID. Galactic cosmic rays and cosmic solar particles, which are heavily influenced by solar flares and trapped protons in the radiation belts, can cause SEEs, but electrons are not known to cause SEEs. Although their physical mechanisms are different, the ionizing radiation of the space environment causes both TID and SEEs. Charged particle effects in the space environment are summarized below according to the particle source.
Spacecraft charging (SC) is the build-up of charge on spacecraft surfaces or in the spacecraft interior; SC causes variations in the electrostatic potential of a spacecraft surface with respect to the surrounding plasma environment, and potential variations in different portions of the spacecraft [17]. The major natural space environments which contribute to SC include the thermal plasma environment, high energy electrons, solar radiation and magnetic fields. Although SC has many effects, electrostatic discharges appear to be the most dangerous of all. Electrostatic discharges can cause structural damage, degradation of spacecraft components and operational anomalies due to damages to electronics. SC can be categorised into two: Surface charging which include differential charging, and internal dielectric charging. Surface charging is caused by low energy plasma (<100 keV) and photoelectric currents. Surface charging can either be absolute or differential. Absolute charging occurs when the satellite potential relative to the ambient plasma is charged uniformly, while differential charging occurs when parts of the spacecraft are charged to different potential relative to one another. Differential charging can also be caused by satellite self-shadowing. The charge control mechanism, and differential charging in spacecrafts are depicted in Figure 4. Differential charging of spacecraft surfaces is more detrimental than the absolute charging (relative to ambient plasma). The former can have a discharge effects that can disrupt satellite operations such as physical materials damage and electromagnetic interference (EMI) generation, and resultant transient pulses. Discharge consequences also include noise in data and wiring, sputtering and attraction of chemically active species [18]. Differential charging has been reported after geomagnetic sub-storms, which result in the injection of keV electrons into the magnetosphere.
(a) Satellite’s charge control mechanism, and (b) differential charging in satellites due to self-shadowing (source: Ref. [
Internal charging is caused by high-energy electrons (>100 keV), which penetrate into the spacecraft equipment where they deposit charge inside insulating materials [8]. Internal discharge is more damaging since it occurs within dielectric materials and well-insulated conductors, which are in close proximity to sensitive electronic circuitry [19]. Based on data from the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) obtained at GEO, most environmentally induced spacecraft anomalies result from deep dielectric charging and the resulting discharge pulses and not from surface insulator charging or single-event upsets [20].
Single event effects (SEEs) are individual events which occur when a single incident ionizing particle deposits enough energy to cause an effect in a device. SEEs are generally caused by two space radiation sources: high energy protons, and cosmic rays. Single event phenomenon can be classified into four: (i) single event upset (SEU), (ii) single event latch-up (SEL), (iii) single event burnout (SEB) and (iv) single event gate rupture (SEGR). SEU is a change of state caused by ions or electromagnetic radiation striking a sensitive node in a micro-electronic device, such as in a microprocessor, semiconductor memory, or power transistors. The state change is a result of the free charge created by ionization in or close to an important node of a logic element (e.g., memory bit). The error in device output or operation caused as a result of the strike is called a soft error. The mechanisms for heavy ion and proton SEU in devices (e.g., dynamic random access memories (DRAM)), and galactic cosmic ray energy deposition in devices are depicted in Figure 5. SEU can cause a reset or re-writing in normal device such as in analogue, digital, or optical components, and may also have effects in surrounding interface circuitry. A severe SEU is the single-event functional interrupt (SEFI) in which an SEU in the device’s control circuitry places the device into a test mode, halt, or undefined state. The SEFI halts normal operations, and requires a power reset to recover [1].
(a) Mechanisms for heavy ion and proton SEU, (b) schematic showing how GCR deposit energy in an electronic device [
SEL is used in integrated circuits (ICs) to describe a particular type of short circuit which can occur in an improperly designed circuit. It is the generation of a low-impedance path between the power supply rails of a MOSFET circuit that can trigger a parasitic structure which disrupts proper functioning of the part and possibly even leading to its destruction due to over-current. SELs are hard errors, and can cause permanent damage. It can results in a high operating current, above device specifications, drag down the bus voltage, or damage the power supply. Latch-up can be caused by protons in very sensitive devices [22]. An SEL is corrected or cleared by a power off–on reset or power strobing of the device. SEL is strongly temperature dependent. If power is not removed quickly, catastrophic failure may occur due to excessive heating or metallization or bond wire failure [23].
SEB is a condition caused by high current state in a power transistor. It is a highly localized phenomenon, and includes burnout of the drain-source in power MOSFETs and BJTs, gate rupture, frozen bits, and noise in charged-coupled devices (CCDs). SEGR is the formation of a conducting path or localized dielectric breakdown in the gate oxide resulting in a destructive burnout. It occurs at MOSFETs, BJTs, and CMOS.
Solar flare particle events pose the most extreme SEU producing environment, especially for spacecraft in interplanetary space [24]. Experiments aboard CRRES showed a significant increase during a solar flare [25]. Based on CRRES’s data, most SEUs come from high energy protons through nuclear interactions and not through direct deposition from either protons or cosmic rays [20]. For LEO satellites, trapped protons, especially in the SAA, are the greatest SEE threat.
Total ionizing dose (TID) refers to the amount of energy that ionization processes create and deposit in materials such as semiconductor or insulator when energized particles pass through it. TID can result in device failure or biological damage to astronauts. Radiation-induced trapped charges can build up in the gate oxide of a MOSFET and cause a shift in the threshold voltage. Such device cannot be turned off even at zero volts applied, if the shift is large enough. Under this condition the device is said to have failed by going into depletion mode [26]. TID is mostly due to electrons and protons, mainly from solar energetic particle event and passage through the SAA. In low Earth orbit, the main dose source is from electrons and inner belt protons, while the primary source is outer belt electron and solar protons in geostationary orbit. The first recorded satellite failure resulting from total dose was the Telstar. The satellite was launched a day after the Starfish nuclear test on 9 July 1962. The nuclear weapon of about 1.4 Megaton was detonated at an altitude of about 400 km above Johnston Island in the Pacific Ocean. The explosion produced beta particles (electrons) that were injected into the Earth’s magnetic field, forming an artificial radiation belt. This artificial electron belt lasted until the early 1970s. Consequently, Telstar experienced a total dose 100 times that expected before its total failure. Up to seven satellites were destroyed by the Starfish nuclear test within 7 months mainly from solar cell damage [12].
When energetic particles are incident on a solid material, they lose their energy to ionizing and non-ionizing processes as they travel through the material. The consequence of the energy loss is in the production of electron–hole pairs and atoms displacement or displacement damage. Vacancies (i.e., absence of an atom from its normal lattice position) and interstitials (i.e., movement of displaced atom into a non-lattice position) are the primary lattice defects that are initially created. The combination of a vacancy and an adjacent interstitial is known as a Frenkel or close pair. Two adjacent vacancies can form a defect known as divacancy. Also, larger local groupings of vacancies may occur in irradiated silicon. A defect resulting from vacancy and interstitials being adjacent to impurity atoms is known as defect-impurity complexes. Once formed by incident radiation, the defects will reorder to form more stable configuration. The extent to which defects alter the properties of bulk semiconductor material and devices depends on nature of the particular defects and the time following the creation of defect at a given temperature.
The effectiveness of radiation-induced displacement damage depends on factors such as bombardment condition, particle type and energy, irradiation and measurement temperature, time after irradiation, thermal history after irradiation, injection level, material type, impurity type and concentration [27]. Displacement damage causes degradation of materials and device properties. Figure 6 depicts the collision between an incoming particle and a lattice atom, causing the displacement of the atom from its original lattice position. Displacement damage can also degrade minority carrier lifetime, and a typical effect would be degradation of gain and leakage current in bipolar transistors [12].
Displacement of atom from its original lattice position by incoming particle through collision [
The review presented here include portion of the work [1], part of which was published in [2]. We analyzed particles, electrons and protons flux of various energies from NOAA database for 3 months (April–June 2010). The mass stopping power, range and possible deposited dose of protons were calculated, and applied to the scenario of possible interaction of the particles with satellite surface and its electrical, electronic and electrochemical components.
Stopping power is the average energy loss of a particle per unit length (measured in MeV/cm) when passing through the material. Charged particles are known to ionize the atom or molecule which they encounter when passing through matter, and they lose energy in the process. The stopping power depends on the type and energy of the particle and on the properties of the material it passes. Although numerical values and units are identical for both quantities, the Stopping power refers to the property of the material while energy loss per unit path length describes what happens to the particle. The density of ionization along the particles path is proportional to the stopping power of the material because the production of an ion pairs requires a fixed amount of energy [28]. The Bethe-Bloch formula for stopping power derived from relativistic quantum mechanics is given by:
where
The mass stopping power of the material is obtained by dividing the stopping power by the density (
The range
where
In previous work we used the empirical relations suggested by [28] to calculate the mass stopping power of particles in spacecraft materials [1, 2]. However, we anticipate limitations in the equations because they were originally formulated for low energy particles. Values obtained using Bethe’s equations are higher and assumed more accurate at higher particle energies.
The total ionizing dose (TID), explained in Section 3.3, can be measured in terms of the absorbed dose; which is a measure of the energy absorbed by matter. Absorbed dose is quantified using either a unit called the rad (radiation absorbed dose) or the SI unit which is the gray (Gy). 1 Gy = 100 rads = 1 J/kg. The total accumulated dose on a satellite depends on orbit altitude, orientation, and time spent in orbit. To compute TID we need to know the integrated particle energy spectrum, ø(
where
Satellite and space probes typically encounter TID between 10 krad (100 Gy) and 100 krad(Si) (1000 Gy(Si)). The time taken,
We performed theoretical calculations to predict the mean time to failure of a model satellite due to TID. The assumption is that the model satellite’s body is made of aluminum alloy and 20 mm thickness (without impact mitigation such as protective coating on the satellite), in which the electrical, electronic and electrochemical components (mainly of silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) materials) are housed [1, 2]. Our calculations were based on particles with E ≥ 78 MeV. When particles of this energy range bombard and penetrate the satellite, parts of their energies are lost due to the stopping power of the alloy but the reminder constitute significant dose to the components. With continuous exposure, the dose continues to build over time until the threshold is exceeded leading to completed failure of the affected satellite. Our calculations showed that a dose of 10 krad can build up on the model satellite’s component within 3 years and 100 krad within 29 years.
The electrons impinging on spacecraft surface in the space environment are faster than their ion counterpart because of their very small mass (when compared to that of ions). As a result the ambient electron flux is usually more than the ambient ion flux, leading to high level negative charging of the spacecraft. The regions of concern (in space) for internal charging of spacecrafts is illustrated in [29] and shown in Figure 7. Spacecraft charging can be mitigated by the methods of electron emission and ion reception [30]. Electron emission is the method in which a device pulls (or draws) electrons from the spacecraft ground and ejects them into space, while the ion reception is the method in which positive ions arrive at a spacecraft that is negatively charged to neutralize the negative charges. The former method is effective for reducing the negative charge of the spacecraft ground but not effective for dielectric surfaces. As a demerit, the process can lead to differential charging between the dielectric and the conducting ground. The later method is effective for mitigating negatively charged surface (whether dielectric or conductor), and reducing differential charging. However, it has the disadvantage of electroplating the entire spacecraft with extended use. Because each method has advantage (or disadvantage) over the other, the use of a combination of both types has been recommended. Other mitigation methods include plasma emission, partially conducting paint, polar molecule emission, mirror reflection and violet irradiation [31].
Regions of concern for internal charging of spacecrafts in space (source: Ref. [
For memories and data related devices, some of the error mitigation approach or methods include Parity check, cyclic-redundancy check (CRC) coding, Hamming code, Reed-Solomon (R-S) coding, convolutional encoding and overlying protocol (see: Ref. [32] and references therein). Parity is a single bit added to the end of a data structure, such that it states whether an odd or even number of ‘ones’ was in the structure. The parity method counts the number of logic-one states or ‘ones’ that are occurring in a data path. The CRC coding method detects if any errors occurred in a given data structure based on performing modulo-two arithmetic operations on a given stream of data, and interpreting the results as a polynomial. The hamming code method detects the position of a single error and the existence of more than one error in a data structure. The R-S code can detect and correct multiple and consecutive errors in a data structure. The convolutional encoding can also detect and correct multiple bit errors. However, it is distinguishable from block coding (e.g., R-S code) by interleave of the overhead or check bits into the actual stream of data instead of being grouped into separate words at the end of the data structure. Errors in the control-related devices can also be mitigated using some of the above mentioned methods. A more effective mitigation approach for control-related devices with complex difficulties (e.g., large scale integration circuitry or microprocessors) is the software-based mitigation, which includes tasks or subroutines dubbed health and safety (H&S). The H&S tasks can perform memory scrubbing that utilizes parity or other method on either external memory devices or registers that are internal to the microprocessor. In the software mitigation methods, the internal microprocessor timers can also be used to operate a watchdog timer or for passing H&S messages between spacecraft systems (see: Ref. [32] for more detail).
TID on satellites system can be mitigated by methods such as shielding, derating and conservative circuit design [33]. Shielding is the processes of protecting spacecraft (and the occupants) from ionizing radiation using a configuration of appropriate massive materials. Derating refers to techniques usually employed in electrical power and electronic devices in which devices are operated at maximum power dissipation that is less than their rated value, with consideration of the case or body temperature, ambient temperature and the type of cooling mechanism used. This method can increase the safety margin between part design limits and applied stresses, consequently enhancing protection of the part [34]. Hardening of critical components in satellites at design level is also a viable method. This has, however, been the practice of satellite manufacturers. These methods can also be used to mitigate
Other important mitigation approach includes the development of appropriate environmental model that can mimic the perturbed scenarios that are expected under extreme space environmental condition. A well-accomplished or more sophisticated model should account for the individual effects of various solar forcing mechanisms, which cause fluctuations in neutral and ionized density [35]. One other very important mitigation approach to consider is the development of extensive warning system for solar energetic events. Although solar activity can be predicted days in advance but ascertaining their level of impact on the satellite and the Earth environment is quite challenging. Therefore, effective monitoring of solar activity is essential in order to be able to predict atmospheric or ionospheric responses to solar events and their consequence on satellite in orbit. In all, orbit consideration (and satellite’s trajectory) is also important. Satellites in medium Earth orbit (MEO) and geostationary orbit (GEO) are subject to impacts of outer Van Allen radiation belt. LEO satellites encounter the most intense particle fluxes in the SAA [36], which is considered to be the main region where spacecrafts receive the largest fraction of the radiation exposure during spaceflight missions. The schematic diagram of Earth’s radiation belts and their space weather concerns is shown in Figure 8.
Schematic diagram of Earth’s radiation belts and their space weather concerns (from Ref. [
The space radiation environment driven by solar activity (and galactic cosmic rays) poses potent and unequivocal treat to satellites in near-Earth space. Understanding atmospheric and ionospheric dynamic responses to solar-driven particles and radiation, and their space weather implications are critical and of practical importance to satellites design and operation. The specific effects of radiation environment on as satellite depends on the source, type and energy of incident particle, as well as the satellite’s orbit and/or position at the time of solar energetic events. Radiation mitigation measures can increase the safety margin between part design limits and the applied stresses resulting from particles impact, consequently enhancing protection of the part. However, it is important that the solar maximum phase be given more consideration in all mitigation effort because the rate of impact is higher during this interval. Severe solar storms can occur during the solar maximum that can produce huge short-lived increase in radiation levels, as well as high levels of SEEs that current mitigation measures might not be able to bear [37]. Also as dependence on satellites services increase, the economic and societal risk associated with space weather also increases, and likely impact can be unprecedented. In view of this, a contingency plans that include the possibility of switching to or benefitting from other independent satellite services have been recommended [8]. The upcoming multi-constellation GNSS receivers can play a significant role in this regard, such that the individual GNSS receivers will be inherently robust to a satellite service denial. Space weather-induced enhancement of atmospheric drag on satellites and consequent accelerated orbit decay is also a major perturbing force to reckon with, for satellites in low Earth orbit [35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42]. A concise review of the impact and mitigation of this phenomenon will be published in the future. We note that this review (on the space radiation effects on satellites and their mitigation methods) is succinct when compared to the large body of work in the subject area. Therefore, we encourage readers to also consult other well-accomplished texts for specific space radiation effect and the appropriate mitigation approach.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
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\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
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\n\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
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\n\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
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\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
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\n\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
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Catarina Guedes and F. Xavier Malcata",authors:[{id:"83136",title:"Prof.",name:"F. Xavier",middleName:null,surname:"Malcata",slug:"f.-xavier-malcata",fullName:"F. 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Labella, C. Berbel, M. Manchado, D. Castro and J.J. Borrego",authors:[{id:"67855",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan J.",middleName:null,surname:"Borrego",slug:"juan-j.-borrego",fullName:"Juan J. 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This chapter will discuss an innovation in seaweed cultivation of the genus Eucheuma, which is the prime marine commodity in the tropical regions of the world. Research conducted during 2015-2017 and 2019 in Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, provided an overview of the use of floating cage that showed very significant growth results. The research result showed that the growth rates of Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii in floating cage seemed faster and resulted in better thallus morphology. Daily production of E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii that were cultivated in floating cage was higher than daily production of E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii cultivated on longline. Specific growth rate (SGR) of E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii cultivated by using floating cage method was also higher than E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii cultivated by using longline method. Moreover, the cultivation by using floating cages produces good growth rates with no effect of herbivore attacks.",book:{id:"8928",slug:"emerging-technologies-environment-and-research-for-sustainable-aquaculture",title:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture"},signatures:"Ma’ruf Kasim, Abdul Muis Balubi, Ahmad Mustafa, Rahman Nurdin, Rahmad Sofyan Patadjai and Wardha Jalil",authors:[{id:"309893",title:"Prof.",name:"Maruf",middleName:null,surname:"Kasim",slug:"maruf-kasim",fullName:"Maruf Kasim"},{id:"313040",title:"MSc.",name:"Abdul Muis",middleName:null,surname:"Balubi",slug:"abdul-muis-balubi",fullName:"Abdul Muis Balubi"},{id:"313041",title:"MSc.",name:"Wardha",middleName:null,surname:"Jalil",slug:"wardha-jalil",fullName:"Wardha Jalil"},{id:"313042",title:"MSc.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"ahmad-mustafa",fullName:"Ahmad Mustafa"},{id:"313043",title:"MSc.",name:"Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Nurdin",slug:"rahman-nurdin",fullName:"Rahman Nurdin"},{id:"313044",title:"MSc.",name:"Rahmat Sofyan",middleName:null,surname:"Patadjai",slug:"rahmat-sofyan-patadjai",fullName:"Rahmat Sofyan Patadjai"}]},{id:"62842",title:"Integrated Rice and Aquaculture Farming",slug:"integrated-rice-and-aquaculture-farming",totalDownloads:1889,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The burning problems like scarcity of food for ever-growing human population in the present world are addressed by adapting various methods for production of protein, carbohydrate, oils and other food materials. One of the methods to produce high amount of food is integrated farming including rice-aquaculture farming, which produces protein and carbohydrate as major components besides others. Rice-aquaculture farming produces grain (carbohydrate) and animal protein without affecting the quality and quantity of rice yield on the same piece of land and renders additional financial gain besides main crop (rice) like conventional monoculture. The aquatic species grown in the integrated culture are mainly distinct types of fishes, selected crustaceans and other selected species. Profitable rice-aquaculture integrated farming is popular in Asian countries than in Western countries. However, the integrated rice-aquaculture farming has its own limitations. The type of methods, culture species, influencing factors, and pros and cons of rice-aquaculture integrated farming are discussed in the present chapter.",book:{id:"7229",slug:"aquaculture-plants-and-invertebrates",title:"Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Aquaculture - Plants and Invertebrates"},signatures:"Pamuru Ramachandra Reddy and Battina Kishori",authors:[{id:"242524",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramachandra Reddy",middleName:null,surname:"Pamuru",slug:"ramachandra-reddy-pamuru",fullName:"Ramachandra Reddy Pamuru"},{id:"255022",title:"Dr.",name:"Kishori",middleName:null,surname:"Battina",slug:"kishori-battina",fullName:"Kishori Battina"}]},{id:"24074",title:"Embryonic and Larval Development of Freshwater Fish",slug:"embryonic-and-larval-development-of-freshwater-fish",totalDownloads:7448,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"612",slug:"recent-advances-in-fish-farms",title:"Recent Advances in Fish Farms",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Fish Farms"},signatures:"Faruk Aral, Erdinç Şahınöz and Zafer Doğu",authors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"},{id:"29132",title:"Dr.",name:"Zafer",middleName:null,surname:"Dogu",slug:"zafer-dogu",fullName:"Zafer Dogu"},{id:"39952",title:"Dr.",name:"Erdinc",middleName:null,surname:"Sahinoz",slug:"erdinc-sahinoz",fullName:"Erdinc Sahinoz"}]},{id:"68966",title:"Novel Biofloc Technology (BFT) for Ammonia Assimilation and Reuse in Aquaculture In Situ",slug:"novel-biofloc-technology-bft-for-ammonia-assimilation-and-reuse-in-aquaculture-in-situ",totalDownloads:1926,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Ammonia is one of the most harmful risks for success of fish and shrimp culture. There is no effective solution for harmlessness of ammonia in traditional aquaculture operations except exchanging water, which would bring negative effects on environment, or fixing expensive equipment. Biofloc technology (BFT) that appeared in recent years supplies a novel solution for this issue without exchanging huge water and fixing equipment. This technology could assimilate ammonia almost in real time with many other supplemental benefits. Because of the very high nutritional value for fish and shrimp, bioflocs, the by-product of BFT, could also be reused as a complemented food in situ or a gradient for feedstuff to replace expensive fishmeal or be processed to pellet diet to feed fish and shrimp directly. However, some aspects with regard to the effective use of biofloc as a food source for fish and shrimp, such as high lipid content, productivity, and palatability, need to be further researched in detail.",book:{id:"8928",slug:"emerging-technologies-environment-and-research-for-sustainable-aquaculture",title:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture"},signatures:"Hai-Hong Huang",authors:[{id:"305215",title:"Dr.",name:"Hai-Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"hai-hong-huang",fullName:"Hai-Hong Huang"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"32",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:6,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:17,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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Heshmati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313921/images/system/313921.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hassan Massoud Heshmati is an endocrinologist with 46 years of experience in clinical research in academia (university-affiliated hospitals, Paris, France; Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA) and pharmaceutical companies (Sanofi, Malvern, PA, USA; Essentialis, Carlsbad, CA, USA; Gelesis, Boston, MA, USA). His research activity focuses on pituitary tumors, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancers, osteoporosis, diabetes, and obesity. He has extensive knowledge in the development of anti-obesity products. Dr. Heshmati is the author of 299 abstracts, chapters, and articles related to endocrinology and metabolism. He is currently a consultant at Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC, Anthem, AZ, USA.",institutionString:"Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC",institution:null},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. in Chemistry in July 2000, and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. In 2009 he joined the Dr. Ron Clarke research group at the School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the Interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+, K+-ATPase, and Dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+, K+-ATPase by ATP. He then worked as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum, and in 2014 was promoted to Associate Professor ranking. In 2011 he joined the staff of the Chemistry Department at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently active as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include:\r\n(1) P-type ATPase Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms; (2) Kinetics and Mechanism of Redox Reactions; (3) Autocatalytic reactions; (4) Computational enzyme kinetics; (5) Allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP; (6) Exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in the cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 270 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 4 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"428313",title:"Dr.",name:"Sambangi",middleName:null,surname:"Pratyusha",slug:"sambangi-pratyusha",fullName:"Sambangi Pratyusha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"CGIAR",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"15",type:"subseries",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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