Abstract
We demonstrate experimental studies of the magnetization behavior from statics to ultrafast photoinduced dynamics with high temporal resolution in ultrathin Co/garnet heterostructures with a sub-nanometer roughness at the interface. We report on modulation of spin precession in Co/garnet heterostructures with distinct frequencies and show that the excitation efficiency of these precessions strongly depends on the amplitude and the direction of external magnetic field. Furthermore, it is shown that the magnetization precession in the garnet film can be manipulated by the strong magnetostatic coupling between Co and garnet layers. These findings could provide new possibilities in all-optical excitation and local spin manipulation by polarized femtosecond pulses for the application in nanodevices with high-speed switching.
Keywords
- ultrafast magnetization dynamics
- magneto-optical effect
- magnetization reversal
- magnetic anisotropy
- magnetic domain structure
- photomagnetism
- ferromagnetic resonance
- garnet
- cobalt
1. Introduction
Control of magnetization with the help of femtosecond laser pulses is a hot topic in fundamental science [1–5]. Understanding ultrafast magnetization dynamics on an ultrashort timescale promises to enable technologies based on the quantum-level interplay of nonlinear optics and magnetism. All-optical control of the magnetism in novel magnetic materials is a particularly important issue for further development of faster magnetic information storage/processing and spintronic nanodevices. The thermal effect limits the application of the technology of heat-assisted magnetic recording due to relatively long cooling time (~1 ns) [6]. One of the solutions to this problem can be all-optical nonthermal control of the magnetization. For fundamental research, hybrid structures give the unique possibility to engineer high-quality two-dimensional interfaces and create phenomena which do not exist in a bulk material. On the contrary, new functionalities may emerge from the coexistence of two materials with complementary properties, such as magnetism and ferroelectricity, metallic and dielectric, antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic, etc.
An interesting combination is formed by a metallic ferromagnetic ultrathin film on top of a dielectric ferrimagnet, based on yttrium iron garnet (YIG) with different substitutions. The functionality of YIG systems has been shown to be very broad, with examples such as the excitation of surface plasmons [7], the propagation of nonlinear spin-waves [8, 9], Bose-Einstein condensation of a magnon gas [10], high-temperature photomagnetism [11], the observation of the inverse Faraday effect induced by an ultrafast laser pulse [12–14], and many others. A combination of a metal layer on a garnet system may create the possibility to modify different properties. Recently, it was reported that ion beam sputtered Fe films on a 100 nm-thick YIG layer possess a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy [15]. In the thickness range between 5 and 10 nm, the stripe domain structure of YIG was transferred into the Fe films due to the presence of strong interlayer exchange coupling [15]. Static and dynamic properties were also investigated for a 30-nm permalloy film on a 0.5 µm (YBiLu)3(FeAl)5O12 layer that is characterized by a perpendicular anisotropy [16]. A strong direct exchange coupling is revealed via the formation of enlarged closure domains with a preferred orientation at the interface between the permalloy film and the garnet layer. As a result, the domain pattern of such a heterostructure shows an increased zero-field stripe period in comparison to the parent garnet layer [16]. The magnetization reversal process and magnetic domain structure were the focus points of these studies. YIG films with iron partially substituted with Co2+ and Co3+ ions [17] show interesting magnetic properties, such as several spin-reorientation phase transitions in a temperature range of 20–300 K [18], and both quasistatic [19] and ultrafast [20] light-induced changes in magnetic anisotropy. Light pulses excite large-angle magnetization precession in such garnets, the phase and the amplitude of the precession being determined by the polarization of the light. If coupled with a nanostructure ferromagnetic (metallic) overlayer, such photomagnetic effects in the garnet may also be transferred to the overlayer, thus creating new possibilities for ultrafast switching.
For instance, it is known for a metal/dielectric heterostructure that spin-orbital interaction may initiate a transfer of angular momentum between the layers and thus cause correlations in the magnetization dynamics [21]. Understanding optical control of the magnetism in magnetic heterostructures is a particularly important issue for further development of faster magnetic information storage/processing and spintronic nanodevices. Optical control of spins in Co/SmFeO3 heterostructures by the X-ray pulse with duration 70 ps has been demonstrated using X-ray photoemission electron microscopy, revealing that the dynamics of the spins in the metallic Co and the dielectric SmFeO3 are strongly coupled [22]. In the general case, a novel ultrafast magnetization dynamics in ferromagnetic metal/garnet heterostructures can be expected due to the coupling between the ferromagnetic and garnet films and/or the influence of the effective magnetic field of the ferromagnetic metallic film. Using the YIG:Co film in the ferromagnetic/garnet heterostructures gives unique possibility to investigate light-induced magnetization dynamics at the sub-picosecond timescale.
This chapter describes experimental and theoretical studies of the magnetization behavior from statics to ultrafast light-induced magnetization dynamics in ultrathin 2 nm Co films deposited on Co-substituted yttrium iron garnet thin film. In particular, we demonstrate that ion beam sputtering can be used for the formation of Co/garnet heterostructures. The magnetization reversal process and magnetic anisotropy of the Co/garnet heterostructures are measured by both magneto-optical magnetometry and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). To investigate the ultrafast magnetization dynamics in both garnet and Co/garnet heterostructure induced by femtosecond laser pulses, we carried out time-resolved measurements at room temperature using a magneto-optical pump-probe method. We demonstrated that the frequency of the spin precession in a Co/garnet bilayer can be modulated by exciting linearly polarized femtosecond pulses. The experimental results presented here were obtained on 2 nm Co/garnet heterostructure, which has a strong magnetostatic interlayer coupling. In this heterostructure, two distinct precession frequencies were observed. One is attributed to the magnetization precession of the 2 nm cobalt and the other to that of the 1.8-μm-thick garnet. The spin oscillation frequencies of the two layers differ by about a factor of two and are strongly dependent on the out-of-plane external magnetic field. We compared magnetization dynamics in the Co and bare garnet films separately via selective probing and showed that magnetization precession in the garnet via the photomagnetic effect can be manipulated by the magnetostatic interlayer coupling. The experimental results are discussed within the phenomenological model.
2. Heterostructure preparation
Initial garnet thin films composed of Y2Ca1Fe3.9Co0.1Ge1O12 (YIG:Co) were grown by liquid-phase epitaxy on Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) (001)-oriented substrate. The initial thickness of garnet films was 6.5 µm. The initial garnet surface was etching, and Co/YIG:Co heterostructures were formed using the dual ion beam sputtering technique [23] on the base of an A 700 Q Leybold vacuum system. The base pressure was below 8 × 10−6 mbar in the vacuum chamber. The damage-free etching of the garnet films and subsequent deposition of the Co layers were carried out
Figure 1 illustrates the stage of the heterostructure preparation. The initial garnet film was smoothed to 5.8 µm thickness with a 0.6-keV oxygen ion beam with current density of 0.2 mA/cm2, corresponding to the ion flux of 3.2 × 1015 cm−2 × c−1 [24]. The oxygen ions improve garnet transmittance in the energy range between 0.5 and 1 keV. The garnet films are sputtered at a near-normal incidence angle. At this angle, optimal smoothing of the optical materials (quartz, glass, ceramic) is achieved for up to sub-nanometer roughness [25]. The garnet sputtering rate is about 0.22 µm/h. A final smoothing of the garnet surfaces was completed using a 0.3-keV oxygen ion beam for over 10 minutes. Au and Co targets were sputtered with a 1.5-keV argon ion beam at 0.25 mA/cm2 current density [24]. The incident angle of argon ions is 60° with respect to the target normal, so that the sputtered flux is deposited onto substrate at near-normal incidence angle. The deposition rates of Au and Co are 8.4 and 5.4 nm/min, respectively. A 4-nm Au film was used to protect the 2-nm Co layer before oxidation. For this thickness, the Au film is continuous and exhibits surface roughness close to the substrate of about 0.2 nm [26]. The Co/YIG:Co heterostructures and reference YIG:Co films are prepared onto the same substrate and in the same experimental conditions.
A 20 × 20 μm Au/Co pattern, for comparison of coupling between Co and garnet films and domain structures modifications on garnets, was fabricated by a lift-off photolithography. The photolithographic process can be represented as follows. In the first step, the garnet film was coated with the light-sensitive chemical photoresist to form a homogeneous layer of about 1 μm thickness. In the second step, the photoresist on garnet surface was exposed through a lithographic mask with high-intensity ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This mask contains the copy of pattern. The 20 × 20 μm windows are opened to the exposing UV light passes through the mask. The dose of UV exposure and the development process were precisely controlled to result in a sharp edge profile of resist patterns. In the third step, the irradiated photoresist area was washed away, leaving the photoresist in the unexposed area. In the fourth step, after deposition of the Au/Co bilayers, a chemical etching was used to remove the previously unexposed photoresist. In such way, the pattern from mask was transferred to the garnet film. As a result, the Co(homogeneous) and Co(pattern)/garnet heterostructures as well as reference garnet films with discrete thicknesses were prepared onto the same GGG (001) substrate by combining the ion beam processing with photolithographic technique (see Figure 1).
The surface morphology of both the bare YIG:Co film and Co/YIG:Co heterostructure was measured by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a FEI’s Helios NanoLab DualBeam system. The root mean square (rms) surface roughness was examined by atomic force microscope in tapping mode. The initial garnet surface is rough with protrusions, while YIG:Co contains troughs of about 100–200 nm in diameter (see Figure 2(a)). The ion beam smoothing the garnet surface area showed significantly reduced rms parameters from 3.5 to 0.3 nm after etching the garnet film from 6.5 µm to 5.8 µm (see Figure 2(b)). The surface roughness remains approximately the same after ion beam etching down to 1 µm. Ion beam thinning of the garnet film also decreases the rms parameter to 0.25 nm. This is comparable to surfaces of roughness similar to high-quality Si substrate (0.18 nm).
The surfaces of the Co/garnet heterostructures are continuous and exhibit a slightly increased rms parameter from 0.3 to 0.37 nm after the deposition of Au(4nm)/Co(2 nm) bilayer structures on the ion beam-smoothed garnet surfaces. A cross section of the Co/garnet interface was observed using a 30-keV gallium-focused ion beam. The low contrast of the Co(≤5 nm)/garnet interfaces results from charge accumulation in the dielectric garnet film. Therefore, only for the SEM image observation, the thickness of the Co layer was increased up to 50 nm for the enhancement of the contrast at the Co/garnet interface. The Co/garnet interface is sharp, and the thickness of the transition layer is thinner than 1–2 nm (see inset of Figure 2(c)).
3. Optical and magnetic properties of Co/garnet heterostructures
The optical transmittance, magneto-optical both Kerr (
3.1. Optical and magneto-optical spectra
The investigation of the optical absorption and the Faraday rotation spectra in YIG:Co garnet demonstrated that the contribution of Co ions in octahedral sites is substantially smaller than that of tetrahedral Co ions [27]. Furthermore, the latter can be observed in near-infrared range, where pure YIG is fully transparent. Both an optical transmittance and magneto-optical Faraday rotation spectra for YIG:Co film are shown in Figure 3. At wavelengths longer than about 800 nm, the absorption is small and is equal to about 102 cm−1 (see Figure 3(b)). Essentially in the wavelength range of 450–1300 nm, the absorption is caused by crystal field transitions of Fe3+, Co2+, and Co3+ ions in both tetrahedral and octahedral sites. The crystal field transitions in octahedral sites have weaker oscillator strength than that the tetrahedral ones. However, at wavelengths shorter than 450 nm, the strong optical absorption of the garnet film is related to charge transfer transitions from oxygen ligands O2− to octahedral Fe3+ and Co3+ ions. The scheme of crystal field and charge transfer transitions for Co ions (Figure 3(a)) was obtained from experimental and theoretical investigations [27, 28]. In a band model, the charge transfer transition is connected with electron excitation from a valence band to conduction ones, which are created by O
The contribution of Co ion transitions to magneto-optical Faraday rotation spectrum is clearly seen by comparison of previously reported spectra for both YIG [29] and YIG:Co films [27]. In our case, for the garnet film, we observed the reduction of
3.2. Magnetization reversal in static regime
The process of magnetization reversal has been studied at room temperature in reflection with the linear magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) and in transmission with the Faraday effect. From the data, we separated different magneto-optical contributions from the Co layer and garnet-only films. The perpendicular magnetization component of the ultrathin Co layer was measured using the polar MOKE (P-MOKE) geometry, with the angle of incidence of the laser light close to the sample normal and the external magnetic field
According to the optical absorption spectra in Figure 3(b), Au/Co/garnet heterostructures are transparent enough to be investigated in transmission geometry, for example at 690 nm wavelength. From the experimental curves, we separated the different magneto-optical contributions of the Co layer and garnet films using vector magneto-optical magnetometry and measurements for reference garnet film [31]. The P-MOKE hysteresis loops observed for the 2-nm-thick Co film grown on garnet film indicate an in-plane magnetization of Co (see Figure 4(c)). Figure 4(b) and 5(b) show Faraday rotation hysteresis loops measured for garnet film and a perpendicular applied field
The L-MOKE magnetization curve for the Co layer measured with the in-plane external magnetic field
3.3. Magnetic anisotropy study
The typical FMR line measured in the external magnetic field applied to the sample at polar angle
The experimental dependencies of a resonance field
where
where
Thus, let us analyze, step by step, the magnetic anisotropy constants of the Co layer and garnet films from FMR field and magnetization loops. First, for the Co layer deposited on the garnet film, the effective anisotropy constant is
3.4. Magnetostatic interlayer coupling
Here, we report on an influence of the 2-nm Co layer on both the domain structure geometry and magnetization reversal processes in the YIG:Co film. The period and shape of domains in Co/YIG:Co heterostructure are explained by competition of different energies. Taking into account the domain period in garnet film of order of 10 μm, the 20 × 20 μm Au/Co pattern is required for the observation of domain structure of garnet films under ultrathin Co layer [40], i.e., the size of pattern square is larger than domain period of garnet films. Figure 9 shows the images of domain structure for patterned Co/garnet area recorded at
In Figure 9(a), both in garnet and Co/garnet (square areas) structures, stripe domain structures are observed. In this case, the period and the domain size in the Co/garnet structure is less than in the garnet film.
At
4. Ultrafast magnetization dynamics induced by femtosecond laser pulses in a Co/garnet heterostructure
We present the results of a study of ultrafast photoinduced magnetization dynamics in Co/YIG:Co heterostructures via the excitation of photomagnetic anisotropy [19, 20]. This anisotropy is related to an optically induced charge transfer between the anisotropic Co2+ and Co3+ ions on tetrahedral sites in the garnet lattice. The deposition of ultrathin Co layer on garnet film can result in a new type of magnetization dynamics due to the influence of the effective magnetic field of the Co layer and/or the magnetic coupling between the metallic layer and garnet film.
4.1. Time-resolved magneto-optical tools
To investigate the ultrafast magnetization dynamics in both bare YIG:Co film and Co/YIG:Co heterostructure induced by femtosecond laser pulses, we carried out time-resolved measurements at room temperature using a conventional magneto-optical pump-probe method. Pump pulses with a duration of 35 fs from an amplifier (Spitfire Ace, Spectra-Physics) at a 500 Hz repetition rate were directed at an angle of incidence about 10° from the sample normal parallel to the [001] crystallographic axis of the sample, while the probe pulses at a 1 kHz repetition rate of the pump were incident along the sample normal, see Figure 11. A pump beam with a wavelength of 800 nm and energy of 2 μJ was focused onto a spot about 100 μm in diameter on the sample. The pump energy was relatively small in order to not heat significantly the metallic layers of Au and Co. The sample was excited by the pump through the Co side of the bilayer. A probe beam with a wavelength of 800 nm was about two times smaller in size and the energy than the pump. The parameter of delay time
In this experimental geometry, we measured the Faraday rotation angle
4.2. Spin precession modulation
The experimental results presented below were obtained on 2-nm Co/YIG:Co heterostructure, in which strong magnetostatic interlayer coupling has been found. Figure 12 shows the magnetization precession (angle of Faraday rotation) as a function of the delay time
where
From the experimental curves, we deduced amplitudes of the oscillations using fitting by Eq. (3). It is clearly seen that upon increasing
Figure 14(a) plots the frequencies
Such a layer selective probing of the magnetization dynamics can be understood by a simple phenomenological model. The equilibrium state of magnetization vector at the Co/YIG:Co heterostructure could be found using the phenomenological model of magnetic anisotropy (Eq. (1)) after minimizing the total energy including energies of the magnetic anisotropies, the Zeeman at external magnetic field, and the demagnetization. Figure 14(b) shows the dependence of magnetization angle
We can conclude that we observe three types of magnetization precession in the bilayer: (i) mainly single-frequency precession (1–5 GHz) from the garnet for
4.3. Laser-induced phase-sensitive magnetization precession
In this part, we compare magnetization dynamics in the Co and bare garnet films separately via selective probing and show that magnetization precession in the garnet can be manipulated by magnetostatic interlayer coupling.
A rather unique combination of magnetic properties of the layers allows us to realize different regimes of the laser-induced dynamics. Changing the strength of the out-of-plane
The photoinduced magnetization precession for different pump beam polarizations at an external magnetic field with 4.6 kOe is shown in Figure 16(b). These curves demonstrate no polarization dependence of the magnetization precession [42]. For such metallic ferromagnets, the ultrafast light-induced demagnetization is typical [43, 44]. The thermal demagnetization is seen as a sub-picosecond change of the magneto-optical signal measured at
To study the influence of the Co film on the ultrafast magnetization dynamics at the garnet film, the time-resolved Faraday measurements at low-field regime below 1 kOe were performed [42]. In this case, the amplitude of magnetization precession at YIG:Co film always dominates that of the Co film (see Figure 13). First, we measured the laser-induced magnetization dynamics in a bare garnet film. Figure 18(a) shows that changing the polarization of the pump induces a shift of the phase of the precession
The laser excitation of Co/YIG:Co heterostructure leads to both an thermal demagnetization at Co film and a photomagnetic effect at the garnet [20]. These effects induced changing the magnetization orientation given by the effective field
5. Conclusion
In this chapter, we have presented the experimental investigation of ultrathin Co/garnet heterostructure by using time-resolved pump-probe magneto-optical spectroscopy in combination with linear magneto-optical Faraday and Kerr effects and ferromagnetic resonance. Ion beam processing procedure for preparation of Au/Co/garnet heterostructure with a sub-nanometer roughness parameter at the interface has been proposed. It was found that Gilbert damping of the ultrathin Co layers on the garnet surfaces is comparable to the damping of high-quality single and polycrystalline Co layers grown on metallic underlayers. We showed that the magnetic and magneto-optical properties of Co/garnet heterostructures can be engineered by covering the ultrathin Co layer. In particular, a strong magnetostatic interlayer coupling between the 2-nm Co layer and YIG:Co film has been found. In addition, the modification of the domain structure due to the magnetostatic coupling has been demonstrated. In principle, depositing ultrathin ferromagnetic layers on a garnet film can also lead to new effects in magnetization dynamics, due to the influence of the effective magnetic field of the ferromagnetic layer and/or the coupling between ferromagnetic layer and garnet.
The growth of a 2-nm Co layer on top of the garnet significantly changes the mechanism of the laser-induced precession in the heterostructure. We observed the modulation of spin precession in a Co/garnet heterostructure with distinct frequencies. The excitation efficiency of these precessions strongly depends on the amplitude and orientation of external magnetic field. In addition, we demonstrate that the laser pulse triggers polarization-independent precession in both the Co and garnet layers via the magnetostatic coupling between these layers.
These results demonstrate that magnetic metal/dielectric heterostructures are interesting and promising objects for further investigations of all-optical ultrafast light-induced phenomena and their potential applications.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Science Centre Poland for OPUS project DEC-2013/09/B/ST3/02669. The author would like to acknowledge the contributions of M. Pashkevich for measurements and A. Stognij for heterostructures preparation. The author is grateful to M. Tekielak, R. Gieniusz, A. Maziewski, A. Kirilyuk, A. Kimel, and T. Rasing for fruitful discussions and research support.
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