More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\n
Simba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\n
IntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\n
Since the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n
\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7570",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Strategic Management - a Dynamic View",title:"Strategic Management",subtitle:"a Dynamic View",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Through select contributions, this edited volume presents a current discourse on strategic management specifically through the lens of industry dynamism. It re-examines the enduring call for dynamic strategies and capabilities at the firm and industry level, drawing case studies from a diverse array of geographic locations. Its findings are presented in two succinct sections: “On Dynamic Strategies” and “On Dynamic Capabilities,” which collectively read as a unit.",isbn:"978-1-83962-505-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-504-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-506-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77102",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"strategic-management-a-dynamic-view",numberOfPages:128,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f64ac900c22d892e48ff84a23668f124",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali",publishedDate:"November 13th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7570.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8049,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:15,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 11th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 2nd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 1st 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 19th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 18th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196317/images/system/196317.jpg",biography:"Dr. Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali holds a Ph.D. in Management (Strategy Focus) from Girne American University, Cyprus, where he is currently an Associate Professor of Strategic Management and Head of the Department of Business Management. Dr. Emeagwali is also the director of the faculty’s Center for Management Research (CMR), a member of the Strategic Management Society (SMS), and an active researcher within the field of strategic management. His current research interests focus on understanding the strategic and disruptive thinking patterns among upper echelons and top management teams. Dr. Emeagwali has authored and co-authored more than twenty publications in internationally refereed journals.",institutionString:"Girne American University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Girne American University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cyprus"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"445",title:"Strategic Management",slug:"business-management-and-economics-business-administration-strategic-management"}],chapters:[{id:"68184",title:"Introductory Chapter: Strategic Management - A Dynamic Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88196",slug:"introductory-chapter-strategic-management-a-dynamic-approach",totalDownloads:950,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Hasan Yousef Aljuhamni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68184",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68184",authors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"},{id:"294613",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan Yousef",surname:"Aljuhamni",slug:"hasan-yousef-aljuhamni",fullName:"Hasan Yousef Aljuhamni"}],corrections:null},{id:"64698",title:"Dynamic Strategy in a Turbulent Business Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81250",slug:"dynamic-strategy-in-a-turbulent-business-environment",totalDownloads:2311,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Today’s turbulent business environment, characterised by rapid technological changes and increased globalisation, has swept away industry and market conditions that previously defined competitive conditions. Such an environment requires flexible strategic solutions that respond quickly to these rapid changes. This chapter will therefore look at the need for dynamic strategy in today’s business basing on the systematic review of relevant literature. It will also focus on the need for dynamic capabilities and competencies that are necessary for coping with the ever changing business environment. The chapter highlights that capability differentials among firms are a result of choices made by management. This explains why some firms are more adaptive than others and more flexible firms have been seen to perform better under uncertain environments.",signatures:"Tsitsi Mufudza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64698",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64698",authors:[{id:"259928",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tsitsi",surname:"Mufudza",slug:"tsitsi-mufudza",fullName:"Tsitsi Mufudza"}],corrections:null},{id:"63697",title:"Strategic Thinking, Leadership and Governance for African Universities: Lessons from Successful Universities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81196",slug:"strategic-thinking-leadership-and-governance-for-african-universities-lessons-from-successful-univer",totalDownloads:1253,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the 21st century, global competition is forcing tertiary institutions to excel in knowledge-creation that are relevant and innovative to bring solutions to societal problems. Perhaps a new system of thinking will enhance the relevance and sustainability of these universities. The paper takes a look at successful African universities and the lesson that can be learned from them. In depth discussions regards strategic thinking, leadership and governance of African universities are well digested with views and expectations collected through interviews with both past and current universities leadership. Majority of the views and expectations were drawn from successful universities in Ghana.",signatures:"Dandy George Dampson and Alexander Kyei Edwards",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63697",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63697",authors:[{id:"254661",title:"Dr.",name:"Dandy George",surname:"Dampson",slug:"dandy-george-dampson",fullName:"Dandy George Dampson"},{id:"254663",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander Kyei",surname:"Edwards",slug:"alexander-kyei-edwards",fullName:"Alexander Kyei Edwards"}],corrections:null},{id:"63529",title:"Evaluation of Property Management Agent Performance: A Novel Empirical Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81166",slug:"evaluation-of-property-management-agent-performance-a-novel-empirical-model",totalDownloads:1079,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"For many different reasons, property management agents (PMAs) are appointed for managing housing developments in both public and private housing sectors in many different cities. While third-party housing management eases the burdens of property owners and tenants in taking care of their properties, it may lead to agency problems. In fact, cases of mismanagement of multi-owned properties are common in Hong Kong and other Asian cities, leading to accelerated urban decay and augmented confrontations between property owners, users and PMAs. To promote better property management services, the performance of PMAs should be evaluated so market players can benchmark the performance of different PMAs for better-informed decision-making. This study reviews previous and existing measures for evaluating PMA performance and proposes a new evaluation model which is built upon the residual concept proposed by William Sharpe. The ideas underpinning the framework and how a PMA’s performance is evaluated using the framework are detailed. Using this new model, 217 housing developments in Hong Kong are studied and the performance of the respective PMAs is evaluated and benchmarked. The evaluation outcomes are validated with the SERVQUAL scores of these 217 housing developments. Practical implications of the research findings follow.",signatures:"Yung Yau and Daniel Chi Wing Ho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63529",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63529",authors:[{id:"260201",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yung",surname:"Yau",slug:"yung-yau",fullName:"Yung Yau"},{id:"267278",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel Chi Wing",surname:"Ho",slug:"daniel-chi-wing-ho",fullName:"Daniel Chi Wing Ho"}],corrections:null},{id:"65107",title:"Organizational Identity, Corporate Strategy, and Habits of Attention: A Case Study of Toyota",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81117",slug:"organizational-identity-corporate-strategy-and-habits-of-attention-a-case-study-of-toyota",totalDownloads:1523,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter links organizational identity as a cohesive attribute to corporate strategy and a competitive advantage, using Toyota as a case study. The evolution of Toyota from a domestic producer, and exporter, and now a global firm using a novel form of lean production follows innovative tools of human resources, supply chain collaboration, a network identity to link domestic operations to overseas investments, and unparalleled commercial investments in technologies that make the firm moving from a sustainable competitive position to one of unassailable advantage in the global auto sector. The chapter traces the strategic moves to strength Toyota’s identity at all levels, including in its overseas operations, to build a global ecosystem model of collaboration.",signatures:"Charles McMillan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65107",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65107",authors:[{id:"255599",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",surname:"McMillan",slug:"charles-mcmillan",fullName:"Charles McMillan"}],corrections:null},{id:"68537",title:"Risk Management Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85801",slug:"risk-management-techniques",totalDownloads:935,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The importance of risk management has been increasing for a lot of construction projects in different industries, and thus risk management department must be established to monitor the risks. The construction industry and its managers are exposed to a high degree of risk that leads to increasing the cost or delay in the projects. Therefore, there must be techniques used to control the risk and determine the best method to respond to it. Artificial intelligence and its techniques will be described includes the principle of and its advantages, types and the techniques that used for the classification that includes, decision tree and K-star, neural network and support vector machine and simulation techniques like system dynamic and also using optimization techniques, Particle swarm, Gravitational Search Algorithm as follows: Classification (decision tree, K-star, neural network, support vector. Machine and).",signatures:"Hafeth I. Naji, Rouwaida Hussein Ali and Ehsan Ali Al-Zubaidi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68537",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68537",authors:[{id:"273867",title:"MSc.",name:"Ehsan",surname:"Kareem",slug:"ehsan-kareem",fullName:"Ehsan Kareem"},{id:"273904",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Rowedah",surname:"Hussien",slug:"rowedah-hussien",fullName:"Rowedah Hussien"},{id:"274054",title:"Dr.",name:"Hafeth",surname:"Naji",slug:"hafeth-naji",fullName:"Hafeth Naji"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5968",title:"Corporate Governance and Strategic Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1dabae48b0fee99d3d79f66f80ad095d",slug:"corporate-governance-and-strategic-decision-making",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5968.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1852",title:"Visions for Global Tourism Industry",subtitle:"Creating and Sustaining Competitive Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5750e9145b14c8354ef9bd0b4097316",slug:"visions-for-global-tourism-industry-creating-and-sustaining-competitive-strategies",bookSignature:"Murat Kasimoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1852.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"115863",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",surname:"Kasimoglu",slug:"murat-kasimoglu",fullName:"Murat Kasimoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"275",title:"Supply Chain Management",subtitle:"New Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4916452247f0dca332b9c5ce44186819",slug:"supply-chain-management-new-perspectives",bookSignature:"Sanda Renko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/275.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40806",title:"Prof.",name:"Sanda",surname:"Renko",slug:"sanda-renko",fullName:"Sanda Renko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1344",title:"Pathways to Supply Chain Excellence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5aa3ffa9fd74532ac088791640bcba64",slug:"pathways-to-supply-chain-excellence",bookSignature:"Ales Groznik and Yu Xiong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1344.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22725",title:"Dr.",name:"Ales",surname:"Groznik",slug:"ales-groznik",fullName:"Ales Groznik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"232",title:"Supply Chain Management",subtitle:"Applications and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b691bc5f6d9e959c3472eb2610e9d98f",slug:"supply-chain-management-applications-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Mamun Habib",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/232.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12501",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Md. Mamun",surname:"Habib",slug:"dr.-md.-mamun-habib",fullName:"Dr. Md. Mamun Habib"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"471",title:"The Economic Geography of Globalization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"the-economic-geography-of-globalization",bookSignature:"Piotr Pachura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/471.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33832",title:"Prof.",name:"Piotr",surname:"Pachura",slug:"piotr-pachura",fullName:"Piotr Pachura"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1385",title:"Advanced Topics in Applied Operations Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5c00eb107de910b3641016f2c6a1d1",slug:"advanced-topics-in-applied-operations-management",bookSignature:"Yair Holtzman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1385.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96791",title:"Mr.",name:"Yair",surname:"Holtzman",slug:"yair-holtzman",fullName:"Yair Holtzman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4686",title:"Perspectives on Business and Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39e4396dfbd84c6c0f014bc4b1263110",slug:"perspectives-on-business-and-management",bookSignature:"Vito Bobek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6180",title:"Positive and Negative Aspects of Outsourcing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bbb23ab7b6c01663b1764d8374602a00",slug:"positive-and-negative-aspects-of-outsourcing",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6180.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1325",title:"Advances in Customer Relationship Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c00c0699c09d1a96c619153d82f37eea",slug:"advances-in-customer-relationship-management",bookSignature:"Daniel Catalan-Matamoros",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1325.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49198",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Catalan-Matamoros",slug:"daniel-catalan-matamoros",fullName:"Daniel Catalan-Matamoros"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66064",slug:"corrigendum-to-textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high",title:"Corrigendum to: Textured BST Thin Film on Silicon Substrate: Preparation and Its Applications for High Frequency Tunable Devices",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66064.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66064",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66064",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66064",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66064",chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12110",leadTitle:null,title:"Rapid Antigen Testing",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"baefe25f634ceccf0b817457bf8b5685",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12110.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 2nd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 23rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 22nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 10th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 9th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"55019",title:"Spatial Aspects of Environmental Impact of Power Plants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68283",slug:"spatial-aspects-of-environmental-impact-of-power-plants",body:'\n
1. Introduction
\n
The strategic environmental assessment (SEA) can be considered as the most important, the most general and the most comprehensive instrument for directing the strategic planning process towards the principles and objectives of environmental protection, as well as for making optimum decisions on future sustainable spatial development [1] can be considered one. Since the very beginning of the last decade of the twentieth century until now, many authors [2–7] have written about the importance of the implementation of SEA in the process of making optimum decisions on sustainable spatial development and on the concept of development policy in different fields of social activities (energy, water resource management, infrastructure, tourism, etc.). The issue is therefore quite interesting, from both scientific and professional aspects, and is of great importance in creating any environmental policy.
\n
The European Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive 2001/42/EC [8] prescribes the obligation to undertake SEA for plans, programmes and framework documents in different fields, thus also in the field of energy sector. By using the SEA, it is possible to consider the positive and negative implications of the proposed changes in the earliest stages of creating a development policy and accordingly direct the planning process in a way to increase positive impacts and minimize negative implications. The SEA process unavoidably implies the participation of the public in all stages of the planning process, thus emphasizing the contribution in decision-making, in this case in the field of the energy sector development [9–13]. Compared to other methods that contribute to decision-making, such as the traditional ’life cycle assessment’ (LCA) [14–17] which is mainly used for the analysis of impacts in smaller territorial units, the SEA contributes to integrating the impacts at the strategic level of power plants planning (national, regional and, if necessary, international level). Given that the strategic level of planning requires a multi-dimensional consideration of phenomena and processes and that making appropriate decisions on spatial impacts and spatial development is a complex process, it is necessary to have an appropriate problem and methodological approach to making appropriate decisions on sustainability of offered concepts of development. This is particularly necessary in conceiving an energy sector policy, where the development tendencies can have significant implications for space and the environment. Multi-criteria analysis has been strongly advised by various authors with expertise in the energy sector [18, 19].
\n
The chapter will present the possibility and importance of using the SEA for analysing spatial impact of power plants, regardless of whether it comes to fossil fuel power plants or power plants using renewable energy sources (RESs) because both can have strategically significant impacts (positive and negative) on the space where they are built. The chapter will examine the multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method for carrying out an SEA for the case study–Energy Sector Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia by 2025 with projections until 2030 [20] (herein after referred to as the ‘Strategy’).
\n
2. Methodological framework
\n
The concept of the SEA methodologies, unlike the diverse, precise and highly operable tools used in environmental engineering or other science-based areas, is rather fuzzy [21]. Some authors [22–24] believe that there is no uniform methodological approach to the SEA process because its use in very thematically different planning processes is not appropriate, but it is the most appropriate to use different methodological approaches or their combination that would be aligned with specific conditions in which the planning process is carried out [22, 25]. In accordance with the above-mentioned, it can be concluded that the SEA process should be based on an interdisciplinary approach and open to the use of different methodological approaches. Such flexibility in the approach to the SEA process leaves the possibility of finding the best solutions in accordance with specific approaches to the planning process. Generally speaking, the SEA techniques and methodologies derive from the traditional Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and policy appraisal/plan evaluation studies [25, 26], ensuring that methodologies would not become a barrier for institutional promotion of the SEA [27]. A variety of possible techniques for conducting the different steps of SEA have been further analysed and discussed by others [1, 25, 27–29]. In addition, Marsden [30] pointed out that, in terms of methodologies, the SEA process is dominantly based on the qualitative or semi-quantitative approach which to a great extent depends on the skills and knowledge of experts involved in the evaluation process. Such an approach also implies a certain degree of subjectivity that should be minimized by using different software packages (like geographic information system [GIS]) in combination with their adequate use experiences accumulated through comparative studies of past schemes and applications [21].
\n
The procedural and methodological framework for SEA is shown in Figure 1. The SEA process begins with decision-making on undertaking the SEA, as well as on its scope and contents. This stage involves the defining of framework for investigations to be carried out in the SEA process along with the unavoidable participation of the public, relevant institutions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The next stage includes the analytical part of the SEA process implying the analysis of the state of the environment in the area under investigation using the GIS technologies [31–33]; analysis of the strategic concept of development (in this case in the energy sector); comparative analysis of the planning and strategic documents relating to the space that is subject of investigation and to the specific field of investigation; other investigations and analyses of importance for the specific field of investigation. The next stage included the setting of the SEA objectives, relevant indicators (Table 1) and evaluation criteria (Tables 2 and 3), followed by an impact assessment procedure in which the first stage included the evaluation of alternative scenarios and the selection of the most suitable alternative. Then, the process of multi-criteria evaluation (a semi-quantitative method) followed, representing the focal point of this chapter (presented in point 3 herein). The role of multi-criteria evaluation is to identify the influence of the activities planned in the space in which they are being undertaken (the prediction of spatial influences) according to the SEA objectives. When the impacts of the Strategy are identified in such a way, then it is possible to elaborate and present them in a simple and unambiguous way and in a way that is clear to all actors in the SEA process, namely the actors included in the decision-making process.
Figure 1.
Procedure and methodological framework for the SEA [11].
Table 1.
SEA objectives and indicators for the Strategy [34].
SEA criteria for evaluating strategically significant impacts of the Strategy [34].
\n
The specific SEA objectives (Table 1) were set in certain fields of environmental protection. The specific SEA objectives are the concrete, partially qualified statements in a form of guidelines and actions (measures, works and activities) for the implementation of these changes. The specific SEA objectives are primarily a methodological measure through which the effects of power plants (and energy sector in general) on the environment are identified and checked. The multi-criteria evaluation of the planning solutions is carried out in relation to these objectives to obtain a clear idea about possible effects of the planning process and make optimum decisions on future sustainable spatial development accordingly.
\n
The sustainable development indicators (Table 1) are needed to identify trends of moving towards or away from sustainability, as well as to set goals for improving general well-being. In 2008, the Republic of Serbia adopted the National Energy Sector Development Strategy [35] which contains principles and priorities in sustainable development, as well as 76 indicators for tracking the progress of Serbia towards sustainable development. These indicators have been selected from the set of UN indicators, but not all of indicators are used in Serbia. The indicators are specified in the Law on Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia [36]. The Regulation on the National List of Environmental Indicators [37] prescribes the list of environmental indicators, which have been used herein. The SEA indicators have been selected in accordance with the above-mentioned SEA objectives. This set of indicators is based on the ‘cause-effect-response’ concept. The indicators of cause denote human activities, processes and relationships affecting the environment, the indicators of effect denote the state of the environment, while the indicators of response define strategic options and other responses aimed at changing ‘consequences’ for the environment.
\n
Based on an analysis of the possibility of primarily considering the spatial aspect, as well as the problematic aspect of potential impacts, three sets of criteria with a total of 14 individual criteria were defined. The criteria used in the MCE of the planning solutions were related to the magnitude (intensity) of the impact, the spatial dimension of the impact and the impact probability (Table 2).
\n
The importance of identified impacts for achieving the SEA objectives is evaluated. The impacts of importance for the subject Strategy are those which have stronger or greater effects on the international (transboundary), national or regional level, according to the criteria shown in Table 3.
\n
The methodological framework for the SEA presented in this chapter is centred on a plan-based approach to and the use of MCE method for the planned activities and strategic determinants in relation to the capacity of space as a basis for the valorization of space earmarked for sustainable development [38].
\n
The development of the MCE method is linked to the early 1970s of the twentieth century when many authors [39–41] began to develop such an approach. When first developed, the MCE was characterized by the methodological principle of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) with little or no participatory mechanisms included [42, 43]. The initial idea was to elicit clear preferences from a decision-maker and then solve a well-structured problem by means of mathematical algorithms (e.g. to design an engine by taking into account its power, weight and efficiency). Over time, this ambitious idea has been directed towards a more rational approach [44] and to a constructive or a creative approach [45], which has led to an approach based on the development of the multi-criteria decision aid (MCDA) that is characterized by placing in focus the process of decision-making on specific development processes, namely the raising of the level and quality of this process along with permanently including the public into all stages of creating the future development [46–48]. This approach has resulted in the emergence of the participatory multi-criteria evaluation (PMCE) [46, 49] and social multi-criteria evaluation (SMCE) [50]. Nowadays, the MCE method is often recommended as a convenient support in the decision-making process because of its capacity to point out in many ways multiple alternatives of development on the basis of assessing criteria related to the environment and socio-economic aspects of sustainable development [51–54].
\n
The MCE method presented and elaborated in this chapter was originally defined in a scientific research project entitled ‘Method for Strategic Environmental Assessment in Planning’ (2005–2007). The method was later developed and upgraded through several domestic and international scientific projects, in which the Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia (IAUS) also participated. The results of the research and method development have found their applicability in the drawing up of a number of strategic documents at national and regional levels, in the fields of energy, water resource management, waste management, tourism and so on. An example of the application of the MCE method is shown in the text that follows.
\n
3. Case study: MCE method in the SEA for the power plants in the Strategy
\n
The results presented in this part of the chapter have been taken from the SEA for the Strategy [34] (case study), conducted by the authors of this chapter. The mentioned methodological approach was used in drawing up the mentioned document, while only the results that are in the context of the theme of this research and that were partially slightly modified to adapt them to the format of this chapter are elaborated herein.
\n
3.1. Subject of the Strategy and SEA
\n
The approach of integrated and continuous planning was used in creating the Strategy and carrying out the SEA with a focus on finding the measures for sustainability through integrating the realistic goals and the potentials in the field of energy, on the one hand, and the goals of and needs for environmental protection, quality of life of population and socio-economic development, on the other hand. The Strategy will be a framework for the development of the energy system of the Republic of Serbia with all possible (positive and negative) implications for the environmental quality. The purpose of carrying out the SEA for the Strategy is to consider possible negative effects on/trends of environmental quality, as well as to develop the guidelines for their reduction, namely bringing them within acceptable limits without creating the conflicts in space and taking into account the environmental capacity in the considered area.
\n
The SEA is not focused only on the analysis of strategic commitments that can imply negative impacts and trends but also on the strategic commitments that can contribute to environmental protection and quality of life of population. In this context, the potential environmental impacts of planned activities were analysed in the SEA and were evaluated relative to the objectives and indicators.
\n
The chapter of the Strategy related to the priorities of the energy sector development mentions the power plants as one of the keys and essential potentials for development, but also as a possible cause of significant problems in the environment. For this reason, the chapter emphasizes that there is the need to introduce the latest technologies in energy generation, both in the thermal power plants and in the field of renewable energy sources (RES) for which there are significant potentials, but they have not been sufficiently used in the Republic of Serbia.
\n
Although other important strategic priorities in the field of energy are also dealt with in the Strategy, due to the fact that power plants have significant environmental impacts on the space in which they are built, the SEA gives special attention to this aspect, and exactly this aspect is elaborated further herein.
\n
3.2. Evaluation of power plant impacts using the MCE method
\n
The SEA for the Strategy singles out the total of 29 planned activities/strategic priorities that was included in the multi-criteria evaluation process. Nine out of 29 strategic priorities relate to the projects of power plants (Table 4). However, save for the locations defined by the document entitled ‘Cadaster for Small Hydro Power Plants in Serbia’ [55], the Strategy does not determine micro-locations for the majority of power plants (this particularly refers to the power plants using RES), so the evaluation could be based on predictions and on keeping pace with trends in space on the basis of micro-location determination and knowledge of general regularities and potential environmental impacts that certain types of power plants imply.
Table 4.
Strategic priorities in the strategy included in the SEA relating to the projects of power plants [34].
\n
Table 4 shows the strategic priorities in the Strategy, which directly relate to the projects of power plants and which were also included in the multi-criteria evaluation presented further herein. In addition to these priorities, the Strategy also formulates priorities that directly relate to power plants because they are actually in their function. This includes, for example, the extension of coal open-pit-mining areas and opening of new coal open-pit mines which supply thermal power plants with coal. These strategic priorities were also elaborated in the SEA for the Strategy, but are not presented herein.
\n
Each individual strategic priority in the Strategy relating to the projects of power plants (Table 4) was included in the multi-criteria evaluation process by forming matrices (Table 5) in which the mentioned priorities relating to power plants ‘intersect’ with the SEA objectives and indicators (Table 1). They were evaluated according to the adopted groups of criteria (Table 2).
Table 5.
Matrices of spatial impacts of power plants on the environment and sustainable development [34].
The matrices were formed for the first two groups of criteria (impact magnitude and impact significance) because it is possible to identify the impacts of strategic importance already based on these two groups of criteria, namely the impacts where evaluation is within the values adopted and presented in Table 3.
\n
The evaluation of strategic priorities was semi-quantitative, qualitative and aligned with the level of detail/generality that characterizes the strategic documents such as the Strategy. It was based on the planning approach through which the spatial (territorial) impacts were considered, as well as on possible conflicts in space that can occur in the interaction between the existing and the planned activities in a specific space without going into the technical and technological aspects of potential impacts that are not possible to be identified at this level of planning.
\n
Each individual strategic priority was then also presented in the form of graph (Figure 2) and in a way comprehensible to the general public and decision-makers, this being in accordance with the Arhus Convention principles.
Figure 2.
Examples of the presentation of obtained results in the form of graph [34].
\n
The evaluation of strategic priorities in the Strategy that relate to power plants, and which were elaborated in the SEA, is presented further herein.
\n
A table was formed based on the adopted criteria for determining the strategically significant impacts (Table 3) and results of the multi-criteria evaluation presented in the form of matrices (Table 5). The table identifies the strategic priorities that imply strategically significant impacts (positive and negative) on the environmental quality and elements of sustainable development, namely on the SEA goals, and determine the rank of impacts identified in such a way (Table 6).
Table 6.
Identification and evaluation of strategically significant impacts with explanations [34].
\n
3.3. Summary of significant strategic impacts
\n
On the basis of the evaluation of impact significance shown in Table 6, it can be concluded that the Strategy produces significant number of strategically important, both positive and negative, environmental impacts. This is not at all surprising considering that the main idea of the Strategy was to create a concept of development of an energy sector which would rely in all of its segments on the principles of the prevention and active protection of the environment, its main factors, thus also on the improvement of human health by primarily permanently reducing the exposure to air pollution resulting from the operation of thermal power plants operating with inadequate technologies.
\n
The identified negative impacts of the Strategy are the result of development in the energy sector which, in the Republic of Serbia like in other countries, dominantly relies on the existing energy potentials. The most important negative impacts are the result of thermal power plant operations, namely the result of the surface coal exploitation necessary for their operation. In this context, the impacts of the main environmental factors (air, water, soil and biodiversity), as well as impacts on landscape, stand out by their importance. The impacts on social factors as the result of extension of open-pit mines, due to which parts or even entire settlements are moved to completely new location, are of special importance.
\n
Most of the mentioned impacts are not significantly spatially dispersed, but, nevertheless, they were assessed as being of strategic importance due to the assessed impact intensity, as shown in Table 6.
\n
Certain negative implications are also expected due to the construction of the ‘Bistrica’ HPP and/or construction of the ‘Djerdap 3’ reversible HPP, which would have negative effects on hydrological regime of watercourses on which their construction is planned, as well as on biodiversity and ichthyofauna, and will cause possible changes in the use of agricultural and forest lands.
\n
By accepting the provisions of the Espoo Convention [56] and Kiev Protocol [57], the Republic of Serbia is obligated to notify the neighbouring countries on the projects that could have transboundary impacts. According to the Espoo Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention), the transboundary impacts are defined as all impacts (positive and negative) of a certain activity or a project that affect the environment under the jurisdiction of another country. The implementation of the Espoo Convention provisions implies that the relevant institutions of the neighbouring countries should provide information on the planned activities and their environmental impacts so that the affected country could participate in making optimum decisions on planning and future realization of such activities.
\n
In addition to the projects defined by the Strategy that could have transboundary impacts, such as the RHPP ‘Bistrica’ and/or RHPP ‘Djerdap 3’ projects, the transboundary environmental impacts can also occur as the result of the realization of the following projects:
\n
Wind farms—possible transboundary impacts on the flying fauna (ornithological fauna and chiropters) on the border between Serbia and Romania (actually, all wind farm projects planned to be built in the north-eastern part of the Republic of Serbia);
Small hydropower plants on transboundary watercourses (actually, the watercourses flowing from the territory of the Republic of Serbia into the territory of the neighbouring countries)—possible adverse impacts on benthonic organisms and ichthyofauna on boundaries with Montenegro, B&H and Romania;
Coal-fired power plant projects—possible impacts on the air quality and international rivers.
\n
Other planed activities that can imply the transboundary impacts of strategic importance have not been identified.
\n
In addition to the adverse impacts, by using the MCE method in carrying out the SEA for the Strategy, a whole series of strategically significant positive impacts were also identified:
\n
Environmental quality: positive impacts on the quality of main environmental factors (air, water and soil) and reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by increasing the use of RES and the use of clean technologies in thermal power plants in accordance with Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants and with the Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions for new projects; withdrawal of all thermal power plants with generating capacity less than 300 MW; the implementation of a whole set of energy-efficiency measures will contribute to more rational energy use, that is, reducing the production of the required amount of energy for the same amount of required energy; the improvement of legal regulations in the area of energy and their harmonization with the EU regulations; the development of institutions for the implementation of improved legal regulations related to the environmental pollution reduction and main environmental factors;
Socio-economic development: Improvement of the energy sector as a driver of economic growth and development, the market-oriented formation of energy prices and prices for energy-generating products; the development of domestic industry and commercial scientific research sector for the transfer of leading edge technologies in the field of energy; strict implementation of energy-efficiency measures in final energy consumption; labour market mobility; as well as overall energy sector development, will represent a long-term contribution to sustainable economic development and rational use of non-renewable energy sources, that is, increasing the share of energy from RES.
\n
4. Discussion and conclusions
\n
The Strategy represents a strategic framework for implementing the policies and measures in the field of energy, also including the aspect of using the energy potentials by planning and building new power plants or by modernizing the existing ones. The possible implications for the environment as a result of the realization of such projects, as well as the significant public participation (NGO, population, expert groups, relevant institutions, investors and public companies in the field of energy) in the decision-making processes, undoubtedly indicate the need to consider this aspect in creating the policies in the field of energy, either at the national, regional or at the local level. The reason for the interest of the public in power plants, and energy sector in general, lies in the nature of their operation and possible significant spatial/territorial impacts. In this context, besides different studies on environmental protection carried out at the level of specific investment projects for individual power plants (e.g. EIA or LCA), it is of particular importance to carry out an environmental impact assessment at the strategic level of planning which should direct a strategic-planning document to the goals of sustainability and prevent potential conflicts in space in the earliest stage of creating an energy policy. The SEA is exactly the instrument that meets these specific requirements. This has been much written about in scientific literature, which is briefly summarized in the ‘Introduction’ section of this chapter.
\n
The Energy Strategy [20] is a specific document due to the fact that it establishes a completely new and altered concept of energy sector development relative to the existing one that has been, at least in the Republic of Serbia, assessed as unsustainable and ecologically unacceptable. In addition, the Strategy gives a special attention to power plants (the existing and the planned ones) that are particularly significant for analysis from the aspect of environmental protection. This conditioned the specificity of the subject SEA within which it was necessary to make a symbiosis of all existing phenomena and the processes in space and predictions about potential impacts of power plants on the environment. This served for defining the SEA objectives and corresponding indicators, but also the criteria, based on which the strategic priorities related to power plants were assessed. By using the multi-criteria evaluation and semi-quantitative methods according to three groups of criteria, as well as by presenting the results using the matrices and graphs, the results were shown in a clear and unambiguous way for each of the strategic priorities. Different aspects of impacts (significance, spatial extent and probability) were encompassed. The results of the used MCE method were taken as a basis for defining the appropriate measures/guidelines for the environmental protection and monitoring which should be used in implementing the Strategy, namely in determining the micro-locations for new power plants and in preparing the investment projects. These measures/guidelines defined the SEA by each type of power plant, particularly taking into account new power plant projects and instructions for their realization in a way that provides the preventive protection of space and the environment, thus enabling all actors in the process of creating and adopting the Strategy to make conclusions on positive and negative implications of all identified impacts in a simple way, while the SEA in this process also serves as a regulatory and control tool for all future investments in the energy sector.
\n
Unlike some SEA that are oriented towards identifying ‘for and against’ alternatives, in the SEA for the Strategy it was relatively simple to propose to actors to make decisions on which solution is the most suitable for the implementation of the Strategy because positive changes brought by its implementation are many times greater relative to the possible negative implications. This was affected by the methodological approach that is conceptually conceivable; clear way of presenting the obtained results which enables great public participation in critical stages of the SEA (identification of possible positive and negative impacts of the planning concepts); the use of semi-quantitative methods in assessing the impacts and defining the appropriate guidelines for the environmental protection and monitoring.
\n
The specificity of the presented approach is reflected in the identification of the objectives and indicators of the SEA that is based on the analysis of a complex symbiosis of environmental quality, strategic frameworks defined in different strategic and planning documents and the Strategy. The objectives and indicators obtained through this procedure are a good basis for assessing the complex implications of the planned activities for the space and possible mutual interactions between different sectorial determinations regarding the elements of sustainable development. A clear presentation of obtained results of multi-criteria evaluation in the form of matrices, and particularly in the form of graphs, is particularly important in the SEA stages involving public participation. However, the use of semi-quantitative method of expert decision-making brings a certain dose of subjectivity, which can be tentatively regarded as a lack of such an approach. On the other hand, the use of different mathematical methods like ARAS (additive ratio assessment) [58] or AHP (analytical hierarchy process) [59] at the level of strategic planning and management is not necessary, and often impossible because of a lack of appropriate inputs. In this case, for example, there was no determination of micro-locations for the planned power plants that will use renewable energy sources, so the prediction of impacts could be only made based on the knowledge on energy potentials, for example, the energy to be obtained from renewable sources at the micro-location level, the state of the environment on these micro-locations and potential capacities (installed power) in these potentially suitable micro-locations. Such obtained results of the assessment of spatial/territorial impacts of strategic priorities represent exactly a good basis for establishing adequate guidelines and for the use of the above-mentioned mathematical methods at a lower level of impact assessment, namely in carrying out the EIA, which is actually also an obligation in carrying out the SEA. In this context, this lack should be understood tentatively, but should in no way be ignored in the process of carrying out the SEA and in making appropriate decisions.
\n
The guidelines for environmental protection were established based on the results of multi-criteria evaluation of strategic priorities that relate to the planning, building or modernization of power plants. The guidelines were given for the most significant facilities/projects envisaged in the Strategy, namely for the energy facilities/projects which can be significant polluters by nature of their operation.
\n
A special contribution of the SEA process was laid in the identification of possible transboundary impacts and in the establishment of the transborder cooperation with the neighbouring countries. In this context, the cooperation has been established with the Republic of Croatia, Romania and Republic of Bulgaria, which have showed their interest including themselves into the SEA process and in officially submitting their views regarding the identified possible transboundary impacts. Their views were adequately taken into account in the preparation of the SEA Final Report.
\n
Performing the SEA for the needs of the Strategy resulted in making appropriate decisions in the process of establishing sustainable energy sector development, while the implementation of documentation in practice should contribute to the applicability of results and to the possible monitoring of SEA contribution in the process of planning both power plants and all other plans in the energy sector.
Acknowledgments
\n
This chapter has resulted from the research conducted within the scientific projects ‘Spatial, ecological, energy, as well as social aspects of settlement development and climate change – their mutual impacts’, TR 36035; and ‘Sustainable spatial development of Danubian Serbia’ TR36016; all financed by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia during the period 2011–2017.
\n',keywords:"strategic environmental assessment, power plants, multi-criteria evaluation",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/55019.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/55019.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55019",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55019",totalDownloads:1313,totalViews:255,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:50,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 7th 2016",dateReviewed:"March 3rd 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 13th 2017",dateFinished:"April 26th 2017",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is one of the key instruments for implementing sustainable development strategies in planning in general, namely for analysing and assessing the spatial development concepts, in this case in the field of energy and planning of power plants. The SEA in energy sector planning has become a tool for considering the benefits and consequences of the proposed changes in space, also taking into account the capacity of space to sustain the implementation of the planned activities. This chapter examines the multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method for carrying out an SEA for the power plants in Energy Sector Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia (case study). The MCE method has found its use in the analysis and assessment of the energy sector spatial impacts on the environment and elements of sustainable development and, in this context, also considering the importance of impacts, spatial dispersion of impacts, their probability and frequency of occurrence, along with the elaboration of the obtained results in a specific, simple and unambiguous way. The chapter focuses on the consideration of aspects of environmental impact of all kinds of power plants, without taking into account the details regarding other aspects of energy sector development that are dealt with in the case study.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/55019",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/55019",book:{id:"5807",slug:"recent-improvements-of-power-plants-management-and-technology"},signatures:"Boško Josimović and Saša Milijić",authors:[{id:"125578",title:"Dr.",name:"Bosko",middleName:null,surname:"Josimovic",fullName:"Bosko Josimovic",slug:"bosko-josimovic",email:"bosko@iaus.ac.rs",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}},{id:"200736",title:"Dr.",name:"Sasa",middleName:null,surname:"Milijic",fullName:"Sasa Milijic",slug:"sasa-milijic",email:"sasam@iaus.ac.rs",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Methodological framework",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Case study: MCE method in the SEA for the power plants in the Strategy",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1. Subject of the Strategy and SEA",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2. Evaluation of power plant impacts using the MCE method",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3. Summary of significant strategic impacts",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Discussion and conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Sadler B, Verheem R. Strategic environmental assessment: Key issues emerging from recent practice. Hague 7, Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment; 1996'},{id:"B2",body:'Maričić T, Josimović B. Overview of strategic environment assessment/sea/system in southeast Europe. Architecture and Urbanism. 2005;16-17\ufeff:66-74\ufeff\ufeff'},{id:"B3",body:'Nilssona M, Björklundb A, Finnveden G, Johanssonc J. Testing a SEA methodology for the energy sector: A waste incineration tax proposal. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2005;25:1-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.eiar.2004.04.003'},{id:"B4",body:'Nilsson M, Dalkmann H. Decision-making and strategic environmental assessment. Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management. 2001;3:305-327\ufeff\ufeff'},{id:"B5",body:'Therivel R, Partidario MR. The Practice of Strategic Environmental Assessment. London: Earthscan; 1996'},{id:"B6",body:'Therivel R. Strategic Environmental Assessment. London, UK: Earthscan; 1992'},{id:"B7",body:'White L, Noble B. Strategic environmental assessment for sustainability: A review of a decade of academic research. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2013;42:60-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.eiar.2012.10.003'},{id:"B8",body:'European Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive 2001/42/EC. The European Parliament, Luxembourg; 2011'},{id:"B9",body:'Arbter K. SEA of Waste Management Plans – An Austrian Case Study. Implementing Strategic Environmental Assessment; 2005. pp. 621-630\ufeff\ufeff'},{id:"B10",body:'Desmond M. Identification and development of waste management alternatives for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2009;29:51-59. DOI: 10.1016/j.eiar.2008.05.003'},{id:"B11",body:'Josimović B, Marić I, Milijić S. Multi-criteria evaluation in strategic environmental assessment for waste management plan, a case study: The city of Belgrade. Waste Management. 2015;36:331-342. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.11.003'},{id:"B12",body:'Josimović B, Marić I. Methodology for the regional landfill site selection. Sustainable Development – Authoritative and Leading Edge Content for Environmental Management. 2012:513-538. DOI: 10.5772/45926'},{id:"B13",body:'Salhofer S, Wassermann G, Binner E. Strategic environmental assessment as an approach to assess waste management systems. Experiences from an Austrian case study. Environmental Modelling & Software. 2007;22:610-618 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2005.12.031'},{id:"B14",body:'Bjorklund A, Finnveden G. Life cycle assessment of a national policy proposal – The case of a Swedish waste incineration tax. Waste Management. 2007;27:1046-1058. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.02.027'},{id:"B15",body:'Bond R, Curran J, Kirkpatrick C, Lee N, Francis P. Integrated impact assessment for sustainable development: A case study approach. World Development. 2001;29:1011-1024. DOI: 10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00023-7'},{id:"B16",body:'Laurent A, Clavrul J, Bernstd A, Bakas I, Niero M, Gentil E, Christnsen T, Hauschild M. Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systems – Part II: Methodological guidance for a better practice. Waste Management. 2013;34:589-606. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.12.004'},{id:"B17",body:'Tukker A. Life cycle assessment as a tool in environmental impact assessment.Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2000;20:435-456. DOI: 10.1016/S0195-9255(99)00045-1'},{id:"B18",body:'Josimović B, Pucar M. The strategic environmental impact assessment of electric wind energy plants: Case study ‘Bavaniste’ (Serbia). Renewable Energy. 2010;35:1509-1519. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2009.12.005'},{id:"B19",body:'Finnveden G, Nilsson M, Johansson J, Persson A, Moberg A, Carlsson T. Strategic environmental assessment methodologies and applications within the energy sector. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2003;23:91-123. DOI: 10.1016/S0195-9255(02)00089-6'},{id:"B20",body:'Energy Sector Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia by 2025 with projections until 2030 (“Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia”, No. 101/15)'},{id:"B21",body:'Liou ML, Yeh SC, Yu YH. Reconstruction and systemization of the methodologies for strategic environmental assessment in Taiwan. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2005;26:170-184. DOI: 10.1016/j.eiar.2005.08.003'},{id:"B22",body:'Brown AL, Therivel R. Principles to guide the development of strategic environmental assessment. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. 2000;18:183-189. DOI: 10.3152/147154600781767385'},{id:"B23",body:'Partidario MR. Elements of an SEA framework – improving the added-value of SEA. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2000;20:647-663. DOI: 10.1016/S0195-9255(00)00069-X'},{id:"B24",body:'Therivel R. SEA methodology in practice. In: Therivel R, Partidario MR, editors. The Practice of Strategic Environmental Assessment. London: Earthscan Publications; 1996. pp. 30-44\ufeff\ufeff'},{id:"B25",body:'Partidario MR. Course manual of strategic environmental assessment. The Hague, The Netherlands: IAIA; 2002'},{id:"B26",body:'Sheate W, Richardson J, Aschemann R, Palerm J, Stehen U. SEA and Integration of the Environment into Strategic Decision-Making. Vol. 1. Main Report to the European Commission, London; 2001'},{id:"B27",body:'United Nations Environment Program. UNEP’S Environmental Impact Assessment Training Resource Manual. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland/UNEP/ETB Briefs on Economics, Trade and Sustainable Development; 2002'},{id:"B28",body:'DHV Environment and Infrastructure BV. Existing Strategic Environmental Assessment Methodology. Compiled for the European Commission DGXI, Brussels; 1994'},{id:"B29",body:'Therivel R. Strategic Environmental Assessment in Action. London: Earthscan Publica tions; 2004'},{id:"B30",body:'Marsden S. Strategic environmental assessment: An international overview. In: Marsden S, Dovers S, editors. Strategic Environmental Assessment in Australasia. NSW7: The Federation Press; 2002. pp. 1-23\ufeff\ufeff'},{id:"B31",body:'Calvo F, Moreno B, Zamorano M, Szanto M. Environmental diagnosis methodology for municipal waste landfills. Waste Management. 2005;25:768-799. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.02.019'},{id:"B32",body:'Higgs G. Integrating multi-criteria techniques with geographical information systems in waste facility location to enhance public participation. Waste Management & Research. 2006;24:105-117. DOI: 10.1177/0734242X06063817'},{id:"B33",body:'Josimović B, Krunić N. Implementation of GIS in selection of locations for regional landfill in the Kolubara Region. SPATIUM. 2008;17/18:72-77. DOI: 10.2298/SPAT0818072J'},{id:"B34",body:'Report on Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Energy Sector Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia by 2025 with Projections until 2030. Beograd: IAUS; 2013'},{id:"B35",body:'National Energy Sector Development Strategy (“Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia”, No. 57/08)'},{id:"B36",body:'Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia 2010-2020 (The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 88/2010)'},{id:"B37",body:'National List of Environmental Indicators (“Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia”, No. 37/11)'},{id:"B38",body:'Josimović B. Methodological approach to conducting SEA – Initial experiences in Serbia. Planned and Normative Protection of Space and the Environment. Belgrade: Faculty of Geography; 2007'},{id:"B39",body:'Ananda J, Heralth G. A critical review of multi-criteria decision-making methods with special reference to forest management and planning. Ecological Economics. 2009;68:2535-2548. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.05.010'},{id:"B40",body:'Figueira J, Greco S, Ehrgott M. In: Salvatore G, editor. Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis. State of the Art Surveys. Springer; 2005'},{id:"B41",body:'Kangas J, Kangas A. Multiple criteria decision support in forest management the approach-methods applied, and experiences gained. Forest Ecology and Management. 2005;207:133-143. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.10.023'},{id:"B42",body:'Zionts S. MCDM–if not a Roman numeral, then what? Interfaces. 1979;9:94-101\ufeff\ufeff'},{id:"B43",body:'Zionts S, Wallenius J. An interactive programming method for solving the multiple criteria problem. Management Science. 1976;22:652-663. DOI: 10.1287/mnsc.22.6.652'},{id:"B44",body:'Simon E. From substantive to procedural rationality. In: Latsis JS, editor. Methods and Appraisal in Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1976'},{id:"B45",body:'Roy B. Méthodologie multicritere d\' aide à la decision. Economica. 1985;4:138-140\ufeff\ufeff'},{id:"B46",body:'Banville C, Landry M, Martel JM, Boulaire C. A stakeholder approach to MCDA. Sys-tems Research and Behavioral Science. 1998;15:15-32. DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1743(199801/02)15:1<15::aid-sres179>3.0.co;2-b'},{id:"B47",body:'De Marchi B, Funtowicz O, Lo Cascio S, Munda G. Combining participative and institutional approaches with multicriteria evaluation. An empirical study for water issues in Troina-Sicily. Ecological Economics. 2000;34:267-282. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00162-2'},{id:"B48",body:'Proctor W. MCDA and stakeholder participation – valuing forest resources. In: Getzner M, Spash CL, Stagl S, editors. Alternatives for Environmental Valuation. London: Routledge; 2004. pp. 134-158\ufeff\ufeff'},{id:"B49",body:'Proctor W, Drechsler M. Deliberative multicriteria evaluation. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy. 2006;24:169-190\ufeff\ufeff'},{id:"B50",body:'Munda G. Multiple criteria decision analysis and sustainable development. In: Figueira J, Salvatore G, Ehrgott M, editors. Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: State of the Art Surveys. New York: Springer; 2005'},{id:"B51",body:'CLAIRE. Annex 1: The SuRF-UK Indicator Set for Sustainable Remediation Assessment. London; 2011'},{id:"B52",body:'Linkov I, Satterstrom FK, Kiker G, Batchelor C, Bridges T, Ferguson E. From comparative risk assessment to multi-criteria decision analysis and adaptive management: Recent developments and applications. Environmental Risk Management 2006;32:1072-1093. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.013'},{id:"B53",body:'Rosén L, Söderqvist T, Back PE, Soutukorva Å, Brodd P, Grahn L. Multicriteria analysis (MCA) for sustainable remediation at contaminated sites. Method development and examples. Swedish: Multikriterieanalys (MKA) för hållbar efterbehandling av förorenade områden. Metodutveckling och exempel. Sustainable Remediation Programme, Report 5891Stockholm: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency; 2009'},{id:"B54",body:'Rosén L, Back PE, Norrman J, Söderqvist T, Brinkhoff P, Volchko Y. Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) for sustainability appraisal of remedial alternatives. In: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Bioremediation and Sustainable Environmental Technologies. Jacksonville, Florida, USA; 2013'},{id:"B55",body:'Cadaster for Small Hydro Power Plants. “Energoprojekt” and the “Jaroslav Černi” Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Belgrade; 1987'},{id:"B56",body:'Law on the Ratification of the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (“Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia – International Agreements”, No. 102/2007)'},{id:"B57",body:'Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Register—Kiev Protocol. Kiev, Ukraine; 2003'},{id:"B58",body:'Chatterjee N, Bose G. Selection of vendors for wind farm under fuzzy MCDM environment. International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations. 2013;4:535-546. DOI: 10.5267/j.ijiec.2013.06.002'},{id:"B59",body:'Khadijah Wan I, Abdullah L. A new Environmental Performance Index using analytic hierarchy process: A case of ASEAN countries. Environmental Skeptics and Critics. 2012;1:39-47\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Boško Josimović",address:"bosko@iaus.ac.rs",affiliation:'
Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"5807",type:"book",title:"Recent Improvements of Power Plants Management and Technology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Improvements of Power Plants Management and Technology",slug:"recent-improvements-of-power-plants-management-and-technology",publishedDate:"July 13th 2017",bookSignature:"Aleksandar B. Nikolic and Zarko S. Janda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5807.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-953-51-3358-2",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3357-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4734-3",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:3,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"19724",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandar",middleName:"B",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"aleksandar-nikolic",fullName:"Aleksandar Nikolic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"151700",title:"Dr.",name:"Žarko",middleName:null,surname:"Janda",slug:"zarko-janda",fullName:"Žarko Janda"},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"803"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"56217",type:"chapter",title:"Introductory Chapter: Review of Current Research Trends in the Field of Power Plants",slug:"introductory-chapter-review-of-current-research-trends-in-the-field-of-power-plants",totalDownloads:1172,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Aleksandar B. Nikolic and Zarko S. Janda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19724",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandar",middleName:"B",surname:"Nikolic",fullName:"Aleksandar Nikolic",slug:"aleksandar-nikolic"}]},{id:"54655",type:"chapter",title:"Key Technical Performance Indicators for Power Plants",slug:"key-technical-performance-indicators-for-power-plants",totalDownloads:3322,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Simona Vasilica Oprea and Adela Bâra",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"139804",title:"Prof.",name:"Adela",middleName:null,surname:"Bara",fullName:"Adela Bara",slug:"adela-bara"},{id:"188586",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona Vasilica",middleName:null,surname:"Oprea",fullName:"Simona Vasilica Oprea",slug:"simona-vasilica-oprea"}]},{id:"55227",type:"chapter",title:"Predictive Maintenance Based on Control Charts Applied at Thermoelectric Power Plant",slug:"predictive-maintenance-based-on-control-charts-applied-at-thermoelectric-power-plant",totalDownloads:1555,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Emilija Kisić, Željko Đurović and Vera Petrović",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"71214",title:"Prof.",name:"Željko",middleName:null,surname:"Đurović",fullName:"Željko Đurović",slug:"zeljko-djurovic"},{id:"198641",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilija",middleName:null,surname:"Kisic",fullName:"Emilija Kisic",slug:"emilija-kisic"},{id:"198751",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",middleName:null,surname:"Petrovic",fullName:"Vera Petrovic",slug:"vera-petrovic"}]},{id:"54995",type:"chapter",title:"Model Development for Analysis of Steam Power Plant Reliability",slug:"model-development-for-analysis-of-steam-power-plant-reliability",totalDownloads:1393,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bernard Tonderayi Mangara",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"196898",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard Tonderayi",middleName:null,surname:"Mangara",fullName:"Bernard Tonderayi Mangara",slug:"bernard-tonderayi-mangara"}]},{id:"55841",type:"chapter",title:"Risk Assessment of NPP Safety in Case of Emergency Situations on Technology",slug:"risk-assessment-of-npp-safety-in-case-of-emergency-situations-on-technology",totalDownloads:1339,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Juraj Králik",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"139600",title:"Prof.",name:"Juraj",middleName:null,surname:"Králik",fullName:"Juraj Králik",slug:"juraj-kralik"}]},{id:"55229",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis of the Spatial Separation Effects of Thorium/Uranium Fuels in Block‐Type HTRs",slug:"analysis-of-the-spatial-separation-effects-of-thorium-uranium-fuels-in-block-type-htrs",totalDownloads:1279,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ming Ding and Jie Huang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"201457",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"Ming Ding",slug:"ming-ding"},{id:"201458",title:"Mr.",name:"Jie",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jie Huang",slug:"jie-huang"}]},{id:"55019",type:"chapter",title:"Spatial Aspects of Environmental Impact of Power Plants",slug:"spatial-aspects-of-environmental-impact-of-power-plants",totalDownloads:1313,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Boško Josimović and Saša Milijić",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"125578",title:"Dr.",name:"Bosko",middleName:null,surname:"Josimovic",fullName:"Bosko Josimovic",slug:"bosko-josimovic"},{id:"200736",title:"Dr.",name:"Sasa",middleName:null,surname:"Milijic",fullName:"Sasa Milijic",slug:"sasa-milijic"}]},{id:"54413",type:"chapter",title:"Scalable, Self‐Contained Sodium Metal Production Plant for a Hydrogen Fuel Clean Energy Cycle",slug:"scalable-self-contained-sodium-metal-production-plant-for-a-hydrogen-fuel-clean-energy-cycle",totalDownloads:1854,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alvin G. Stern",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"199190",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvin",middleName:null,surname:"Stern",fullName:"Alvin Stern",slug:"alvin-stern"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6332",title:"Thermal Power Plants",subtitle:"New Trends and Recent Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"616ffd286d75ca988abf59b408880a98",slug:"thermal-power-plants-new-trends-and-recent-developments",bookSignature:"Pawe? Madejski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179645",title:"Dr.",name:"Paweł",surname:"Madejski",slug:"pawel-madejski",fullName:"Paweł Madejski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"59649",title:"Introductory Chapter: New Trends and Recent Developments for Thermal Power Plants",slug:"introductory-chapter-new-trends-and-recent-developments-for-thermal-power-plants",signatures:"Paweł Madejski",authors:[{id:"179645",title:"Dr.",name:"Paweł",middleName:null,surname:"Madejski",fullName:"Paweł Madejski",slug:"pawel-madejski"}]},{id:"58563",title:"Analysis of Coal-Fired Power Unit Operation in Reduced Minimum Safe Load Regime",slug:"analysis-of-coal-fired-power-unit-operation-in-reduced-minimum-safe-load-regime",signatures:"Piotr Żymełka, Maciej Żyrkowski and Maciej Bujalski",authors:[{id:"226919",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Zyrkowski",fullName:"Maciej Zyrkowski",slug:"maciej-zyrkowski"},{id:"226920",title:"MSc.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Zymelka",fullName:"Piotr Zymelka",slug:"piotr-zymelka"},{id:"227184",title:"MSc.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Bujalski",fullName:"Maciej Bujalski",slug:"maciej-bujalski"}]},{id:"58753",title:"Detection of Malfunctions and Abnormal Working Conditions of a Coal Mill",slug:"detection-of-malfunctions-and-abnormal-working-conditions-of-a-coal-mill",signatures:"Teresa Kurek, Konrad Wojdan, Daniel Nabagło and Konrad Świrski",authors:[{id:"179942",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Nabagło",fullName:"Daniel Nabagło",slug:"daniel-nabaglo"},{id:"212957",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Kurek",fullName:"Teresa Kurek",slug:"teresa-kurek"},{id:"212961",title:"Dr.",name:"Konrad",middleName:null,surname:"Wojdan",fullName:"Konrad Wojdan",slug:"konrad-wojdan"},{id:"212962",title:"Prof.",name:"Konrad",middleName:null,surname:"Świrski",fullName:"Konrad Świrski",slug:"konrad-swirski"},{id:"212963",title:"MSc.",name:"Łukasz",middleName:null,surname:"Śladewski",fullName:"Łukasz Śladewski",slug:"lukasz-sladewski"}]},{id:"58917",title:"Numerical Modeling of Cyclic Creep-Fatigue Damage Development for Lifetime Assessment of Steam Turbine Components",slug:"numerical-modeling-of-cyclic-creep-fatigue-damage-development-for-lifetime-assessment-of-steam-turbi",signatures:"Mariusz Banaszkiewicz",authors:[{id:"224002",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Banaszkiewicz",fullName:"Mariusz Banaszkiewicz",slug:"mariusz-banaszkiewicz"}]},{id:"58739",title:"Ti Microholes Potential for Thermal Power Plants Application Punched by WC/Co Micropunch",slug:"ti-microholes-potential-for-thermal-power-plants-application-punched-by-wc-co-micropunch",signatures:"Kelvii Wei Guo and Hon Yuen Tam",authors:[{id:"144895",title:"Prof.",name:"Kw",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Kw Guo",slug:"kw-guo"}]},{id:"55178",title:"A Review on Supercritical Fluidization",slug:"a-review-on-supercritical-fluidization",signatures:"Youjun Lu, Liping Wei and Jikai Huang",authors:[{id:"11256",title:"Dr.",name:"Youjun",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Youjun Lu",slug:"youjun-lu"},{id:"201108",title:"Dr.",name:"Liping",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Liping Wei",slug:"liping-wei"},{id:"201109",title:"Dr.",name:"Jikai",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jikai Huang",slug:"jikai-huang"}]},{id:"54892",title:"Introductory Review on an Engineering Approach for Fast‐Bed Modeling in Mimic to Bubbling Bed Practice",slug:"introductory-review-on-an-engineering-approach-for-fast-bed-modeling-in-mimic-to-bubbling-bed-practi",signatures:"Ming‐Chuan Zhang and Chu Zhang",authors:[{id:"196301",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Ming-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Ming-Chuan Zhang",slug:"ming-chuan-zhang"},{id:"204621",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhu",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Zhu Zhang",slug:"zhu-zhang"}]},{id:"59411",title:"Economic Future of Concentrating Solar Power for Electricity Generation",slug:"economic-future-of-concentrating-solar-power-for-electricity-generation",signatures:"Enas Raafat Maamoun Shouman",authors:[{id:"222763",title:"Dr.",name:"Enas",middleName:null,surname:"Shouman",fullName:"Enas Shouman",slug:"enas-shouman"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6332",title:"Thermal Power Plants",subtitle:"New Trends and Recent Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"616ffd286d75ca988abf59b408880a98",slug:"thermal-power-plants-new-trends-and-recent-developments",bookSignature:"Pawe? Madejski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179645",title:"Dr.",name:"Paweł",surname:"Madejski",slug:"pawel-madejski",fullName:"Paweł Madejski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6838",title:"Power Plants in the Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e647d27dab23e014dd8881ac3d5931c",slug:"power-plants-in-the-industry",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6838.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"77297",title:"Corrosion: Favoured, Yet Undesirable - Its Kinetics and Thermodynamics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98545",slug:"corrosion-favoured-yet-undesirable-its-kinetics-and-thermodynamics",body:'
1. Introduction
Corrosion is a spontaneous disintegration of materials owing to their reactions with chemical constituents of the surroundings. Materials in this context may include metals, polymers and ceramics [1, 2]. However, corrosion is mostly used to refer to undesirable destruction of metals and alloys due to interactions with surrounding environment. The interactions or reactions as used here could be chemical or electrochemical in nature. More concisely, for the purpose of this chapter, corrosion would be described as chemical or electrochemical reaction between a metal and constituents of its environment. Emphasis will be placed on corrosion of metal in aqueous environments. Corrosion is a “favoured” process, requiring little or no energy input for its occurrence. Despite being naturally favoured, corrosion imposes a lot of economic strain, health and safety threat on human and society. It is a naturally favoured and an unavoidable process, yet, undesirable by man.
Corrosion is a way by which a metal assumes a low energy state, by combining with some other elements such as oxygen, hydrogen and sulphur. Metals are naturally not favoured to exist in free states. They are found in combined forms, often as ores. Pure metals are extracted from their respective ores with a lot of energy input. No wonder corrosion is also touted as “retro-extractive metallurgy” [3], as depicted in Eq. (1).
Corrosion of metals is essentially an electrochemical process. A metal could assume an immune, active or a passive state when exposed to the environment, depending on the nature of the metal and the environment [1]. An index of the possible state of a metal in an environment is its electrochemical/redox potential (Er). The half-cell equation for the reduction of a metal (M) could be written as:
Mn+aq+ne−⇌MsE=ErVoltsE2
Metals with highly positive Er are naturally immune to oxidation, examples include Au and Pt. Those with negative Er are active in the environment. Some of them may assume an active-passive state, depending on the nature of the environment and the properties of their corrosive products.
Understanding the thermodynamics and kinetics of metal corrosion would make corrosion science students to appreciate why corrosion occurs and how its rate could be mitigated. It would also help corrosion science tutors to lay a good foundation of the course for their students.
2. The fate of a metal in an environment
The behaviour of a metal upon exposure to an environment depends on the nature of the metal and the conditions of the environment. A metal exposed to a corrosive environment could behave in one of the following ways [1]:
Immune behaviour: the metal may be immune to an environment, such that it does not react in the environment. That is, the metal does not corrode. Such a metal is said to be thermodynamically stable in such an environment and would not undergo spontaneous corrosion. Metals with immune behaviour are very noble. They are un-reactive in virtually all environments. Examples include Au, Ag, Pt, and Pd.
Active behaviour: a metal is said to be of active behaviour in an environment when it reacts with the environment and thereby corrodes. If the environment is an aqueous solution, such a metal dissolves in solution and forms soluble non-protective corrosion products. Since the corrosion product is soluble and non-protective, the dissolution of such a metal is continuous. A metal with active behaviour suffers significant weight loss in an aggressive solution. Examples include Fe, Al, Zn, Mg, Cu etc. Activity of metals may vary with environmental conditions such as corrosive ions, immersion time, temperature, etc. In a recent study, Dong et al. [4] compared the corrosion rates of Zn, Fe and Mg in simulated physiological solutions and found that Mg exhibited the highest corrosion rate. The study also illustrates how corrosion rate could vary with immersion time.
Passive behaviour: a metal that exhibits passive behaviour might corrode at some instances but assume a non-responsive state over a period. Upon exposure to the corrosive environment, a metal with passive behaviour forms insoluble protective corrosion products, which cover the surface of the metal and shield it from further exposure to the corrosive environment. The protective film slows down further reaction with the environment. The films are usually more stable (less reactive) than the metals themselves. However, if the passive film is broken or dissolved, then the metal can revert to the active state, at which instance rapid dissolution of the metal could occur. In some cases, repassivation could follow the breakdown of passive film. Various factors could be responsible for passive film breakdown or instability. Among them are film thickness, nature of corrosive ions, pH, anodic potentials and so on. Feng et al. [5] observed that increased strain magnitude could also increase instability of passive film on carbon steel. A more detailed overview on the passivity of metals could be found in literature [6].
It is noteworthy that the behaviour of a metal depends on its “micro-environment”. The natural or real practical environments are characterized by variable factors. The conditions of the environment may change with time. There could be a change in the cell pH, fluid flow rate, and temperature. Some reactions in the environmental might also result in solid deposits. The actual environment to which a metal responds is the immediate local environment at or near its surface. It is this micro-environment that determines the behaviour of the metal. Though some metals exhibit nearly universal behaviour irrespective of the environmental conditions. Metals such as Au, Pt and Ag typically exhibit noble or immune behaviour regardless of the environment, while metals like Na, K and Mg are generally active in nearly all aqueous environments. Metals likes titanium and tantalum assume passive state in a wide range of aqueous environments, though reactive in some other environments. Aluminium and zinc are very reactive metals and often exhibit active behaviour. However, they form stable protective passive films in some environments. The behaviour of such metals could be described as “active-passive” – active in some environments at some instances, and sometimes passive. The subsequent passivity is due to the change in the local environment at the surface of the metal, being occupied by the insoluble passive corrosion products.
Active-passive behaviour of iron in nitric acid was first observed in 1790 by Keir [7]. The thickness of passive films may vary with environmental conditions. Susceptibility of the film to breakdown also depends on the thickness [6]. Sato et al. [8] also reported that the composition and thickness of passive films on iron immersed a borate solution could change with change in potentials. Luo et al. [9] observed that alloy 59 (a Ni-Cr-Mo alloy with the least Fe content and highest Cr-Mo content) develops thicker passive film in air than sulphuric acid solution, and the constituents of the film vary in the two environments.
3. Corrosion: thermodynamic driving force
As pointed out earlier, corrosion of a metal is a spontaneous process. A metal in its pure state has a considerably higher energy than its corresponding ore. Metal corrodes in an attempt to minimize its energy, while assuming a more stable state. Corrosion is therefore a means of energy minimization as a metal tends to return to its combined form in which it exists naturally. A basic illustration of this energy minimization is the exothermic nature of the formation of metal oxides, sulphides and hydroxides (Table 1). Formation of hematite (the world most important ore of iron) is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of energy (825.50 kJ/mol). Meanwhile, the relative energy of a free Fe atom is 0 kJ/mol. The same applies to other metals and their minerals.
3.1 Corrosion: electrochemical cell and electrode potential
Corrosion of metals is essentially an electrochemical process, involving both anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction reactions. A micro-electrochemical cell is established on the surface of a corroding metal. Perhaps for the sake of emphasis, electrochemical corrosion cell is a galvanic (or voltaic) cell. The progress of corrosion reaction is accompanied by flow of electric current (i), which has to do with movement of an electric charge across a potential difference. A corroding metal in an aqueous solution sets up a galvanic cell system comprising the metal (M) in contact with its metal ion (Mn+) such that an equilibrium is established. The site on the metal surface where dissolution of metal into its ion occurs is the anodic site. The cathodic site is set up not far from the anodic site. Each site constitutes a half-electrode reaction system, making up two half-cells, like that of a galvanic cell. The difference between the electrode potentials of the two half-cells can be expressed as:
Ecell=Ecathode–EanodeE3
In Eq. (3), both Ecathode and Eanode are reduction potentials. Since we are considering corrosion, the Ecell is equivalent to the corrosion potential, Ecorr. For a spontaneous cell reaction as we have in corrosion, Eanode is always more negative than Ecathode, such that Ecell is always positive.
For a typical case of iron (Fe) corroding in an aerated aqueous solution as:
Fes+H2Ol+½O2⇌FeOH2gE4
The half-cell reactions equations can be expressed as:
Anode:Fes⇌Fe2+aq+2e−E0ox=+0.409VE5
Cathode:½O2g+H2Ol+2e−⇌2OH−aqE0red=+0.20VE6
In this case, Ecell = (0.2 + 0.409) V = 0.609 V. The more positive the Ecell, the more feasible the corrosion of the metal. Practically, the Ecell or Ecorr is measured using a potentiostat. In such measurements, a half-cell must be chosen as a reference, e.g. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). Electrode potential for SHE is set at 0 V (EH+/H2). The electrode is made up of 1 M hydrogen ion (H+) and hydrogen gas (H2) at 1 atm, supported with a platinum plate. When coupled with an half-cell of unknown E, the cell potential recorded by the potentiometer is the electrode potential of the system with unknown E.
Potentiostats with three-electrode system are often used to measure electrochemical corrosion parameters. The three-electrode system consists of the working electrode, WE (the metal or alloy whose corrosion is being studied), reference electrode, RE (against which the corrosion potential of the metal/alloy is measured), and auxiliary/counter electrode, CE, which supports or protects the reference electrode against passage of current. Commonly used reference electrodes include calomel electrode, which composed of Hg/Hg2Cl2, sat’d. KCl, and silver-silver chloride electrode (Ag/AgCl, sat’d KCl). The latter is mostly used because of its relatively cheap cost and less toxicity compared to the mercury-based electrode.
Electrode potentials depend on concentrations of the species and temperature. Under the standard conditions of 25°C and 1 M concentration or 1 atm pressure of the species, it is referred to as the standard electrode potential. The standard electrode potentials (standard reduction potentials), E0 for some species are listed in Table 2. The dependence of electrode potentials on concentrations of the species and temperature is expressed in the form of the Nernst equation, whose general form is:
Minerals or Ores
Constituent metal oxide, hydroxide or Sulphide
∆Hf (kJ/mol)
Hematite
Fe2O3
−825.50
Bauxite
Al2O3
−1675.69
Zincite
ZnO
−350.46
Sphalerite
ZnS
−206.00
Brucite
Mg(OH)2
−924.66
Chalcocite
Cu2S
−79.50
Table 1.
Minerals or ores of some common metals, their chemical formulas and standard heats of formation.
Reduction half-reactions
E0red (V)
O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ O2 + H2O
2.07
H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2e− ⇌ 2 H2O
1.776
Au3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Au
1.68
PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2e− ⇌ Pb2+ + 2 H2O
1.467
Cl2 + 2 e− ⇌ 2 Cl−
1.3583
O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ 2 H2O
1.229
Pt2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Pt
1.20
H2O2 + 2e− ⇌ 2 OH-
0.88
Hg22+ + 2 e− ⇌ Hg
0.7961
Cu+ + e− ⇌ Cu
0.522
O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e− ⇌ 4 OH−
0.401
Cu2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cu
0.3402
2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ H2
0.000
Fe3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Fe
−0.036
Pb2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Pb
−0.1263
Sn2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Sn
−0.1364
Ni2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Ni
−0.23
Co2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Co
−0.28
Fe2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Fe
−0.409
Cr3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Cr
−0.74
Zn2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Zn
−0.7628
Mn2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Mn
−1.04
Al3+ + 3 e− ⇌ Al
−1.706
Mg2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Mg
−2.375
Na+ + e− ⇌ Na
−2.7109
K+ + e− ⇌ K
−2.924
Table 2.
Standard half-cell reduction potentials for reactions.
Er=Er0−RTnFlnredoxiE7
where n is the number of electrons transferred in the redox reaction, F is the Faraday constant, R is the gas constant and T is absolute temperature; [red] and [oxi] are the concentrations of the reduced and oxidized species, respectively.
3.2 Gibb’s free energy and electrode potentials
Corrosion is characterized by lowering of Gibb’s free energy or increasing electrochemical cell potential. For a corroding metal, a micro-electrochemical cell is created on the surface. The progress of metal corrosion is proportional to flow of current in the electrochemical cell. Thermodynamic parameters can be expressed for electrochemical systems. Since corrosion of metals is a constant pressure process, the Gibb’s free energy (∆G) is a good thermodynamic parameter for predicting its spontaneity. A spontaneous reaction is accompanied by energy minimization, which implies a negative ∆G, while a positive ∆G connotes non-spontaneous process. A non-spontaneous reaction requires energy input to proceed. For a system at equilibrium, ∆G = 0. Corrosion being a spontaneous process has a negative ∆G. Thermodynamic favourability of metal corrosion could readily be predicted from the electrode potentials of the metal concerned. The change in Gibb’s free energy (∆G) per mole of an electrochemically reacting species is related to the electrode potentials as:
∆G=−nFEE8
where n is the valence of the species (number of electrons transferred), F is the Faraday’s constant (1 F = 96,485 C) and E is the electrode potential (Volts). For a typical case of anodic dissolution of iron as it oxidizes from Fe to Fe2+ by losing two electrons (Fe ⇌ Fe2+ + 2 e−); n = 2.
3.3 Impracticability of equilibrium electrochemical corrosion potentials
Corrosion involves both anodic and cathodic reactions. Each of these reactions is reversible and has associated electrode potential (E), which tends to attain an equilibrium value. At equilibrium, ∆G = E = 0. However, attainment of this value is impracticable.
Practically, a bare (an oxide-free) metal surface releases metal ion into an aqueous solution (dissolution), leaving negatively charged electrons on the surface. This leads to an increase in the potential difference between the metal and the solution. The electrode potential becomes more negative. For the anodic dissolution of a metal, M, the half-cell reaction equation could be written as:
M⇌Mn++ne−E9
A more negative potential tends to retard dissolution but promotes deposition, according to Eq. (8) (i.e. ∆G is more positive for a more negative E). Since the process is reversible, continuous dissolution and/or deposition might lead to a stable (reversible) potential, Er, which can be expressed in the form of Nernst Equation (for the reaction in Eq. (9)) as:
Er,Mn+/M=Er,Mn+/M0+RTnFlnaMn+E10
If a stable Er,Mn+/M is attained, dissolution would stop. However, in practice, Er,Mn+/M is never attained because electrons generated in Eq. (9) are always removed from the surface by the accompanied cathodic half-cell reaction, such as:
2H+aq+2e−⇌H2gE11
Or
½O2g+H2Ol+2e−⇌2OH−aqE12
in an acidic or basic medium respectively. The Nernst equation-type expressions for the reversible potential (Er) for the cathodic reactions in Eqs. (11) and (12) respectively are:
Er,H+/H2=Er,H+/H20−RTFlnPH212aH+E13
Er,O2/OH−=Er,O2/OH−0−RT4FlnaOH−4PO2E14
where Eqs. (13) and (14) correspond to stoichiometrically adjusted forms of Eqs. (11) and (12) by multiplying the coefficients by ½ and 2 respectively for reduction of 1 mole of H+ and O2.
If Er could be attained for reactions depicted by Eqs. (11) or (12), then Er would be attained in Eq. (10). However, Er in Eq. (13) or (14) is never stable due to continuous discharge of H2 or consumption of O2. Hence, attainment of a stable Er,Mn+/M is practically impossible and corrosion of metal, M is continuous.
3.4 Corrosion tendency based on electrochemical potentials and pH
Thermodynamics of electrochemical corrosion could be described as a function of electrode potential and hydrogen ions concentration (pH). This is often chatted as potential-pH diagram, popularly called the Pourbaix diagram, named after the original inventor. Pourbaix, a Belgium electrochemist and corrosion scientist invented the potential-pH diagram in 1963 for the description of thermodynamics of electrochemical corrosion. Pourbaix diagrams provide theoretical description of stability of a phase of metal/electrolyte system at a particular pH and potential. It is a kind of phase equilibrium diagram, though with different axes parameters compared to thermodynamics phase equilibrium diagram. Potential-pH diagram is often plotted at 25°C, 1 atm, and 10−6 M concentration of the ionic species. A typical Pourbaix plot comprises the redox potential on the vertical axis and the pH on the horizontal axis. Potential-pH diagram for iron in aqueous environment is shown in Figure 1. The diagram clearly shows the stable and passive regions for iron, based on the combination of potential and pH. At the very top of the diagram is corrosive region, where the potential is highly positive (above 1.8 V). At this region, iron would corrode at any combination of potential and pH. The region marked immunity at the lower portion of the diagram indicates the area where iron does not corrode. This region spans over a wide range of pH, and a limited range of highly negative potentials. Within this region, iron is immune to corrosion at various combinations of potentials and pH. In-between the two extreme top and bottom regions are regions where corrosion and/or passivity could occur, depending on the operating potentials and pH. The region marked “corrosion” between lines 1 and 2 covers a large area compared to the one at lower right-hand side. This implies that corrosion of iron at intermediate potentials between −500 mV and 1000 mV would progress more favourably in acidic pH than neutral and alkaline pH. At moderately positive potentials and neutral or alkaline pH, iron forms passive oxide film on the surface, which blocks further corrosion.
Figure 1.
Potential-pH diagram for iron in aqueous medium [10].
Pourbaix diagram could be used as a route to first principle corrosion simulation [11], a model for optimizing corrosiveness of a medium and designing materials with desired corrosion resistance. In a recent study, Nave and Kornev [12] constructed and applied 3D Pourbaix profile to establish the conditions for thermodynamic stability of tungsten-based compounds and describe the anodic dissolution of tungsten in aqueous solutions of potassium hydroxide. Beyond pure metals, Pourbaix profiles for multielement system such as Ni-Ti alloys having different ratios of the element have been proposed [13]. In an effort to overcome the challenges associated with developing Pourbaix profiles for complex compounds, a recent study by Patel et al. [14] introduced a more robust algorithm for modelling Pourbaix diagram for multicomponent materials.
4. Corrosion kinetics
Having discussed the propensity of metals to corrode, it is important to also highlight the rate at which metals corrode and mechanisms of corrosion reactions.
4.1 Corrosion rate
In a general term, corrosion rate (CR) refers to the amount of metal loss to corrosion per unit time. The rate at which a metal corrodes can be monitored by various methods. This also determines the kind of CR expression and units. Both the methods and expression (together with units) are in turn dependent on the technical system and type of corrosion being investigated. These methods may be classified as chemical, electrochemical, spectroscopic, and surface analysis based methods. Basically, corrosion rate (CR) may be monitored by measuring any parameter that changes as corrosion reactions occur. For example:
monitoring the change in weight of the metal upon corrosion (weight loss measurements);
pressure of gas evolved (e.g. monitoring the H2 gas evolution level);
change in temperature upon corrosion reactions (thermometric measurement);
spectroscopic analysis of amount of metal that goes into solution upon corrosion (e.g. AAS analysis of Fe in solution);
amount of current that flows in the system (electrochemical measurements).
Each of these methods have associated merits and demerits. Corrosion rate may expressed as weight-loss of a metal per unit time per unit area according to the equation:
CR=∆wAtE15
where ∆w is the weight difference of the metallic block or plate at a set time interval (exposure time), t, and A is the exposed area of the metal. Being an analytical measurement, the ideal practice is to conduct repetitive measurements of ∆w and utilize the average value in Eq. (15). This measurement is mainly applicable to general or uniform corrosion. However, it is the most used measurement of corrosion rate. For corrosion systems in which the metal/environment composition vary significantly with time and non-uniformity over the sites on corroding surface, measurement of CR using Eq. (15) may be deficient. The results of such measurements must at least be supported with additional information such as the type of corrosion, dependence of corrosion rate on time and other relevant factors that prevail during the experiment. Eq. (15) is the simplest form of such expression, for which the units of ∆w (g or nearest mg), A (nearest cm2), and t (nearest h) would give the units of CR as gcm−2 h−1 or mgcm−2 h−1. These units may not be applicable in reporting CR in some other technical reports, for example, if CR is to be expressed in the form of penetration rate (depth per unit time).
In an electrochemical experiment, corrosion rate could be measured as corrosion current density, in the form of corrosion current (mA) per unit area (cm2) of corroding metal, i.e. mAcm−2. Conversion factors from one CR unit to another are listed in Table 3.
n = number of electrons freed by the corrosion reaction
M = atomic mass
d = density
e.g.: 1 mA cm−2 = (3.28 M/nd) mm y−1 = (129 M/nd) mpy = (8.95 M/n) g m−2 day−1
4.2 Factors affecting corrosion rate
Besides basic requirements for electrochemical corrosion to occur, which include the presence of anodic and cathodic sites, electrolyte and connectivity between the sites (to promote ionic conduction), there are secondary factors that affect corrosion rate. These factors are briefly discussed as follow.
Concentrations of dissolved oxygen (i.e. oxygen and oxidizers): corrosion rate and mechanism could be affected by the amount of dissolved oxygen. This is because, both anodic dissolution of metal and cathodic reactions are oxygen dependent. Generally, the higher the concentration of dissolved oxygen the higher the corrosion rate. Since anodic dissolution is an oxidation reaction, increased oxygen content in the microenvironment would increase the rate of metal oxidation. More so, when oxygen reduction predominates the cathodic reaction, dissolved oxygen increases the rate of cathodic reaction, which in turn speeds up the anodic reaction for charge balancing purpose. In other words, the rate of metal dissolution is directly proportional to the rate of oxygen reduction. A limited oxygen reduction or dissolved oxygen would lead to a decrease in metal dissolution and overall corrosion rate. Hydroxide and oxide deposits and protective film reduce the rate of oxygen diffusion onto the metal surface. They also tend to prevent conduction of metal ions from metal-oxide interface to oxide-liquid interface. Hence, they reduce corrosion rate, usually by passivation.
Concentration of dissolved salts: dissolved salt increases conductivity of an electrolyte system. Since a requirement for corrosion to progress in ion mobility, increase in conductivity of the electrolyte due to dissolved salt increase corrosion rate. Generally, corrosion rates tend to increase when water conductivity increases. For this reason, corrosion rate is higher in saline water than freshwater. The corrosion rate in seawater is a function of numerous mutually dependent factors. However, according to Kirk and Pikul (1990) [16], if salinity exceeds 3%, water corrosivity decreases. This is due to decrease in oxygen solubility is in water with > 3% salinity, as posited by Weiss (1970) [17].
Temperature and pressure: Generally, temperature increases the rate of metal corrosion, so does pressure. Just like every other electrochemical reactions, increase in temperature increases fluid flow and ionic mobility. Temperature can also affect scale formation and gas fugacity, which indirectly affect corrosion rate. Most corrosion models are accurate only within prescribed temperature ranges. For corrosive involving gases such as CO2 and H2S increase in operating pressure could increase the partial pressure of the corrosive gases. It should be noted that the reduction potential of the metal is dependent on fugacity of the gases present, according to the Nernst Equation. The dependence of corrosion rate (CR) on temperature could be expressed in the form of Arrhenius equation as:
CR=Aex(−Ea/RT)E16
where A is the pre-exponential factor, Ea is the activation energy, R is the gas constant and T is temperature.
Associated fluid dynamics: increase in fluid flow rate increases the rate of metal loss. Fluid flow rate the reason for the particular type of corrosion, the “Flow-Accelerated Corrosion”. Accelerated fluid drives corrosive ions to the reactive sites faster than a stagnant or unstirred solution. Fluid flow also has mechanical effects on passive films or deposits by driving them out of site, exposing the metal surface to direct attack of corrosive ions. Flow-accelerated corrosion is usually found at high flow rates around pipe/tube blockages, tube inlet ends, or in pump impellers.
Concentration of corrosive electrolyte: generally the higher the concentration of corrosive electrolyte the higher the rate of metal corrosion. Though, change in concentration of corrosive electrolyte often lead to change in pH of the medium, which can affect corrosion rate and mechanism in different ways.
pH of the medium: this affects the kind of reactions that take place at the cathode. For instance, in acidic pH, hydrogen ion reduction/hydrogen gas evolution predominates at the cathode. Oxygen reduction could also occur if the medium is aerated. Oxygen reduction is the primary cathodic reaction in neutral/basic solutions.
4.3 Corrosion mechanism
Corrosion, like many other chemical reactions usually involve more than one definable step. Interests often lie in the slowest step. Electrochemical corrosion involves release of ions and movement of electrons. Corrosion requires presence and movement of ions and electrons. A typical mechanism of corrosion of Fe in acidic medium is:
Fes⇌Fe2+aq+2e−Anodic dissolution of metalE17
2H+aq+2e−⇌H2gCathodic reaction–H2gasevolutionE18
The process is often more complex such that, metal ions may go into solution as complexes or even; precipitate as hydroxides, oxides, sulphides etc.
Electrochemical corrosion mechanism of an active metal in an aqueous environment can be expressed generally as [18]:
Ms⇌Mm+aq+me−E19
mH+aq+me−⇌m/2H2gE20
Overall:Ms+mH+aq⇌Mm+aq+m/2H2gE21
In a deaerated acidic medium. Or.
Ms⇌Mm+aq+me−E22
mH2Ol+me−⇌mOH−aq+m/2H2gE23
Overall:Ms+mH2Ol⇌Mm+aq+mOH−aq+m/2H2gE24
In a deaerated neutral/basic medium.
In an aerated environment, oxygen plays a prominent role in the reaction and the mechanisms look like [18]:
As contained in the previous sections, whether a material would corrode or not depends on a number of factors. The extent and rate of corrosion also varies, depending on the nature of the metal or alloy, corrosive medium, pH, temperature and so on. While it may be difficult to “work against nature”, to completely stop metal corrosion, several methods of abating corrosion damage have been identified. Most of these methods reduce corrosion rate, rather than “inverting” the thermodynamics. Although, thermodynamic susceptibility might be influenced in some instances. Choosing a suitable corrosion control method requires proper understanding of corrosion type and mechanism. No particular method had been adjudged universally effective to mitigate all forms of corrosion. Common corrosion control methods are highlighted below.
Material selection: this method entails careful selection of metal or alloy that is immune to corrosion in an environment. While this sounds as a good idea, such materials do not often possess the desired mechanical properties for prospective technological design. Besides, using such materials for engineering purposes could be very expensive. In other words, striking a balance between material cost, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance is not a straightforward task.
Engineering design: careful structural design might reduce or eliminate certain forms of corrosion. A design that eliminate accumulation of water on metal surface might reduce the rate of top-of-line corrosion (TLC), which is greatly associated with water accumulation [19]. Crevice corrosion could be minimized if engineering design minimizes stagnation of fluids and adopts welded rather than bolted joint. Design that eliminates or reduces turbulence flow could reduce the rate of erosion corrosion [20]. The major limitation to using engineering design to control corrosion is that the choice of a design might not meet other important criteria of the structure, aside reducing corrosion propensity of the material. A wrong design might be costly and yet not suitable for optimum application of the structure [21, 22].
Cathodic and anodic protection: electrochemical potentials of a metal could be modified to suppress cathodic or anodic corrosion by shifting the potential cathodically or anodically, respectively. This could be achieved via impressed current system [23]. Cathodic shift increases the immunity of the metal by reducing electron uptake for the cathodic reaction [24]. A more positive or anodic shift of the potential increases the passivity behaviour of the metal [22, 25]. The use of sacrificial materials known as sacrificial anode/cathode is also a known practice. A more active metal (sacrificial anode) could be used to protect a metal of interest. Parthiban et al. [26] reported the use of magnesium alloy anode for the cathodic protection of steel embedded in concrete. It was observed that the mechanism of cathodic protection with the sacrificial anode could be correlated to the removal of corrosive ions such as chloride from the vicinity of steel.
Protective coatings: organic or inorganic coatings are often used to protect the surface of active metals. Such coatings could serve as barrier protection and/or chemical inhibition. Besides corrosion mitigation, special coating materials could provide aesthetic functions, improving the surface appearance of the metal [27]. An extensive review on protective coating on magnesium alloy is available in literature [28].
Corrosion inhibitors: chemical substances could be added to corrosive solution in trace quantities to reduce corrosion rate of metal. These additives, which often reduce the rate of metal corrosion by adsorbing as thin film on metallic surface are called corrosion inhibitors. Several corrosion inhibitors have been designed. Notable among them are benzotriazole (a popular inhibitor of copper corrosion) [29], quinoxalines [30, 31, 32], benzimidazoles [33], pyrimidines [34, 35], pyridazines [36], hydantoins [37], ionic liquids [38] and so on. Most organic corrosion inhibitors contain heteroatoms and pi-electron systems that aid adsorption of their molecules onto active sites on the metal surface. There are also inorganic inhibitors such as salts of zinc, copper, nickel, and arsenic. Earlier efficient inorganic corrosion inhibitors are chromate based, but their use have been discouraged due to their high toxicity.
\n',keywords:"corrosion, metallurgy, spontaneity, passivity, electrochemical",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/77297.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/77297.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77297",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77297",totalDownloads:135,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"March 3rd 2021",dateReviewed:"May 24th 2021",datePrePublished:"August 20th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"June 24th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This chapter describes the fundamentals of metal corrosion in relation to thermodynamics and kinetics. The chapter is so titled, because corrosion of metal is thermodynamically favourable. Moreover, it impacts negatively on economy and safety. Industries expend a substantial percentage of their budgets on corrosion control, and lose revenue due to corrosion damage. Effects of corrosion on industrial and public infrastructure cannot be overemphasized. Several accidents in the transportation and recreational industries have been linked to corrosion of metallic parts of respective gadgets. Some of these accidents are utterly catastrophic and fatal. Therefore, corrosion, albeit its thermodynamic favouability, is not desired by man. Metals corrode as a way of minimizing energy contents. Active metals are more stable in combined forms such as oxides, sulphides, and hydroxides, even though these forms are less useful to man. It appears the “price” to pay for extracting the pure forms of these metals from their ores is corrosion. This chapter presents fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics of metal corrosion, with emphasis on aqueous medium. It promises to serve as an introductory chapter for corrosion science students and as a concise material for tutors.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/77297",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/77297",signatures:"Lukman O. Olasunkanmi",book:{id:"10669",type:"book",title:"Corrosion: Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Corrosion: Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Fahmina Zafar, Dr. Anujit Ghosal and Dr. Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83968-606-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-605-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-607-8",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. The fate of a metal in an environment",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Corrosion: thermodynamic driving force",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Corrosion: electrochemical cell and electrode potential",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Gibb’s free energy and electrode potentials",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3 Impracticability of equilibrium electrochemical corrosion potentials",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.4 Corrosion tendency based on electrochemical potentials and pH",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"4. Corrosion kinetics",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.1 Corrosion rate",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.2 Factors affecting corrosion rate",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.3 Corrosion mechanism",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12",title:"5. Corrosion control methods",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Davis, J.R., Corrosion: Understanding the basics, ASM International, 2000.'},{id:"B2",body:'Terminology relating to corrosion and corrosion testing, American Society for Testing and Materials Designation G 15-99b (Revised), 2000.'},{id:"B3",body:'Fontana, M.G., Corrosion Engineering, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1986.'},{id:"B4",body:'Dong, H., Lin, F., Boccaccini, A.R. and Virtanen, S. (2021). Corrosion behavior of biodegradable metals in two different simulated physiological solutions: Comparison of Mg, Zn and Fe. Corrosion Science, 182, 109278.'},{id:"B5",body:'Feng, X., Zuo, Y., Tang, Y., Zhao, X. and Zhao, J. (2012). The influence of strain on the passive behavior of carbon steel in cement extract. Corrosion Science, 65, 542–548.'},{id:"B6",body:'Sato N. (1990). An overview of the passivity of metals. Corrosion Science, 3 (I), 1–19.'},{id:"B7",body:'Keir, J. (1790). Experiments and observations on the dissolution of metals in acids and their precipitations; with an account of a new compound acid menftruum, useful in fume technical operations of parting metals. Phil. Trans., 80, 359.'},{id:"B8",body:'Sato, N., Kudo, K. and Nishimura, R. (1976). Depth Analysis of Passive Films on Iron in Neutral Borate Solution. J. Electrochem. Soc.,123 1419.'},{id:"B9",body:'Luo, H., Gao, S., Dong, C., Li, X. (2014). Characterization of electrochemical and passive behaviour of Alloy 59 in acid solution. Electrochimica Acta, 135, 412–419.'},{id:"B10",body:'Ahmad, Z. (2006). Basic concepts in corrosion, in principles of corrosion engineering and corrosion control, 9–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-075065924-6/50003-9.'},{id:"B11",body:'Perry, S.C., Gateman, S.M., Stephens, L.I., Lacasse, R., Schulz, R. and Mauzeroll, J. (2019). Pourbaix diagrams as a simple route to first principles corrosion simulation Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 166 (11) C3186-C3192.'},{id:"B12",body:'Nave, M.I. and Kornev, K.G. (2017). Complexity of products of tungsten corrosion: comparison of the 3D Pourbaix diagrams with the experimental data. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 48A, 1414.'},{id:"B13",body:'Ding, R., Shang, J.X., Wang, F.H., Chen. Y. (2018). Electrochemical Pourbaix diagrams of NiATi alloys from first-principles calculations and experimental aqueous states. Computational Materials Science, 143, 431–438.'},{id:"B14",body:'Patel, A.M., Nørskov, J.K., Persson, K.A. and Montoya, J.H. (2019). Efficient Pourbaix diagrams of many-element compounds. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 21, 25323'},{id:"B15",body:'https://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Principles/Conversion.htm. Retrieved on 22nd April, 2021.'},{id:"B16",body:'Kirk, W. W., and Pikul, S. J. (1990). Seawater corrosivity around the world: results from three years of testing. In: C. H. Baloun (Ed.), Corrosion in Natural Waters (pp. 2–36). Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials.'},{id:"B17",body:'Weiss R.F. The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in water and seawater. Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts. 1970;17(4):721–735. doi: 10.1016/0011-7471(70)90037-9'},{id:"B18",body:'Stanbury E. E. and Buchanan R.A. (2000). Fundamentals of Electrochemical Corrosion: ASM International, p 22 http://site.ebrary.com/id/10320341?ppg=22'},{id:"B19",body:'Larrey, D. and Gunaltun, Y.M. (2000). Correlation of cases of top of line corrosion with calculated water condensation rates, NACE International.'},{id:"B20",body:'Vyas, B. and Hansson, I.L. (1990). The cavitation erosion-corrosion of stainless steel. Corrosion science, 30, 761–770.'},{id:"B21",body:'Locke, C.E. (1987). Anodic protection. In: ASM handbook. ASM International, 13, 463–465.'},{id:"B22",body:'Riggs, O.L. and Locke, C.E. (1981). Anodic protection: theory and practice in the prevention of corrosion. Plenum Press.'},{id:"B23",body:'C. Christodoulou, C., Glass, G., Webb, J., Austin, S., and Goodier, C. (2010). Assessing the long term benefits of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection. Corrosion Science 52, 2671–2679.'},{id:"B24",body:'Morgan, J.H. (1987). Cathodic protection. 2nd Ed., NACE International.'},{id:"B25",body:'Benedict, R.I. (1986). Anode resistance fundamentals and applications – classic paper and reviews. NACE International.'},{id:"B26",body:'Parthiban, G.T., Parthiban, T., Ravi, R., Saraswathy, V., Palaniswamy, N. and Sivan, V. (2008). Cathodic protection of steel in concrete using magnesium alloy anode Corrosion Science, 50, 3329–3335.'},{id:"B27",body:'Edwards, J. (1997). Coating and surface treatment systems for metals: A comprehensive guide to selection. Finishing Publication Ltd. and ASM International.'},{id:"B28",body:'Gray, J.E. and Luan, B. (2002). Protective coatings on magnesium and its alloys — a critical review. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 336 (1–2), 88–113.'},{id:"B29",body:'Walker, R. (1970), “The use of benzotriazole as a corrosion inhibitor for copper”, Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, 17 (9), 9–15. https://0-doi-org.ujlink.uj.ac.za/10.1108/eb006791.'},{id:"B30",body:'Olasunkanmi, L.O., Kabanda, M.M. and Ebenso, E.E. (2016). Quinoxaline derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium: Electrochemical and quantum chemical studies. Physica E, 76, 109–126.'},{id:"B31",body:'Olasunkanmi, L.O., Obot, I.B., Kabanda, M.M. and Ebenso, E.E. (2015). Some Quinoxalin-6-yl Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. J. Phys. Chem. C, 119, 16004–16019.'},{id:"B32",body:'Olasunkanmi, L.O. and Ebenso, E.E. (2020). Experimental and computational studies on propanone derivatives of quinoxalin-6-yl-4,5-dihydropyrazole as inhibitors of mild steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 561, 104–116.'},{id:"B33",body:'Yadav, M., Kumar, S., Purkait, T., Olasunkanmi, L.O., Bahadur, I. and Ebenso, E.E. (2016). Electrochemical, thermodynamic and quantum chemical studies of synthesized benzimidazole derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for N80 steel in hydrochloric acid. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 213, 122–138.'},{id:"B34",body:'Verma, C., Olasunkanmi, L.O., Ebenso, E.E. and Quraishi, M.A. (2018). Adsorption characteristics of green 5-arylaminomethylene pyrimidine-2,4,6-triones on mild steel surface in acidic medium: Experimental and computational approach. Results in Physics, 8, 657–670.'},{id:"B35",body:'Verma, C., Olasunkanmi, L.O., Ebenso, E.E. and Quraishi, M.A. (2016). Adsorption behavior of glucosamine-based, pyrimidine-fused heterocycles as green corrosion inhibitors for mild steel: experimental and theoretical studies. J. Phys. Chem. C, 120, 11598–11611.'},{id:"B36",body:'Olasunkanmi, L.O., Mashuga, M.E. and Ebenso, E.E. (2018). Surface protection activities of some 6-substituted 3-chloropyridazine derivatives for mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid: Experimental and theoretical studies. Surfaces and Interfaces, 12, 8–19.'},{id:"B37",body:'Olasunkanmi, L.O., Moloto, B.P., Obot, I.B., and Ebenso, E.E. (2018). Anticorrosion studies of some hydantoin derivatives for mild steel in 0.5 M HCl solution: Experimental, quantum chemical, Monte Carlo simulations and QSAR studies Journal of Molecular Liquids 252, 62–74.'},{id:"B38",body:'Yesudass, S., Olasunkanmi, L.O., Bahadur, I., Kabanda, M.M., Obot, I.B. and Ebenso, E.E. (2016). Experimental and theoretical studies on some selected ionic liquids with different cations/anions as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in acidic medium. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 64,252–268.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Lukman O. Olasunkanmi",address:"waleolasunkanmi@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10669",type:"book",title:"Corrosion: Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Corrosion: Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Fahmina Zafar, Dr. Anujit Ghosal and Dr. Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83968-606-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-605-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-607-8",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"21736",title:"Dr.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Vratarić",email:"marija.vrataric@poljinos.hr",fullName:"Marija Vratarić",slug:"marija-vrataric",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"14930",title:"Genetic Improvement: Molecular-Based Strategies",slug:"genetic-improvement-molecular-based-strategies",abstract:null,signatures:"Aleksandra Sudarić, Marija Vratarić, Snežana Mladenović Drinić, and Zvonimir Zdunić",authors:[{id:"21485",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandra",surname:"Sudarić",fullName:"Aleksandra Sudarić",slug:"aleksandra-sudaric",email:"aleksandra.sudaric@poljinos.hr"},{id:"21736",title:"Dr.",name:"Marija",surname:"Vratarić",fullName:"Marija Vratarić",slug:"marija-vrataric",email:"marija.vrataric@poljinos.hr"},{id:"21737",title:"Dr.",name:"Snežana",surname:"Mladenović Drinić",fullName:"Snežana Mladenović Drinić",slug:"snezana-mladenovic-drinic",email:"msnezana@mrizp.rs"},{id:"21738",title:"Dr.",name:"Zvonimir",surname:"Zdunić",fullName:"Zvonimir Zdunić",slug:"zvonimir-zdunic",email:"zvonimir.zdunic@poljinios.hr"}],book:{id:"1484",title:"Soybean",slug:"soybean-molecular-aspects-of-breeding",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"17679",title:"Dr.",name:"Guo-Hua",surname:"Hu",slug:"guo-hua-hu",fullName:"Guo-Hua Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"17680",title:"PhD.",name:"Jialin",surname:"Wang",slug:"jialin-wang",fullName:"Jialin Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"18191",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobuyuki",surname:"Yoshikawa",slug:"nobuyuki-yoshikawa",fullName:"Nobuyuki Yoshikawa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"19743",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth J.",surname:"Piller",slug:"kenneth-j.-piller",fullName:"Kenneth J. Piller",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20579",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth L.",surname:"Bost",slug:"kenneth-l.-bost",fullName:"Kenneth L. Bost",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"21453",title:"Dr.",name:"Noriko",surname:"Yamagishi",slug:"noriko-yamagishi",fullName:"Noriko Yamagishi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"21485",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandra",surname:"Sudarić",slug:"aleksandra-sudaric",fullName:"Aleksandra Sudarić",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/21485/images/system/21485.jpg",biography:"Dr. Aleksandra Sudarić was born in Osijek, Croatia. She received an MSc in Plant Genetics and Breeding in 1996 from the University of Zagreb and a PhD in Plant Breeding in 1999 from the University of Osijek. Dr. Sudarić is a senior research scientist at the Agricultural Institute Osijek (Croatia), Department for Breeding and Genetics of Industrial Plants where she studies the breeding and seed production of soybean. She is presently coordinator of the soybean breeding program at the Institute. In addition, she completed the training for application of DNA-based marker technology at the University of Guelph in Guelph (Canada). Her main research interests are in the genetic improvement of quantity and quality characteristics of soybean and soybean adaptation to mega-environments. Dr. Sudarić has authored more than 100 papers (scientific, professional, and popular), several book chapters, books, and manuscripts about soybean as well as developed twenty-six soybean varieties.",institutionString:"Agricultural Institute Osijek",institution:{name:"Agricultural Institute Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"21737",title:"Dr.",name:"Snežana",surname:"Mladenović Drinić",slug:"snezana-mladenovic-drinic",fullName:"Snežana Mladenović Drinić",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"21738",title:"Dr.",name:"Zvonimir",surname:"Zdunić",slug:"zvonimir-zdunic",fullName:"Zvonimir Zdunić",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"22101",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura C.",surname:"Hudson",slug:"laura-c.-hudson",fullName:"Laura C. Hudson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding",title:"Open Access Funding",intro:"
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\\n\\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\\n\\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\\n
\\n\\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\\n\\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5945},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17701}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133951},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"7,21,23"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11434",title:"Indigenous Populations - Perspectives From Scholars and Practitioners in Contemporary Times",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c0d1c1c93a36fd9d726445966316a373",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sylvanus Gbendazhi Barnabas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11434.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"293764",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvanus",surname:"Barnabas",slug:"sylvanus-barnabas",fullName:"Sylvanus Barnabas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11782",title:"Personality Traits - The Role in Psychopathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d3a491e5194cad4c59b900dd57a11842",slug:null,bookSignature:" Vladimir V. Kalinin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11782.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"31572",title:null,name:"Vladimir V.",surname:"Kalinin",slug:"vladimir-v.-kalinin",fullName:"Vladimir V. Kalinin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11601",title:"Econometrics - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc8ab49e2cf436c217a49ca8c12a22eb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian Sloboda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11601.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"452331",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sloboda",slug:"brian-sloboda",fullName:"Brian Sloboda"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12239",title:"Topics on Globalization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"43443244d8385c57f1424d5d37c91788",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Elsadig Musa Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12239.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"268621",title:"Prof.",name:"Elsadig",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"elsadig-ahmed",fullName:"Elsadig Ahmed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11779",title:"Non-government Organizations - New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c109a472a9e0ea8398ae95e2d21be039",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Vito Bobek and Dr. Tatjana Horvat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11779.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11444",title:"Happiness - Biopsychosocial and Anthropological Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa84e7fc3611e5428e070239dcf5a93f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Floriana Irtelli and Prof. Fabio Gabrielli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11444.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Habtamu Alem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11436",title:"Beauty - Evolutionary, Social and Cultural Perspectives on Attractiveness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8f2773e5d4ffe767f38dd15712258e8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Farid Pazhoohi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11436.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"470837",title:"Dr.",name:"Farid",surname:"Pazhoohi",slug:"farid-pazhoohi",fullName:"Farid Pazhoohi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11437",title:"Social Media - Risks and Opportunities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"000e31f2e2f7295805e9a3864158ad63",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shafizan Mohamed and Dr. Shazleen Mohamed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11437.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"302450",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shafizan",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"shafizan-mohamed",fullName:"Shafizan Mohamed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11443",title:"Empathy - Advanced Research and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4c1042dfe15aa9cea6019524c4cbff38",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Sara Ventura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11443.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"227763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",surname:"Ventura",slug:"sara-ventura",fullName:"Sara Ventura"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11769",title:"Multiculturalism and Interculturalism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6c4bda24f278d74f943f2155f13f4d73",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin, Dr. Tareque Aziz and Dr. Sreenivasan Jayashree",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11769.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12109",title:"Identifying Occupational Stress and Coping Strategies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"09a2f5fe50b90b20637b7aceccf1cfdd",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kavitha Palaniappan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12109.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311189",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavitha",surname:"Palaniappan",slug:"kavitha-palaniappan",fullName:"Kavitha Palaniappan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:26},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4422},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"742",title:"Energy and Fuels",slug:"energy-and-fuels",parent:{id:"116",title:"Electrical and Electronic Engineering",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:14,numberOfWosCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitations:28,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"742",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5079",title:"New Applications of Electric Drives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"41cca5e7591782ca334edd9dcaa0f97f",slug:"new-applications-of-electric-drives",bookSignature:"Miroslav Chomat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5079.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17405",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Chomat",slug:"miroslav-chomat",fullName:"Miroslav Chomat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"49259",doi:"10.5772/61506",title:"Electric Drives for Propulsion System of Transport Aircraft",slug:"electric-drives-for-propulsion-system-of-transport-aircraft",totalDownloads:5711,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"5079",slug:"new-applications-of-electric-drives",title:"New Applications of Electric Drives",fullTitle:"New Applications of Electric Drives"},signatures:"Clément Pornet",authors:[{id:"176396",title:"Mr.",name:"Clément",middleName:null,surname:"Pornet",slug:"clement-pornet",fullName:"Clément Pornet"}]},{id:"49272",doi:"10.5772/61609",title:"Battery Management System for Electric Drive Vehicles – Modeling, State Estimation and Balancing",slug:"battery-management-system-for-electric-drive-vehicles-modeling-state-estimation-and-balancing",totalDownloads:3648,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Electric-drive vehicles (EDVs) have drawn more and more attention worldwide. As one of the most important parts of EDVs, battery management systems (BMSs) manage the huge amount of battery cells in EDVs and assures their safety. To achieve these goals, researches in BMS, such as battery modeling, battery state estimation, and battery balancing have gained a new vigor. This chapter will review the existing researches and introduce several advances in these areas.",book:{id:"5079",slug:"new-applications-of-electric-drives",title:"New Applications of Electric Drives",fullTitle:"New Applications of Electric Drives"},signatures:"Jun Xu and Binggang Cao",authors:[{id:"176468",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"jun-xu",fullName:"Jun Xu"},{id:"176486",title:"Prof.",name:"Binggang",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"binggang-cao",fullName:"Binggang Cao"}]},{id:"49511",doi:"10.5772/61782",title:"Variable Frequency Drive Applications in HVAC Systems",slug:"variable-frequency-drive-applications-in-hvac-systems",totalDownloads:6659,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Building heating ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are designed to operate at the peak load, which only occurs in a very short period of time throughout the year. One of the most effective ways to improve building energy efficiency is to utilize the variable frequency drives (VFDs). They are widely used in the HVAC field, including fans, pumps, compressors, etc. In a VFD-equipped system, the VFD adjusts the speed of one or more motors based on the system load requirements and operation schedule, resulting in a dramatic cut in energy consumption.",book:{id:"5079",slug:"new-applications-of-electric-drives",title:"New Applications of Electric Drives",fullTitle:"New Applications of Electric Drives"},signatures:"Yunhua Li",authors:[{id:"176411",title:"Dr.",name:"Yunhua",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"yunhua-li",fullName:"Yunhua Li"}]},{id:"49461",doi:"10.5772/61415",title:"Modeling and Control Strategy for Hybrid Electrical Vehicle",slug:"modeling-and-control-strategy-for-hybrid-electrical-vehicle",totalDownloads:2289,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter reviews the developments and configurations of hybrid electrical vehicles. A classic model for a parallel hybrid electrical vehicle is chosen and modeled. Model predictive controllers and simulations for this vehicle model are applied to control the vehicle speed and power to check the ability of the system to handle the transitional period for the automatic clutch engagement from the electrical driving to the internal combustion engine (ICE) driving. The chapter produces potential model predictive control considerations to achieve the optimal real-time control actions subject to the vehicle physical constraints. The new system can be applied for electronic control units in real hybrid vehicle powertrains.",book:{id:"5079",slug:"new-applications-of-electric-drives",title:"New Applications of Electric Drives",fullTitle:"New Applications of Electric Drives"},signatures:"Vu Trieu Minh, Alina Sivitski, Mart Tamre and Igor Penkov",authors:[{id:"176331",title:"Prof.",name:"Vu",middleName:null,surname:"Trieu Minh",slug:"vu-trieu-minh",fullName:"Vu Trieu Minh"},{id:"177201",title:"Prof.",name:"Mart",middleName:null,surname:"Tamre",slug:"mart-tamre",fullName:"Mart Tamre"},{id:"177202",title:"Dr.",name:"Alina",middleName:null,surname:"Sivitski",slug:"alina-sivitski",fullName:"Alina Sivitski"},{id:"177203",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Penkov",slug:"igor-penkov",fullName:"Igor Penkov"}]},{id:"49509",doi:"10.5772/61793",title:"Electric-driven Zonal Hydraulics in Non-Road Mobile Machinery",slug:"electric-driven-zonal-hydraulics-in-non-road-mobile-machinery",totalDownloads:2506,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The goal of this research is to apply direct-driven hydraulics (DDH) to the concept of zonal (i.e., locally and operation-focused) hydraulics, which is an essential step in the hybridization and automation of machines. DDH itself aims to combine the best properties of electric and hydraulic technologies and will lead to increased productivity, minimized energy consumption and higher robust performance in both stationary and mobile machines operating in various environments. In the proposed setup, the speed and position control of a double-acting cylinder is implemented directly with an electric motor drive in a closed-loop system without conventional control valves and an oil tank. The selection of the location of the hydraulic accumulator and connection of the external leakage lines will also be part of this study. Simulations and experimental research to study the details of the hydromechanical and electrical realization of the DDH are performed.",book:{id:"5079",slug:"new-applications-of-electric-drives",title:"New Applications of Electric Drives",fullTitle:"New Applications of Electric Drives"},signatures:"Tatiana A. Minav, Jani E. Heikkinen and Matti Pietola",authors:[{id:"176561",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Minav",slug:"tatiana-minav",fullName:"Tatiana Minav"},{id:"176562",title:"Dr.",name:"Jani",middleName:null,surname:"Heikkinen",slug:"jani-heikkinen",fullName:"Jani Heikkinen"},{id:"176563",title:"Prof.",name:"Matti",middleName:null,surname:"Pietola",slug:"matti-pietola",fullName:"Matti Pietola"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"49511",title:"Variable Frequency Drive Applications in HVAC Systems",slug:"variable-frequency-drive-applications-in-hvac-systems",totalDownloads:6659,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Building heating ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are designed to operate at the peak load, which only occurs in a very short period of time throughout the year. One of the most effective ways to improve building energy efficiency is to utilize the variable frequency drives (VFDs). They are widely used in the HVAC field, including fans, pumps, compressors, etc. In a VFD-equipped system, the VFD adjusts the speed of one or more motors based on the system load requirements and operation schedule, resulting in a dramatic cut in energy consumption.",book:{id:"5079",slug:"new-applications-of-electric-drives",title:"New Applications of Electric Drives",fullTitle:"New Applications of Electric Drives"},signatures:"Yunhua Li",authors:[{id:"176411",title:"Dr.",name:"Yunhua",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"yunhua-li",fullName:"Yunhua Li"}]},{id:"49352",title:"Fault Diagnosis of Switched Reluctance Motors in Electrified Vehicle Applications",slug:"fault-diagnosis-of-switched-reluctance-motors-in-electrified-vehicle-applications",totalDownloads:2929,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) can reduce greenhouse gas emissions while switched reluctance motors (SRMs) are one promising motor technology for EVs. This chapter illustrates the fault diagnosis and fault tolerance operation of SRM-based EVs/HEVs, where high reliability is a vital factor involving human lives. Based on the traditional asymmetric half-bridge topology for SRM drives, the characteristics of switching devices upon open-circuit and short-circuit are analyzed, and the corresponding fault diagnosis methods are developed. In order to achieve fault tolerance operation, the central point of SRM stator winding is tapped to form a modular half-bridge configuration to provide fault diagnosis and fault tolerance functions. The fault diagnosis functions are set idle in normal conditions. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink and experimental results on a 150-W four-phase 8/6 SRM are used to validate the fault identification, and on a 750-W, three-phase 12/8 SRM are used to validate the fault tolerance operation of the proposed strategy, which may have significant implications for EV/HEV applications.",book:{id:"5079",slug:"new-applications-of-electric-drives",title:"New Applications of Electric Drives",fullTitle:"New Applications of Electric Drives"},signatures:"Yihua Hu, Chun Gan, Wenping Cao and Stephen Finney",authors:[{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao"}]},{id:"49509",title:"Electric-driven Zonal Hydraulics in Non-Road Mobile Machinery",slug:"electric-driven-zonal-hydraulics-in-non-road-mobile-machinery",totalDownloads:2506,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The goal of this research is to apply direct-driven hydraulics (DDH) to the concept of zonal (i.e., locally and operation-focused) hydraulics, which is an essential step in the hybridization and automation of machines. DDH itself aims to combine the best properties of electric and hydraulic technologies and will lead to increased productivity, minimized energy consumption and higher robust performance in both stationary and mobile machines operating in various environments. In the proposed setup, the speed and position control of a double-acting cylinder is implemented directly with an electric motor drive in a closed-loop system without conventional control valves and an oil tank. The selection of the location of the hydraulic accumulator and connection of the external leakage lines will also be part of this study. Simulations and experimental research to study the details of the hydromechanical and electrical realization of the DDH are performed.",book:{id:"5079",slug:"new-applications-of-electric-drives",title:"New Applications of Electric Drives",fullTitle:"New Applications of Electric Drives"},signatures:"Tatiana A. Minav, Jani E. Heikkinen and Matti Pietola",authors:[{id:"176561",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Minav",slug:"tatiana-minav",fullName:"Tatiana Minav"},{id:"176562",title:"Dr.",name:"Jani",middleName:null,surname:"Heikkinen",slug:"jani-heikkinen",fullName:"Jani Heikkinen"},{id:"176563",title:"Prof.",name:"Matti",middleName:null,surname:"Pietola",slug:"matti-pietola",fullName:"Matti Pietola"}]},{id:"49318",title:"Electric Drives in Alternative Fuel Vehicles — Some New Definitions and Methodologies",slug:"electric-drives-in-alternative-fuel-vehicles-some-new-definitions-and-methodologies",totalDownloads:2799,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter focuses on some new definitions and methodologies of electric drives that are facing new challenges raised by alternative fuel vehicles. It starts with the objectives, fundamentals, and current research issues of alternative fuel vehicles based electric drives, before moving on to new definitions of unified modeling of the entire electric drive system and design of the proposed DC active power filter aimed at energy storage system chaotic current elimination. Next, novel motor control strategies taking into account alternative fuel vehicle operations are presented for improvement of sensorless drive and flux weakening control performance. Finally, conclusions of this chapter are drawn.",book:{id:"5079",slug:"new-applications-of-electric-drives",title:"New Applications of Electric Drives",fullTitle:"New Applications of Electric Drives"},signatures:"Xi Zhang",authors:[{id:"176403",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Xi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"xi-zhang",fullName:"Xi Zhang"}]},{id:"49272",title:"Battery Management System for Electric Drive Vehicles – Modeling, State Estimation and Balancing",slug:"battery-management-system-for-electric-drive-vehicles-modeling-state-estimation-and-balancing",totalDownloads:3648,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Electric-drive vehicles (EDVs) have drawn more and more attention worldwide. As one of the most important parts of EDVs, battery management systems (BMSs) manage the huge amount of battery cells in EDVs and assures their safety. To achieve these goals, researches in BMS, such as battery modeling, battery state estimation, and battery balancing have gained a new vigor. This chapter will review the existing researches and introduce several advances in these areas.",book:{id:"5079",slug:"new-applications-of-electric-drives",title:"New Applications of Electric Drives",fullTitle:"New Applications of Electric Drives"},signatures:"Jun Xu and Binggang Cao",authors:[{id:"176468",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"jun-xu",fullName:"Jun Xu"},{id:"176486",title:"Prof.",name:"Binggang",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"binggang-cao",fullName:"Binggang Cao"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"742",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82212",title:"Protein Prenylation and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104700",signatures:"Khemchand R. Surana, Ritesh B. Pawar, Ritesh A. Khairnar and Sunil K. Mahajan",slug:"protein-prenylation-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:31,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. Soogun, Ayesha B.M. Kharsany, Temesgen Zewotir and Delia North",slug:"spatial-variation-and-factors-associated-with-unsuppressed-hiv-viral-load-among-women-in-an-hiv-hype",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82193",title:"Enterococcal Infections: Recent Nomenclature and emerging trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104792",signatures:"Kavita Raja",slug:"enterococcal-infections-recent-nomenclature-and-emerging-trends",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82207",title:"Management Strategies in Perinatal HIV",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105451",signatures:"Kayla Aleshire and Rima Bazzi",slug:"management-strategies-in-perinatal-hiv",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82013",title:"Streamlining Laboratory Tests for HIV Detection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105096",signatures:"Ramakrishna Prakash and Mysore Krishnamurthy Yashaswini",slug:"streamlining-laboratory-tests-for-hiv-detection",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81972",title:"The Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa; Current Understanding of the Host Immune System and New Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105086",signatures:"Kwame Kumi Asare",slug:"the-submicroscopic-plasmodium-falciparum-malaria-in-sub-saharan-africa-current-understanding-of-the-",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81821",title:"Pneumococcal Carriage in Jordanian Children and the Importance of Vaccination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104999",signatures:"Adnan Al-Lahham",slug:"pneumococcal-carriage-in-jordanian-children-and-the-importance-of-vaccination",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81813",title:"Schistosomiasis: Discovery of New Molecules for Disease Treatment and Vaccine Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104738",signatures:"Andressa Barban do Patrocinio",slug:"schistosomiasis-discovery-of-new-molecules-for-disease-treatment-and-vaccine-development",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:62,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:4,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"24",type:"subseries",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",slug:"antonio-neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",slug:"serestina-viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",slug:"yalin-bastanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:151,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:182,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:345,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77999",title:"Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Histology and Its Role in Various Pathologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99366",signatures:"Tuba Parlak Ak",slug:"bronchus-associated-lymphoid-tissue-balt-histology-and-its-role-in-various-pathologies",totalDownloads:210,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78242",title:"Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99685",signatures:"María Evarista Arellano-García, Olivia Torres-Bugarín, Maritza Roxana García-García, Daniel García-Flores, Yanis Toledano-Magaña, Cinthya Sofia Sanabria-Mora, Sandra Castro-Gamboa and Juan Carlos García-Ramos",slug:"genomic-instability-and-cyto-genotoxic-damage-in-animal-species",totalDownloads:150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78503",title:"Biomechanics of the Canine Elbow Joint",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99569",signatures:"Thomas Rohwedder",slug:"biomechanics-of-the-canine-elbow-joint",totalDownloads:179,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78018",title:"Application of Noble Metals in the Advances in Animal Disease Diagnostics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99162",signatures:"Gabriel Alexis S.P. Tubalinal, Leonard Paulo G. Lucero, Jim Andreus V. Mangahas, Marvin A. Villanueva and Claro N. Mingala",slug:"application-of-noble-metals-in-the-advances-in-animal-disease-diagnostics",totalDownloads:111,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77455",title:"Marek’s Disease Is a Threat for Large Scale Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98939",signatures:"Wojciech Kozdruń, Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk and Natalia Styś-Fijoł",slug:"marek-s-disease-is-a-threat-for-large-scale-poultry-production",totalDownloads:261,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"74655",title:"Taxon-Specific Pair Bonding in Gibbons (Hylobatidae)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95270",signatures:"Thomas Geissmann, Simone Rosenkranz-Weck, Judith J.G.M. Van Der Loo and Mathias Orgeldinger",slug:"taxon-specific-pair-bonding-in-gibbons-hylobatidae",totalDownloads:394,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",scope:"
\r\n\tIn general, the harsher the environmental conditions in an ecosystem, the lower the biodiversity. Changes in the environment caused by human activity accelerate the impoverishment of biodiversity.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity refers to “the variability of living organisms from any source, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; it includes diversity within each species, between species, and that of ecosystems”.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity provides food security and constitutes a gene pool for biotechnology, especially in the field of agriculture and medicine, and promotes the development of ecotourism.
\r\n
\r\n\tCurrently, biologists admit that we are witnessing the first phases of the seventh mass extinction caused by human intervention. It is estimated that the current rate of extinction is between a hundred and a thousand times faster than it was when man first appeared. The disappearance of species is caused not only by an accelerated rate of extinction, but also by a decrease in the rate of emergence of new species as human activities degrade the natural environment. The conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humanity" and an integral part of the development process. Its objectives are “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources”.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe following are the main causes of biodiversity loss:
\r\n
\r\n\t• The destruction of natural habitats to expand urban and agricultural areas and to obtain timber, minerals and other natural resources.
\r\n
\r\n\t• The introduction of alien species into a habitat, whether intentionally or unintentionally which has an impact on the fauna and flora of the area, and as a result, they are reduced or become extinct.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Pollution from industrial and agricultural products, which devastate the fauna and flora, especially those in fresh water.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Global warming, which is seen as a threat to biological diversity, and will become increasingly important in the future.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation"},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",scope:"
\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
\r\n\tWater is not only a crucial substance needed for biological life on Earth, but it is also a basic requirement for the existence and development of the human society. Owing to the importance of water to life on Earth, early researchers conducted numerous studies and analyses on the liquid form of water from the perspectives of chemistry, physics, earth science, and biology, and concluded that Earth is a "water polo". Water covers approximately 71% of Earth's surface. However, 97.2% of this water is seawater, 21.5% is icebergs and glaciers, and only 0.65% is freshwater that can be used directly by humans. As a result, the amount of water reserves available for human consumption is limited. The development, utilization, and protection of freshwater resources has become the focus of water science research for the continued improvement of human livelihoods and society.
\r\n
\r\n\tWater exists as solid, liquid, and gas within Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Liquid water is used for a variety of purposes besides drinking, including power generation, ecology, landscaping, and shipping. Because water is involved in various environmental hydrological processes as well as numerous aspects of the economy and human society, the study of various phenomena in the hydrosphere, the laws governing their occurrence and development, the relationship between the hydrosphere and other spheres of Earth, and the relationship between water and social development, are all part of water science. Knowledge systems for water science are improving continuously. Water science has become a specialized field concerned with the identification of its physical, chemical, and biological properties. In addition, it reveals the laws of water distribution, movement, and circulation, and proposes methods and tools for water development, utilization, planning, management, and protection. Currently, the field of water science covers research related to topics such as hydrology, water resources and water environment. It also includes research on water related issues such as safety, engineering, economy, law, culture, information, and education.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/55019",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"55019"},fullPath:"/chapters/55019",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()