The diagnostic criteria for functional constipation: This criteria is cited from “Mearin et al. [10]”.
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10020",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Operations Management - Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Global competition has caused fundamental changes in the competitive environment of the manufacturing and service industries. Firms should develop strategic objectives that, upon achievement, result in a competitive advantage in the market place. The forces of globalization on one hand and rapidly growing marketing opportunities overseas, especially in emerging economies on the other, have led to the expansion of operations on a global scale. The book aims to cover the main topics characterizing operations management including both strategic issues and practical applications. A global environmental business including both manufacturing and services is analyzed. The book contains original research and application chapters from different perspectives. It is enriched through the analyses of case studies.",isbn:"978-1-83881-202-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-187-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-203-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87847",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",numberOfPages:380,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",publishedDate:"March 3rd 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9216,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:17,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 29th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 10th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 9th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 28th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 29th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. She is also a member of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Academy.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"161682",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"De Felice",slug:"fabio-de-felice",fullName:"Fabio De Felice",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/161682/images/system/161682.png",biography:"Fabio De Felice is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. He received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. His current research focuses on multi-criteria decision-making analysis (with emphasis on the analytic hierarchy process [AHP] and ANP) and industrial, project, and supply chain management. Currently, he is a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP). He is the founder of AHP Academy, which promotes the diffusion of the culture and methodologies of decision making, with particular reference to those based on the analytic hierarchy process. He is a member of the editorial boards of several international organizations and journals and has authored/co-authored numerous articles in the areas of decision science and business management.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"112971",title:"Prof.",name:"Germano",middleName:null,surname:"Lambert-Torres",slug:"germano-lambert-torres",fullName:"Germano Lambert-Torres",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/112971/images/system/112971.jpg",biography:"Germano Lambert-Torres is a Professor at the Instituto Gnarus. He received his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada, in 1990. From 1983 to 2012, he was with the Electrical Engineering Department, Itajuba Federal University (UNIFEI), where he was also the Dean of the Research and Graduate Studies, from 2000 to 2004. Since 2010, he has been the Director of R&D, PS Solucoes, Itajuba. He also serves as a consultant for many utility companies in Brazil and South America and has taught numerous IEEE tutorials in the USA, Europe, and Asia. He has completed more than 90 M.Sc. and Ph.D. thesis supervisions and published more than 600 journal and technical conference papers. He is also the author/editor or coauthor of ten books, more than 50 book chapters, and 150 transactions articles on intelligent systems and nonclassical logic. Dr. Lambert-Torres is an IEEE Fellow.",institutionString:"PS Solutions Co.",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorThree:{id:"117413",title:"Dr.",name:"Erik",middleName:"Leandro",surname:"Bonaldi",slug:"erik-bonaldi",fullName:"Erik Bonaldi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/117413/images/system/117413.png",biography:"Erik Leandro Bonaldi received his B.S., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Itajuba Federal University, Itajuba, Brazil, in 1999, 2002, and 2006, respectively. He is currently the CEO at PS Solutions, in Brazil, directly commanding the largest national factory of power capacitors, wrappers, and the fabrication of sensors, smart devices, and communication systems for predictive maintenance of induction motors, transformers, and generators. His research focuses on industrial electronic automation, predictive maintenance, and artificial intelligence methodologies.",institutionString:"PS Solutions",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"439",title:"Operation Management",slug:"business-management-and-economics-business-administration-operation-management"}],chapters:[{id:"73490",title:"The Analytic Functional Resonance Analysis to Improve Safety Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93998",slug:"the-analytic-functional-resonance-analysis-to-improve-safety-management",totalDownloads:444,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Complex industrial plants are characterized by digitalization and innovation. In this context it is strategic to ensure the systematic design, implementation, and continuous improvement of all processes (operations management). One of the most obvious ways to improve operations performance is to reduce the risk of accidents and human errors. In this pilot study the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) is proposed to analyze the complexity of safety in industrial plants. This research integrates FRAM with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multi criteria technique, to overcome the limits of the FRAM. The result is a proposal of an alternative approach to risk assessment based on principles of resilience engineering. A real case study in a petrochemical company is analyzed.",signatures:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice and Laura Petrillo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73490",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73490",authors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"},{id:"324352",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"De Felice",slug:"fabio-de-felice",fullName:"Fabio De Felice"},{id:"335115",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Petrillo",slug:"laura-petrillo",fullName:"Laura Petrillo"}],corrections:null},{id:"73483",title:"The Modulus of Resilience for Critical Subsystems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93783",slug:"the-modulus-of-resilience-for-critical-subsystems",totalDownloads:328,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Accelerating digitization of critical infrastructures is increasing interconnection and interdependence among high-reliability subsystems. The resulting dependencies create new challenges in preventing underinvestment in high impact, low probability (HILP) events which can have disastrous consequences for society’s critical subsystems. These more impactful events highlight the differences between reliability and resiliency, with the latter applicable to black swans. A number of approaches for quantifying resiliency have been proposed; however, a review of literature identified conceptual gaps when applied to empirical event data. This chapter provides a scenario agnostic method to quantify resiliency by applying concepts from materials science in a generalized form. This new formulation resulted from a mapping of constructs used in tensile testing to characteristics of protracted subsystem disruptions. Based on the mapping and gap analysis, a resiliency index calculation was developed and applied using examples based on empirical data from high impact events.",signatures:"Eric Easton, Mario Beruvides and Andrea Jackman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73483",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73483",authors:[{id:"163601",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Beruvides",slug:"mario-beruvides",fullName:"Mario Beruvides"},{id:"163605",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Jackman",slug:"andrea-jackman",fullName:"Andrea Jackman"},{id:"324846",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eric",surname:"Easton",slug:"eric-easton",fullName:"Eric Easton"}],corrections:null},{id:"73642",title:"Condition-Based Maintenance for Data Center Operations Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93945",slug:"condition-based-maintenance-for-data-center-operations-management",totalDownloads:823,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents data center operations management by giving four case studies of power distribution systems (PDS) of data centers (Tier I, Tier II, Tier III, and Tier IV). The four topologies of PDS have defined by the design of single points of failure and redundant equipment and systems. The concepts of Mean Time between Failures (MTBF) and Mean Time to Repair (MTTR) apply during PDS design for reduced system downtime. Moreover, MTBF and MTTR use for estimating system availability of each Tier classification. Human factors consider as critical part of data center operations that need to quantify and qualify on knowledge and skills such as certified levels. For sustainable data center operations, the new software for data center operations called Data Center Infrastructure Management (DCIM) has deployed for monitoring and controlling entire system operations that interact among system of systems and human interfaces by deployed condition-based maintenance (CBM) as preventive and predictive conditions. Moreover, CBM performs as long-term cost saving for total cost of ownership (TCO) and energy efficiency.",signatures:"Montri Wiboonrat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73642",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73642",authors:[{id:"322546",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Montri",surname:"Wiboonrat",slug:"montri-wiboonrat",fullName:"Montri Wiboonrat"}],corrections:null},{id:"73410",title:"Harnessing the Multiple Benefits of a Computerised Maintenance Management System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93732",slug:"harnessing-the-multiple-benefits-of-a-computerised-maintenance-management-system",totalDownloads:315,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Those involved in maintenance operations are enjoying the benefits of information and communication technology in the planning and management of maintenance activities, resource management and planned production. In the digital space, the computer-based operating systems, commonly referred to as computerised maintenance management systems (CMMSs), enable quick and effective communication between stakeholders, facilitate improved planning, easy access to historical data, reporting and performance improvements of the maintenance function. However, success in the use of CMMSs depends on the human capacity of the users of the system. In practice, many organisations use the CMMS tool for planning, operations management and reporting, without the aid of detailed analysis of operational information in the CMMS database. They fail to harness all the possible benefits. Three case studies were used to illustrate the situation. Two of them refer to academic institutions and the third is a manufacturing company. In the academic institutions, the CMMS was used for maintenance planning, management and periodic reporting. The manufacturing company included analysis of the information in the operational database, which culminated in identifying the level of the reliability of machines in the production network through benchmarking. The conclusion is that the quality of the human capacity enables organisations to harness and make maximum use of the potentials inherent in typical CMMS software.",signatures:"Edoghogho Ogbeifun, Patrick Pasipatorwa and Jan-Harm C. Pretorius",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73410",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73410",authors:[{id:"324993",title:"Dr.",name:"Edoghogho",surname:"Ogbeifun",slug:"edoghogho-ogbeifun",fullName:"Edoghogho Ogbeifun"},{id:"324994",title:"MSc.",name:"Patrick",surname:"Pasipatorwa",slug:"patrick-pasipatorwa",fullName:"Patrick Pasipatorwa"},{id:"324995",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan-Harm",surname:"Pretorius",slug:"jan-harm-pretorius",fullName:"Jan-Harm Pretorius"}],corrections:null},{id:"73466",title:"Multi-Strategy MAX-MIN Ant System for Solving Quota Traveling Salesman Problem with Passengers, Incomplete Ride and Collection Time",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93860",slug:"multi-strategy-max-min-ant-system-for-solving-quota-traveling-salesman-problem-with-passengers-incom",totalDownloads:368,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study proposes a novel adaptation of MAX-MIN Ant System algorithm for the Quota Traveling Salesman Problem with Passengers, Incomplete Ride, and Collection Time. There are different types of decisions to solve this problem: satisfaction of the minimum quota, acceptance of ride requests, and minimization of travel costs under the viewpoint of the salesman. The Algorithmic components proposed regards vehicle capacity, travel time, passenger limitations, and a penalty for delivering a passenger deliverance out of the required destination. The ant-based algorithm incorporates different sources of heuristic information for the ants and memory-based principles. Computational results are reported, showing the effectiveness of this ant-based algorithm.",signatures:"Bruno C.H. Silva, Islame F.C. Fernandes, Marco C. Goldbarg and Elizabeth F.G. Goldbarg",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73466",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73466",authors:[{id:"22443",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Goldbarg",slug:"marco-goldbarg",fullName:"Marco Goldbarg"},{id:"22595",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"Goldbarg",slug:"elizabeth-goldbarg",fullName:"Elizabeth Goldbarg"},{id:"322739",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruno",surname:"C.H. Silva",slug:"bruno-c.h.-silva",fullName:"Bruno C.H. Silva"},{id:"328690",title:"MSc.",name:"Islame F.C.",surname:"Fernandes",slug:"islame-f.c.-fernandes",fullName:"Islame F.C. Fernandes"}],corrections:null},{id:"74193",title:"System of Data Transfer from and to Social and Economic Processes via Creative Economy Networks Created Based on Cultural Heritage Administration Processes and Vice Versa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94006",slug:"system-of-data-transfer-from-and-to-social-and-economic-processes-via-creative-economy-networks-crea",totalDownloads:351,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In general, a functionality and performance of any social or economic process is conditioned by an appropriate information support, while several parts of social and economic process might be involved into macroprocess structure and functionality and quantified via two independent linguistic sets. On one hand, the first linguistic set contains elements, which provide transfer of signals coming from external environment to macroprocesses and are denoted as sensors. On the other hand, the second linguistic set contains elements, which provide transfer of signals from macroprocesses to external environment denoted as effectors. However, a content of the above-mentioned linguistic sets is being transferred microeconomy and creative economy business processes (CE Processes) as well, while appropriate business strategy KPI indicators and parameters for setting of adequate business process metrics items, which could enable fulfillment of business strategy goals and aims, are being generated However, the data transfer from creative economy to macroeconomic process (MAC Processes) is important as well, while the microeconomy business processes (MIC Processes) play a role of go-between elements for both directions of transfer too. On the other hand, the chapter deals with the DTS System structure, functionality description as well as conceptual, design and implementation model too, where appropriate networks play a role of principle importance.",signatures:"Jozef Stašák and Jaroslav Mazůrek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74193",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74193",authors:[{id:"330207",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jozef",surname:"Stašák",slug:"jozef-stasak",fullName:"Jozef Stašák"},{id:"330209",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaroslav",surname:"Mazůrek",slug:"jaroslav-mazurek",fullName:"Jaroslav Mazůrek"}],corrections:null},{id:"74111",title:"Conceptualization, Definition and Assessment of Internal Logistics through Different Approaches Using Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94718",slug:"conceptualization-definition-and-assessment-of-internal-logistics-through-different-approaches-using",totalDownloads:580,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to develop a new concept of internal logistics, its components parts and how to evaluate it. To quantify the level of performance of the internal logistics of a company is an important issue to gain competitiveness. There are few papers now at days that analyze how to quantify this issue. In recent years, it has been developed numerous applications of Fuzzy logic and Neural Networks to solve diverse problems of Engineering. Fuzzy logic is a mathematical tool that emulates the method used for humans for managing and processing information and Neural Networks are computing systems inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute human brains. Such systems “learn” to perform tasks by considering examples, generally without being programmed with task-specific rules. This chapter offers a new definition of internal logistics and shows the procedure to evaluate its level in a company. This procedure for assessing the internal logistics was developed through an Excel tab, a fuzzy inference system and a neural network. To validate this procedure, it was applied to 93 companies in the Industrial Pole of Manaus. Results obtained by different approaches are very similar, demonstrating the validity of the procedure developed.",signatures:"Orlem Pinheiro de Lima, Sandro Breval Santiago, Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Taboada, Jorge Laureano Moya Rodríguez, Maida Bárbara Reyes Rodríguez, Márcia Ribeiro Maduro, Paulo César Diniz de Araújo, Nilson José de Oliveira Junior, André Luiz Nunes Zogahib and José Carlos da Silva Lima",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74111",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74111",authors:[{id:"230312",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge Laureano",surname:"Moya Rodriguez",slug:"jorge-laureano-moya-rodriguez",fullName:"Jorge Laureano Moya Rodriguez"},{id:"323458",title:"Prof.",name:"Maida Bárbara",surname:"Reyes Rodríguez",slug:"maida-barbara-reyes-rodriguez",fullName:"Maida Bárbara Reyes Rodríguez"},{id:"323460",title:"Dr.",name:"Orlem Pinheiro",surname:"De Lima",slug:"orlem-pinheiro-de-lima",fullName:"Orlem Pinheiro De Lima"},{id:"323462",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandro",surname:"Santiago",slug:"sandro-santiago",fullName:"Sandro Santiago"},{id:"323463",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos Manuel",surname:"Rodríguez Taboada",slug:"carlos-manuel-rodriguez-taboada",fullName:"Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Taboada"},{id:"323465",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcia",surname:"Ribeiro Maduro",slug:"marcia-ribeiro-maduro",fullName:"Marcia Ribeiro Maduro"},{id:"323466",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo César Diniz",surname:"De Araujo",slug:"paulo-cesar-diniz-de-araujo",fullName:"Paulo César Diniz De Araujo"},{id:"323467",title:"Prof.",name:"José Carlos",surname:"da Silva Lima",slug:"jose-carlos-da-silva-lima",fullName:"José Carlos da Silva Lima"},{id:"340844",title:"Dr.",name:"Nilson",surname:"José de Oliveira Junior",slug:"nilson-jose-de-oliveira-junior",fullName:"Nilson José de Oliveira Junior"},{id:"340845",title:"Dr.",name:"André Luiz",surname:"Nunes Zogahib",slug:"andre-luiz-nunes-zogahib",fullName:"André Luiz Nunes Zogahib"}],corrections:null},{id:"74459",title:"Business Process Linguistic Modeling: Theory and Practice Part I: BPLM Strategy Creator",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95096",slug:"business-process-linguistic-modeling-theory-and-practice-part-i-bplm-strategy-creator",totalDownloads:319,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The business activities provided within any firm or company should be checked and controlled continuously, while two principal approaches should be applied: (a) qualitative monitoring, (b) quantitative evaluations, while KPI indicators play a role of principle importance within business quantitative evaluation in order to make adequate decisions. However, adequate applications form KPI creation and further processing seem to be very significant and important. We have designed a conceptual model of application denoted as BPLM Strategy Creator in form of expert system (ES) operating based on principles closely related to business process linguistic modeling approach, where linguistic sets and PBPL Equation play a role of principle importance. Our contribution contains such application description from qualitative, quantitative and design point of view. The ES qualitative description contains references to appropriate math relations and algorithms postulated within a subsequent section. Both sections are accompanied by the case study, which indicates how the math relations and algorithms might be applied within BPLM Strategy Creator functionality. However, those sections are accompanied by ES structure and functionality description as well, which represent the BPLM Strategy Creator mean or facility.",signatures:"Jozef Stašák, Jaroslav Kultan, Peter Schmidt and Mukhammedov Abu Urinbasarovich",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74459",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74459",authors:[{id:"330207",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jozef",surname:"Stašák",slug:"jozef-stasak",fullName:"Jozef Stašák"},{id:"338105",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslav",surname:"Kultan",slug:"jaroslav-kultan",fullName:"Jaroslav Kultan"},{id:"338106",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Schmidt",slug:"peter-schmidt",fullName:"Peter Schmidt"},{id:"338107",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukhammedov",surname:"Abu Urinbasarovich",slug:"mukhammedov-abu-urinbasarovich",fullName:"Mukhammedov Abu Urinbasarovich"}],corrections:null},{id:"74622",title:"Business Process Linguistic Modeling: Theory and Practice Part II: BPLM Business Process Designer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95350",slug:"business-process-linguistic-modeling-theory-and-practice-part-ii-bplm-business-process-designer",totalDownloads:312,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The business activities provided within any firm or company should be checked and controlled continuously, while two principal approaches should be applied: (a) qualitative monitoring, (b) quantitative evaluations and getting to know the rules, which regulate structure and functionality of business processes (BPs) implemented and operated there plays a role of principle importance and they are derived based on actual BP models. Therefore we have designed a conceptual model of application denoted as BPLM Process Designer in form of expert system (ES) operating based on principles closely related to business process linguistic modeling approach, where linguistic sets and PBPL Equation play a role of principle importance. Our contribution contains such application description from qualitative, quantitative and design point of view. The ES qualitative description contains references to appropriate math relations and algorithms postulated within subsequent sections. Those sections are accompanied by the case study, which indicates how the math relations and algorithms might be applied within BPLM Process Designer functionality. However, those sections are accompanied by ES structure and functionality description as well, which represent the BPLM Process Designer mean or facility.",signatures:"Jozef Stašák, Jaroslav Kultan, Peter Schmidt and Bouafia Khawla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74622",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74622",authors:[{id:"330207",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jozef",surname:"Stašák",slug:"jozef-stasak",fullName:"Jozef Stašák"},{id:"338105",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslav",surname:"Kultan",slug:"jaroslav-kultan",fullName:"Jaroslav Kultan"},{id:"338106",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Schmidt",slug:"peter-schmidt",fullName:"Peter Schmidt"},{id:"342644",title:"Dr.",name:"Bouafia",surname:"Khawla",slug:"bouafia-khawla",fullName:"Bouafia Khawla"}],corrections:null},{id:"73966",title:"Project Management Concepts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93766",slug:"project-management-concepts",totalDownloads:539,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter covers fundamentals of project management. It introduces project management concepts and provides a system view of project management plan and processes with which they are implemented. The knowledge areas include scope, time, cost, quality, and risk. The chapter will also emphasize on the interrelated nature of these knowledge areas. In addition to introducing these knowledge areas, the chapter will attempt to develop an understanding of these concepts and the important role of project teams in managing projects successfully. This chapter will also discuss similarities and differences between the plan-driven and change-driven (Agile) project methods.",signatures:"Vittal S. Anantatmula",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73966",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73966",authors:[{id:"323614",title:"Prof.",name:"Vittal S",surname:"Anantatmula",slug:"vittal-s-anantatmula",fullName:"Vittal S Anantatmula"}],corrections:null},{id:"72427",title:"A Modern Approach for Maintenance Prioritization of Medical Equipment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92706",slug:"a-modern-approach-for-maintenance-prioritization-of-medical-equipment",totalDownloads:1310,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Maintenance is a crucial topic in the life cycle management of medical equipment. Evidence-based maintenance consists of continuous monitoring of equipment performance, starting from evidence—the current state from the point of view of fault history—and improving its efficiency through the necessary modifications. This process is very important for optimizing the use and allocation of the resources available by the clinical engineering departments. Maintenance of medical equipment consists of two basic activities: scheduled maintenance and corrective maintenance. The purpose of this chapter is to present document-based methods to evaluate every aspect of the medical equipment maintenance process and to provide a correct, objective and standardized approach that supports clinical engineering activities. Following the analysis, the results show that the combination of the use of the two methods provides an overview, in a periodic manner, of maintenance performance that indicates the use of the most appropriate procedures.",signatures:"Călin Corciovă, Doru Andriţoi and Cătălina Luca",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72427",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72427",authors:[{id:"208834",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Călin",surname:"Corciovă",slug:"calin-corciova",fullName:"Călin Corciovă"},{id:"319036",title:"Mr.",name:"Doru",surname:"Andriţoi",slug:"doru-andritoi",fullName:"Doru Andriţoi"},{id:"319037",title:"Ms.",name:"Cătălina",surname:"Luca",slug:"catalina-luca",fullName:"Cătălina Luca"}],corrections:null},{id:"73422",title:"Operations Knowledge Management in Health Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93793",slug:"operations-knowledge-management-in-health-care",totalDownloads:562,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aging population of the western world poses a medical challenge for the society of today and the future. The pressure on health care and its organization is increasing as the demand for health care is growing at the same time as the costs are continuously rising. There seems to be consensus regarding bottlenecks in health-care production systems, and that knowledge is needed in order to increase insights about operational decisions. This chapter is based on a qualitative case study conducted at a hospital in western Sweden. Eleven CEOs together with their production controllers were interviewed. The chapter aims to analyze knowledge management mechanisms in the infrastructure of a health-care organization. The analysis shows how mechanisms have significant impacts on the knowledge management practice in the operations management. A learning and knowledge creation culture, together with an organizational architecture for adaptive and exaptive capacity, and a business model for knowledge capitalization could support the production of smooth and effective health care in society, which is of high quality.",signatures:"Ann Svensson and Eva Hedman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73422",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73422",authors:[{id:"323896",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ann",surname:"Svensson",slug:"ann-svensson",fullName:"Ann Svensson"},{id:"329122",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",surname:"Hedman",slug:"eva-hedman",fullName:"Eva Hedman"}],corrections:null},{id:"74714",title:"Artificial Intelligence and Bank Soundness: A Done Deal? - Part 1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95539",slug:"artificial-intelligence-and-bank-soundness-a-done-deal-part-1",totalDownloads:357,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Banks soundness plays a crucial role in determining economic prosperity. As such, banks are under intense scrutiny to make wise decisions that enhances bank stability. Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a significant role in changing the way banks operate and service their customers. Banks are becoming more modern and relevant in people’s life as a result. The most significant contribution of AI is it provides a lifeline for bank’s survival. The chapter provides a taxonomy of bank soundness in the face of AI through the lens of CAMELS where C (Capital), A(Asset), M(Management), E(Earnings), L(Liquidity), S(Sensitivity). The taxonomy partitions opportunities from the main strand of CAMELS into distinct categories of 1 (C), 6(A), 17(M), 16 (E), 3(L), 6(S). It is highly evident that banks will soon extinct if they do not embed AI into their operations. As such, AI is a done deal for banks. Yet will AI contribute to bank soundness remains to be seen.",signatures:"Charmele Ayadurai and Sina Joneidy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74714",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74714",authors:[{id:"322533",title:"Dr.",name:"Sina",surname:"Joneidy",slug:"sina-joneidy",fullName:"Sina Joneidy"},{id:"324541",title:"Dr.",name:"Charmele",surname:"Ayadurai",slug:"charmele-ayadurai",fullName:"Charmele Ayadurai"}],corrections:null},{id:"75054",title:"Artificial Intelligence and Bank Soundness: Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea - Part 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95806",slug:"artificial-intelligence-and-bank-soundness-between-the-devil-and-the-deep-blue-sea-part-2",totalDownloads:531,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Banks have experienced chronic weaknesses as well as frequent crisis over the years. As bank failures are costly and affect global economies, banks are constantly under intense scrutiny by regulators. This makes banks the most highly regulated industry in the world today. As banks grow into the 21st century framework, banks are in need to embrace Artificial Intelligence (AI) to not only to provide personalized world class service to its large database of customers but most importantly to survive. The chapter provides a taxonomy of bank soundness in the face of AI through the lens of CAMELS where C (Capital), A(Asset), M(Management), E(Earnings), L(Liquidity), S(Sensitivity). The taxonomy partitions challenges from the main strand of CAMELS into distinct categories of AI into 1(C), 4(A), 17(M), 8 (E), 1(L), 2(S) categories that banks and regulatory teams need to consider in evaluating AI use in banks. Although AI offers numerous opportunities to enable banks to operate more efficiently and effectively, at the same time banks also need to give assurance that AI ‘do no harm’ to stakeholders. Posing many unresolved questions, it seems that banks are trapped between the devil and the deep blue sea for now.",signatures:"Charmele Ayadurai and Sina Joneidy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75054",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75054",authors:[{id:"322533",title:"Dr.",name:"Sina",surname:"Joneidy",slug:"sina-joneidy",fullName:"Sina Joneidy"},{id:"324541",title:"Dr.",name:"Charmele",surname:"Ayadurai",slug:"charmele-ayadurai",fullName:"Charmele Ayadurai"}],corrections:null},{id:"72937",title:"Implementation of Computerized Maintenance and Management System in Wine Factory in Ethiopia: A Case Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93007",slug:"implementation-of-computerized-maintenance-and-management-system-in-wine-factory-in-ethiopia-a-case-",totalDownloads:524,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The productivity improvement is being main concern of all industries in spite of the type of product and amount of recourses or production system. One of the wine factories (Awash wine factory, Ethiopia) is also struggling to achieve its expected productivity since 1970s because of its poor maintenance management system. So far, productivity has been achieved by implementing various methodologies exclusively computerized maintenance and management system. Accordingly, the main aim of the study is to enhance productivity through smart maintenance management system. The current chapter emphasis on effective maintenance strategy and management system as the solitary way of improving productivity of the case company. The study used descriptive research design by applying both quantitative and qualitative research approach. Maintenance strategy followed by the company (brake down), frequent failure of critical machines, poor maintenance management system, lack of pertinent attention on maintenance, inadequate maintenance budget, considering maintenance as a cost center rather than a business center were the foundations for the problems. Arising from these problems, this study proposed smart maintenance strategy (Preventive Maintenance) and management system tool (CMMS) that improves reliability of machines reduce frequency of equipment failure, reduce breakdown time, decrease cost of maintenance, and then enhance productivity.",signatures:"Dejene Addis Nigussie and Muralidhar Avvari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72937",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72937",authors:[{id:"186519",title:"Dr.",name:"Muralidhar",surname:"Avvari",slug:"muralidhar-avvari",fullName:"Muralidhar Avvari"},{id:"324480",title:"Dr.",name:"Dejene",surname:"Addis Nigussie",slug:"dejene-addis-nigussie",fullName:"Dejene Addis Nigussie"}],corrections:null},{id:"71590",title:"Maintenance Decision Method Based on Risk Level",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91913",slug:"maintenance-decision-method-based-on-risk-level",totalDownloads:549,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Maintenance decision method of the mechanical equipment still has some deficiencies and shortcomings, including unreasonable maintenance methods, surplus or insufficient repair, and unscientific inspection and repair intervals, especially for equipment with different risks. As a consequence, more frequent failures and higher maintenance costs of the mechanical equipment occur along with some major safety accidents and economic losses in the process of production. To overcome these problems, a framework for maintenance decision method based on risk level is presented for mechanical equipment in the petrochemical industry. First, 10 evaluation indexes and a set of scoring criteria quantifying the subjective evaluation are defined to evaluate the risk level of each mechanical equipment. Based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the weight of the evaluation indexes and the evaluation model of the risk levels were established. Then, the subjective effects in the scoring process were removed using the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) approach. Next, maintenance decision-making trees of the mechanical equipment were formulated by referencing the logic decision tree of reliability-centered maintenance. Finally, the feasibility of the framework was effectively verified by testing a well-control system in the oil field, for which the risk level and maintenance methods were obtained.",signatures:"Yang Tang, Xin Yang and Guorong Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71590",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71590",authors:[{id:"316780",title:"Dr.",name:"Yang",surname:"Tang",slug:"yang-tang",fullName:"Yang Tang"},{id:"318769",title:"Mr.",name:"Xin",surname:"Yang",slug:"xin-yang",fullName:"Xin Yang"},{id:"318770",title:"Prof.",name:"Guorong",surname:"Wang",slug:"guorong-wang",fullName:"Guorong Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"72971",title:"Exploring Constituents of Short Food Supply Chains",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93401",slug:"exploring-constituents-of-short-food-supply-chains",totalDownloads:1004,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"By deploying a systematic review approach, this chapter provides a holistic exploration of AFNs which contributes to further mobilization of locally produced products. This chapter explores the constituents of AFNs by studying food citizenship, sustainability and food democracy, food safety and quality, embeddedness and social capital, the relationship between the level of participation in AFNs and consumers’ demographics, consumers’ motivations to engage in buy-local activities, vendors’ perspective on selling products in farmers’ market, and the development of short food supply chains in the Canadian context. Specifically, the social interaction aspect of buying local, for example, engaging with vendors and other consumers, has been cited as a factor that motivates consumers to buy local food products from the farmers’ market; however, consumers had to deploy online ordering channels with door delivery option during COVID-19 pandemic to access locally produced products safely. To capture one aspect of the potential impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on AFNs, future research can explore whether social interaction is still an influential factor in consumers decision to buy local, or the importance of the social interaction aspect of buying local will be replaced by the convenience of receiving the fresh, locally produced food products at consumers’ doorstep via online ordering process.",signatures:"Sahand Ashtab, Yang Xing and Cheng Zheng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72971",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72971",authors:[{id:"324675",title:null,name:"Sahand",surname:"Ashtab",slug:"sahand-ashtab",fullName:"Sahand Ashtab"},{id:"325706",title:"Mr.",name:"Yang",surname:"Xing",slug:"yang-xing",fullName:"Yang Xing"},{id:"325707",title:"Mr.",name:"Cheng",surname:"Zheng",slug:"cheng-zheng",fullName:"Cheng Zheng"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited 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Abdel Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10627.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"146384",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Sales Guerra",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuzuki",slug:"marcos-sales-guerra-tsuzuki",fullName:"Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11563",leadTitle:null,title:"A Comprehensive Review of the Versatile Dehydration Processes",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tIn general, dehydration is defined as a process of water loss. More specifically, dehydration is a heterogeneous physicochemical process that leads to a decrease in water molecules concentration in some material, and more specifically at the surface of solid material. Dehydration is a reversible, endothermal reaction that happens at the interface of interaction. The most striking property of dehydration is the active involvement of intermediate products in the process of water removal. Dehydration has enormous practical and theoretical significance in various fields, from bio-medical and environmental to materials and physicochemical sciences. Despite that, and the existence of numerous literature data concerning dehydration, which is most frequently described as drying, dehydration is not enough systematically investigated. The critical overview of the available literature data reveals that the main field in up-to-date investigations of dehydration are the following: novel theoretical models of the mechanism of the dehydration process and models developed for describing the kinetics of the dehydration process, non-equilibrium thermodynamics features of the dehydration process, dehydration assisted with different external fields and their effects on the process and kinetics of the dehydration, the effects of the phase-state of adsorbed water on the processes and kinetics of the dehydration, phase, and structural changes in adsorption materials during dehydration and dehydration of specific groups of materials, such as inorganic oxides, crystals- hydrates, zeolites, silicates and clays, polysaccharides, amino acids, peptides, composites, nanocomposites, polymers, hydrogels, aerogels, foods and food products, fruits, vegetables, meats, and biological materials ( tissues, algae, mushrooms, etc.), pharmaceuticals, etc. It is worth mentioning that dehydration of hydrogels, as a specific class of materials, gets more important in the last decade. The proposed book aims to give a comprehensive overview of the up-to-date state-of-the-art in the most relevant topics in dehydration with special emphasis on novel materials and novel methods in mathematical modeling of dehydration’s kinetics, but not limited to them. The author’s contributions in the highlighted potential of novel findings in dehydration processes and their miscellaneous application will be acknowledged.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-141-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-140-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-142-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"91d7853d4e74d161d7a8f5913626cf94",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Jelena Jovanovic",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11563.jpg",keywords:"Mechanism of Dehydration, Phase State, Phase Transformations, Kinetics, Dehydration Isotherms, Enthalpy, Gibb’s Free Energy, Activation Energy, Inorganic Materials, Natural Materials, Composites, Hydrogels",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 24th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 21st 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 20th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 8th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 7th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Experienced researcher in smart materials, polymers, hydrogels, synthesis, and kinetics, with a BS and MS, focused in Organic Chemistry and Polymers from the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade and a high h index (27).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"447810",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Jovanovic",slug:"jelena-jovanovic",fullName:"Jelena Jovanovic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/447810/images/system/447810.jpg",biography:"Dr. J. Jovanovic is a research professor at the Institute of General and Physical Chemistry (IOFH) in Belgrade, R. Serbia, as since 2019 and previously she was employed at the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Physical Chemistry during 2005-2019 The main academic and scientific career of Dr. J. Jovanovic is extensive and covers several areas: advanced and smart materials, polymers, polymer composites, carbon composite materials, hydrogels. Synthesis with special emphasis on non-conventional synthesis, e.g. under microwaves, ultrasonic, or cavitation. Green chemistry synthesis and physicochemical processes. Synthesis of various types of hydrogels both under conventional and unconventional conditions. She works extensively on the investigation of the effects of different fields on the reaction kinetics of chemical and physicochemical processes. Hydrogel swelling properties and kinetics, dehydration kinetics, and drug-delivery kinetics using up-to-date and novel methods are extensively involved. The isothermal and non-isothermal kinetics analyses of various physicochemical processes and chemical reactions (adsorption, polymerization, extraction, dehydration). Dr. J. Jovanovic worked on the development of new physicochemical processes and examination of the phase state of sorbent matter.",institutionString:"University of Belgrade",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Belgrade",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"478200",firstName:"Dominik",lastName:"Samardzija",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"dominik@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"57276",title:"Introductory Chapter: Consumer Behavior in New Era",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71269",slug:"introductory-chapter-consumer-behavior-in-new-era",body:'\nNo time in the history, consumption is considered to be as important as today’s world. It defines who we are, how well/perfect we perform our multiroles within the society (buying the most expensive clothes means being the best mom for instances), what symbolic meanings we attribute to our belongings, and how rich/clever/fashion conscious or innovative we are. Poor is not defined as being jobless anymore, but it is considered to be bad consumers [1]. Additionally, those who have enough money but do not consume trendy and new fashion products are socially disapproved.
\nAccordingly, consumer and the consumption behavior is today’s one of the outstanding issues within the academic literature, and this is not true for just marketing context. The area is quite multidisciplinary, and several academicians in different disciplines study consumption-related subjects. From sociological point of view, a “consumption society” and “consumption culture” view is discussed widely in order to express the present society. In other words, despite the fact that production is the defining concept of the past society, for the present century, it is consumption [2]. Besides, consumption is no longer taken to be a destruction activity at all, but with the personal identity and symbolic meanings formation through consumption, it is considered to be a productive activity. Moreover, the very important economic concept and institution of today’s world; shopping malls; and chain stores are considered to be the cathedrals of consumption [3] that make consumption a new age religion. Accordingly, do not surprise while it is argued in USA that Jesus come back as an iPhone form, or while a teenager in China sells one of his kidneys to buy a cellular phone.
\nNot only sociologists consider consumption centrally to their theorems, but also for anthropologists, it is accepted that consumption and its forms such as exchange and giving presents are valid for all societies including the primitive ones. Besides, consumer behavior is a culturally motivated aspect and may have different meanings and trends for different cultures. Moreover, goods, services, and consumption itself may mean different for different cultures. Different cultures may have different consumption-related rituals that need to be studied on. As a result, consumption behavior needs to be also held within the anthropological perspective.
\nAccording to economists, especially behavioral economists, the rational human/consumer behavior idea is depleted for a long while. Partially, rational consumer behavior is affected from so many factors including the effect of sellers, marketing managers, etc. This is important because they consciously manipulate this behavior to make people buy the product that they want them to buy. Accordingly, since human/consumer is considered to be partially rational or not rational at all, her/his consumption practices are needed to be re-considered.
\nIn the meantime, “consumption” is a curial concept, so as the consumer behavior. Since the “Black Box,” we still do not know enough what is going on within the consumer brain and how this process goes on. Besides, with the improvement of technology and the rise of social media, consumer behavior has definitely changed. First of all, the “conspicuous consumption” of Veblen [4] gains more importance with the social media. Consumers if they do not consume products just to take their photos and share in Instagram, showing-off in the social media is a strong motive. Moreover, the relation between consumption and self is widely accepted. This relation may be extended through the virtual world with avatars that are the symbols of selves in the virtual world. For this purpose, the consumption and the possession practices of avatars also become relevant for consumer behavior literature. From psychological point of view, this may be explained through narcissistic behavior. Besides other consumption-related subjects in psychology, recently, overconsumption is regarded as a psychological disease, and therapy groups are being considered for this issue. Another extensively discussed topic related to consumer behavior within psychology literature is “self.” So many theories are proposed related to this subject, but Belk‘s Extended Self Theory is important to mention [5]. Simply, according to this theory, our selves may be “extended” through so many things including possessions. As a result, theory brings light to the relation between self and consumption.
\nThere are many other disciplines that are interested in the consumer behavior literature such as history, architecture, geography, etc., but there is no need to glance over all of them to claim the multidisciplinary character of the subject. Besides, the subject is studied via both qualitative-oriented and quantitative-oriented methods based on different epistemological assumptions (positivist, interpretivist, postmodern, or critical). This multimethod character of the subject paves way to explain and “verstehen” it.
\nDue to this multidisciplinary and multimethod character of the concept of consumer behavior, it is appropriate to study it accordingly in order to understand the subject with its different aspects and holistically. Especially with the cultural, social, technological, etc., changes within today’s world, this issue becomes prominent. In other words, despite the intensive literature on the subject, there is still a need for such studies. This book is a modest try for that end. Accordingly, in this book also, the concept is tried to be held within different perspectives, frameworks, and methodology. I hope at least some of these studies fit to your taste and draw your attention.
\nMany reports describe a high prevalence of constipation worldwide. For example, a survey conducted in North America by Higgins et al. reported prevalence rates of 12–19%, particularly among older populations [1]. Generally, research suggests that constipation reduces the patient’s quality of life (QOL) to a level comparable with the negative effects of allergy or inflammatory bowel disease [2]. Despite these negative characteristics, however, a clear overview of chronic constipation has not yet been established.
\nThe Rome IV diagnostic criteria, which were revised in 2016, are often used to evaluate functional constipation. However, these diagnostic criteria exclude irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a prevalent condition (7–21%) that exists on a continuous spectrum with functional constipation. Notably, IBS and functional constipation may be associated with predominant symptoms such as abdominal pain or bloating, which are not necessarily predominant in all cases of constipation [3]. This suggests that IBS and functional constipation often overlap in real-world scenarios [4]. Furthermore, the diagnosis of chronic constipation, which often involves the appraisal of symptoms (including QOL measures), and associated therapies appear to be incomplete.
\nIn addition to the lack of diagnostic and treatment methodology, the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study found evidence suggesting that a low bowel movement frequency increases the risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as stroke and ischemic myocardial infarction, and of related mortality. The same study also found a high incidence of CVD among laxative users in Japan [5, 6]. Therefore, the effect of constipation indicates an increasingly poor prognosis. In this chapter, we review the present clinical practices targeting constipation and discuss newly introduced therapeutic drugs for constipation, such as secretagogues, which have recently yielded medical advances. With this review, we aim to prevent a perspective on the future treatment of chronic constipation.
\nIndividual bowel movement patterns (including constipation) vary widely and are easily affected by many factors, including changes in the diet, living environment, mental status, and time course [7, 8]. Additionally, physicians and patients may hold different understandings of constipation. Consequently, the term “constipation” may encompass a broad spectrum of symptoms and situations. Despite these differences, constipation can be adequately defined as a status in which comfortable defecation is impossible, in accordance with many international clinical practice guidelines and review articles, as well as the Rome IV criteria [4, 9, 10].
\nConstipation can be roughly classified as acute or chronic, each of which can be further divided according to an organized or functional pathogenic mechanism. However, this chapter will discuss specifically chronic functional constipation in adult patients and its deleterious effects on the long-term QOL. Previously, the Rome III criteria were used to diagnose chronic functional constipation when a stringent definition is required for research purposes. In May 2016, however, the revised Rome IV criteria were published [10] (Table 1). Notably, these updated criteria include the requirement of other symptoms associated with difficulty of defecation and incompleteness of evacuation, as well as symptoms associated with constipation, and do not diagnose chronic functional constipation based on the frequency of bowel movements alone. Of note, these criteria require the exclusion of IBS prior to a diagnosis of chronic functional constipation (Table 2). However, this condition overlaps with IBS in many clinical cases. Accordingly, we recommend that in actual clinical settings, cases in which a patient’s continued inability to defecate comfortably that has deleterious effects on daily life should be managed as chronic constipation, even if the Rome IV criteria are not fulfilled [4]. Later, we discuss the diagnosis and management of chronic constipation, including chronic functional constipation and IBS.
\nDiagnostic criteriaa for functional constipation (FC) | \n
\n
| \n
The diagnostic criteria for functional constipation: This criteria is cited from “Mearin et al. [10]”.
Criteria fulfilled for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months prior to diagnosis.
For research studies, patients meeting criteria for Opioid-Induced Constipation (OIC) should not be given a diagnosis of FC because it is difficult to distinguish between opioid side effects and other causes of constipation. However, clinicians recognize that these 2 conditions might overlap.
Diagnostic criteriaa for irritable bowel syndrome | \n
Recurrent abdominal pain, on average, at least a day per week in the last 3 months, associated with 2 or more of the following criteria: \n
| \n
The diagnostic criteria for irritable bowel syndrome: This criteria is cited from “Mearin, et al. [10]”.
Criteria fulfilled for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months before diagnosis.
Particular attention should be given to the management of constipation associated with alarming symptoms, which may correlate with a poor outcome due to the required therapy for an underlying disease or surgically treated condition. Patients with alarming symptoms should be further scrutinized and subjected to additional diagnostic testing before treatment is administered for constipation. Potentially alarming symptoms may include a change in stool caliber, heme-positive stool, iron-deficiency anemia, obstructive symptoms, an age of >50 years with no history of colon cancer screening, recent onset of constipation, rectal bleeding, rectal prolapse, and weight loss [9, 10, 11]. Such symptoms should be considered an indication for colonoscopy.
\nSecondary constipation should be excluded prior to a diagnosis of functional or chronic constipation due to IBS, as underlying high-risk diseases and etiologies must be identified [4, 10, 11]. Secondary constipation can be subdivided coarsely into drug-induced and symptomatic cases. Consequently, a diagnostic interview for chronic constipation should inquire about the time of onset, duration of disease, frequency of bowel movements, consistency of stool, symptoms associated with constipation, and the presence of concrete situations of dyschezia (e.g., abdominal pain and/or bloating, sensation of incomplete evacuation, need for manual maneuvers to facilitate defecation, and evacuation time). A clinical history, including lifestyle factors and dietary fiber and fluid intake, should also be taken. A systemic physical examination that includes a digital rectal examination (palpation for gastrointestinal mass, anorectal inspection to assess fecal impaction, stricture, rectal prolapse, rectocele, paradoxical or nonrelaxing puborectalis activity, and rectal mass), laboratory analyses (complete blood counts, biochemical profile, calcium and glucose levels, and thyroid function tests) and colonoscopy is also required to exclude secondary constipation. In summary, underlying diseases and drug-affected constipation should be considered in an evaluation of chronic constipation.
\nThe diagnosis and treatment of underlying diseases is very important in the management of chronic constipation. Underlying diseases that may cause chronic constipation are listed below [9]:
\nWhen evaluating a case of chronic constipation, the patient’s current profile of medicine use must be understood precisely and considered during further treatment. A list of drugs that may cause chronic constipation is provided below [9].
\nAn interview based on the diagnostic criteria (Table 1) for functional constipation is useful when planning treatment for chronic constipation. The simple and objective Bristol stool form scale, which is used worldwide, is particularly useful for enabling an evaluation and record of the stool form and thus elucidating an individual patient’s defecation status [12, 13]. When possible, the patient should maintain a stool diary that includes the number of bowel movements per day and stool consistency (Bristol stool form types 1–7, Figure 1) for approximately 1 week. This record is also useful for evaluating symptoms and sensations (e.g., sensation of incomplete evacuation, abdominal pain, and/or bloating) after evacuation [4].
\nThe Bristol Stool Form Scale: This scale is a useful tool to evaluate stool and can evaluate colonic transit time.
The Bristol scale can also be used to estimate the colonic transit time. Currently, cases of functional constipation are categorized as normal-transit, slow-transit, or defecatory rectal evacuation disorder [10]. A previous histological analysis reported that slow-transit constipation results from a reduction in Cajal cells [14], suggesting that this type is caused by a decrease in the statuses of lower postprandial phasic responses (e.g., the disappearance of bowel peristalsis) [15]. Other research indicates that defecatory rectal evacuation disorders are caused by functional failures (e.g., pelvic floor line coordination disturbance) [16]. Although Bristol stool form types 1 and 2 can be attributed to slower transit constipation and types 6 and 7 are characteristic of rapid transit constipation [17], patients who meet the diagnostic criteria for functional constipation often exhibit characteristics of slow colonic transit constipation [18]. Still, the diagnosis of defecatory rectal evacuation disorders does not require diagnostic colonic and anorectal testing [19].
\nAn improved QOL is among the most important goals of treatment for chronic constipation. Accordingly, various questionnaires are useful during the processes of diagnosis and treatment (see Section 5). If initial conservative medical management does not cure chronic constipation, additional measures such as the balloon expulsion test [8, 20, 21], manometric assessment [20], defecography [22], and radio-opaque marker testing of the whole-gut transit time should be considered [23]. Additional tests may also be performed, although the availability may be limited to certain medical centers or countries. Accordingly, interinstitutional cooperation is important.
\nQuestionnaire-based self-report measures can be classified by the type of QOL evaluation and type of constipation severity quantitation. Various methods are currently advocated, although further progress in this area is needed [24]. The questionnaires most frequently mentioned in a literature search via the PubMed database are shown below.
\nIn this section, we aim to provide an overview of the various available treatments for chronic constipation for which the details have been published. Patient education is a very important first step in the therapeutic management of chronic constipation [3]. Patients should be instructed to consume an adequate quantity of dietary fiber (total fiber intake: 20–30 g/day), set a routine of regular toilet time after mealtimes, and take an on-defecation position involving elevation of the lower limbs. If such measures are ineffective, an oral fiber supplement, such as psyllium (up to 30 mg/day in divided doses) may be attempted [29].
\nDrug therapy should be initiated if the above-described lifestyle modifications fail to treat chronic constipation, and this should be accompanied by an assessment of bowel movements every 2–4 weeks to determine the therapeutic effects. Generally, osmotic laxatives (e.g., lactulose, lactitol, mannitol, and sorbitol) are administered initially as these are cost-effective and have few adverse effects [18, 30]. Although saline laxatives (e.g., magnesium sulfate) are frequently administered in Japan, these drugs are not widely accepted worldwide and have only been evaluated clinically in small-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) [31]. Furthermore, patients with renal failure face the risk of serious hypermagnesemia consequent to the use of magnesium sulfate [32]. However, this drug should be considered, given its low cost and abundant use in Japan. Polyethylene glycol laxatives (17–34 g/day) should also be considered, as many RCTs have indicated that these agents are more effective than lactulose [33, 34].
\nIf chronic constipation remains unresolved by the above therapies, newer medicines should be considered. Recent years have seen the rapid development of novel agents such as secretagogues (e.g., lubiprostone and linaclotide). However, as the availability and indications of these new drugs for chronic constipation vary among countries, all medical treatment for chronic constipation should comply with national clinical practice guidelines or guiding principle. Finally, surgical or biofeedback treatment should be considered for cases of chronic constipation that cannot be resolved with medication and patients with defecatory rectal evacuation disorders [35, 36].
\nThe extensive development of novel drugs for chronic constipation has led to variability in the potential applications among countries. For example, neither secretagogues (e.g., plecanatide) nor serotonergic enterokinetic agents (e.g., prucalopride and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonists) have been approved for use in Japan. Below, we comment mainly on the new therapeutic drugs for chronic constipation that have been authorized for use in Japan.
\nVarious studies have analyzed lubiprostone, the most well-developed one of the newer class of drugs. The mechanism of action of this constipation-targeting drug is interesting. Lubiprostone is a selective type-2 chloride channel (ClC-2 channel) activator. This biogenic bicyclic fatty acid was developed by Cuppoletti and Ueno for the treatment of chronic constipation and has been approved for use worldwide after the initial authorization for manufacturing and marketing in the US and Japan. [37, 38] Lubiprostone is the first clinically applied secretagogue, and accordingly, a broad range of clinical experience is associated with this drug. Moreover, the mechanism of action of this drug has been analyzed in much greater detail relative to secretagogues introduced subsequently. Specifically, this drug activates ClC-2 channels expressed in the apical membranes of intestinal epithelial cells and exerts its laxative function by inducing the secretion of intestinal fluids. The ability of lubiprostone to improve constipation symptoms has been validated through RCTs [39], which reported the maintenance of efficacy throughout a 48-week administration period with no significant side effects [40].
\nNo currently available therapeutic drug can improve abnormal intestinal tract permeability in humans. However, Moeser et al. revealed that lubiprostone not only promotes the secretion of intestinal fluid by activating ClC-2 channels but also protects and restores injured small intestinal mucosa [49]. The mechanism underlying the restoration of tight junctions in the mucosa remains unknown, although the ClC-2 channel was found to play an important role in restoring the tight-junction structure and barrier function in a mouse model of colitis [48]. Furthermore, Kato et al. demonstrated that lubiprostone could improve intestinal permeability in humans [50]. Although these research findings require validation, lubiprostone appears to be a promising treatment for leaky gut syndrome.
\nLinaclotide is a newly developed therapeutic drug for chronic constipation and constipation-predominant IBS. This drug is absorbed at low levels and has few adverse effects, of which the main complaint is diarrhea [55]. This peptide drug comprises 14 amino acids and acts by binding to the guanylate cyclase C (GC-C) receptor expressed on intestinal epithelial cells, which promotes the secretion of fluids into the intestinal lumen. The GC-C receptor is associated with bodily fluid and ionic homeostasis, bowel movements, and relief from afferent pain signaling and is thus considered a therapeutic target for chronic constipation and constipation-predominant IBS [56].
\nWhen compared with placebo, linaclotide yielded excellent results in terms of the reduction in abdominal pain and increase in complete SBMs at 12 weeks after the initial first administration [57]. Furthermore, linaclotide was associated with a significant increase in the average QOL score relative to placebo in a questionnaire-based survey [58]. A cost-effectiveness analysis study revealed that the less expensive linaclotide yielded equivalent patient satisfaction to that achieved with lubiprostone [59]. As chronic constipation overlaps partially with constipation-predominant IBS, linaclotide may greatly expand the treatment options for constipation. Although linaclotide has been prescribed widely at our hospital at an appropriate once-daily dosage of 0.5 mg, we presume that many physicians may initiate this drug at a daily dosage of 0.25 mg to avoid adverse effects.
\nBile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and secreted to the duodenum, where they play an essential role in lipid digestion and absorption. Upon reaching the terminal ileum, bile acids are absorbed solely by the ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) expressed only in the terminal ileum [60]. Here, 95% of the bile acids are reabsorbed through the portal system and are reconjugated and reexcreted into bile by hepatocytes in an enterohepatic cycle that occurs 2–15 times daily. Unabsorbed bile acids are transported to the colon, where they encourage the secretion of water into the large bowel lumen and thus promote large bowel movement [61, 62]. Accordingly, the administration of ursodeoxycholic acid or the occurrence of ileal diseases that enable the transport of excess amounts of bile acids to the large bowel can cause diarrhea [60].
\nThe drug elobixibat specifically inhibits the IBAT required for bile acid reabsorption and is thus commercially available as the first IBAT inhibitor. Through its inhibitory actions, elobixibat increases the entry of bile acids into the large bowel and thus promotes evacuation. When administered orally, this drug is absorbed at low levels; accordingly, it has few adverse effects and is considered safe [63]. In Japan, elobixibat is administered orally at a once-daily dosage of 10 mg before a meal. However, the usage of this drug may vary among countries and should be confirmed carefully. To date, elobixibat has been used in only seven cases at our hospital in the short time since it has been licensed. Although only two patients have used this drug continuously for at least 2 months, all treated patients have achieved complete SBM. Elobixbat appears to act simultaneously as a stool softener and laxative stimulant. We expect that the use of this drug will increase.
\nNaldemedine, a peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonist, was developed as a therapeutic drug for opioid-induced constipation and is approved in the US and Japan [64]. This new class medication showed important therapeutic effect in improving opioid-induced constipation without reducing the efficacy of opioid drugs because it selectively targets the peripheral μ-opioid receptor as demonstrated in two-phase 3 trials [65, 66]. Therefore, although opioid-induced constipation has been initially treated with conventional laxatives, however, based on these evidences, naldemedine is expected to become a leading therapy for cases using opioids. Recently, we are switching to naldemedine to manage the constipation in cases using opioid, and approximately one-third of patients using opioids have been treated with naldemedine and showed the safe and effective bowel movement (manuscript in preparation).
\nTo improve the QOL in the cases suffered with chronic constipation, the appropriate therapeutic intervention is essential. With the rise in the therapeutic options and its real world data, and the objective assessment methods, its treatment is dramatically changing. It is obvious that the correct diagnosis excluding the emergent situation is essential; however, the physicians need to update the information for these newly developed medicines useful for constipation and switch from the conventional agents for better QOL.
\nAs the appropriate use of these new agents under various conditions remains uncertain, therefore, the accumulation of the clinical information, real-world data are necessary. For this purpose, this review overviewed the symptoms, diagnosis, and medicines available to date. We hope that these informations are useful for physicians treating patients and that various pathophysiological studies will elucidate the correct use of these new anticonstipation agents.
\nFurthermore, we hope that the development of a more ideal questionnaire will enable effective decisions regarding the most effective treatment for chronic constipation.
\nThe authors declare that they have no current financial arrangement or affiliation with any organization that may have a direct influence on their work.
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In this chapter, I describe the similarities and differences between the naïve and primed pluripotent states as exemplified by mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), mouse epiblast stem cells (mEpiSCs), human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). I also review the efforts for derivation of naïve human pluripotent stem cells by manipulating culture conditions during reprogramming of somatic cells and attempts to revert primed hESCs to the naïve state. Understanding the requirements for induction and maintenance of the naïve pluripotent state will facilitate studies on early human embryonic development and understanding the mechanisms involved in X inactivation in vitro. In addition, the development of naïve hiPSCs will improve the efficiency of gene targeting for the purpose of modeling human diseases as well as for generating gene‐corrected autologous pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine.",book:{id:"5207",slug:"pluripotent-stem-cells-from-the-bench-to-the-clinic",title:"Pluripotent Stem Cells",fullTitle:"Pluripotent Stem Cells - From the Bench to the Clinic"},signatures:"Daman Kumari",authors:[{id:"180527",title:"Dr.",name:"Daman",middleName:null,surname:"Kumari",slug:"daman-kumari",fullName:"Daman Kumari"}]},{id:"26987",doi:"10.5772/32381",title:"Markers for Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Histories and Recent Achievements",slug:"endothelial-cell-selective-adhesion-molecule-esam-a-novel-hsc-marker",totalDownloads:7236,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:null,book:{id:"694",slug:"advances-in-hematopoietic-stem-cell-research",title:"Advances in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research",fullTitle:"Advances in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research"},signatures:"Takafumi Yokota, Kenji Oritani, Stefan Butz, Stephan Ewers, Dietmar Vestweber and Yuzuru Kanakura",authors:[{id:"91282",title:"Dr.",name:"Takafumi",middleName:null,surname:"Yokota",slug:"takafumi-yokota",fullName:"Takafumi Yokota"},{id:"97447",title:"Dr.",name:"Takao",middleName:null,surname:"Sudo",slug:"takao-sudo",fullName:"Takao Sudo"},{id:"97448",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Oritani",slug:"kenji-oritani",fullName:"Kenji Oritani"},{id:"97450",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuzuru",middleName:null,surname:"Kanakura",slug:"yuzuru-kanakura",fullName:"Yuzuru Kanakura"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"18220",title:"How do Mesenchymal Stem Cells Repair?",slug:"how-do-mesenchymal-stem-cells-repair-",totalDownloads:6211,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"216",slug:"stem-cells-in-clinic-and-research",title:"Stem Cells in Clinic and Research",fullTitle:"Stem Cells in Clinic and Research"},signatures:"Patricia Semedo, Marina Burgos-Silva, Cassiano Donizetti-Oliveira and Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara",authors:[{id:"28751",title:"Prof.",name:"Niels",middleName:"Olsen Saraiva",surname:"Camara",slug:"niels-camara",fullName:"Niels Camara"},{id:"30464",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Semedo",slug:"patricia-semedo",fullName:"Patricia Semedo"},{id:"30465",title:"BSc.",name:"Cassiano",middleName:null,surname:"Donizetti-Oliveira",slug:"cassiano-donizetti-oliveira",fullName:"Cassiano Donizetti-Oliveira"},{id:"30466",title:"BSc.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Burgos-Silva",slug:"marina-burgos-silva",fullName:"Marina Burgos-Silva"}]},{id:"61053",title:"Adult Stem Cell Membrane Markers: Their Importance and Critical Role in Their Proliferation and Differentiation Potentials",slug:"adult-stem-cell-membrane-markers-their-importance-and-critical-role-in-their-proliferation-and-diffe",totalDownloads:1351,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The stem cells are part of the cells that belong to the stromal tissue. These cells remain in a quiescent state until they are activated by different factors, usually those generated by an alteration in the parenchymal tissue. These cells have characteristic membrane markers such as CD73, CD90, and CD105. Those are a receptor, which in response to their ligand induces strong changes in different metabolic pathways that lead to these cells, both to generate molecules with different activities and to leave their stationary phase to reproduce and even differentiate. This review describes the metabolic pathways dependent on these membrane markers and how they influence on parenchymal tissue and other stromal cells.",book:{id:"6658",slug:"stromal-cells-structure-function-and-therapeutic-implications",title:"Stromal Cells",fullTitle:"Stromal Cells - Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications"},signatures:"Maria Teresa Gonzalez Garza",authors:[{id:"181389",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Garza",slug:"maria-teresa-gonzalez-garza",fullName:"Maria Teresa Gonzalez Garza"}]},{id:"63044",title:"Stromal-Epithelial Interactions during Mammary Gland Development",slug:"stromal-epithelial-interactions-during-mammary-gland-development",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Mammary gland is an organ, which undergoes the majority of its development in the postnatal life of mammals. The complex structure of the mammary gland comprises epithelial and myoepithelial cells forming the parenchymal tissue and adipocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and infiltrating immune cell composing the stromal compartment. During puberty and in adulthood, circulating hormones released from the pituitary and ovaries regulate the rate of development and functional differentiation of the mammary epithelium. In addition, growing body of evidence shows that interactions between the stromal and parenchymal compartments of the mammary gland play a crucial role in mammogenesis. This regulation takes place on a paracrine level, by locally synthesized growth factors, adipokines, and cytokines, as well as via direct cell-cell interactions. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge about the complex nature of interactions between the mammary epithelium and stroma during mammary gland development in different mammalian species.",book:{id:"6658",slug:"stromal-cells-structure-function-and-therapeutic-implications",title:"Stromal Cells",fullTitle:"Stromal Cells - Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications"},signatures:"Żaneta Dzięgelewska and Małgorzata Gajewska",authors:[{id:"165068",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Gajewska",slug:"malgorzata-gajewska",fullName:"Malgorzata Gajewska"},{id:"249847",title:"Ms.",name:"Żaneta",middleName:null,surname:"Dzięgelewska",slug:"zaneta-dziegelewska",fullName:"Żaneta Dzięgelewska"}]},{id:"69757",title:"Flow Cytometry Applied to the Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiencies",slug:"flow-cytometry-applied-to-the-diagnosis-of-primary-immunodeficiencies",totalDownloads:1084,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Primary immunodeficiencies are the result of biological defects associated with functional immune abnormalities. It consists of a group of disorders showing a higher incidence and severity of infections, expression of immunological dysregulation such as inflammation and lymphoproliferation. The immunophenotyping and in vitro functional characterization of immunodeficient patients contribute, together with the clinical aspects, to define the underlying immune defect particularities. Flow cytometry applications in primary immunodeficiency assessment are multiple and include the study of a wide range of specific cell lymphocyte subpopulations. This chapter describes the main techniques used in the diagnosis of a wide variety of primary immunodeficiencies, in which intracellular proteins or activation markers involved in immunity are evaluated, as well as functional proliferation, cytokine production, phosphorylation of transcription factors, cytotoxic and degranulation capacity. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. 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