Prediction of the UCHI from the heat capacity ratio of fresh blood samples of healthy human being of age 23–56 [2].
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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by",editors:[{id:"315343",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"319114",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Ai",fullName:"Ning Ai",slug:"ning-ai",email:"aining_office@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319299",title:"Prof.",name:"Tianxing",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Tianxing Wei",slug:"tianxing-wei",email:"weitianxing925@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319300",title:"Prof.",name:"Qingke",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Qingke Zhu",slug:"qingke-zhu",email:"xiangmub@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319301",title:"Prof.",name:"Guangquan",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Guangquan Liu",slug:"guangquan-liu",email:"gqliu@iwhr.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},book:{id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Soil Moisture Importance",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",publishedDate:"March 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315343",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11898",leadTitle:null,title:"Glycerol - Current Catalytic and Biochemical Processes for Sustainability",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tGlycerol has attracted attention as its global production has increased excessively due to the rapid growth of the biodiesel industry, resulting in a dramatic decrease in its market price. Additionally, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), it is expected that glycerol production from the biodiesel industry will reach and remain around 4.4 billion liters per year between 2020 and 2028.
\r\n\r\n\tOn the other hand, the progressive decrease of oil reserves has led not only to the production of renewable fuels but also to the development of clean and sustainable technologies to obtain chemical compounds, which are usually employed in industry as raw materials to produce many several daily-use products, seeking to minimize the dependence on the petroleum industry. Thereby, biomass-derived compounds are promising feedstocks to obtain diverse products of technological and industrial interest.
\r\n\r\n\tIn this context, in recent years, intensive research has been carried out to develop valorization processes so that glycerol goes from its current state as a by-product to raw material for the synthesis of other compounds.
\r\n\tThis book aims to expose the recent advances in the research and development of chemical and biochemical processes to obtain bio-based chemical compounds and fuels from glycerol.
\r\n\tChapters dealing with the synthesis and characterization of catalysts (single and mixed hydroxides and oxides, supported catalysts, zeolites, heteropolyacids, pillared-clays, and metal-organic frameworks) and biocatalysts (novel microbial and fungi cultures, immobilized cells, immobilized enzymes, and nanobiocatalysts) to carry out the conversion of glycerol, as well as their testing in discontinuous and continuous stirred reactors, fixed-bed, fluidized-bed, trickle-bed, bubble column, airlift and membrane (bio)reactors are welcome.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book will comprise, but will not be limited to, the homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions of glycerol such as dehydration, hydrogenolysis, partial oxidation, steam- and dry-reforming, glycerol to hydrocarbon fuels and aromatics, (trans)esterification, etherification, halogenation, ammoxidation, as well as supercritical, and photocatalytic processes.
\r\n\r\n\tAdditionally, we hope to cover the bioprocessing of glycerol, including microbial and fungal fermentation and enzymatic reactions to obtain C2-C4 alcohols, diols, hydrogen, methane, organic acids, dihydroxyacetone, biopolymers, and others.
\r\n\tThe book will also deal with the engineering aspects of glycerol processing, such as chemical equilibrium of glycerol reactions, reaction kinetics, (bio)reactor modeling, as well as process simulation and optimization of process variables and reactors.
The cardiovascular system (blood circulatory system) is an internal fluid flow loop with multiple branches, transport nutrients and oxygen to all cells in the body. The center of the cardiovascular system (CVS) is the heart, which is accountable to pump blood through the complex network of viscoelastic vessels, viz., arteries, veins and capillaries. Blood flow in CVS is inherently an unsteady phenomenon experiencing with transient events. Blood flow begins when the heart relaxes between two heartbeats. Due to the cyclic nature of the heart the velocity and pressure of the internal fluid (blood/biofluid) circulating through the viscoelastic vessels varies with time. Blood flow in CVS is typically laminar but due to its pulsatile nature makes possible the flow transition to turbulent. Furthermore, the variations in the fluid flow properties and vessel geometry due to pathophysiological reasons, including the seasonal effects, contribute for the transition of laminar flow to turbulent.
Diseases of the CVS are manifold in gravity and microgravity environment (human spaceflight) and afflict millions of patients worldwide including cases of: coronary artery disease (CAD), ischemic gangrene, abdominal aortic aneurysms, moyamoya disease, and stroke. A few of these dysfunctions are reported to be the end result of atherosclerosis, characterized by plaque accumulation within the walls of the arteries. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death for both men and women. There is no clear age cut point for defining the onset of risk for CVD, which is corroborated from the clinically detected elevated risk factor levels and subclinical abnormalities of adolescents as well as young adults. The hemodynamic characteristics of blood flow have long been thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In light of the discovery of internal flow choking in CVS [1, 2], the hemodynamic characteristics of blood flow need to be examined in detail for exploring the causes and effects of flow choking in gravity and microgravity environment for an authentic conclusion in the risk assessment of asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases.
Heart failure (HF) is the cardiovascular epidemic of the 21st century [2]. Although there has been significant advancement in the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and prevention of HF with reduced ejection fraction (EF), the morbidity and mortality are still extensive. This is particularly true due to the Covid-19 pandemic (www.escardio.org). The EF is a blood flow measurement in percentage (%), specifying how much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction. The EF measurement under 40% may be an indication of HF or cardiomyopathy. An EF from 41–49% may be considered as “borderline” cases having the history of stroke (memory effect). A normal heart’s EF may be between 50–70%. An EF value higher than 75% generally indicates hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which could affect people of any age [2]. HCM is reported as a cause of acute HF particularly in young people, including young athletes. Although all these percentage demarcations of the EF are meaningful for the diagnosis, until the discovery of the Sanal flow choking the EF estimations were not supported by any closed-form analytical model for taking brilliant clinical decisions case by case. The recent theoretical discovery of the Sanal flow choking [1, 2] provides an insight for the risk assessment of asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the Sanal flow choking model could generate universal benchmark data for predicting the condition of internal flow choking in CVS for taking an authentic conclusion on the desirable EF in terms of blood flow percentage for healthy subjects for reducing the risk of acute-heart-failure. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) reported (2020) that patients with cardiovascular risk factors and established cardiovascular disease (CVD) represent a vulnerable population when suffering from the Covid-19. It is important to note that patients with cardiac injury in the context of Covid-19 have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality.
The acute-heart-failure is an event rather than a disease [3, 4]. Therefore, many researchers argued for a radical change in thinking and in therapeutic drug development through multidisciplinary research [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Of late, Kumar et al. [2] reported conclusively that the transient event causing the acute-heart-failure is due to the phenomenon of internal flow choking (biofluid/Sanal flow choking) at a critical total-to-static pressure ratio. Internal flow choking is a compressible fluid flow effect caused by the blockage factor, which occurs at a critical blood-pressure-ratio (BPR), irrespective of the incoming flow velocity. In the CVS, the total pressure is considered as systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the static pressure is denoted as diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The physical situation of internal flow choking in the micro/nanoscale fluid flows in the circulatory system is more susceptible at microgravity condition due to altered variations of blood viscosity, turbulence and the BPR (SBP/DBP). During a long-term human spaceflight mission, the major factor that affects cardiovascular dysfunctions is the absence of gravity [6]. Cardiovascular changes in actual spaceflight differ from those in stimulations such as head-down bedrest or dry immersion [7]. The changes in the cardiovascular system begin solely with the fluid shift associated with microgravity, followed by the decreased circulatory blood volume, cardiac size, and aerobic capacity, and the most prominent symptom, postflight orthostatic intolerance. These symptoms are generically known as “cardiovascular deconditioning” [7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Microgravity environment decreases plasma volume and increases the hematocrit compared with the situation on the earth surface, which increases the relative viscosity of blood. Since blood viscosity strongly depends on hematocrit there are possibilities of an early flow choking in microgravity environment due to an enhanced boundary layer blockage [6].
Human blood is a compressible fluid with different degrees of the compressibility percentage because the specific volume (or density) of blood does change with temperature and/or pressure [1, 2]. Therefore, the specific heat at the constant-pressure (C
A brain hemorrhage is a type of stroke. It is caused by an artery in the brain bursting and causing localized bleeding in the surrounding tissues. Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal connections of arteries and veins [12]. An AVM can develop anywhere in the body, but occurs most often in the brain. Brain AVMs are a leading cause of the hemorrhage in children and young adults, although they can cause other morbidities such as seizures, focal neurological deficits, and headaches. There is usually high flow through the feeding arteries, nidus, and draining veins, which may result in rupture and intracranial hemorrhage, the most severe complication of an AVM. Clinically, brain AVMs are technically challenging and resource-intensive to manage with the available therapeutic modalities and often require multi-modal therapy. The factors influencing risk of hemorrhage associated with sporadic brain AVM is still poorly understood. It has already been established that blood/biofluid is a compressible viscous fluid and internal flow choking can occur anywhere in CVS at a critical BPR causing asymptomatic hemorrhage. In light of the theoretical discovery of the phenomenon of internal flow choking in nano scale fluid flows [1, 2], further studies on the pathogenesis of asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage is envisaged [13]. Briefly, the concept of internal flow choking in blood circulatory system provides an insight for the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and prevention of the asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD).
Internal flow is a flow for which the fluid is bounded by walls. Internal flow choking is a compressible fluid flow effect and a fluid dynamic condition in wall-bounded systems associated with the venturi effect. Admittedly, when a flowing fluid at a given pressure and temperature passes through a constriction (such as the throat of a convergent-divergent (CD) nozzle or a valve in a pipe) into a lower pressure environment the fluid velocity increases for meeting the continuity condition set by the law of nature, viz., the law of conservation of mass. The conservation of mass (continuity) is a fundamental concept of physics and it tells us that at the steady state condition the mass flow rate through a tube is a constant and equal to the product of local density, local velocity, and local cross-sectional area of the tube. The local cross-sectional area can alter due to the boundary layer blockage (i.e., boundary layer displacement thickness) as a result of the viscous flow effect. The cardiovascular system or hemodynamic process is said to be in a steady state if the state variables which define the behavior of the system or the process are unchanging in time.
All fluids in nature are viscous and compressible [1] and prone to create boundary layer over the bounding walls altering the effective geometric shape of the tube. The magnitude of boundary layer blockage depends up on the rheology of fluid and the type of flow featuring from laminar, transitional to turbulent flow characteristics. Boundary layer is the layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant in the flow. Note that because of the greater velocity gradient at the wall the frictional shear stress in a turbulent boundary layer is greater than in a purely laminar boundary layer. And as a result, the turbulent boundary layer thickness will be higher than laminar boundary layer thickness. The main known parameter characterizing laminar–turbulent transition is the
The blood/biofluid compressibility effects on mass flow rate have some surprising results. At a particular total condition, there is a maximum limit of mass flow that occurs when the flow Mach number is equal to one (i.e., local flow velocity equal to the local velocity of sound). The limiting of the mass flow rate is called choking of the flow, which occurs at the sonic fluid flow condition (i.e., Mach number (M) equal to one). It is important to note that although the fluid velocity reaches sonic condition and becomes choked, the mass flow rate is not choked. The mass flow rate can still be increased if the upstream pressure is increased as this increases the density of the gas entering the orifice. Internal flow choking occurs when sonic velocity is reached at the constriction section. And the flow becomes independent from downstream conditions. In other words, internal flow choking occurs in CVS at a critical blood pressure ratio (SBP/DBP), which is governed by the biofluid/blood heat capacity ratio (BHCR).
The analytical model (Eq. (1)) derived from the compressible flow theory [1, 5, 16, 17] dictates the exact condition of internal flow choking in CVS. It is pertinent to note that if the blood vessel is having the shape of a convergent-divergent (CD) nozzle due to occlusion, stenosis, vasospasm and/or the effect of boundary layer blockage (Figure 1) there are possibilities of the generation of shock waves and transient pressure-overshoot in the downstream region of the vessel after attaining the internal flow choking condition (Eq. (1)) as a result of supersonic flow development. Occlusion of the blood vessel causing internal flow choking may be due to atherosclerotic plaque, an embolised blood clot, necrosis or a foreign body presence. According to the law of nature, with a mathematical proof [5, 16], for a compressible fluid to expand isentropically from subsonic (M < 1) to supersonic (M > 1) speeds, it must flow through a convergent-divergent duct or a CD-shaped streamtube [5, 6, 16, 17] experiencing with a physical situation of internal flow choking at a critical BPR (Figure 2). The critical BPR for internal flow choking is governed by the BHCR as dictated by Eq. (1). There are two types of internal flow choking in CVS viz., biofluid choking and Sanal flow choking. Biofluid flow choking occurs in CVS due to the plaque induced CD nozzle flow effect and/or due to vasospasm (Figure 1(a–d)) or any other type of occlusion. A vasospasm is the narrowing of the arteries caused by a persistent contraction of the blood vessels, which is known as vasoconstriction. Vasospasms can affect any area of the body including the brain (cerebral vasospasm) and the coronary artery (coronary artery vasospasm). The Sanal flow choking phenomenon is established as the fluid-throat induced internal flow choking due to the boundary layer formation in the real world flows (continuum/non-continuum) owing to the compressible viscous flow effect [1, 2]. The Sanal flow choking creates a physical situation of boundary layer blockage persuaded biofluid flow choking of the circulatory circuit at a critical systolic-to-diastolic blood pressure ratio (BPR) in all the subjects with and without any plaque (Figure 1(d–g)) and/or apparent occlusion.
Demonstrations of different physical situations of internal flow choking (biofluid/Sanal flow choking) at a critical blood-pressure-ratio (BPR) [
Demonstrating the physical situation of the internal flow choking and unchoking condition in a CD duct or a CD shaped streamtube.
The internal flow choking is a new theoretical concept in biological science applicable to continuum and non-continuum biofluid flows. As the pressure of the nanoscale biofluid/non-continuum-flows rises, average-mean-free-path diminishes and thus, the
Demonstrating the Sanal flow choking phenomenon in an idealized physical model of an artery with a divergent port.
The shock wave can occur anywhere at any time in the supersonic flow when there is a flow compression due to streamtube effect or geometric effect or any other flow disturbance. Normal shock waves create very sharp transient pressure-overshoot in CVS, which leads to bulging or tearing of vessels. The tearing (hemorrhagic stroke) or bulging of vessels (aneurysm) depend on the memory effect (stroke history) and relaxation modulus of the viscoelastic vessels. Memory effect depends on the strength of the shock wave and the associated occurrence of the transient pressure-overshoot over the years due to the frequent fluctuations in BPR, due to various reasons, ranging from unchoked to choked biofluid flow conditions. Note that large oscillations in BPR leads to
The analytical prediction of the Sanal flow choking [1, 2] is a breakthrough in biological science, which creates a radical change in the diagnostic sciences of asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases because the various causes of the Sanal flow choking are complementing with all the established concepts in the medical sciences [2]. The concepts of Sanal flow choking is reviewed herein for highlighting pragmatic solutions for reducing the risk of internal flow choking leading to shock wave generation causing asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases. The whole blood viscosity is popularly the one of Virchow’s triad, which is a recognized concept pronounces the three wide types of causes that are believed to interpose to thrombosis causing cardiovascular complications, viz., hypercoagulability, hemodynamic changes (stasis, turbulence), endothelial injury/dysfunction. Furthermore, it is well known that blood is a non Newtonian fluid [2] as blood viscosity changes due to fluid force, seasonal effects and blood thinning medications.
Viscosity variations are depending on the shear rate or shear rate history of the blood/biofluid, which could vary due to local effects too. Blood temperature decreases during the winter season resulting an increase in blood viscosity and the inverse effect happens during the summer season [5, 18]. It corroborates that the boundary-layer-blockage (BLB) factor causing the Sanal flow choking would alter due to the blood viscosity variations as a consequence of the blood-thinning medication and/or the seasonal effects [2, 18]. Indeed, boundary-layer-blockage induced internal flow choking is more prone during the winter season than the summer season due to the higher blood viscosity at the relatively low blood temperature. It leads to say that the risks of internal flow choking leading to asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases would be high during the winter than in the summer season [5, 18]. It is important to note that disproportionate blood-thinning medication will increase the Reynolds number, which produces the high-turbulence-level creating enhanced boundary-layer-blockage (BLB)-factor causing an early internal flow choking. Therefore, we can establish that relatively high blood viscosity and low blood viscosity are risk factors for an early internal flow choking in cardiovascular system (CVS) causing asymptomatic stroke/hemorrhage and acute heart failure, which is correlating with the established index, viz., International normalized ratio (INR). Therefore, the real effect of viscosity on internal flow choking in CVS needs to be established through randomized clinical trials for taking preventive strategies for reducing the risk of asymptomatic hemorrhage and acute heart failure. On this rationale, it is essential, rather needed, perhaps inevitable to declare an exact condition for prohibiting the internal flow choking in the CVS, in terms of viscosity, density, Reynolds number, biofluid/blood-heat-capacity-ratio (BHCR), blood-pressure-ratio (BPR), the ejection fraction in terms of biofluid/blood flow rate (BFR), and stenosis (vessel geometry), which are accomplished through the closed-form analytical models (Eqs (2), (3)). Eqs (2), (3) are declaring the unchoked flow condition in the CVS, which could predict the cardiovascular risk for taking a conclusive clinical decision on each and every subject in all seasons. Accurate estimation of the parameters highlighted in Eqs (2), (3) are absolutely required for the future health care management of all subjects aiming for prohibiting asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases.
It is evident from Eq. (1), and Eqs (2), (3) that a decrease in BHCR, DBP and the vessel diameter increases the cardiovascular risk, which is correlating with the existing clinical findings [2, 18, 28, 29]. Eq. (1) also reveals that an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) increases the cardiovascular risk (CVR). Briefly, an increase in BPR increases the CVR. Eq. (1) and Eqs (2), (3) are two independent and complementing conditions set for prohibiting the internal flow choking in the CVS. Eq. (2) is an offshoot of Eq. (3), which highlights the coupled effect of thermo-fluid dynamics properties of biofluid/blood along with the vessel blockage in terms of the hydraulic diameter. Note that nanoscale fluid flow system with apparently high-risk blockage (Figure 1(a)) must always maintain the flow Mach number less than one as dictated by Eqs (2) and (3) for negating the undesirable internal flow choking causing shock wave generation and pressure-overshoot in the CVS leading to acute myocardial infarction. In such cases the flow Mach number can be retained always less than one by keeping BPR always less than the lower critical hemorrhage index (LCHI), which can be achieved by increasing the BHCR through drugs or otherwise. Analytical model (Eq. (2)) proves that the stents could reduce the risk of the heart attack but no better than drugs for increasing the BHCR owing to the fact that the Sanal flow choking could occur with and without stent. The impeccable analytical models presented herein as Eqs (2), (3) reveal that the usage of blood-thinners without increasing the BHCR create high risk of bleeding and stroke. The fact is that the blood-thinner decreases the viscosity and increases the
In order to avoid internal flow choking in CVS an unchoked–fluid-flow condition must be maintained throughout the circulatory system. It could be achieved by maintaining the BPR always lower than the lower-critical-hemorrhage-index (LCHI), which is dictated by the lowest value of the BHCR (Eq. (4)) of the evolved gases from blood or foreign gases entered in the CVS. Air can enter in veins and arteries during surgical procedures. It has been reported that non meticulous brain surgeries result in an air embolism. Significant venous air embolism may develop acutely during the perioperative period due to a number of causes such as during head and neck surgery, spinal surgery, improper central venous and hemodialysis catheter handling, etc. The trend of using self-collapsible intravenous (IV) infusion bags instead of the conventional glass or plastic bottles has several advantages, one of them being protection against air embolism [31].
Note that BHCR of CO2 is lower than air, which creates an early internal flow choking. For instance, if CO2 is the dominant gas in the CVS it is mandatory to maintain BPR lower than 1.82, within the pathophysiological range of human temperature, for creating an unchoked flow condition for prohibiting the shock wave generation [1] causing asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases due to transient pressure-overshoot. Note that BHCR of CO2 decreases from 1.31 @ 0 °C to 1.281 @ 100 °C. Eq. (4) shows that the BHCR is having the bearing on all the parameters highlighted in Eqs (2), (3) for prohibiting the internal flow choking. The fact is that at the choked flow condition the critical-BPR is a unique function of BHCR. Briefly, the LCHI can be predicted (Eq. (4)) using the lowest value of the BHCR among the dominant gases present in the CVS of each subject (human being or animal). The upper critical hemorrhage index (UCHI) can be predicted (Eq. (5)) from the specific heat of blood at constant pressure (
In vitro data [6] shows that nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) gases are predominant in fresh blood samples of the human being/
The mass spectrum of CO2 and N2 evolved as a function of both time and temperature in the blood samples of healthy subjects [
Demonstrating the percentage variations of evolved gases (viz., N2-m/z = 28, O2 m/z = 32, CO2-m/z = 44, Ar-m/z = 40, an unknown composite gas - m/z = 28.5) from the blood samples of four different healthy human beings and one Guinea pig during the hyphenated technique at a blood temperature of 40 °C (104o F) [
Batch No. | Blood Group | SBP/DBP | BPR | BHCR | UCHI @ 37.5o C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3073 | O+ | 150/90 | 1.666 | 3.500 | 3.110 |
3074 | A+ | 120/70 | 1.714 | 2.760 | 2.691 |
3078 | B- | 150/90 | 1.666 | 2.7292 | 2.709 |
3080 | O+ | 150/90 | 1.666 | 2.9935 | 2.824 |
3082 | A+ | 140/96 | 1.458 | 2.6759 | 2.640 |
Prediction of the UCHI from the heat capacity ratio of fresh blood samples of healthy human being of age 23–56 [2].
Over the decades, bio-medical researchers have been relying on
Single phase
The in silico result presented in Figure 6 is clearly demonstrating the phenomenon of the Sanal-flow-choking and the shock-waves generation at the subsonic inflow condition (creeping flow) leading to the transient pressure-overshoots (stroke) in the downstream region of an artery with divergent port. Figure 6 provides the proof of the concept of fluid-throat persuaded flow choking in the CVS. The closed-form analytical prediction of the 3D blockage factor [1] at the sonic-fluid-throat location is a useful tool for the
Although the diagnostic sciences have been advanced significantly during the last eight decades [32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40], until the theoretical discovery of the Sanal flow choking, the real occurrence of acute-heart-failure was poorly understood, largely for the reason that it was an under diagnosis condition [2]. Now the real cause of an acute-heart-failure comes to the foreground [1, 2]. All the findings reported in this chapter are complementing with the clinical data causing asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases. Analytical models,
In vitro study shows that nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and argon (Ar) gases are predominant in fresh blood samples of healthy subjects at a temperature range of 37 – 40 °C (98.6 – 104 °F), which enhances the chances of internal flow choking (with or without any coronary artery stent) leading to pressure-overshoot and acute heart failure. This physical situation is more dangerous in Covid-19 patients, which could lead to cardiac epidemic. We observed through
We concluded that a single anticoagulant drug capable to suppress the turbulence level and enhance the BHCR or a companion medicine along with the traditional blood-thinning medications is predestined for meeting the conflicting requirements (i.e., decrease viscosity and turbulence simultaneously) of all the subjects for reducing the risk of asymptomatic hemorrhage (AH) and acute heart failure (AHF). In high risk subjects, (i.e., BPR is very close to the LCHI), a slight oscillation in the BPR predisposes to the choking and the unchoking phenomena, which could lead to arrhythmia and memory effect. Briefly, this study sheds light for exploring new avenues in biological science for discovering new blood-thinning drugs for reducing the risk of internal flow choking causing asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases [1, 2]. The cardiovascular treatment should be targeted based on blood pressure ratio (BPR), instead of blood pressure levels alone, in chronic heart failure patients. We concluded that the risk of internal flow choking heading to asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases could be decreased by concurrently reducing blood viscosity and turbulence by enhancing the BHCR and/or reducing the BPR.
The discovery of the Sanal flow choking phenomena calls for continuous ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and thermal level monitoring in high risk patients in the diagnosis and preventive management of asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases. The continuous blood pressure and thermal level measurement could be done in a more pragmatic way by using a wearable BP monitor with the temperature sensor in the modern form of a wristwatch. Analytical methods such as machine learning could definitely enhance the accuracy and advance daily wearable device-based diagnoses [41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. Recent studies on heart failure management in gravity and microgravity environment (during the long human spaceflight) corroborate that the physical situation of the Sanal flow choking phenomena calls for continuous ambulatory BP and thermal-level monitoring in astronauts’/cosmonauts [6, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50]. Note that the Sanal flow choking is more susceptible at microgravity condition due to altered variations of blood viscosity, turbulence and the BPR. Microgravity environment decreases plasma volume and increases the hematocrit compared with the situation on the earth surface, which increases the relative viscosity of blood. We concluded that for a healthy-life all subjects (human being/animals) in the earth and in the outer space with high BPR necessarily have high BHCR. We also concluded that for reducing the cardiovascular risk, all the astronauts/cosmonauts should maintain the BPR lower than the lower critical hemorrhage index (LCHI) as dictated by the lowest heat capacity ratio (HCR) of the gas generating from the biofluid/blood for prohibiting the internal flow choking during the space travel. We recommend all astronauts/cosmonauts should wear ambulatory blood pressure and thermal level monitoring devices similar to a wristwatch throughout the space travel for the diagnosis, prognosis and prevention of internal flow choking leading to asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases. The scientific objective of this study and review was to discover the correlation between the thermal tolerance level in terms of BHCR, the BPR, blood viscosity, ejection fraction (EF) and the cardiovascular risk leading to AH and AHF, which we could achieve herein. We concluded that designing the precise blood thinning regimen is vital for attaining the desired therapeutic efficacy and negating undesirable flow choking leading to acute-heart failure. For a healthy-life all subjects with high-BPR inevitably have high-BHCR for reducing the risk of the internal flow choking (biofluid/Sanal flow choking) triggering the AHF due to the shock wave generation. We corroborated that, the acute-heart-failure (AHF) is a transient episode and not an illness. In a nutshell, a single drug capable to increase BHCR and/or decrease the BPR could reduce the risk of asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases without any prejudice.
Intro
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Therefore, rural people should make some strategy for the implementation of agroforestry model with suitable combination of trees and field crops, and this combination does not only generate income for the upliftment of socioeconomic value but also concerns the ecological and environmental stability on the sustained basis, i.e. emphasis should be more on scientific management of these models.",book:{id:"4757",slug:"precious-forests-precious-earth",title:"Precious Forests",fullTitle:"Precious Forests - Precious Earth"},signatures:"M.K. Jhariya, S.S. Bargali and Abhishek Raj",authors:[{id:"175133",title:"Dr.",name:"S. S.",middleName:null,surname:"Bargali",slug:"s.-s.-bargali",fullName:"S. S. Bargali"}]},{id:"30816",doi:"10.5772/30596",title:"Entomopathogenic Fungi as an Important Natural Regulator of Insect Outbreaks in Forests (Review)",slug:"entomopathogenic-fungi-as-an-important-natural-regulator-of-insect-outbreaks-in-forests-review-",totalDownloads:6715,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:37,abstract:null,book:{id:"616",slug:"forest-ecosystems-more-than-just-trees",title:"Forest Ecosystems",fullTitle:"Forest Ecosystems - More than Just Trees"},signatures:"Anna Augustyniuk-Kram and Karol J. Kram",authors:[{id:"83229",title:"Dr.",name:"Karol",middleName:"J.",surname:"Kram",slug:"karol-kram",fullName:"Karol Kram"},{id:"87728",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Augustyniuk-Kram",slug:"anna-augustyniuk-kram",fullName:"Anna Augustyniuk-Kram"}]},{id:"55309",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69088",title:"Plant-Microbe Ecology: Interactions of Plants and Symbiotic Microbial Communities",slug:"plant-microbe-ecology-interactions-of-plants-and-symbiotic-microbial-communities",totalDownloads:4690,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Plant community dynamics are driven by the microbial mediation of soil resource partitioning and sharing by the inhibition of other host symbionts or sharing the broadly specific symbiotic fungi. The plant phenotype and ecology can be affected by the impact of the symbiotic microbes on the environment and competition for soil resources.",book:{id:"5877",slug:"plant-ecology-traditional-approaches-to-recent-trends",title:"Plant Ecology",fullTitle:"Plant Ecology - Traditional Approaches to Recent Trends"},signatures:"Ying-Ning Ho, Dony Chacko Mathew and Chieh-Chen Huang",authors:[{id:"198872",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying-Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Ho",slug:"ying-ning-ho",fullName:"Ying-Ning Ho"},{id:"199676",title:"Prof.",name:"Chieh-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"chieh-chen-huang",fullName:"Chieh-Chen Huang"},{id:"201133",title:"Dr.",name:"Dony",middleName:"Chacko",surname:"Mathew",slug:"dony-mathew",fullName:"Dony Mathew"}]},{id:"36984",doi:"10.5772/29590",title:"Individual-Based Models and Scaling Methods for Ecological Forestry: Implications of Tree Phenotypic Plasticity",slug:"individual-based-models-and-scaling-methods-for-ecological-forestry-implications-of-tree-phenotypic-",totalDownloads:2734,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"617",slug:"sustainable-forest-management-current-research",title:"Sustainable Forest Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Forest Management - Current Research"},signatures:"Nikolay Strigul",authors:[{id:"78465",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Strigul",slug:"nikolay-strigul",fullName:"Nikolay Strigul"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"36125",title:"Deforestation: Causes, Effects and Control Strategies",slug:"deforestation-causes-effects-and-control-strategies",totalDownloads:158213,totalCrossrefCites:34,totalDimensionsCites:100,abstract:null,book:{id:"2246",slug:"global-perspectives-on-sustainable-forest-management",title:"Global Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management",fullTitle:"Global Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management"},signatures:"Sumit Chakravarty, S. 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Suresh"},{id:"101104",title:"Dr.",name:"A N",middleName:null,surname:"Dey",slug:"a-n-dey",fullName:"A N Dey"},{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}]},{id:"55309",title:"Plant-Microbe Ecology: Interactions of Plants and Symbiotic Microbial Communities",slug:"plant-microbe-ecology-interactions-of-plants-and-symbiotic-microbial-communities",totalDownloads:4702,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Plant community dynamics are driven by the microbial mediation of soil resource partitioning and sharing by the inhibition of other host symbionts or sharing the broadly specific symbiotic fungi. The plant phenotype and ecology can be affected by the impact of the symbiotic microbes on the environment and competition for soil resources.",book:{id:"5877",slug:"plant-ecology-traditional-approaches-to-recent-trends",title:"Plant Ecology",fullTitle:"Plant Ecology - Traditional Approaches to Recent Trends"},signatures:"Ying-Ning Ho, Dony Chacko Mathew and Chieh-Chen Huang",authors:[{id:"198872",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying-Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Ho",slug:"ying-ning-ho",fullName:"Ying-Ning Ho"},{id:"199676",title:"Prof.",name:"Chieh-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"chieh-chen-huang",fullName:"Chieh-Chen Huang"},{id:"201133",title:"Dr.",name:"Dony",middleName:"Chacko",surname:"Mathew",slug:"dony-mathew",fullName:"Dony Mathew"}]},{id:"57881",title:"Forest Fire Monitoring",slug:"forest-fire-monitoring",totalDownloads:1731,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Thousands of hectares around the globe destroyed by forest fires every year causing tragic loss of houses, properties, lives, fauna and flora. Forest fires are a great menace to ecologically healthy grown forests and protection of the environment. This problem has been the research interest for years, and there are a number of solutions available to resolve this problem. In this chapter, a summary is given for all the technologies that have been used for forest fire detection with explanation of what parameters these systems looking for to understand the fire behaviour.",book:{id:"6304",slug:"forest-fire",title:"Forest Fire",fullTitle:"Forest Fire"},signatures:"Ahmad AA Alkhatib",authors:[{id:"215875",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Alkhatib",slug:"ahmad-alkhatib",fullName:"Ahmad Alkhatib"}]},{id:"36980",title:"Implementation of the U.S. Legal, Institutional, and Economic Criterion and Indicators for the 2010 Montreal Process for Sustainable Forest Management",slug:"implementation-of-the-u-s-legal-institutional-and-economic-criterion-and-indicators-for-the-2010-mon",totalDownloads:1488,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"617",slug:"sustainable-forest-management-current-research",title:"Sustainable Forest Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Forest Management - Current Research"},signatures:"Frederick Cubbage, Kathleen McGinley, Steverson Moffat, Liwei Lin and Guy Robertson",authors:[{id:"85450",title:"Dr.",name:"Frederick",middleName:null,surname:"Cubbage",slug:"frederick-cubbage",fullName:"Frederick Cubbage"},{id:"85616",title:"Dr.",name:"Steverson",middleName:null,surname:"Moffat",slug:"steverson-moffat",fullName:"Steverson Moffat"},{id:"85617",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathleen",middleName:null,surname:"McGinley",slug:"kathleen-mcginley",fullName:"Kathleen McGinley"},{id:"85619",title:"MSc.",name:"Liwei",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",slug:"liwei-lin",fullName:"Liwei Lin"},{id:"126486",title:"Dr.",name:"Guy",middleName:null,surname:"Robertson",slug:"guy-robertson",fullName:"Guy Robertson"}]},{id:"73493",title:"Bioeconomic Potential of Sustainability Indicators in a Ceramic Production Center in the Western Amazon",slug:"bioeconomic-potential-of-sustainability-indicators-in-a-ceramic-production-center-in-the-western-ama",totalDownloads:540,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The use of Amazonian biodiversity has great potential to produce bioproducts in diverse production chains and segments of industry. The combination of public policies with biotechnological development represents an important indicator for the implementation of sustainable production chains that adhere to the Sustainable Development Objectives (SDO). The ceramic industries in the Amazon region represent activities that promote local economic development through the use of biological resources that can be transformed into bioproducts that are considered a reference for sustainable production in world markets. The operations of these industries have great potential to incorporate technologies that can be used for fabrication of ceramic products on a biological base that is compatible with bioeconomic guidelines. The principle of a bioeconomy is centered on the possibility of transformation of natural resources into bioproducts that aggregate technologies and contribute to increase incomes and reduce environmental impacts. In this way, the integration of different fields of science should be stimulated to incorporate new technologies that favor business models that comply with the premises of sustainability.",book:{id:"10248",slug:"ecosystem-and-biodiversity-of-amazonia",title:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia",fullTitle:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia"},signatures:"Gelson Dias Florentino, Lucieta Guerreiro Martorano, Sandro Augusto Lima dos Santos, José Reinaldo da Silva Cabral de Moraes, Ires Paula de Andrade Miranda and Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro Ruivo",authors:[{id:"78933",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"De Lourdes Pinheiro Ruivo",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-pinheiro-ruivo",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Pinheiro Ruivo"},{id:"252816",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucieta Guerreiro",middleName:"G.",surname:"Martorano",slug:"lucieta-guerreiro-martorano",fullName:"Lucieta Guerreiro Martorano"},{id:"264502",title:"MSc.",name:"José Reinaldo Da Silva Cabral De",middleName:null,surname:"Moraes",slug:"jose-reinaldo-da-silva-cabral-de-moraes",fullName:"José Reinaldo Da Silva Cabral De Moraes"},{id:"326256",title:"Prof.",name:"Gelson Dias",middleName:"Dias",surname:"Florentino",slug:"gelson-dias-florentino",fullName:"Gelson Dias Florentino"},{id:"326424",title:"Mr.",name:"Sandro Augusto",middleName:null,surname:"Lima dos Santos",slug:"sandro-augusto-lima-dos-santos",fullName:"Sandro Augusto Lima dos Santos"},{id:"326427",title:"Dr.",name:"Ires Paula",middleName:null,surname:"de Andrade Miranda",slug:"ires-paula-de-andrade-miranda",fullName:"Ires Paula de Andrade Miranda"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"331",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. 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Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. 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Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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