Regression results.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9251",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Pleistocene Archaeology - Migration, Technology, and Adaptation",title:"Pleistocene Archaeology",subtitle:"Migration, Technology, and Adaptation",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book presents an overview of recent research in the field of Pleistocene Archaeology around the world. The main topics of this book are: (1) human migrations, particularly by Homo sapiens who have migrated into most regions of the world and settled in different environments, (2) the development of human technology from early to archaic hominins and Homo sapiens, and (3) human adaptation to new environments and responses to environmental changes caused by climate changes during the Pleistocene. With such perspectives in mind, this book contains a total of nine insightful and stimulating chapters on these topics, in which human history during the time of the Pleistocene is reviewed and discussed.",isbn:"978-1-83880-358-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-357-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-507-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83251",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"pleistocene-archaeology-migration-technology-and-adaptation",numberOfPages:204,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"65e1040ad23f0385a56f2d0472b4aee5",bookSignature:"Rintaro Ono and Alfred Pawlik",publishedDate:"December 23rd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9251.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5818,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:18,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:31,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 15th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 17th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 16th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 4th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 4th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"177123",title:"Dr.",name:"Rintaro",middleName:null,surname:"Ono",slug:"rintaro-ono",fullName:"Rintaro Ono",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177123/images/system/177123.jpeg",biography:"Rintaro Ono is an Associate Professor of the School of Marine Science and Technology at Tokai University, Japan. His research is focused on Maritime Archaeology and Anthropology, and specifically: human maritime adaptation process, human migration into Island Southeast Asia and Pacific Islands, human maritime exploitation history, and maritime trade history. He has been involved in many research projects in Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines, Palau, and Vanuatu. He has been visiting researcher or collaborator with some national and international laboratories and universities. He is the author of more than 50 academic papers, two books, and co-editor of six books including Prehistoric Marine Resource Use in the Indo-Pacific Regions. (ANU Press, 2013) and Pleistocene Archaeology (https://www.intechopen.com/books/9251, 2021).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"300616",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfred",middleName:null,surname:"Pawlik",slug:"alfred-pawlik",fullName:"Alfred Pawlik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300616/images/8751_n.jpg",biography:"Alfred Pawlik is a Professor at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ateneo de Manila University, and director of the Anthropological and Sociological Initiatives of the Ateneo (ASIA). His research focuses on the archaeology of Southeast Asia and Europe, the anthropology of hunter-gatherers, and past human behavior. His interests include prehistoric technologies, experimental archaeology, and use-wear analysis. He obtained a doctoral degree in Prehistory from the Faculty of Geosciences, the University of Tübingen in 1995 and has held academic positions at the Universities of Tübingen and Innsbruck, and the University of the Philippines. He has published numerous articles in international journals and is the author of two books and co-editor of seven volumes, including Pleistocene Archaeology (https://www.intechopen.com/books/9251).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"263",title:"Archaeology",slug:"archaeology"}],chapters:[{id:"74219",title:"Introductory Chapter: Pleistocene Archaeology - Migration, Technology, and Adaptation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94834",slug:"introductory-chapter-pleistocene-archaeology-migration-technology-and-adaptation",totalDownloads:549,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rintaro Ono and Alfred Pawlik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74219",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74219",authors:[{id:"177123",title:"Dr.",name:"Rintaro",surname:"Ono",slug:"rintaro-ono",fullName:"Rintaro Ono"},{id:"300616",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfred",surname:"Pawlik",slug:"alfred-pawlik",fullName:"Alfred Pawlik"}],corrections:null},{id:"73350",title:"Pleistocene Climate Change in Central Europe",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93820",slug:"pleistocene-climate-change-in-central-europe",totalDownloads:611,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Loess is terrestrial, clastic sediment formed by the accumulation of wind-blown dust. It is usually inter–bedded with paleosol horizons, forming loess-paleosol successions (LPS). Due to their characteristics LPS’s represent valuable records of climate changes during Pleistocene. The thickest LPS sections in Croatia are in the Baranja region. Stable oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotope analysis were made on loess malacofauna in order to quantify paleo-temperature changes and describe paleo-vegetation in this part of Central Europe. δ18O values show significant paleotemperature changes during the Upper Pleistocene (130 ky - 20 ky) in Baranja region. Average growing season (AGS) temperature varied 13.2 °C or 9.5 °C during that time period, depending on which formula is applied for calculations. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements show strong peaks in the paleosol horizons pointing to more humid climate. The overall climate was much cooler then present. Stable carbon isotope values point to dominance of C3 vegetation type during the Late Pleistocene in southern part of Central Europe. Climate change in the Late Pleistocene is very likely a significant but not the only factor that influenced the extinction of Neanderthal population which paved the way for the dominance of anatomically modern humans (AMH) in Central Europe.",signatures:"Adriano Banak, Oleg Mandic, Davor Pavelić, Marijan Kovačić and Fabrizio Lirer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73350",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73350",authors:[{id:"109384",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",surname:"Lirer",slug:"fabrizio-lirer",fullName:"Fabrizio Lirer"},{id:"312107",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriano",surname:"Banak",slug:"adriano-banak",fullName:"Adriano Banak"},{id:"315450",title:"Prof.",name:"Davor",surname:"Pavelić",slug:"davor-pavelic",fullName:"Davor Pavelić"},{id:"315451",title:"Dr.",name:"Marijan",surname:"Kovačić",slug:"marijan-kovacic",fullName:"Marijan Kovačić"},{id:"315452",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",surname:"Mandic",slug:"oleg-mandic",fullName:"Oleg Mandic"}],corrections:null},{id:"73769",title:"Human Evolution in the Center of the Old World: An Updated Review of the South Asian Paleolithic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94265",slug:"human-evolution-in-the-center-of-the-old-world-an-updated-review-of-the-south-asian-paleolithic",totalDownloads:900,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The Indian Subcontinent was an important geographic region for faunal and hominin evolution in Asia. While the Oldowan as the earliest technocomplex continues to be elusive, the oldest Acheulean is dated to ~1.5 Ma and the early Middle Paleolithic is ~385 ka (from the same site). New Late Pleistocene dates have been reported for the Middle Paleolithic which continues up to 38 Ka in southern India. The Upper Paleolithic remains ambiguous and requires critically multidisciplinary investigations. The microlithic evidence appears to spread rapidly across the subcontinent soon after its emergence at ~48 Ka (though its origin is debated) and continues into the Iron Age. The timeline of the initial arrival of Homo sapiens continues to be debated based on the archaeology (advanced Middle Paleolithic vs. microlithic) and genetic studies on indigenous groups. Other issues that need consideration are: interactions between archaics and arriving moderns, the marginal occurrence of symbolic behavior, the absolute dating of rock art and the potential role of hominins in specific animal extinctions and ecological marginalization. The region does not appear to have been a corridor for dispersals towards Southeast Asia (although gene flow may have occurred). Instead, once various prehistoric technologies appeared in the Subcontinent, they possibly followed complex trajectories within relative isolation.",signatures:"Parth R. Chauhan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73769",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73769",authors:[{id:"307040",title:"Dr.",name:"Parth",surname:"Chauhan",slug:"parth-chauhan",fullName:"Parth Chauhan"}],corrections:null},{id:"70017",title:"Mainland versus Island Adaptation: Paleobiogeography of Sunda Shelf Primates Revisited",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90051",slug:"mainland-versus-island-adaptation-paleobiogeography-of-sunda-shelf-primates-revisited",totalDownloads:622,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Southeast Asian primates appear to be one of the most successful mammals in the dynamic paleoclimatic changes since at least 1 mya. Human and non-human primates reflect the complex history of a wide range of ecological and geographic variation, which presents to be the source of different systematics and biogeographic models. The past combinative effects of geographic factors (latitude, bathymetric barrier, and duration of island isolation), periodic sea level changes, and the contribution of human and/or non-human primate interaction are crucial subjects in studying the north-to-south, which is from continental to archipelago of Sunda Shelf, dispersal events and phylogeographic analysis of human and non-human primates. Cranial size and shape difference between Homo erectus in mainland and island displays peculiarity on the effect of insularity. Data analyses on cranial landmarks of three non-human primate genera provide more clear resolution to reconstruct the complete scenario, whereby insular primates are dispersed and adapted to their present biogeographical distribution.",signatures:"Halmi Insani and Masanaru Takai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70017",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70017",authors:[{id:"307096",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Halmi",surname:"Insani",slug:"halmi-insani",fullName:"Halmi Insani"},{id:"307098",title:"Prof.",name:"Masanaru",surname:"Takai",slug:"masanaru-takai",fullName:"Masanaru Takai"}],corrections:null},{id:"73386",title:"Island Migration, Resource Use, and Lithic Technology by Anatomically Modern Humans in Wallacea",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93819",slug:"island-migration-resource-use-and-lithic-technology-by-anatomically-modern-humans-in-wallacea",totalDownloads:761,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Island migration and adaptation including both marine and terrestrial resource use and technological development by anatomically modern humans (AMH) are among the most significant issues for Pleistocene archaeology in Southeast Asia and Oceania, and directly related to the behavioral and technological advancements by AMH. This paper discusses such cases in the Wallacean islands, located between the past Sundaland and the Sahul continent during the Pleistocene. The Pleistocene open sea gaps between the Wallacean islands and both landmasses are very likely the major factor for the relative scarcity of animal species originating from Asia and Oceania and the high diversity of endemic species in Wallacea. They were also a barrier for hominin migration into the Wallacean islands and Sahul continent. We summarize three recent excavation results on the Talaud Islands, Sulawesi Island and Mindoro Island in Wallacea region and discuss the evidence and timeline for migrations of early modern humans into the Wallacean islands and their adaptation to island environments during the Pleistocene.",signatures:"Rintaro Ono, Alfred Pawlik and Riczar Fuentes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73386",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73386",authors:[{id:"177123",title:"Dr.",name:"Rintaro",surname:"Ono",slug:"rintaro-ono",fullName:"Rintaro Ono"},{id:"300616",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfred",surname:"Pawlik",slug:"alfred-pawlik",fullName:"Alfred Pawlik"},{id:"330591",title:"Dr.",name:"Riczar",surname:"Fuentes",slug:"riczar-fuentes",fullName:"Riczar Fuentes"}],corrections:null},{id:"73770",title:"A Macroscopic Perspective on Lithic Technology and Human Behavior during Pleistocene in Zhejiang Province, Southeastern China",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93821",slug:"a-macroscopic-perspective-on-lithic-technology-and-human-behavior-during-pleistocene-in-zhejiang-pro",totalDownloads:377,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Paleolithic archeological remains were not reported from Zhejiang until 2002. Up to now, over 70 Paleolithic sites and/or localities have been recovered through a series of surveys mainly in the north part of Zhejiang. An overview of the Paleolithic record and archeological sequence in this region during the Early to Late Pleistocene are present from a macroscopic perspective in this article, as well as the brief introduction of lithic technology and human adaptation in south China. In general, the lithic assemblages in Zhejiang represent the features of Pebble Industry in south China and show a trend of reduction on the size of stone artifacts since the Late Paleolithic. It is presumed that prehistoric humankind has shown the behavioral strategies as followed: a) exploited local raw material; b) the utilization of core and the degree of proficiency in knapping have been improved gradually; c) the retouching focused on the areas of edges; and d) preferred to use sharp edges of tools.",signatures:"Hong Chen, Jiying Liu, Xinmin Xu and Huiru Lian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73770",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73770",authors:[{id:"307547",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hong",surname:"Chen",slug:"hong-chen",fullName:"Hong Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"72184",title:"The Migration, Culture, and Lifestyle of the Paleolithic Ryukyu Islanders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92391",slug:"the-migration-culture-and-lifestyle-of-the-paleolithic-ryukyu-islanders",totalDownloads:756,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Roughly 35,000 years ago, hunting-fishing-gathering people occupied the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, a chain of small-sized islands in the western Pacific. There are Paleolithic sites scattered over most of the relatively large islands, thereby suggesting an extensive human dispersal over the sea at least 30,000 years ago. Recent morphological and genetic studies of the human fossils found in this area revealed that Paleolithic occupants might have an affinity with the modern and prehistoric populations of Southeast Asia. Recent excavation of Paleolithic sediments at Sakitari Cave, Okinawa Island, provided a variety of shell artifacts, including beads, scrapers, and fishhooks, and evidence of seasonal consumption of aquatic animals, especially freshwater crabs. The Paleolithic Ryukyu Islanders’ culture and lifestyle, which made use of unique resources, demonstrate behavioral adaptations to living on relatively small islands.",signatures:"Masaki Fujita, Shinji Yamasaki and Ryohei Sawaura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72184",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72184",authors:[{id:"304926",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Masaki",surname:"Fujita",slug:"masaki-fujita",fullName:"Masaki Fujita"},{id:"304927",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinji",surname:"Yamasaki",slug:"shinji-yamasaki",fullName:"Shinji Yamasaki"},{id:"304929",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryohei",surname:"Sawaura",slug:"ryohei-sawaura",fullName:"Ryohei Sawaura"}],corrections:null},{id:"70612",title:"The Technological Diversity of Lithic Industries in Eastern South America during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene Transition",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89154",slug:"the-technological-diversity-of-lithic-industries-in-eastern-south-america-during-the-late-pleistocen",totalDownloads:703,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Brazilian archaeological literature has insisted for decades upon associating hunter-gatherer sites dated to the Pleistocene–Holocene transition either to the Itaparica tradition, if located in central or northeastern Brazil, or to the Umbu tradition and Humaitá tradition, if located in southern Brazil, Uruguay, or any other adjacent part of Paraguay and Argentina. These associations have been based almost entirely on the presence or absence of lesmas and “projectile points,” regardless of their morphological and technological features. In the Uruguayan archaeological literature, three other cultures are recognised: Fell industry, Catalanense industry, and Tigre tradition, all in the Uruguayan region. However, the last 10 years of systematic studies on the lithic assemblages from these sites have shown that Paleoindian societies from Eastern South America are more culturally diverse than expected and that previously defined archaeological cultures present several issues in their definition, suggesting that many of these “traditions” are not valid and should no longer be used. Instead, new lithic industries and archaeological cultures should be defined only when cultural patterns are observable through systematic analyses.",signatures:"João Carlos Moreno De Sousa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70612",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70612",authors:[{id:"303361",title:"Dr.",name:"João Carlos",surname:"Moreno De Sousa",slug:"joao-carlos-moreno-de-sousa",fullName:"João Carlos Moreno De Sousa"}],corrections:null},{id:"70827",title:"Sociocultural Interaction and Symbolism in Prehistoric South America: Quartz Crystal Manuports from Tierra del Fuego",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90851",slug:"sociocultural-interaction-and-symbolism-in-prehistoric-south-america-quartz-crystal-manuports-from-t",totalDownloads:543,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The use of mineral elements with special characteristics, such as quartz crystals, in ornamental or ceremonial contexts, is not uncommon in archaeology. Their appearance in different archaeological sites is the basis to discuss their significance for past societies. However, while these objects are loaded with symbolic value, it is difficult to identify them in hunter-gatherer sites. In this chapter, we discuss this subject from the case of a series of crystals discovered in the central area of the Big Island of Tierra del Fuego, and we outline their interpretation based on technofunctional analysis confronted with the ethnographic information for the region. Tierra del Fuego is located at the southern tip of South America. It was inhabited by hunter-gatherer societies since the end of last glaciation until the beginning of the twentieth century. In historical times, the central-northern sector of the Big Island was occupied by the Selknam society, in which there is an extensive ethnographic and ethnohistorical bibliography. Archaeological research in the central area of Tierra del Fuego has revealed a continuous occupation of hunter-gatherer societies. The analysis of provenience of raw materials lets us to propose hypothesis about mobility and interaction networks that can be confronted with the ethnographic information.",signatures:"María Estela Mansur, Hernán Horacio De Angelis, Vanesa Esther Parmigiani, María Celina Alvarez Soncini and Anna Franch Bach",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70827",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70827",authors:[{id:"308749",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Estela",surname:"Mansur",slug:"maria-estela-mansur",fullName:"Maria Estela Mansur"},{id:"309008",title:"BSc.",name:"Vanesa",surname:"Parmigiani",slug:"vanesa-parmigiani",fullName:"Vanesa Parmigiani"},{id:"309009",title:"Dr.",name:"Hernan",surname:"De Angelis",slug:"hernan-de-angelis",fullName:"Hernan De Angelis"},{id:"309010",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Celina",surname:"Alvarez Soncini",slug:"maria-celina-alvarez-soncini",fullName:"Maria Celina Alvarez Soncini"},{id:"309011",title:"MSc.",name:"Anna",surname:"Franch Bach",slug:"anna-franch-bach",fullName:"Anna Franch Bach"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Change is the only
Prominent Market Analysts [4] compare it to the “sharing” economy, which is expected to grow from $15 billion in 2015 to $335 billion by the year 2025, according to a report by PricewaterhouseCoopers. Airbnb, founded in 2008, is a notable player in the sharing economy. The company provides a platform for property owners and visitors to agree and transact short-term rental contracts. While it does not own rental properties, Airbnb today has over 2 million listings in 34,000 cities in 191 countries, generating annual revenue of over $1 billion with a market value of $24 billion.
The decentralized cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, relies on blockchain technology to record its transactions in a public ledger: a technology originally conceived for Bitcoin in 2008 and first implemented in 2009. The blockchain [5] is a distributed database that maintains a continuously growing list of records called blocks secured from tampering and revision. Each block contains a timestamp and a link to a previous block. It serves as the public ledger for all transactions. Every compatible client can connect to the network, send new transactions to it, verify them, and take part in the competition to create new blocks. The competition creating new blocks is known as mining. The Bitcoin design has been the inspiration for other applications and certainly for other cryptocurrencies. If blockchain technology is like metal, then Bitcoin is like gold (Figure 1).
Bitcoin circulation: the mining map.
The last thing on every analyst’s mind was Bitcoin surpassing the gold rate. Even the tech-gurus could not predict it, as gold is a league of its own. A lot was dependent upon the US inflation rates and China’s trading opportunities, while political instability being a constant factor. A volatile asset witnessed the making of overnight billionaires in a matter of seconds, when the price jumped from $700 to $2100+. The youngsters, who were merely experimenting with it, became “accidental millionaires”, and history was made. Dash, Doge, Litcoin, PlexCoin, Ethereum and many more cryptocurrencies made their way to the volatile market to leave a mark of their own. While the price of gold remained flat in the last year, there has been an eruption of the virtual currencies while bringing down the fiat currencies. With the market trends going anywhere with prediction, the shift is incorrigible, the facts are surprising and more shocks are due.
A closer look in the historical rates of Bitcoin raises the question about the future of cryptocurrencies. With a surge of supply and demand, analysts are marking the mining to be completed by the year 2041. What needs to be seen is the price volatility post mining. The world changes at the speed of light, they say, the world of technology is even faster, quicker, not only in terms of change but also in terms of implementation. Figure 2 shows the price volatility in Bitcoin in the US Dollar since Sep 2015. The daily data for the Bitcoin Price Index have been derived from coindesk [6].
Bitcoin price in USD from September 2015 to July 2017.
Tapscott [7], author of Blockchain Revolution and one of the top most influencers of the world, quoted:
Ethereum price in USD from Sep 2015 to July 2017.
Trading volume is generally reported not only in terms of number of shares but also in terms of the dollar value. These are the two most fundamental figures in the stock market, the price and the volume. In public stock exchanges, shares are publicly traded, transactions are recorded and the volumes are displayed. Hence, it becomes easy to calculate the trading volume for such stock exchanges. To better understand this trade volume, let us consider the following example:
EXAMPLE:
Suppose that Samsung only changes hands twice during the day. Let’s assume that 20 million shares were bought at $10 a share; later 30 million shares were purchased at $10.5 a share.
The total trading volume = 20 +30 = 50 million shares
Dollar amount equals = (20X10) + (30X10.5) = $515 million
So, the total circulation of Samsung Shares is 515 million for that day.
There is a plethora of information about Bitcoin. The blockchain provides free information about every detail of the market on an hourly basis. To better understand the market size of Bitcoin, market capitalization [9] data are used. Further investigation is carried out to understand the price impact of Bitcoin as a currency against the US Dollar and the economic movement in terms of a commodity, and the following time series variables are analyzed. The sample is taken from Sep 2015 till July 2017 from coinmarketcap [10].
Total Bitcoins in circulation: market capitalization
Estimated output volume
Bitcoin price changes
A regression analysis is used to explain the impact of the variables, market capitalization (CAP), output volume (VOL) and Bitcoin closing price (BTC), and then the relationship of the regression equation to the model is discussed. The best regression equation, based on the analysis of DW (Durbin-Watson), AIC (Akaike
Variable | Coefficient | Std. error | t-Statistic | Prob. |
---|---|---|---|---|
VOL | 5.00E−08 | 1.00E−08 | 4.980007 | 0.0000 |
CAP | 5.90E−08 | 3.99E−10 | 147.9187 | 0.0000 |
C | 39.11393 | 3.673930 | 10.64635 | 0.0000 |
R-squared | 0.994337 | Mean dependent var | 825.9079 | |
Adjusted R-squared | 0.994320 | S.D. dependent var | 628.2927 | |
S.E. of regression | 47.35140 | Akaike info criterion | 10.55743 | |
Sum squared resid | 1,533,634 | Schwarz criterion | 10.57722 | |
Log likelihood | −3623.476 | Hannan-Quinn criter. | 10.56508 | |
F-statistic | 60046.28 | Durbin-Watson stat | 2.019589 | |
Prob(F-statistic) | 0.000000 |
Regression results.
From the resultant equation, the t-statistics, r-squared and adjusted r-squared show a strong positive relation and suggest that the regression equation fits well as indicated in Figure 4.
Residual, actual and fitted.
ADF is used under the three conditions for every time series. The random process includes intercept (c) and trend (t), second includes intercept (c) but no trend (0) and third includes no intercept (0) and trend (t). It was observed that each variable under the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic has a unit root at various lag lengths. This augments the data and the model (Figure 5).
BTC estimated value, denoted as BTCF.
Table 2 and Figure 4 allow us to observe the gradients of the objective function for Bitcoin and to help us find a unit root before applying the cointegrating techniques. The result indicates that all the variables, Bitcoin price, market capitalization and volume have a unit root in their levels and are stationary in their first-order differences (Figure 6 and Table 3).
Null hypothesis: D(BTC) has a unit root | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lag length: 0 (automatic-based on SIC, maxlag = 19) | ||||
t-Statistic | Prob.* | |||
Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic | −27.86005 | 0.0000 | ||
Test critical values: | 1% level | −3.439668 | ||
5% level | −2.865542 | |||
10% level | −2.568958 | |||
Null hypothesis: D(VOL) has a unit root | ||||
Lag length: 4 (automatic-based on SIC, maxlag = 19) | ||||
t-Statistic | Prob.* | |||
Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic | −17.96755 | 0.0000 | ||
Test critical values: | 1% level | −3.439724 | ||
5% level | −2.865567 | |||
10% level | −2.568971 | |||
Null hypothesis: D(CAP) has a unit root | ||||
Lag length: 0 (automatic-based on SIC, maxlag = 19) | ||||
t-Statistic | Prob.* | |||
Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic | −26.47374 | 0.0000 | ||
Test critical values: | 1% level | −3.439668 | ||
5% level | −2.865542 | |||
10% level | −2.568958 |
Gradients of the objective function.
Variable | Sum | Mean | Weighted grad. |
---|---|---|---|
VOL | 0.063843 | 9.29E−05 | 2.35E−26 |
CAP | −1.869141 | −0.002721 | −3.00E−27 |
C | −8.16E−11 | −1.19E−13 | 6.36E−17 |
Gradients of the objective function.
The Johansen
None* | 0.058289 | 68.77080 | 29.79707 | 0.0000 |
At most 1* | 0.037385 | 27.81187 | 15.49471 | 0.0004 |
At most 2 | 0.002675 | 1.826802 | 3.841466 | 0.1765 |
None* | 0.058289 | 40.95893 | 21.13162 | 0.0000 |
At most 1* | 0.037385 | 25.98507 | 14.26460 | 0.0005 |
At most 2 | 0.002675 | 1.826802 | 3.841466 | 0.1765 |
Johansen cointegration test.
Trace test indicates 2 cointegrating eqn(s) at the 0.05 level; Max-eigenvalue test indicates 2 cointegrating eqn(s) at the 0.05 level.
The Granger causality test is used to analyze further the relationship between the three variables. Pairwise tests are carried out in Eviews, and results are shown in Table 5. When the lag is 2, the Granger-cause between the variables does not exist. Hence, this proves that the above cause-and-effect relationship is unidirectional and not bidirectional for BTC.
Null hypothesis | Obs | F-statistic | Prob. |
---|---|---|---|
VOL does not Granger Cause BTC | 685 | 3.49151 | 0.0310 |
BTC does not Granger Cause VOL | 32.2346 | 4.E−14 | |
CAP does not Granger Cause BTC | 685 | 3.58576 | 0.0282 |
BTC does not Granger Cause CAP | 10672.5 | 0.0000 | |
CAP does not Granger Cause VOL | 685 | 28.1865 | 2.E−12 |
VOL does not Granger Cause CAP | 10.9612 | 2.E−05 |
Pairwise Granger Causality Tests with lags 2.
To categorize the dynamic structure of Bitcoin, the Monte Carlo simulation is applied through the impulse response functions in the model. It shows how shocks to any one variable filter through the model can affect every other variable and eventually feed back to the original variable itself.
Monte Carlo [13] simulation is best employed through possible random movements in the model. This perfectly fits the scenario of Bitcoin. There are two components to a stock’s price movements: drift, which is a constant directional movement, and a random input, representing market volatility. By analyzing historical price data, the drift, standard deviation, variance and average price movement for a security is determined. These are the building blocks of a Monte Carlo simulation. The horizontal spool in Figure 7 delegates trace periods of the response function, and the vertical spool delegates responses of dependent variables to independent variables.
Impulse response functions—Monte Carlo simulation.
In an era where having a smart phone is highly more likely than having a Bank account, Bitcoin is here to stay. The architecture of money that we live in today brings the borrower and lender together through a financial intermediary, usually a Bank. One of the parties usually conforms to the rules and regulations put forth by the financial institution making it the most sought-after financial product the banks have to offer. People with limited education and a profile not matching to open a bank account can open a Bitcoin account in under 30 seconds.
Bitcoin is Gold 2.0 because Bitcoin is great as a store of value.
As of June 2017, the total value of all cryptocurrency in circulation is now [14] almost $100 bn.
This is almost double of what was at the beginning of this year. The value of the fiat currency issued by the Federal Reserve Bank of $1.4 trillion cannot be undermined, but an alternative is underway albeit faster than predicted. Cryptocurrencies are borderless, decentralized, and capable of replacing money in just about any transaction. Without any physical infrastructure, Bitcoin has paved its way into the world economy because of ease of use. The “no-strings” attached idea has appealed to the masses. It is positively one of the most innovative inventions ever since the Internet came. It is Internet money and a digital currency; to stop this, we would have to stop the Internet. This is the power of Bitcoin.
From pizza to Porsche, hotel bookings and even goat, [15] you can buy just about anything by using Bitcoin.
Bitcoin and blockchain technology are currently being used by different businesses and organizations. A peer-to-peer system, without the middlemen, where the buyer pays less and the seller receives more is a phenomenon the world is witnessing currently. Countries are passing policies for its free trade, while other countries like UAE and especially Dubai are adopting it as a part of their Smart Dubai 2020 initiative. Taking the possibilities to another level, the future of Bitcoin is evident from the establishment of a Global Block Chain Council under Dubai Government. It quotes: “As part of its efforts to adopt the latest technologies and innovation practices at the global level, Dubai Future Foundation has announced the establishment of the Global Blockchain Council to explore, discuss current and future applications, and organize transactions through the Blockchain platform. Blockchain records every transaction made by the digital currency Bitcoin” [16]. Similarly, a UAE start-up has come out with a gold-backed cryptocurrency called one-gram, giving users, an asset-backed model of digital currencies. With the GCC accounting for a substantial proportion of global remittances, foreign exchange houses are big business, and many say incorporating Bitcoin-enabling technology would be commercially advantageous, as it would help them to cut costs and provide better services to customers [17]. The volatility of Bitcoin is yet to be seen, as some analysts claim it to be a bubble, while others are cashing in on the cryptocurrency. The future where money may be limited to exchange of Bitcoins, the circulation of the Bitcoins remains to be seen once all 120 million Bitcoins are mined and circulated.
Peri-implant soft tissue (PST) thickness and width of keratinized mucosa (KM) have a major impact on the esthetic appearance, stability, and health of implant/prosthetic reconstruction. Dental implants were introduced 50 years ago as a treatment modality for edentulous patients and, later on, for partially edentulous patients with shortened arches and single-tooth gaps [1]. Until lately, the success of implant treatment was based on implant survival rates, prosthetic stability, radiographic bone loss, and absence of infection [2, 3]. Today, patients’ implant treatment expectations have changed. They have shifted from healthy and functional to healthy, functional, esthetic, and natural-looking tooth replacement [4]. Consequently, the PST augmentation procedure became a fundamental part of implant treatment algorithms.
There are two main objectives of soft tissue augmentation around implants—(1) to restore an adequate width of KM and (2) to increase the volume of peri-implant soft tissue [5].
The displacement and loss of the KM can be a consequence of—(1) flap mobilization in order to achieve primary flap closure during horizontal or vertical bone augmentation procedures and (2) vertical bone resorption and reduction of distance between the bone crest and mucogingival line [6].
Today, the vast majority of published evidence supports the necessity of at least 2 mm of keratinized mucosa width around the implant.
The presence of an adequate amount of KM around implants (>2 mm) will facilitate maintenance of oral hygiene, which can lead to less plaque accumulation and lower incidence of peri-implant mucositis. Furthermore, KM can be associated with soft and hard tissue stability, resulting in decreased incidence in the recession of peri-implant mucosa, marginal bone resorption, and attachment loss (Figure 1) [5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13].
Recession of the marginal mucosa caused by inadequate width of KM.
KM is fundamental in maintaining health around implants in erratic maintenance compliers patients. Less than 2 mm of KM around implants is erratic compliers seems to be associated with a higher incidence of peri-implantitis [12, 14].
In literature, the suggested PIS thickness is at least 2 mm. PIS thickness has a major influence on two factors—(1) esthetic appearance of the implant/prosthetic rehabilitation and (2) marginal bone stability [13, 15].
The color, texture, volume, level of mucosal margin of the PIS, and presence of papilla has a major influence on the overall esthetical outcome. The aforementioned elements must be in line with those of soft tissue around adjacent teeth in order to obtain a harmonious and natural-looking restoration. These parameters are influenced mainly by soft tissue thickness. Several indexes were developed to objectively evaluate the esthetical appearance of the implant/prosthetic restoration [16].
In literature, the suggested PIS thickness is at least 2 mm [15].
Inadequate PIS volume can be improved with soft tissue augmentation techniques. Furthermore, thick soft tissue can even mask and hide alveolar bone loss on the buccal side of implants [12, 13, 15]. Therefore, soft tissue augmentation is recommended in esthetical regions where a certain amount of buccal bone remodeling is expected, like immediate implant placement in situations with thin biotype or thin buccal bone plate [17, 18].
PIS thickness is essential for concealing the color of the prosthetic restoration and preventing PIS discoloration caused by prosthetic material. In cases with thin PIS (< 2 mm) titanium abutments will cause a visible color change of the buccal PIS (Figure 2) [12, 19, 20, 21].
Visible discoloration of the thin marginal mucosa caused by titanium abutment in the region of the lower right canine.
PIS has a predetermined thickness of 2.5–4 mm, termed biologic width [22]. PIS is formed after healing abutment installation. In case when soft tissue is thinner than 2 mm, peri-implant marginal bone resorption will be initiated in order to establish sufficient space for the biological width [22, 23]. Augmentation of PIS volume with soft tissue grafts can prevent marginal bone resorption in the case of thin PIS [5, 14, 24].
After transplantation to the recipient region, the soft tissue graft depends on plasmatic imbibition in order to receive sufficient nourishment. In the later stages, after 3–4 days, the soft tissue graft will be transvascularized with newly formed blood vessels. Blood vessel anastomoses will be formed between vessels of the recipient site and vessels already present in the graft [21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29]. In order to achieve plasmatic imbibition and transvascularization certain factors must be met:
Rigid immobilization of the graft-excessive movement can hamper plasmatic imbibition and transvascularization of the flap
Intimate contact of the graft with the recipient site—decreased distance for the plasmatic diffusion or for new blood vessels to reach the graft will result in faster and complete nourishment of the graft. Furthermore, the formation of a blood clot or active hemorrhage between the vascular surface of the recipient site and graft can compromise the nourishment of the graft
Vascularity of the recipient site—the root surface of the tooth and the surface of the implant are avascular surfaces. In those situations, the survival of the graft will be accomplished either by using a larger graft than the avascular surface in order to obtain nourishment from the adjacent vascularized surfaces, preparing a split-thickness flap in order to assure nourishment from both sides of the flap, or by using a pedicle graft.
The PIS grafting procedure should begin with the preparation of the recipient site in order to decrease the time between graft harvest and graft transfer into recipient bed [21, 25, 26].
Most of the aforementioned conditions are met when the periosteum is used as a recipient site. The periosteum is well irrigated and it is immobile (Figure 3) [25, 30].
Stabilization and intimate contact of the autologous soft tissue graft (free gingival graft) in the recipient site achieved with simple interrupted and cross mattress sutures. After the dissection and apical displacement of the mucosal flap, only the exposed periosteal surface is present in the recipient site. The periosteum is well irrigated and immobile surface, suitable for graft nutrition and stabilization.
Likewise, to achieve those factors care must be taken while harvesting the soft tissue graft. The graft should be of uniform thickness to ensure even intimate contact of the inner surface of the graft and the recipient site [25, 26].
The composition of the graft can influence the nourishment of the graft—adipose and glandular tissue may hinder the nourishment of the rest of the graft so they should be dissected from the graft [26, 31].
The first description in literature of the use of connective tissue graft was by Alan Edel in 1974 for increasing the width of gingiva [32]. Since than the indications and the use of CTG graft increased significantly. Today, CTG is still regarded as the gold standard for most soft tissue augmentation treatments. It is indicated for:
Increasing the width of the keratinized gingiva [33]
Treatment of single and multiple gingival recession around teeth [34]
Treatment of mucosal recession around implants [35]
Furcation treatment [36]
Regeneration of infrabony defects [37]
Augmentation of edentulous alveolar ridge defects [38]
Augmentation of PIS [39]
Some of the aforementioned indications are overlapping with those of the FGG. The main advantage of the CTG over FGG is the superior esthetic outcome in terms of color and texture of the augmented area (Figure 4) [25, 26, 40, 41, 42].
Connective tissue graft.
The harvesting technique of the CTG has a direct influence on the graft dimension, histological composition, harvesting complications, morbidity, healing dynamics of the donor site, healing dynamics of the recipient site, and outcome of the grafting procedure. The ideal technique should enable the maximum volume and quality of the graft to be harvested, while concurrently limiting trauma, postoperative morbidity, and possible complications connected with CTG harvesting [43]. A variety number of techniques have been described in the literature for connective tissue graft harvesting. All the techniques can be divided into two groups—(1) connective tissue harvesting with the preparation of the primary flap (offend referred to as subepithelial connective tissue graft, sCTG) and (2) free gingival graft harvesting with extraoral de-epithelization. The first group can be further subdivided into free CTG or pedicle CTG depending if the CTG is completely dissected or remains attached by one side of the palatal soft tissue [26, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45].
The palate is the most frequent site donor site for CTG or FGG harvesting [40]. Histologically, it is composed of different layers—the most superficial epithelial layer, covering a dense connective tissue layer (lamina propria). The submucosal layer is located below the lamina propria and above the periosteum, containing fatty and glandular tissue. Preferably, the CTG should consist only or mostly of the lamina propria layer, with little or no submucosa [26, 46]. Fatty and glandular tissue can hinder or slow the revascularization of the graft after its transplantation [31]. Furthermore, they can be responsible for the increased shrinkage rate of the CTG during healing, influencing the outcome of the grafting procedure [40, 47, 48].
Palatal soft tissue thickness differs greatly among the various areas of the palate and among individuals [49, 50, 51].
Limited data in the literature suggest that patients with thick palatal soft tissue have increased thickness mainly of the submucosal layer while the dimensions of lamina propria remain unchanged [49]. It could be hypothesized that CTG harvesting with the primary flap techniques in thick palatal soft tissue would always result in a graft composed of a lower percentage of lamina propria. The only layer that would have increased share in graft thickness would be the submucosal layer [49].
In the case of thin palatal soft tissue, there is not enough connective tissue thickness to prepare the primary flap and the CTG. The result of CTG harvesting with the primary flap in those situations can lead either to (1) primary flap necrosis if the primary flap is prepared to thin in order to increase the composition of the lamina propria inside CTG, or (2) CTG with a decreased thickness and composition of lamina propria which can result in the improper outcome of the harvesting procedure [48].
To overcome the aforementioned drawbacks, a new harvesting procedure was described—harvesting of an FGG and afterward, intra- or extra-oral de-epithelization of the FGG. As a consequence of the de-epithelization, the epitel layer is removed and the FGG graft is converted into CTG. With this harvesting procedure, the most valuable tissue (lamina propria) is almost completely inside the graft regardless of the initial thickness of the palatal soft tissue. In contrast, when the primary flap is used, a varying percentage of the lamina propria remains unutilized, attached to the inner side of the primary flap [40, 49, 52]. Furthermore, CTG obtained with the new harvesting procedure (de-epithelized FGG) is firmer and easier to manage during the grafting procedure with less variations in compositions among different CTG [48, 49].
The main disadvantage of the de-epithelized FGG procedure is the secondary intention healing of the donor site resulting in a slower healing process related to a higher percentage of complications linked to the donor site (pain and bleeding). Patients who underwent CTG graft harvesting experienced a lower incidence of donor site pain in the early postoperative period compared to FGG graft harvesting patients (Table 1) [49, 52, 53, 54, 55].
Harvesting techniques of free CTG | ||
---|---|---|
CTG with primary flap (subepithelial connective tissue graft) | de-epithelized FGG | |
Advantages | Primary healing of the donor site | Larger graft dimensions |
Faster healing with less complications (pain, bleeding) | Higher quality of graft composition | |
Better patient acceptance | Easier management of the graft | |
Lower percentage of graft contraction during healing | ||
Disadvantages | Reduced graft dimensions | Secondary healing of the donor site |
Lower quality of graft composition | Slower healing with more complication | |
Higher percentage of contraction during healing | Lower patient acceptance | |
Poor handling properties |
Advantages and disadvantages of CTG harvesting techniques: CTG with the primary flap and de-epithelized CTG.
The main purpose of the primary flap is the protection of the donor wound region. At the end of the surgical procedure, the primary flap is repositioned and sutured in its original position, completely covering the wound area beneath it. Thus, thanks to the primary flap, the wound area is healing with primary intention. This will result in a reduced time of haling and postoperative morbidity. In case when the primary flap has reduced vascularity as a consequence of a surgical error during flap preparation (flap thinner than 1 mm, perforation of the flap) it will necrotize, leaving the donor area unprotected and left to heal with secondary intention 26, 25, 40, 42, 43, 47, 52 (Figure 5).
sCTG harvesting. After the harvesting procedure of the sCTG the primary flap is repositioned in its original position. The primary flap protects the wound beneath it, enabling primary healing of the donor area.
The donor area for CTG graft harvesting is located in the palatal masticatory mucosa extending:
Mesiodistally: the donor iste is extending from the distal line angle of the canine to the mesial line angle of the platal root of the first molar. In this region, the soft tissue thickness is suitable for the CTG harvesting procedure.
Apically the donor area is limited with a zone containing blood vessels. The average distance between blood vessels and CEJ of adjacent teeth is 12 mm. The recommended apical limit of the donor area is set at 10 mm from CEJ, leaving 2 additional millimeters of the safety zone between the apical border of the CTG and the blood vessels.
The coronal incision is displaced 2 mm from the CEJ to prevent soft tissue recession on the palatal side of the adjacent teeth.
In patients with a flat palate, the palatine artery is closer to the CEJ, located 7 mm apically of the CEJ of adjacent teeth resulting in a limited height of the CTG [25, 26, 56, 57, 58, 59].
Another limiting factor for CTG harvesting with the preparation of the primary flap is the palatal soft tissue thickness. The palatal soft tissue should be at least 3 mm thick, to allow the preparation of primary flap thick 1.0–1.5 mm and harvesting of 1.5–2.0 mm thick CTG. Therefore, before starting the grafting procedure, it is advisable to examine the thickness of the donor area [42, 60, 61, 62, 63].
In case when inadequate palatal soft tissue thickness is present, three different solutions are available—(1) two-step procedures: Augmentation of the palatal soft tissue with the collagen sponge and after 8 weeks harvesting of the sCTG from the thickened donor site [60, 61, 62], (2) different grafting techniques of the CTG (de-epithelized CTG) [42, 48, 64], and (3) use of a substitutional soft tissue graft (allogenic or xenogenic soft tissue substitute graft) [65, 66, 67, 68].
The first part of the harvesting procedure consists of the preparation of the primary flap. The dissection of the primary flap starts with a horizontal incision 1.0–1.5 mm deep, 2 mm apical from the cementoenamel junction, and perpendicular to the mucosal surface. The blade angulation is changed to approximately 135° and a split-thickness flap is prepared in the apical direction. With the progression of the flap preparation, the angle of the blade is flattened until it becomes parallel with the gingival surface. The dissection is controlled from the external aspect of the flap in order to prevent flap perforation. The partial-thickness flap preparations end after reaching 8 mm from the first horizontal incision, this is 10 mm apically from the cementoenamel junction, leaving a safe zone with 2 mm of distance from the possible location of blood vessels. This will result in the maximal apico-coronal graft dimension of 8 mm.
The primary flap is prepared with the sharp dissection, in a split-thickness manner. During the partial-thickness preparation, the blade is oriented parallel with the mucosal surface to prevent perforations or overthinning of the primary flap. Care must be taken to leave the minimum residual thickness of the primary flap at least 1.5 mm, otherwise it could be necrotized.
After finishing its dissection, the primary flap is partially reflected and the connective tissue graft is dissected just beneath it. It is suggested to place the coronal dissection line 1.0–1.5 mm apical from the coronal incision line of the primary flap. This will result in a 1.0–1.5 mm connective tissue band along the coronal incision line, improving the healing of the primary flap, but at the same reducing the apico-coronal dimension of the connective tissue graft from the maximal 8 to 7 or 6.5 mm [26, 44, 69, 70, 71].
The connective tissue graft can be harvested with or without the periosteum layer depending on if it is inner surface is prepared with sharp or blunt dissection. The CTG with the periosteum has better mechanical stability and better clinical handling. On the other hand, leaving a periosteal surface on the bone in the donor area will improve the healing of the primary flap. In clinical situations where the primary flap was prepared with reduced thickness (equal or less than the lower value of the recommended thickness) or perforated during dissection, it could be advisable to leave the periosteum covering the bone surface [26, 44, 69, 70, 71].
After the completion of the harvesting procedure, the primary flap is repositioned and sutured in its original position. Although, cross matters or a combination of parallel and cross sutures were recommended [26, 69, 70], it seems that the suturing technique does not have an influence on early wound healing in the donor area [72].
Once the CTG is harvested it must be kept in a moist environment, usually draped in wet gauze, until is transferred to the recipient site [26, 69, 70, 71].
Connective tissue can be harvested from the palatal donor site as a free graft or pedicle graft. Free grafts are completely dissected from the donor site while pedicle flaps remain attached by one part to the donor site. In that way, they retain the vascularization of the donor site which will influence positively the graft volume stability reducing the shrinkage of the graft postoperatively and improving the outcome of the augmentation procedure [44, 45, 73].
Pedicle palatal connective tissue was first described in 1980 [74].
The preparation of the primary flap is equal to the primary flap for the free connective tissue graft. The only difference is the length of the primary flap which can be elongated if the defect is located in the frontal region [45]. The main variation to conventional free connective tissue graft is the harvesting of the CTG. During the preparation of the pedicle, the connective tissue graft below the primary flap is freed from the rest of the palatal tissue on three sides, while one side remains attached to it [45, 73, 75, 76, 77].
Different modifications of this technique have been described, which can be divided into two groups—roll techniques and vascularized interpositional periosteal connective tissue flap. In the first group, the pedicle is attached by its coronal part to the buccal flap and rolled under the buccal flap. This flap is used mostly for minor augmentation of the buccal PIS during the single implant uncovering procedure [78, 79, 80]. Other indications include soft tissue augmentation for pontic site development [81, 82] and multiple implants PIS augmentation and pontic site development at implant uncover procedure (Figures 6–11) [83].
Palatal roll technique for PIS augmentation around the single implant at uncovering procedure. Initial situation.
The primary flap has been prepared.
The CTG remains attached to the buccal flap, while it is dissected from the adjacent palatal soft tissue on the apical, mesial, and distal side.
The CTG pedicle graft has been rotated beneath the buccal flap and sutured in this position. The thickness of the buccal PIS has been visibly augmented.
Definitive zircon-ceramic screw-retained crown 14.
Two years follow up.
The vascularized interpositional periosteal connective tissue flap (VIP-CTG) consists of a connective tissue pedicle that remains attached to the palatal tissue on the distal or mesial side, depending on the defect location. It can be used for more pronounced soft-tissue defect augmentation (horizontal and vertical), allowing grafting of large soft tissue defects with only one procedure. Furthermore, VIP-CTG can be used for simultaneous soft and hard tissue augmentation procedures, reducing patient treatment time and morbidity. This procedure is indicated before implant placement, concomitant with implant placement, or during the implant osseointegration period [45, 75, 76] or pontic site development (Figures 12–18) [44, 73, 74, 84].
VIP-CTG for the treatment of the vertical soft-tissue defect in an esthetical demanding situation. Initial situation.
The incision line of the primary flap is extending mesially until the defect site is located in the region of the central incisor. The VIP-CTG is dissected from the rest of the palatal soft tissue on three sides (distal, coronal, apical) and rolled over the buccal soft tissue in order to determine the size of the buccal pouch that will be prepared. The mesial side of the VIP-CTG will remain attached to the adjacent palatal soft tissue.
With the help of two horizontal mattress sutures the VIP-CTG will be positioned and stabilized inside the pouch.
Suturing of the donor and defect area. The donor and the defect sites will heal by primary intention.
Final appearance of the PIS after soft tissue conditioning with provisional crowns-frontal view.
Final appearance of the PIS after soft tissue conditioning with provisional crowns-occlusal view.
Final screw-retained zirconia-ceramic crowns 21, 11.
The recipient site can be prepared with different surgical techniques. The techniques can be categorized in three groups:
Tunnel technique: The recipient site is prepared without vertical incisions and papilla incisions [21].
Coronally advanced flap without vertical incisions [85]
Single or double vertical incisions [86]
The vertical incision can compromise the vascular supply of the flap and cause an esthetical appearance. Incision through the papilla can cause papilla height reduction after healing, a likewise vertical incision can cause scare formation. On the other hand, the vertical incisions will facilitate the coronal advancement of the flap or the correct positioning and the stabilization of the graft [25].
Soft tissue graft consisting of epithelial and connective tissue layer which is completely detached from the rest of the palatal soft tissue is defined as a free gingival graft (FGG) [40].
The FGG was introduced in 1966 [87]. Historically, FGG was used to expand the band of keratinized gingiva around teeth [32], cover exposed root surfaces [88], soft tissue augmentation of edentulous ridges [89, 90], and expand the band of keratinized tissue around implants [91]. Since the esthetic appearance of the augmented tissue is poor due to inadequate color blending with the adjacent soft tissue and a “patch” like appearance, today FGG grafts are used mostly to increase the band of keratinized mucosa around implants in nonesthetic areas. Other indications for FGG are seldom performed only in nonesthetic areas 38, 40. The combination of apically positioned flap and autogenous graft is considered the gold standard technique for increasing the width of keratinized mucosa around implants [15].
The recipient site is prepared with the apically positioned flap technique.
A split-thickness flap is prepared along the mucogingival border. Usually, the flap design consists of a horizontal incision and two vertical incisions that are elongated to or apically to the mucogingival border depending on the amount of the apical displacement of the partial-thickness flap. The split-thickness flap is prepared with sharp dissection in the apical direction taking care to leave intact periosteal surface covering the bone; a 15C or 12D blade is used. In order to prevent perforations of the flap, the blade is oriented parallel with the mucosal surface during the dissection. Additionally, the progression of the flap dissection is monitored from the external flap surface. Muscle attachment, loose connective tissue fibers are removed from the periosteal surface. Care is taken to prepare an even surface that will allow an intimate contact of the graft with the vascularized surface. After the partial-thickness flap has been prepared, the flap is sutured in a new apical position. Sutures must engage the flap and the rigid periosteal surface in order to stabilize the flap [59]. The FGG is stabilized on the exposed periosteal surface with sutures or cyanoacrylate [40, 92]. After stabilization, the graft must be completely immobile, intimately adapted to the periosteal surface with no dead space remaining between the inner surface of the graft and the periosteal surface otherwise plasmatic imbibition and neovascularization bill be hindered. Furthermore, care must be taken to harvest an FGG with an even thickness to allow even precise adaptation to the recipient site throughout the inner surface of the graft. If present, fat tissue should be cut out from the FGG as it can slow down or prevent revascularization of the flap [25, 31, 40, 64].
The palatal masticatory mucosa is the most used donor site for FGG harvesting. Usually, the donor site is located inside the premolar and molar areas. The anterior palatal region where rugae are present is usually avoided since the rugae will remain present inside the FGG and will be transplanted to the recipient site, further deteriorating the appearance of the grafted site. The presence of the rugae can render the harvesting of the FGG challenging, especially in situations where the thin (1.0–1.5 mm) FGG grafts are harvested.
The harvesting procedure can be done freehand or with the help of a template.
The design of the flap consists of four incisions outlining the graft—coronal horizontal incision, mesial and distal vertical incision, and apical horizontal incision. Usually, the goal is to harvest an FGG which thickness is not exceeding 1.5 mm. For depth orientation during the performance of the outlining incision of the future graft, only the beveled part of the blade can be used which dimensions are approximately 1 mm [25, 44].
During healing, FGG undergoes contraction of around 30% of initially gain keratinized tissue band [7, 40, 93]. This fact should be taken into consideration while determining the dimension of the graft, which should be 30% larger than the site needing augmentation (Figures 19–22) [40].
Figure loss of vestibular depth and coronal and palatal displacement of keratinized mucosa after guided bone regeneration.
Apically positioned flap-the recipient site has been prepared with the apical displacement of a split-thickness buccal flap. The exposed periosteal surface is present in the recipient site.
Free gingival graft stabilized in the recipient site, on the exposed periosteal surface, with the help of sutures.
Final three-unit screw-retained bridge. On the buccal side a wide zone of KM and deepen vestibule is present.
After completion of graft dissection, the wound in the donor site is protected. Different techniques have been proposed—sutures, absorbable gelatin sponge, cyanoacrylate bioadhesive, periodontal dressing, palatal stents, platelet-rich fibrin, or a combination of some of the aforementioned techniques (Figures 23–34) [25, 26, 48, 53, 94, 95].
Two months after implant insertion in the region 36. Visible loss of keratinized mucosa-lateral view.
Two months after implant insertion in the region 36. Visible loss of keratinized mucosa-occlusal view.
Recipient site preparation—Apically positioned flap was prepared in the recipient region. The partial-thickness flap was stabilized in the new apical position using resorbable sutures. The height of the recipient site was measured.
Recipient site preparation—Apically positioned flap was prepared in the recipient region. The partial-thickness flap was stabilized in the new apical position using resorbable sutures. The width of the recipient site was measured.
Initial incisions outlining the future FGG—The dimensions of the graft were determined based on the measurements of the recipient site. The donor site was located in the region of the first molar, posterior to the rugae area. To avoid exercise bleeding during FGG preparation, the last outlining incision (horizontal apical incision) was done at the end of the procedure.
1–1.5 mm thick flap was prepared, starting from the coronal horizontal incision extending apically until reaching the imaginary line connecting the apical end of the two vertical incisions. The preparation of the FGG was terminated with the horizontal apical incision which completely dissected the FGG from the rest of the palatal soft tissue.
FGG after harvesting.
Donor site protection—Absorbable gelatin sponge and compressive crossed mattress sutures.
Dimensions of the harvested FGG.
Thickness of the harvested FGG—The thickness of the graft should not exceed 1.5 mm in order to reduce the postoperative morbidity associated with the donor site.
Initial stabilization of the FGG in the recipient site—The stabilization of the graft is initiated by applying simple interrupted sutures on the coronal part of the graft. Afterward, one to two additional simple interrupted sutures are applied on the mesial and distal vertical border of the flap- stretching the flap over the exposed periosteal surface in the donor area. In order to stabilize the graft, the needle must engage the graft and the periosteal surface.
Final graft stabilization—Mattress crossed sutures extending from the coronal to the apical part of the recipient site are used to secure even contact throughout the inner surface of the graft and the periosteal surface.
Harvesting autogenous free grafts from the tuberosity are linked to different advantages compared to the classical palatal donor sites—the presence of a lower percentage of fatty/glandular tissue within the graft, higher percentage of collagen fibers within the graft, increased thickness of soft tissue in the donor area, and reduced patient morbidity and a lower percentage of other postoperative complications [26, 47, 96].
Soft tissue grafts from the tuberosity undergo minimal shrinkage during healing as a result of a higher quality of harvested soft tissue [47, 97]. A lower level of pain after tuber soft tissue graft harvesting may be explained by the faster rate of donor site healing compared to palatal donor sites. Additionally, the tuberosity donor site is less prone to masticatory friction [47, 96, 97, 98].
The presence of the fully erupted or semi-impacted third molar can prevent soft tissue grafting from the tuber region. In seldom clinical cases, hyperplastic response during haling of tuberosity CTG was observed, leading to an esthetic results (Figures 35–38) [47, 96].
CTG harvesting from the tuberosity. Autologous graft has been harvested as a free gingival graft. Note the increased thickness and the absence of the fatty tissue inside the CTG.
After extraoral de-epithelization: Epithelial layer (left part of the picture) removed from the rest of CTG (right part of the picture).
The CTG from the tuberosity is stabilized beneath the buccal flap with horizontal matrasses suture.
Flap adaptation around healing abutments.
Although the results of PIS grafting with substitutional grafts, at the present are inferior to the results obtained after autogenous soft tissue grafting [5, 8, 65, 66, 93, 99], the absence of the donor site makes this treatment modality appealing to the patient and practitioners, as well [26, 42, 100].
The elimination of the harvesting procedure [25, 65] will lead to the reduction of surgical time [65], simplify the surgical procedure [42, 100], decrease the patient morbidity [26, 42, 65, 93], allow the unlimited supply of the soft tissue graft [26, 101, 102], and increase patient acceptance for the procedure [42, 65, 100, 103].
The augmentation procedure with substitutional soft tissue grafts will result in PIS with perfect color and texture blending to the adjacent soft tissue [65, 101].
Two types of substitutional grafts are available—xenogenic and allogeneic soft tissue grafts. Both of the grafts can be used for augmenting the volume and the width of keratinized mucosal band [25, 26, 65, 93, 99, 104].
The substitutional grafts are deprived of vital cells. During the manufacturing procedure, cells and antigenic components are removed, preserving only the extracellular matrix consisting mainly of collagen and elastin fibers. The three-dimensional structures of the aforementioned scaffold will promote fibroblast and keratinocyte migration and vascular ingrowth from the surrounding tissue [105, 106, 107]. This will result in an excellent color match since the keratinocytes are derived from the surrounding tissue. Nevertheless, compared to autogenous soft tissue grafts, they do not possess the ability to promote keratinization, limiting their application for increasing the width of KM [105, 106]. To overcome this drawback, a combination of an FGG graft with reduced apico-coronal dimensions to 2 mm and an XCM was proposed [6].
When used to augment PIS thickness, substitutional grafts are less resistant to compression of the overlaying flap compared to CTG. Loss of the initial volume of the substitutional graft can lead to the compromised outcome of the grafting procedure. To overcome this drawback, a volume stable collagen matrix was developed [105]. As a result of the cross-linking process of the collagen fibers, the collagen matrix becomes more volume stable and prone to withstand soft-tissue pressure [108, 109]. At the moment there is a lack of literature on the long-term stability of augmented PIS with the substitutional grafts (Figures 39–66) [105].
Initial situation—Lateral view.
Initial situation.
Surgical stent.
Dehiscence bone defects around implant 16 and 15.
GBR: A composite bone graft was used consisting of 50% autogenous and 50% xenogenic graft. The bone graft was applied in two layers—The internal layer which is covering the exposed implant surface, is made out of autogenous bone and the external layer is consisting of a xenogenic bone graft.
GBR: Native collagen membrane stabilized with resorbable sutures.
Suturing in three layers;(1) palatal-apical position—Mattress sutures for membrane stabilization, (2) buccal-apical—Mattress sutures for initial closing of the flap, and (3) bucco-coronal—Simple interrupted suture for the final closure of the flap.
Four months after the GBR, the palatal displacement of the mucogingival line is evident. Occlusal view.
Four months after the GBR, the palatal displacement of the mucogingival line is evident. Lateral view.
The surgical stent was used to determine the dimensions of the flap.
The flap incision is made not at the mucogingival junction but 4 mm within the keratinized mucosa, therefore the buccal split-thickness flap will include a band of keratinized mucosa which is 4 mm wide.
Finalized preparation of the buccal split-thickness flap. The most coronal part of the partial-thickness flap consists of keratinized mucosa.
Apically positioned flap—Stabilization of the buccal partial-thickness flap in the new apical position. The exposed periosteal surface is completely surrounded by keratinized mucosa.
The exposed periosteal surface is covered with xenogenic collagen matrix (Mucoderm, Botiss gmbh, Berlin).
Healing two months after the keratinized mucosa widening procedure. The gain of the keratinized mucosa is evident but the thickness of the gained tissue is unsatisfactory. Occlusal view.
Healing two months after the keratinized mucosa widening procedure. The gain of the keratinized mucosa is evident but the thickness of the gained tissue is unsatisfactory. Lateral view.
During the implant uncovering procedure, a primary flap was prepared on the palatal side. The minimal thickness of 1.5 mm of the primary flap was respected, and the connective tissue was exposed.
Mesial, distal and apical incisions were made inside the connective tissue graft in order to completely dissect the CTG from the rest of the adjacent soft tissue.
The CTG is completely dissected from the rest of the adjacent soft tissue.
On the left: CTG harvested from the palate (the harvesting procedure was displayed on the previous pictures), on the right additional CTG harvested from the tuberosity on the same side.
Appearance of the palatal and tuber donor site after CTG harvesting.
Appearance of the regenerated bone on the buccal side of the implants.
Both of the CTG grafts were stabilized with sutures to the buccal flap.
Final stabilization of the CTG grafts to the inner aspect of the buccal flap.
Final suturing of the flap.
After 2 months of healing adequate quantity (soft tissue thickness) and quality (width of keratinized mucosa) of soft tissue surrounding the healing abutments.
Screw retained abutments.
Three units screw-retained bridge.
PIS augmentation procedure has become an integral part of implant-prosthetic rehabilitation. The aim of PIS augmentation is adequate quality and quantity of PIS—at least 2 mm of the width of peri-implant KM and 2 mm or more, of the thickness of PIS. These dimensions of PIS will result in stable peri-implant hard and soft tissue, better esthetical outcome and facilitate oral hygiene maintenance around the implant.
The use of autogenous soft tissue graft for PIS augmentation is considered the gold standard. FGG is primarily used for increasing the KM width and CTG for increasing the thickness of PIS. Different techniques have been developed for the harvesting of the CTG graft. The grafting technique and the choice of the donor site can influence different aspects of the procedure, from patient discomfort in the postoperative period to the quality and dimension of the graft. The choice of the grafting technique should be addressed individually based on the parameters of the specific clinical case (patient desire for decreased morbidity, anatomical limitations of the donor site, dimensions, and quality of the required graft).
The use of substitutional soft tissue grafts has different advantages—reduced length, the complexity of the procedure and patient morbidity, availability of the unlimited amount of the graft, and better patient acceptance. At the moment, the results of the use of substitutional grafts are inferior compared to soft tissue autografts. There is a lack of published long-term results of PIS augmentation with substitutional soft tissue grafts. Therefore, they should be used in cases where patient denial for soft tissue autografts would lead to rejection of the PIS augmentation procedure. In all other cases, priority should be given to soft tissue autografts.
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All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
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Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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