Open access peer-reviewed chapter

‘Women on a Wiki’: Social Constructivist Analysis of the Effectiveness of Online Collaborative Spaces for Reflective Learning in Women‘s Health Studies

Written By

Julie‐Anne Carroll, Mangalam Sankupellay, Michelle Cornford and Najmah Bahir

Submitted: 27 June 2016 Reviewed: 22 August 2016 Published: 14 December 2016

DOI: 10.5772/65298

From the Edited Volume

Virtual Learning

Edited by Dragan Cvetkovic

Chapter metrics overview

1,823 Chapter Downloads

View Full Metrics

Abstract

Public health undergraduate students studying the unit Women's Health undertook a teaching and learning exercise which required them to learn to create and use a wiki website for reflective learning purposes. A wiki is a group of web pages that allows users to add content, similar to a discussion forum or blog, while permitting others to edit and provide feedback. The Women's Health wiki provided an online shared, collaborative and creative space wherein the students’ perceptions of women's health issues could be discussed, reflected upon and debated. This chapter develops a social constructivist theoretical framework for analysing the content developed on the Women's Health wiki by the students and provides a theoretical model for how the wiki worked to aid reflective and critical thinking, as well as developing technological and communicative skills among students, and discusses implications for their future use in a tertiary setting.

Keywords

  • technology
  • public health
  • women’s health
  • education
  • wiki

1. Introduction

The use of online pedagogy within higher education institutions is increasing [1], with information communication technology (ICT) mediums used to promote interactive environments and new approaches to learning, including a broad engagement of Web 2.0 platforms [2, 3]. Web‐based technologies known as Web 2.0 [4], allow users to provide information and promote collaborative environments [5]. The use of Web 2.0 tools provides greater independence, collaboration and autonomy among students [5]. These e‐learning tools promote self‐learning, stimulate students to delve deeper into issues presented to them and keep students interested in the learning process [2, 5, 6]. Studies conducted by Sarkar [1] found that the use of ICT mediums improved the quality of education of students in three ways: augmenting student enthusiasm and commitment, promoting thought provoking ideas and influencing collaborative environments [1]. Higher education institutions have been quick to adopt ICT mediums to facilitate collaborative learning environments among students [7].

ICT mediums, including most Web 2.0 programs, are also seen as playing a significant role in the empowerment of young adult women [810]. Umrani and Ghadially [11] posit that the use of ICTs by women have led to increased self‐esteem and significant knowledge gain. This not only broadens the spectrum of learning, but empowers women to make more informed decisions on issues that affect them, like their health and well‐being. Refs. [9, 11, 12] concur with these findings and suggest that ICT mediums empower women by actively involving them in contributing ideas, articulating their opinions and asserting their autonomy on issues that women face today. The perceived benefits of ICTs are consistent throughout the literature [2, 7]. Even though ICT mediums play a significant role in empowerment of women, women are underrepresented in the ICT industry both in Australia and internationally [1316]. Women account for just under 30% of the total workforce within the ICT sector [17], 21% at professional level, 18% when electronics and communications workers are included and drops to 15% when all the relevant trades assistants are included [17]. Female participants in the ICT workforce has changed little over time, maintained relatively steady at around 16% over the past 6 years [18].

While women are underrepresented in the ICT's highly paid professions, occupations and research, they remain a very high‐level user group when it comes to seeking and obtaining support and advice online for health issues such as conception, contraceptive, pregnancy, depression, anxiety, child rearing, breast cancer and healthy ageing [1922]. Women are more likely to utilise the Internet for health information specific to their health concerns and tend select information from a vast range of sources and websites and use a combination of sources to make their own decisions about their health and their paths of treatment [12, 20, 2228].

In light of the evidence showing first that while women are active users of existing technologies—including using ICTs (mobile apps, social media, government websites), they are less confident in producing and creating it, and secondly, that technological skills are important for academic and career enhancement and professional opportunity, public health students studying in the final year of the Public Health degree, and who had selected the unit Women's Health, undertook a teaching and learning exercise which required them to learn to create and use a wiki website for reflective learning purposes. A wiki, an example of Web 2.0 tool, is a group of web pages that allows users to add content, similar to a discussion forum or blog, while permitting others to edit and provide feedback [29]. In essence, a wiki is an effective tool used to exchange information through collaborative effort [6]. Carroll et al. [30] also suggest that the application of wikis or wiki spaces in education settings has proven to be instrumental in the enhancement of students’ learning experiences and academic outcomes. Each student created their own wiki page on a shared wiki set up for Women's Health. The wiki provided an online shared, collaborative and creative space wherein the students’ perceptions of women’s health issues could be discussed, reflected upon and debated.

This chapter will first develop a social constructivist theoretical framework for analysing the content developed on the Women's Health wiki by the students over the course of the semester; secondly, it will describe the methodology of the assessment; thirdly, it will demonstrate how the wiki content was analysed; fourthly, it will demonstrate the key learning themes that emerged via the weekly reflective posts by students; and finally, provide a theoretical model for how the wiki worked to aid reflective and critical thinking in this context and provide implications for their future use in a tertiary setting.

Advertisement

2. Social constructivist framework for use of interactive and social websites for reflective learning practices

The social constructivist approach initiated by Vygostsky [31] and further developed by Jonassen [32] was used to analyse students’ contributions in relation to four key thematic outcomes. Vygostsky's [31] work was founded in the principles introduced by Piaget, who focused on the role of social dynamic and interpersonal dynamics in generating knowledge. Piaget stated that every function in a child's cultural development appears twice. First on the social level and second on the individual level [31]. Vygostsky [31] developed these ideas into a theoretical platform for learning that transformed the notion of the teacher/lecturer as a ‘transmitter of knowledge’ to a role that provided spaces for interactions that allowed learning to occur; between teacher and student, and between student and student. Jonassen [32] further developed this theoretical basis of interactive learning into the following four stages of critical thinking development:

  1. Complexities in representations across contexts: This describes the process wherein students start to recognise complexity and contradiction in how concepts and people are represented in different settings. In this case, the students focused on how this applies to the portrayal of gender in the media.

  2. Critical evaluation in real‐world scenarios: Wherein the students apply theory to evidence; they bring together new theoretical concepts and find examples of where these can be found in everyday real world practice.

  3. Reflective practice based on experience: Students combine new theory and evidence and bring it back to their own experiences. This is a crucial part of constructivist reflective learning as the students seek and locate stories from one another and insights from themselves to apply their learning and ground it in a sustained new level of knowledge.

  4. Collaborative co‐construction of knowledge: Interactive and continuous dialogue wherein the learning processes are situated and developed for all those involved in the interactions.

Both text and image/visual contributions are provided as examples within each of these learning processes. All data on the wiki was analysed in accordance with a social constructivist approach. According to Tam [33] constructivism is a fundamental departure in thought about the nature of knowing, hence of learning and thus of teaching. To facilitate the understanding of the constructivist view and its implications, it is compared to a familiar mental model of learning held by many: the objectivist epistemology. Guiding the discussions on constructivism and its implications for teaching and learning are four main questions: What is learning? What is the learning process? What is the teacher's primary role in the learning process? What can the teacher do to carry out that role? We utilised Ref. [32] for constructivist categories to address these questions in relation to an online reflective learning diary assessment.

Advertisement

3. Methodology: the wiki assessment

The aim of the wiki assessment was to encourage students to use their critical and reflective thinking skills for the theoretical analysis of women's health issues using feminist theory. They were encouraged to question, critique and reflect on the content of weekly women's health lectures to generate a deeper understanding of the policies and practices which impact on women's health at the government, community, family and individual levels. The aim of this pedagogical process was to encourage students to observe, critique and reflect on the topics covered during the women's health lecture. They are to take into account the ethical, theoretical and philosophical analysis of the issues relevant to women's health and to consider the implication of their analysis for equity, inclusion, policy and implication for women's health.

3.1. The assessment task

Students were invited to join the Women's Health Wiki in Wikispaces (http://www.wikispaces.com/) for the unit. They followed the steps outlined during the lecture to generate their own wiki page at this website and enter their reflections weekly. You can view the full Women's Health Wiki here: http://pub336womenshealth.wikispaces.com/

3.2. Reflection of women's health issues on the wiki

Students were required to write around 250 words in their wiki every week on the lecture content. Students were free to make notes in class during the lecture directly onto these wikis—if they have laptop/ipad or can make entries after the class in their own time. Students were encouraged to question the content of the lecture being presented. The weekly wiki entries were written informally. The entries were designed to encourage student to engage with the work being presented in a reflective manner as the semester progresses. Students were encouraged to question and critique the content of weekly women's health lectures. Students can also add references, web links, online resources or images/songs/films that they think will augment the content studies that week. The idea is to help students to learn together, to share ideas and to ask hard questions about the complex women's health topics covered in the unit while developing technological skills. Students were also required to comment on the reflective notes of at least one other student.

Advertisement

4. Research questions

  1. Can shared ‘cyber spaces’ be occupied by undergraduate women's health students to improve students’ critical thinking skills and what are the processes via which this occurs?

  2. Does the interactive process of sharing and comparing assessment items generate collaboration and competition amongundergraduate students wherein more critically informed arguments are made about public/popular media sources depicting issues in women's health?

  3. What are the implications of this assessment trial for future teaching practices in undergraduate courses, especially those utilising reflective learning assessment pieces?

Advertisement

5. Data collection

The students’ weekly wiki entries were observed closely by the unit's teaching staff throughout the duration of the assessment. Comments by teaching staff sought to encourage and foster new ideas along with greater depths of understanding and critical thinking. Students were encouraged to think broadly about the topics for reflection and were expected to use a range of sources from which to form their conclusions. Students were therefore assessed on their use of lecture content, tutorial material, observations from media and empirical evidence as the basis for their reflections.

Secondly, and following the completion, submission, marking and returning of grades and feedback to the students on their wiki page reflection, we asked them the following questions:

  • What did you think of the ‘Wiki Diaries and Reflection’ when it was first introduced at the beginning of the semester?

  • What did you think of the ‘Wiki Diaries and Reflection’ after completing the assessment at the end of the semester?

We received a wide range of in‐depth written responses from students about their initial reactions to this assessment piece, their strategies for engaging with the task, their learning processes during the task and their final reflections on the assessment overall.

Advertisement

6. Analysis and findings from the women‘s health reflective learning
wiki diaries

All (about 360) diary entries were analysed using Jonassen's [32] four conceptual categories described in the theoretical section of this chapter. The following sections itemise and highlight the most pertinent examples of where these learning processes occurred. All of these are direct quotes from the students’ learning reflective diary entries on the Women's Health Wiki.

  • Acknowledging complexities in representations across contexts

This describes the process wherein students start to recognise complexity and contradiction in how concepts and people are represented in different settings. In this case, the students focused on how this applies to the portrayal of gender in the media. The following quotes on the wiki most strongly exemplify where this learning process occurred:

Women throughout the ages have been subjected to an image, which has created the ideal women and what should be expected of her. The advertisements don't just stop there; their images create an idealised expectation of the lifestyle and the conduct in which women ‘should’ be endlessly striving for.

We have to realise that the “supermum” is not the model who is photographed with the baby, it is the millions of mothers and women who look after their children day in day out

The ‘Twilight’ series not only brought us sparkly vampires and sexy werewolves but it also romanticized, what is in reality, an abusive relationship. There are numerous examples that prove the relationship is abusive:

  • Edward isolates Bella from her friends and family

  • He drives recklessly with her in the car

  • Threatens to commit suicide

  • Controls where she goes

  • Threatens to kill her

  • Has his family babysit her

  • Blames her actions for him not being able to control himself

  • Critical evaluation in real‐world scenarios

This theoretical category highlights the process wherein the students apply theory to evidence; they bring together new theoretical concepts and find examples of where these can be found in everyday real‐world practice. The following quotes on the wiki most strongly exemplify where this learning process occurred:

They found that mothers spend 40 minutes less time on ‘leisure activities; with their children when their partners work weekend, fathers spend an extra hour with friends on leisure activities when women work on Saturday. It was suggested that this was due to women having more responsibility for household and care work. In addition they found that men spent an average of 18 hours and 20 minutes on housework while women spent 33 hours and 43 minutes.

Disordered eating is emerging as a norm in Australian society with 90% of 12‐17 year old girls having been on a diet of some type. Drunkorexia is the new term I learnt from this week's lecture. It means disordered eating combined with alcohol abuse which was indicated to exhibit more risky behaviours such as unprotected sex and alcohol overdoes.

Statistics showed that up to 75% of DV reported to law enforcement agencies occur after separation of the couples, with women most likely to be murdered when reporting abuse or attempting to leave an abusive relationship, because the abuser thought that they have nothing to loose, and many many examples are seen in the everyday news include abduct children from mothers, murder, acid attacks, etc. which is quiet scary.

  • Reflective practice based on experience

Students combine new theory and evidence and bring it back to their own experiences. This is a crucial part of constructivist reflective learning as the students seek and locate stories from one another and insights from themselves to apply their learning and ground it in a sustained new level of knowledge. The following quotes on the wiki most strongly exemplify where this learning process occurred:

The first time that I REALLY realised the consequences of women and advertising in the media and its effects on popular culture was after watching the documentary: “Killing us softly”. … After watching it I realised that even though I thought I could resist the pressures and influences of advertising, I had been a victim.

For me, I found from this that above all, women are sexualised constantly and in more ways than I thought possible. Advertisements with violent images and submissive women, I never realised the influence this could have on popular culture.

I must admit, I am a 24 year old woman who previously would not identify myself as a feminist. The term feminism sort of scared me and had an associated passion and fire for women’s rights which I simply could not relate to. It was not until this Women’s Health unit that I have had the reason to question and research feminism and feminist theory and to then see past the stereotype I was only ever familiar with.

  • Collaborative co‐construction of knowledge

This is where an interactive and continuous dialogue occurs wherein the learning processes are situated and developed for all those involved in the interactions. The following quotes on the wiki most strongly exemplify where this learning process occurred:

I really think your statement ‐” I think that the perfect mother image that is constantly portrayed on the media made this woman feel inadequate as a mother and contributed to her mental health problems.” was absolutely spot on. In a majority, if not all baby adverts there is a happy, smiling, beautifully presented mother with her laughing and giggling baby. This is not a real depiction of motherhood…

I quite agree with your entry regarding abortion. I personally think women are sometimes not given enough choice and I think it should be an individual choice.

I particularly found your week 10 entry about age and how it affects women very interesting. It's such a shame there is such a stigma around this, it's the society’s perception that men grow wiser and better with age and women just get old.

Wow, great entry. I really agree with your point, how much of what has happened to us as women has happened because we have let it?’ I see so many young girls totally degrade themselves to try and impress the opposite sex.

  • Final reflection on the women's health unit and reflective diary practices

Finally, highlights from the answers students gave regarding our questions about how the wiki affected or influenced their learning processes are collated and presented below. This is useful insight for anyone considering inserting a collaborative online reflective learning space into their under graduate curriculum.

I really enjoyed doing the wikis every week. I felt it was a great way to ‘focus in’ on a topic of my interest and to delve further into a topic relating to women’s health. It gave me the opportunity to reflect upon my own opinions and critically analyse how this compared with the additional research I undertook to complete the wiki.

I really enjoyed having the weekly reflections. As the semester went on I found myself noticing little women's health issues on TV or on the internet or just in general out and about and I really enjoyed having a space to talk about it and to show how the unit was affecting how I viewed the world. I have even thought about continuing on with my weekly reflections on a tumblr or something.

It was a fun way to learn and very practical learning. I was able to pick something out of the lectures that I was interested in or wanted to learn more about which gave a sense of choice and being able to choose what we wanted made it good we would tailor the topics to our degree too.

There really wasn't anything I didn't like about the Wiki diaries – I thought it was a completely different assessment that allowed me to thinking and explore the coursework in an enjoyable way that related back to my own experiences and life.

But I actually enjoyed writing them. I enjoyed doing them because I thought that this was an opportunity for me to get my points of view out there. I also liked reading other student’s entries, it gave me a different perspective as well.

Advertisement

7. Theoretical model

Figure 1 presents the social constructivist analysis of reflective learning processes on women's health wiki diaries.

Figure 1.

Social constructivist analysis of reflective learning processes on women's health wiki diaries, QUT Public Health Undergraduate Students.

Advertisement

8. Conclusion

An online collaborative space was sought to instigate communication processes between students that allowed them to (a) generate internal dialogue and reflection about what they heard in lectures and tutorials in Women's Health and (b) generate interpersonal dialogue and reflection between the ideas created by their peers in a bid to encourage a social constructivist pathway to sustained learning and critical thinking—all while developing their ICT skills. ‘Wikispaces’ was identified as a useful online tool to provide a ‘thinking and talking space’ for students to further develop the learning that had occurred for them within the context of the classroom. Importantly, we found that their learning was enhanced in four key areas as a result of the reflective diaries exercise. First, they developed a complex understanding of how gender is presented in the media. This complexity meant that they understood that agreements as well as contradictions between gender portrayals all contribute to the social construction of gender in any given social context. Secondly, they applied theoretical paradigms and new concepts to evidence from the literature, government sources and their own observations in ‘real‐world scenarios’. This gave them the opportunity to ground their critical thinking in concrete, scientific examples of the new concepts. Thirdly, they were given time, space and creative licence to apply both theory and evidence to reflect on how they had experienced this personally, or seen it happen anecdotally throughout their life course. Finally, they were encouraged to discuss diary entries with one another to ‘compare notes’ and provide feedback on differences and similarities in the learning processes. This final set of interactions is crucial in aiding a truly constructivist and sustained approach to learning that allows students to continue to travel with their ‘learning tools’ into new contexts wherein they can apply the same processes of critical thought to more obtain a more sophisticated insight to new phenomenon in future. The students all developed confidence in creating and using a wiki, including skills that involved embedding a range of online resources, media, music and videos into their individual wikis, and effective online communication. Overall, we highly recommend the use of wikis as a successful mechanism for reflective learning practices and the development of ICT expertise in undergraduate learning.

References

  1. 1. Sarkar, S.: ‘The role of information and communication technology (ICT) in higher education for the 21st century’, The Science Probe 2012, 1(1), pp. 30–41.
  2. 2. Alexander B., and Levine A.: ‘Web 2.0 Storytelling: Emergence of a New Genre’. Educause Review, EDUCAUSE. Boulder, CO, 2008,43(6),pp. 40–56.
  3. 3. Carroll, J.‐A., Rodgers, J., Sankupellay, M., Newcomb, M., and Cook, R.: ‘Systematic evaluation of GoSoapBox in tertiary education : a student response system for improving learning experiences and outcomes’. Proceedings of the 8th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED2014), Valencia, Spain, 2014.
  4. 4. Duffy, P., and Bruns, A.: ‘The use of blogs, wikis and RSS in education: a conversation of possibilities’. Proceedings Online Learning and Teaching Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 2006.
  5. 5. Virkus, S., and Bamigbola, A.A.: ‘Students’ conceptions and experiences of Web 2.0 tools’, New Library World, 2011, 112(11/12), pp. 479–489.
  6. 6. Gokcearslan, S., and Ozcan, S.: ‘Place of wikis in learning and teaching process’, Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2011, 28, pp. 481–485.
  7. 7. UNESCO: ‘The 2009 UNESCO Framework For Cultural Statistics’, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Montreal, Canada, 2009 edn.
  8. 8. Morahan, J.: ‘Women and the internet: premise and perils’, Cyberpsychology & Behaviour, 2000, 3(5), pp. 683–691.
  9. 9. Laizu, Z., Armarego, J., and Sudweeks, F.: ‘The role of ICT in women's empowerment in rural Bangladesh’. Proceedings Cultural Attitudes Towards Communication and Technology, Murdoch University, Australia, 2010.
  10. 10. Sengupta, A., Long, E.G., Singhal, A., and Shefner‐Rogers, C.L.: ‘The Sada Says ‘We Women Have Our Rights’, A Gender Analysis of an ICT Initiative in Afghanistan’, International Communication Gazette, 2007, 69(4), pp. 335–353.
  11. 11. Umrani, F., and Ghadially, R.: ‘Empowering women through ICT education: facilitating computer adoption’, Gender Technology and Development, 2003, 7(3), pp. 359–377.
  12. 12. Carroll, J.‐A., and McCarthy, R.: ‘Geekdom for Grrrls health : Australian undergraduate experiences developing and promoting women's health in cyberspace’. Proceedings of the International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation, ICERI 2010, Melia Castilla Madrid, Madrid, 2010.
  13. 13. Bandias, S., and Warne, L.: ‘What women in ICT say’. Proceedings of The Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Melbourne, Australia, 2009.
  14. 14. Griffiths, M., Moore, K., and Richardson, H.: ‘Celebrating hetrogenity: a survey of female ICT professionals in England’, Information, Communication & Society, 2007, 10(3), pp. 338–357.
  15. 15. Hafkin, N.J., and Huyer, S.: ‘Women and gender in ICT statistics and indicators for development’, Journal Information Technologies and International Development 2007, 4(2), pp. 25–41.
  16. 16. Hellens, L.V., and Nielsen, S.: ‘Australian women in IT’, Communications of the ACM, 2001, 44(7), pp. 46–52.
  17. 17. Australian Communication and Media Authority.: ‘Internet Use and Social Networking by Young People’, Canberra, Australia. 2008.
  18. 18. Statistics, A.B.O.: ‘Employment in Information and Communication Technology (ICT)’, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, Australia. 2005.
  19. 19. Zutphen, M.V., Milder, I., and Bemelmans, W.: ‘Usage of an online healthy lifestyle program by pregnant women attending midwifery practices in Amsterdam’, Preventative Medicine, 2008, 46(6), pp. 552–557.
  20. 20. Pérez‐López, F.: ‘An evaluation of the contents and the quality of menopause information on the World Wide Web’, Maturitas, 2004, 49(10), pp. 276–282.
  21. 21. Woodlock, D.: ‘Virtual pushers: antidepressant Internet marketing and women’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 2005, 28(4), pp. 304–314.
  22. 22. Ziebland, S.: ‘The importance of being expert: the quest for cancer information on the Internet’, Social Science and Medicine, 2004, 59(9), pp. 1783–1793.
  23. 23. Sillence, E., Briggs, P., Harris, P., and Fishwick, L.: ‘How do patients evaluate and make use of online health information?’, Social Science & Medicine, 2007, 64(9), pp. 1853–1862.
  24. 24. Kalichman, S., Weinhardt, L., Benotsch, E., DiFonzo, K., Luke, W., and Austin, J.: ‘Internet access and Internet use for health information among people living with HIV‐AIDS’, Patient Education and Counseling, 2002, 46(2), pp. 109–116.
  25. 25. Fredriksen, E., Moland, K., and Sundby, J.: ‘“Listen to your Body” A qualitative text analysis of Internet discussions related to pregnancy health and pelvic girdle pain in pregnancy’, Patient Education and Counseling, 2008, 73(2), pp. 294–299.
  26. 26. Dey, A., Reid, B., Godding, R., and Campbell, A.: ‘Perceptions and behavior of access of the Internet: a study of women attending a breast screening service in Sydney, Australia’, International Journal of Medical Informatics, 2008, 77(1), pp. 24–32.
  27. 27. Toub, D.B., and Dunkel, E.: ‘The Virtual Physician Office: patient use of an Internet‐based women's health forum’, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2001, 97(4), pp. 575–584.
  28. 28. Pandey, S., Hart, J., and Tiwary, S.: ‘Women's health and the Internet: understanding emerging trends and implications.’, Social Science & Medicine, 2003, 56(1), pp. 179–191.
  29. 29. Caverly, D., and Ward, A.: ‘Techtalk: wikis and collaborative knowledge construction’, Journal of Developmental Education, 2008, 32(2), pp. 36–37.
  30. 30. Carroll, J.‐A., Diaz, A., Meiklejohn, J., Newcomb, M., and Adkins, B.: ‘Collaboration and competition on a wiki: the praxis of online social learning to improve academic writing and research in under‐graduate students’, Australasian Journal of Education Technology, 2013, 29(4), pp. 513–525.
  31. 31. Vygostsky, L.: ‘Interaction between learning and development’, in Gauvain and Cole (Eds.): ‘Readings on the Development of Children’, Scientific American Books, 1978, pp. 34–40.
  32. 32. Jonassen, D.: ‘Thinking technology: toward a constructivist design model’, Educational Technology, 1994, 34(3), pp. 34–37.
  33. 33. Tam, M.: ‘Constructivism, instructional design, and technology: implications for transforming distance learning’, Educational Technology & Society, 2000, 32(2), pp. 50–60.

Written By

Julie‐Anne Carroll, Mangalam Sankupellay, Michelle Cornford and Najmah Bahir

Submitted: 27 June 2016 Reviewed: 22 August 2016 Published: 14 December 2016