Contents of the emergency evacuation center operation manual in case of wind and flood damage (manual 1).
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IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
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\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
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\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
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It is recognized that the main brunt of the effects of anthropogenic climate change will be borne by communities in developing countries, particularly in Africa. For example, the IPCC forecasts that some parts of Africa will become warmer and wetter, whereas others will become drier, and there will be higher frequencies of storms and floods. Changes in the distributions and amounts of rainfall will ensue, as water is a fundamental human requirement that also influences human wellbeing and health, and understanding how water systems will change is a pre-requisite to understanding potential future changes in disease epidemiology.
A possible scenario that could involve the spread of diseases into non-endemic regions is with the migration of infected people in places where vectors are already present but, as yet, there is no disease. For instance in South Africa, there are three newly described forms of
This chapter discusses how future climate change scenarios could influence disease transmission and distribution, for better or for worse; by delving into the past, present and future effects of climate on diseases using malaria as an example.It will also elaborate on the environmental factors affecting disease agents, the effects of climate on the physiological processes of pathogens and the host-pathogen interactions, vector diversity and vector borne diseases, as well as transmission zones related to disease distribution. Finally, the chapter examines the effects of climate change on migration and how this may impact disease distribution.
The geographic distribution of diseases has revealed changes over history [5]. Several factors can be linked to the changes in disease distribution, but of interest to this review on climate change and disease distribution, are global warming, agricultural colonization, deforestation and reforestation. Changes in climate, either at the micro (country) or macro-geographical (continent) level influence the survival, reproduction, transmission of disease agents and vectors, and their interaction with the geophysical factors associated with climate: primarily precipitation, humidity, ambient and water temperature. A considerable range of diseases, including cholera [6], lymphatic filariasis [7] and tick-borne encephalitis [8] are affected by changing environmental conditions. However, alongside schistosomiasis and dengue, malaria is one of the diseases that has mostly been influenced by climate change events [9-11] and provides us with adequate information required to understand the roles that climate plays in driving disease prevalence and distribution.
Climate change and malaria, scenario for 2050 (UNEP/GRID 2005). With climate conditions changing in the future, due to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, conditions for pests also change. The primary malaria agent, the
Based on the biology of the vectors and their absence in regions that at present are too cool for their survival [10, 32], climate-malaria models depict an increase in the geographic range of the disease [33, 34], as temperature and global environmental conditions worsen. Figure 1, reproduced from UNEP/GRID 2005, represents the global distribution predictions of malaria by 2050. The changing climate conditions, due to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, will result in heat being trapped herein and thus modify the conditions for malaria vectors and
a) Pre-intervention endemicity (approximately 1900) as defined in Lysenko and Semashko [
Disease agents are affected by environmental factors, notably rainfall, humidity, and temperature. These, in turn, influence the incidence, distribution and spread of water-borne diseases. Water-borne and sanitation-related diseases are major contributors to global disease burden and mortality [40], especially in developing countries and in children under the age of 5 years. The main agents of these diseases are mostly viruses, bacteria, and parasitic worms [41]. Being mostly linked with water and sanitation, these diseases such as Cholera, typhoid, schistosomiasis, guinea worm and toxoplasmosis are prone to weather fluctuation events that affect their survival and dispersal through this medium.
Various studies have shown that many disease outbreaks associated with water are preceded by heavy rainfall events [42-48]. An example of this phenomenon is with the cryptosporidiosis outbreak associated with borehole extracted groundwater, where heavy rainfall led to running water from, fecally polluted, cattle grazing fields leaking into the borehole water supply [44]. Other studies have shown correlations between rainfall and the likelihood of detecting
Flooding, following heavy rainfall events, also poses substantial risk to the spread of infectious diseases -especially in developing countries where cases of leptospirosis, Hepatitis E, malaria and diarrheal diseases have been reported [52-57]. Most often, rainfall- and flood-associated outbreaks often come about as a result of contaminated water seeping into groundwater or water treatment systems [58] or the provision of suitable breeding grounds for disease vectors, in the case of malaria [59, 60].
Of all the climate change events, temperature poses the greatest threat to the spread of infectious diseases, as the increase in temperature has been linked to the blooming of various planktonic species [61-63] and pathogens [64, 65]. Planktonic blooms occur mostly in the summer months and the accumulation of toxins either through contact with water or food relating to these, such as blue-green algae [61] and dinoflagellates [63], results in cases being reported around these periods. However, the most evidence of the effect of temperature on risk from waterborne disease is in relation to cholera [64]. Evidence suggests that
Temperature does not only affect the growth of enteric pathogens, but also affects the spread of many viral, rickettsial, bacterial and parasitic diseases that can be transmitted by vectors [69]. Gubler and colleagues [25] list a range of possible mechanisms that may affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases as a result of temperature changes. These mechanisms include the increase or decrease in vector survival, changes in rate of vector population growth, changes in feeding behavior, changes in susceptibility of vector to pathogens, changes in incubation period of pathogen, changes in seasonality of vector activity and changes in seasonality of pathogen transmission. These changes will be discussed in subsequent sections.
Pathogen strain may play a significant role in the host-pathogen or vector-pathogen interactions. This section will try to reveal the latitudinal and temperamental changes on the diversity in pathogens and their interaction with their hosts and vectors.
Seasonal disease variations may come about as the result of many factors, including seasonally heightened host susceptibility resulting from seasonal stressors [70], changes in contact rates resulting from school terms in the case of childhood diseases [71] and seasonal changes in pathogen transmission rates resulting from climate variation [72]. Temperature, which is the main climate change driver, can affect disease by altering the susceptibility of hosts, the virulence of pathogens and the growth rates of both hosts and pathogens, which can in turn influence host pathology and disease emergence [73, 74]. The direct influences of climate variables (e.g. geography, temperature and rainfall) on the geographical range, growth rates of pathogens, variations in pathogen transmission rates and disease incidence is an active area of research in disease ecology [23, 64, 75, 76].
Cholera is an infectious disease endemic to many developing countries. It is caused by the bacterium
Small organisms tend to have faster generation times, stronger growth responses to temperature and wider thermal windows [81]. While it is easy to find variations in intra or extracellular bacterial pathogen strains, diversity in extracellular disease agents is not uncommon. For example, in West Africa, two geographic strains of
As evidence suggests, climate-driven changes in interspecific interactions may lead to important consequences for host–pathogen relationships and disease emergence [85]. Because temperature patterns control growth and reproduction in a variety of organisms [86], changes in temperature are likely to influence the rate and timing of development of some species more strongly than others [87]. Thus, climate change will likely lead to both direct (i.e., physiological) and indirect (i.e., interspecific interactions) effects on parasite transmission, some of which may increase disease while others will reduce infection or pathology [87].
The term “vector-borne diseases” describes illnesses in which pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi, are transmitted to humans or other animals through the feeding activity of blood- sucking arthropods.
The underlying mechanisms through which climate change may influence the infectivity of vector-borne diseases may be attributed to four main factors, including (i) expanding the range of vectors and hosts into new human populations, (ii) changes in vector or host population density. Furthermore, such changes in host/vector populations, as well as extreme environmental conditions affecting host immuno-competence may impinge on (iii) the frequency of infections, and (iv) pathogen load [88].
Under the second mechanism, high records of rainfall create convenient breeding grounds and increase food availability for vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and snails [88]. In South America, for example, following the abundant rainfall that marked the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) there came about a corresponding increase in
Climate change results in the distribution of vectors into non-endemic areas, as well as their proliferation in endemic areas. Many vector-borne diseases are transmitted between a lower end range of 14-18oC and an upper end range of 35-40oC [89]. As lower end temperatures increase, the transmission periods of infectious diseases such as malaria, encephalitis, and dengue fever are enhanced or extended [94]. With malaria, the enhancement of transmission becomes imminent as temperature increases cause adult female mosquitoes to digest blood and feed more frequently, and as warmer waters shorten the incubation period of vector larvae [89]. Between the temperature ranges of 30–32oC, vectorial capacity increases substantially due to a decrease in the extrinsic incubation period, despite a reduction in the vector’s survival rate. Mosquito species such as the
Stress, attributed to extreme environmental conditions, challenges the tolerance level of the hosts’ immune system and makes them more susceptible to pathogen infections and recrudescence [88]. Temperature variations affect pathogen carrying capacity in arthropod vectors, and consequently, the epidemiology of infectious disease.
Moreover, climate change influences the seasonality of infectious disease patterns. Anomalies in weather patterns bring about irregularities in pathogen abundance, survival within both vectors and hosts, or virulence, impairing the accuracy of surveillance systems in predicting pandemic outbreaks [100]. It is hypothesized that seasonal changes in photoperiod affect vitamin D metabolism [101], and thus immune cell antibacterial and antiviral activity, leading to host immuno-suppression during the winter season. It is also hypothesized that in the northern and southern hemispheres, seasonal changes in photoperiods may bring about changes in flight and feeding activity of arthropod vectors to result in increased transmissibility of pathogens to hosts.
In terms of vector diversity, the environmental factors affecting the distribution of the vectors have the potential to results in their diversification. West Africa is one region with various ecological zones ranging from an extreme of dense forests, through the savannahs, to the other extreme of the Sahara desert. In this region, the
Climate and temperature zones play an important role in the establishment of disease transmission zones. From the discussions and evidence presented in the sections above, it is becoming clearer that the effects of climate change will lead to the establishment of disease transmission risk areas, which will expand or decrease as the environmental factors become favorable or unfavorable for disease vectors and pathogens.
The spatial distribution of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis can be classified in terms of high and low transmission areas. de Souza and colleagues [104] demonstrated the presence of low, medium and high lymphatic filariasis transmission zones in Ghana, influenced by the presence/absence of efficient vectors and the effects of environmental factors, specifically temperature. Transmission could also be described in terms of hypo/meso/hyperendemicity for onchocerciasis, depending on the level of prevalence and the risks of morbidity [107]. The importance of these transmission zones lies in the disease control options and the possible re-infection of areas previously declared as non-endemic, from areas of high or medium transmission zones.
Perhaps the idea of transmission zones could best be described using the example of meningitis. Meningococcal meningitis (MCM) is an infection of the meninges, caused by the bacteria
Historically, the migration patterns of the early modern hominids out of Africa (some 100, 000 years ago) was believed to have coincided with climate related events and wet phases in the Sahara/Sahel region of North Africa [112-114]. This early migration may be linked with the possible co-migration of diseases to other parts of the world. Thus the early migration and disease distribution notion can be supported by studies that established that lice (which transmit diseases such as typhus, trench and relapsing fevers) had accompanied their human hosts in the original peopling of the Americas, near the end of the Pleistocene [115], probably as early as 10,000-15,000 years ago. Millions of people are forced to migrate when climate change brings about environmental disasters [116]. It is estimated that by 2050, between 25 million to 1 billion people will have been displaced as a result of climate change [117]. The impact of climate change on the environment comes about as a result of a) climate processes, characterized by the rise in sea levels, salinization of agricultural land, desertification, and drought, and b) climate events, such as flooding, storms, hurricanes, and typhoons [118]. Global climate change affects all parts of the world, however, the world’s poorest regions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, are the hardest hit, since they lack adequate social and economic structures to enable them to cope with climate change induced environmental disasters and its associated problems.
Drought threatens agricultural productivity, and thereby, food security and economic stability in these poor world regions, as their economies are heavily reliant on climate-dependent activities such as farming and fishing. Many people are thus forced to travel outside their local communities in search of better conditions. A common pattern of climate migration is for individuals or groups to travel where environmental conditions are favorable. In West Africa, for example, drought seasons compel young men and women to travel outside their communities to engage in paid labor so as to increase the family income, as well as send remittances to support the rest of the family. The distance travelled by these climate migrants is either internal or external, depending on the family’s resources, whereby they are enabled to only move to neighboring cities, or as far as Europe [118]. Typically, aside financial considerations, other factors such as existing social networks, past colonial relationships, and language determine how far migrants would travel. After the 2005 Hurricane Katrina disaster evacuees from the Gulf regions did not “stream across” to neighboring Mexico, but rather sought refuge elsewhere within the United States [118].
Many climate migration effects on disease distribution have been suggested. Over the short term, it has been suggested that climate change forced-migration will make the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) harder [118]. The provision of uninterrupted health services that underlie goals 4 and 5 of the MDGs (reducing child and maternal mortality and combating HIV/Aids, malaria and other diseases), is also likely to be affected as a result of large-scale climate migration [118]. The displacement of populations as a result of climate effects undermines the provision of medical care and vaccination programs; making infectious diseases harder to deal with and more deadly. It is well documented that refugee populations suffer worse health outcomes than settled populations [118]. Another effect of climate change migration is the spread of diseases as a result of overcrowding. One billion people, live in urban slums: in poor quality housing with limited clean water, sanitation and health services [118]. It is estimated that by 2030 this number will rise to 1.7 billion people [119]. This figure may even be higher, as it is estimated that 78 million people may be displaced by climate change by 2030 [120], and 250 million by 2050 [121]. The high population densities and high contact rates could help to spread disease, while health and education services are often inadequate. As an example, the spread of dengue fever in India has been associated with unplanned urbanization [122].
The most imminent impact of climate migration is the introduction of pathogens into new regions, thereby expanding the geographic range of infectious diseases. Northeastern Brazil, for instance, faces the challenge of outbreaks of visceral leishmaniasis as a consequence of migration during drought seasons [123]. Another example can be given of South Africa, where there are three newly described forms of
The argument for disease distribution as a result of climate migration may not be attributed to humans alone, but also to animals and their roles in the transmission of zoonotic diseases. In West Africa, the migration of the pastoral Fulanis has been a result many factors, including climate change [126, 127]. Cattle and livestock play an important role in the transmission of zoonoses including; anthrax, brucellosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis and E. coli. Other animals such as wild birds also share with humans the capacity for moving over large distances, travelling across national and intercontinental boundaries. During migratory movements, birds have the potential of carrying and dispersing pathogens that can be dangerous for both humans and of course other animals and birds [128-130]. This spread of pathogens occurs at multiple geographic scales, consequently influencing disease dynamics [131-134]. Many disease pathogens can be spread in this manner and these include; viruses (e.g., West Nile, Sindbis, Newcastle), bacteria (e.g., borrelia, mycobacteria, salmonellae), and protozoa (e.g., cryptosporidia) [128]. However, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) pandemic that started in China in 2005 [135] may be considered as the number one disease that opened up the world of migratory birds and the spread of diseases. In discussing the role of migratory birds in disease distribution, it is important to note that as the climate changes, so does the probability of zoonotic diseases increase. For example, studies have revealed that increasing temperatures alter bird migration patterns [136], and this may affect their duration of stay (influenced by food availability and suitable breeding conditions), thereby increasing the chances of transmitting disease pathogens.
In conclusion, most studies predict an increase in temperature - as ascribed to global warming, carbon dioxide concentration, rainfall, drought, and humidity. These factors influence the complex interactions within the public health triad comprising the environment, human host and disease vectors or pathogens. Although the effects may not be universal, the suitability of new environments will lead to the spread of disease vectors and pathogens into new areas, whereas the unsuitability (due to drought, for instance) may lead people to migrate into suitable areas, thereby introducing diseases in those areas.
COVID-19 is prevalent all over the world. Different countries applied a large-scale lockdown [1], and although the lockdown is currently relaxed and economic activities have started again, the expected second wave of infection has occurred. Re-expansion occurred [2], and it has continued.
In Japan, a disaster-prone country, there is concern about the COVID-19 as it spreads. Particularly in recent years, disasters such as the 2011 Tohoku-Pacific Ocean Earthquake-tsunami disaster, the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake disaster, and the 2018 massive rain disaster in western Japan have become more severe and frequent.
It is necessary to manage the entire disaster response processes in such a situation. Also, it is essential to manage the disaster response work process and effectively communicate the disaster response work so that there is no duplication, rework, or waiting by concerning human resources in an organization.
Regarding the operation of shelters among various disasters, schools and public halls become shelters for many displaced residents [3, 4], and various operations may coincide with the potential high risk of infection among the crowded residents. In the current COVID-19, outbreaks of infectious diseases at shelters can occur. There is currently no mention of the Basic Act on Disaster Countermeasures in Japan requiring improved living conditions in evacuation centers, such as distributing food, clothing, medicines, and healthcare services (Article 86–6). Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish an evacuation center management system that incorporates measures against infectious diseases.
As there is a concern that the COVID-19 outbreak will result in a lack of human and physical resources, the following five components are essential for sufficient disaster response work: (1) Standard workflow for disaster response, (2) Information sharing and distribution to understand the situation of dispersed evacuation centers, (3) Effective allocation and management of human resources for various kinds of situations, (4) Information management and distribution of materials and equipment, (5) Continuous follow-up on measures/policies against infectious diseases.
Regarding the standard workflow for disaster response, research on standardization and systematization of disaster response has been conducted to realize effective disaster response. The author developed a Business Operation Support System (BOSS) for effective disaster management. BOSS is a workflow system with a database that summarizes disaster response works in a workflow chart.
In this study, the BOSS was used to create a comprehensive workflow focus on shelter management for COVID-19, and the created workflow was verified in the situation of the scenario disaster. In particular, we compared the responses for shelter management with the BOSS or without the BOSS (with a conventional paper manual) and analyzed the effect of using BOSS. This study verified shelter management operations in Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture.
Infectious diseases are often prevalent after the occurrence of natural disasters [5]. There are many cases of infectious diseases and psychological stress caused by a massive change in the living environment due to the way of life in evacuation centers [6], food shortages, and unsanitary environments increase the risk of infectious diseases [5]. Also, an unspecified number of people live together in evacuation centers, but the area per person is small, and the rate of infections spread is high in dense evacuation centers [7]. Medical workers get tired during disasters, and they may be affected, and insufficient medical resources provision compared with typical phases contributes to the spread of infection [6].
There were many acute respiratory symptoms and acute gastrointestinal symptoms in the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake disaster [8]. During the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake disaster, infectious gastroenteritis due to Norovirus was prevalent [9]. After natural disasters, although not limited to Japan, the outbreak of infectious diseases such as aspiration pneumonia, skin, and wound infections occurred during the 2004 tsunami disaster in Indonesia [10], and the hurricane Katrina in 2005. At that time, Norovirus infection spread in evacuation centers [11].
Local governments often create manuals as a prevention measure. Since many disaster response works are performed in parallel and complicated activities, omissions occur in manuals [12]. Due to detailed descriptions [13], many studies have been conducted to clarify effective manual creation methods. Also, [14, 15] clarified the effects of the new system replacing manuals in the form of empirical experiments. From the operational perspective, according to [16, 17], the actual disaster response work is quantitatively analyzed.
However, although all of these analyzes actual disaster response, the effects of documents such as manuals created in advance are not mentioned.
Therefore, in this study, using an evacuation shelter case as an example, shelter operation using the BOSS under COVID-19 was conducted to quantitatively clarify the effect of the BOSS by comparing the evacuation shelter operation manual (with or without the BOSS).
The disaster response process management system BOSS was developed to support a disaster response process. The BOSS has a database of disaster response procedures not only during disasters but also the preparedness. It visualizes the whole image of disaster response workflow by processing knowledge related to all disaster countermeasures. By constructing a checklist of workflow, the responders can realize a comprehensive disaster response processes. Besides, although there are various disaster prevention plans in local governments, by associating the workflow with the disaster prevention plan, the relevant part of the regional disaster prevention plan can be linked and the contents of the plan can be quickly grasped. Every work has a working detail sheet that describes the implementation method (who, when, what, how), and the contents can be easily understood. Also, since it is possible to share the work details sheet by associating manuals, guidelines, past issues, and lessons, etc. which are distributed to each work, it is easy to take over the points for responses even if the person in charge of disaster prevention was changed. Since in the disaster mode of the BOSS, it is possible to mutually understand all operations’ progress at the disaster response headquarters and on-site. By making the disaster response work into a flowchart style, the point of decision-making becomes clear simultaneously, and the decision-making process can be shared among concerning stakeholders.
A process consists of three layers: large process, middle process, and small process (specific procedure). A large process is a process expressed and mainly comprises “organizations” such as departments and groups. The middle process refers to a medium-scale process expressed and mainly represents “resources” such as humans and machines and “things” such as materials. A small process is described as a small-scale process expressed in units, and mainly represents one decision-making by a single resource or an action that ends with one work [18].
This research created a shelter operation workflow on the BOSS based on the Kawasaki city shelter operation manual. As a result, 244 kinds of intermediate processes were prepared (Figure 1).
Evacuation center management workflow built-in BOSS. (upper row: Workflow, lower row: Detail sheet).
As a procedure for creating the evacuation shelter, first, the shelter operation manual of Kawasaki City and the Cabinet Office’s shelter operation guideline was used to list the conventional shelter operation work for each phase.
Necessary activities were extracted to construct a flow chart on the BOSS according to the workflow by the workshop with Kawasaki city members.
The following operations have been added as specific operations related to COVID-19 [19, 20].
Zoning inside the evacuation center. Depending on the conditions of the evacuees, zoning for non-concentrated space, vulnerable people shall be performed, and each space shall be set up for special attention, such as the position of toilets.
Response at reception. At the reception, it is necessary to check the physical condition of the evacuees. Temperature checks will be carried out, and self-reported physical conditions will be assigned to each space.
Hygiene equipment. Masks, goggles, gloves, and protective clothing are required to maintain responders’ health who come into contact with an unspecified number of evacuees. If it is difficult to obtain them, alternative options should be used.
Securing social distance. Evacuees should be kept at a distance of more than 1 meter between each space—furthermore, the waiting line at the reception to prevent the spread of the infection.
Regular disinfection and ventilation. Hand sanitizers are necessary to prevent contact infection at various places in the evacuation shelter, such as at the reception, each living space, and around toilets. Regularly disinfect handrails and doorknobs. It is necessary to change the air by deciding the interval and time, such as performing ventilation for 10 minutes.
Regarding the created flowchart in the BOSS, a detailed sheet explaining the work details was also created (Figure 1). In this detailed sheet, each work’s know-how was designed by describing the work outline, response phase, detailed procedures and notes, checklist, and related documents. The BOSS includes various manuals such as Operation manual for emergency evacuation in case of different hazards such as COVID-19 countermeasures in evacuation center operation (plan) in Kawasaki City.
This study compared and verified evacuation shelters’ operations with or without the BOSS in the case of flood disaster in Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture under COVID-19. Kawasaki City managed a large-scale disaster for the first time due to the 2019 East Japan Typhoon, subject to the Disaster Relief Act. During the typhoon, Kawasaki city analyzed the weather information and used a disaster warning system two days before the typhoon was closest. The city prepared and responded with the attitude of “thinking the worst-case and doing everything that should be done.” However, as a result, various kinds of issues became apparent, such as the fact that information on the site was not reported to the headquarters (EOC, emergency operation center).
Based on this experience, the BOSS can be used to improve disaster response and verify how to change the operations.
Verification experiments will be conducted twice, and the differences will be discussed.
On June 24 (Wednesday), 2020, at the Kawasaki City Higashi-Kokura Elementary School Gymnasium, the experiment about operations of the evacuation center with the BOSS or without BOSS (with conventional paper manual) were performed.
In the experiment, at the scenario setting, the number of people who tested positive for COVID-19 was increasing in Kawasaki City for several days, and heavy rain fell due to the linear rainbands around noon on that day. Level 3 evacuation preparation was organized at 14:10. The evacuation was issued for vulnerable people such as the elderly. It was set to prepare for the establishment of an evacuation center.
In the experiment, the team was divided into two groups: the manual team (without the BOSS) and the BOSS team (with the BOSS), and both teams operated the shelter simultaneously. Each team consisted of three members. The manual team was staffed by the Saiwai Ward staff of Kawasaki city, and the Kawasaki City Crisis Management Office staffed the BOSS team. The structure of the three-members teams consists of one leader and two staff.
Also, the gymnasium of Higashi-Kokura Elementary School was divided into two spaces, the left side of Figure 2 was the manual team, and the right side was the BOSS team.
Gymnasium classification.
Two manuals were used by the manual team as the shelter operation manual for wind and flood damage (Manual 1) and COVID-19 countermeasures in evacuation center management (Manual 2). The former is an evacuation shelter operation manual in the event of a typhoon disaster. However, as the manual does not include measures for COVID-19, the latter manual was also used to supplement the points of infectious disease. Tables 1 and 2 show the principal works of each manual.
Work Description | Specific Content |
---|---|
Meeting | Confirmation of work to be performed on a time series basis |
Division of roles | |
Reception | Reception card |
Improvement of acceptance environment | Pet, animal space |
Simple air mat in space for people who need consideration | |
Toilet paper | |
LED lantern | |
Confirmation of communication | Contact to ward headquarters |
Contents of the emergency evacuation center operation manual in case of wind and flood damage (manual 1).
Work Description | Specific Contents |
---|---|
Securing evacuation space exclusively for levers | separating evacuation space |
Separating toilets and flow lines | |
Confirmation of goods | Thermometer |
disinfection liquid | |
Mask | |
Goggles | |
Tape for social distancing |
Contents of measures for COVID-19 in evacuation centers (manual 2).
The characteristics of each team member are described here. The manual team leader is a staff member in his second month, who joined the Kawasaki city office as a new graduate this year and is in charge of the disaster management department. The other members are staff members in their fifth and fourth years and contribute to promoting the city development department at the Saiwai Ward government office of Kawasaki city office. All of them are new graduates and have no experience as business/private company members. They have received training on storm and flood disasters this year but have no experience in operating shelters during real disasters.
On the other hand, the BOSS team leader is a staff member who has been working for the Kawasaki city office for five years. After working at the ward office for three years, the leader was transferred to the Kawasaki City disaster management department and has short-term experience in operating evacuation centers during typhoons in the 2019 East Japan typhoon disaster. Members consisted of the mid-career members. One member has passed two years at the disaster management department after twelve years of working with a private company. The other has passed seven years working for the Kawasaki city office. All members had training on HUG (Hinanzyo Unei Game, shelter management imagination game) education several times.
Besides, the BOSS installed a personal computer at the evacuation center’s reception desk and arranged to check the BOSS flowchart to operate the works (Figure 3).
Both teams confirmed the response of a young leader with relatively little experience in real disasters.
How the BOSS team uses BOSS.
Under COVID-19, both teams tried to operate evacuation shelters at Kawasaki City Nakanoshima Elementary School with shelter management committee members, school staff, and ward office staff held at Nakanoshima Elementary School in Kawasaki city on Tuesday, August 4, 2020.
Table 3 summarizes the positioning of each experiment. In the first experiment, although the BOSS team leader has limited experience in actual shelter management, the BOSS team is more advantageous. Therefore, in the second experiment, the leader of the BOSS team should be a new employee who has no experience of actual shelter operation and how to utilize BOSS, and the members should be senior staff rather than the leader. Also, verify that young leaders can effectively direct older members. On the other hand, the leader is a staff member who has experience operating shelters for the manual team.
Experiment eases | Team type | Leader | Member | Preparation |
---|---|---|---|---|
First experiment | Manual team | Inexperienced young | Inexperienced young | None |
BOSS team | Experienced young | Inexperienced young | None | |
Second experiment | Manual team | Experienced mid-level | Experienced mid-level | Prepared before the experiment |
BOSS team | Inexperienced young | Inexperienced mid-level | none |
The positioning of each experiment.
In the first experiment, the BOSS team leader was a young staff member with experience, but the leader can be instructed by the BOSS with past knowledge.
As in the first session, participants were divided into a manual team and a BOSS team, and each team carried out evacuation center operations at the same time. The number of people in each team consisted of 5 people, with 1 leader and 4 members.
The manual team is a staff member of the Tama Ward, the evacuation center staff member at Nakanoshima Elementary School. The BOSS team is a staff member of the Kawasaki City Crisis Management Office, but a staff member different from the first member was assigned. The manual team also set up a reception area near the staff entrance on the first floor, and the BOSS team set up a reception at the adjoining doorway for children.
The manual team leader is instructed by a mid-level staff who has experience in disaster response and gives them instructions. On the other hand, the BOSS team leader is in charge of the young staff member who had no disaster response experience, and the member is a middle-ranked staff member. This research confirmed whether a young leader without know-how could instruct members using BOSS.
In the second experiment, the manual team conducted similar training a day before the experiment to confirm the flow of the experiment’s day. On the other hand, the BOSS team had no experience establishing shelters and only checked the manual and BOSS in advance.
The manual used by the manual team was the shelter operation manual at the time of storm and flood damage (Figure 4(a)) in the first instance, and the content was mainly text. However, in the second instance, the storm and flood damage kit (As shown in Figure 4 (b) was used as a mission to understand the work even by paper-based documents.
(a) Emergency evacuation site operation manual in case of wind and flood damage (cover). (b) Flood damage kit (workflow).
In the first experiment, both teams carried out preparations to open an evacuation center, accept evacuees, and cooperate with the evacuation center and the disaster response headquarters. Regarding cooperation with the disaster response headquarters, it was requested to contact the ward headquarter while the shelter was opened. The scenario, such as “for home-care patients with a positive PCR test, contact a medical institution. I started to carry it” was prepared in this experiment. Both teams need to report and share the situation with the ward headquarters that it is ready.
On the other hand, in the second experiment, the teams did not contact the ward headquarters, only the evacuation shelter was opened, and the differences between the manual and BOSS teams were analyzed.
Regarding the use of the facilities in the experiment, the first team was to use only the gymnasium, and the equipment such as classrooms, toilets were set up virtually.
The following five suggestions were used in the verification process. (1) For time, the minimum unit was 30 seconds = 0.5 minutes, and work-hours were recorded. (2) Regarding the operator’s movement, a fixed video camera was installed, and the operator’s movement was confirmed. (3) Regarding the leader’s instructions, the activities were recorded with a voice recorder including the leader’s statement. (4) Regarding the omissions of work, the manual and BOSS contents were compared with the contents of work performed during the verification test. (5) Regarding the participants’ impressions and opinions, this research conducted a questionnaire survey and grasped the work’s impressions.
For the first experiment, the manual team had 23.5 minutes to complete the work, and the total number of work was 17. On the other hand, the BOSS team had 20.5 minutes to complete the work, and the total number of work was 24. The BOSS team carried out more works than the manual team.
The hypothesis is that manual teams do not take instructions from the leader and everyone tends to do the same work and duplicate the work. While on the other hand, the BOSS team leader gives instructions to the members, and each person works in parallel at the same time. It is conceivable that the work was achieved while being aware of the division of roles. Here, this research will verify the hypothesis by analyzing the leader’s actions and each member while comparing the manual team and the BOSS team centering on the Gantt chart.
Figure 5 shows the Gantt chart of three members in a manual team. The horizontal axis is the time (minutes), the vertical axis is the working name, yellow is the working time to complete a task by one person, orange is the work done by multiple people simultaneously. Gray represents the waiting time. Once all three members of the manual team finish the same work, they do the same work again in the second half, and there is much rework. However, time is running out.
Gantt chart of three people in a manual team (min.)
On the other hand, Figure 6 is a Gantt chart of three BOSS teams. Mr. C and Mr. D (like Mr. C and Ms. D for convenience in this research) have finished the work they started once and then moved on to the next work, and there is almost no rework. Incidentally, after 19 minutes, Mr. C seems to have accumulated from the start of the work because he was waiting for other members to finish their works. After that, contact sharing was started, and the work status was confirmed as a whole. Overall, the BOSS team did not see any rework in simple work and did not observe any waitings.
Gantt chart of three people in a BOSS team (min.)
The big difference between the manual team leader and the BOSS team leader is that the manual team leader tends to do the same work as the member, but the leader of the BOSS team instructs the members to work. The BOSS team leader tended to be around receptions to operate the BOSS, manage overall progress, and give instructions to members.
Next, analyze the waiting time. Figure 7 shows each team’s waiting time. Figure 7(a) shows the manual team waiting time, and Figure 7(b) shows the BOSS team waiting time.
(a) Manual team waiting time (unit:Minute). (b) Boss team waiting time (unit:Minute).
Two members observed the waiting time in the manual team due to waiting for the leader’s instructions. On the other hand, since the leader responded while instructing each member of the BOSS team, there was almost no waiting time. Although Mr. C’s waiting time was observed, he has completed all the instructed work and is waiting for other members’ work to be completed.
Comparing the two teams shows that the manual team has a long waiting time than the BOSS team. The manual team did not receive any instructions from the leader and thought about what kind of action to take in each case centered on the leader. So, since there was no instruction, a waiting time occurred. Also, regarding the three members’ actions, there was a tendency to simultaneously perform the same work, and no clear division of roles was observed. On the other hand, the BOSS team leader gave instructions to the members while confirming the workflow of the BOSS, and the members reported to the leader when the instructed work was over and received the next instruction. Since the leader instructed the work while checking the BOSS, the leader did not hesitate to wonder which work to carry out.
When comparing the manual team and the BOSS team, the manual team members performed the same work with all three members without explicit instructions from the leader, so the manual team worked more than the BOSS team. Therefore, here, the number of works was focused on and compared.
Figure 8(a) shows the number of works performed by three manual team members. Here, the work was classified as “response work (simple work), contact/confirmation, and see manual.” The works are directly related to the evacuation center establishment; contact/confirmation is contact with the ward headquarter. This result refers to sharing information and confirming the content of work.
(a) Number of works performed by 3 people in the manual team. (b) Number of works performed by 3 people in the BOSS team.
Among the three members, the number of work done by the leader was the largest. The reason is that the leader carries out the response work by himself. It was also seen that three members were doing the same work simultaneously by multiple members.
Figure 8(b) shows the number of works performed by the three members of the BOSS teams. Like the manual team, the work was categorized into three types: “response work (simple work), contact/confirmation (meeting), and BOSS operation.” As a result, the number of tasks performed by the leader is the same as the number of tasks performed by Mr. C, but the number of tasks for simple tasks is the smallest. This result indicates that the leader mainly acted on instructing the members, and the members were performing the instructed work. The leader also operated the BOSS alone, shared the BOSS screen with the members, and managed the progress while telling the members the current position in the overall workflow.
The manual team was observed to have three members doing the same work simultaneously, but here, this research analyzes to what extent multiple people were doing the same work.
Figure 9(a) shows the working time by the number of manual team members. The “1, 2, 3,” on the horizontal axis means the number of people who simultaneously worked on the same task. According to this, the total number of working time by one person and the total number of working time by two persons are almost identical. The number of contacts/confirmations is more significant in the tasks performed by two people than in the tasks performed by one person. Besides, the time for simple work by two or three people is significant.
(a) Working time by the number of the manual team. (b) Working time by the number of the BOSS team.
Figure 9(b) shows the work-hours by the number of members in the BOSS team. As shown in Figure 9(a), while the manual team spends much time working with multiple people, members of the BOSS team almost always worked alone. It was also observed that multiple people did not perform simple work together because the three people’s work was for sharing the situation, such as the meeting.
In other words, the manual team worked on a single task by multiple people simultaneously, but the BOSS teams simultaneously carried out different tasks in parallel.
Figure 10 shows the working time of each team. Figure 10(a) shows the working time by the manual team’s work. The preparation for a reception is the time consuming, and three people work together. The next task that took a long time was information sharing. In terms of information sharing, it was often used as a time when the three members were considering what to do next. Also, “confirmation of reception flow” in the third was used to examine the reception flow. Regarding the top 5 works with the most work time, there was a strong tendency that three people were doing the same work simultaneously or with a certain amount of time.
(a) Work-hours by work of the manual team. (b) Work-hours by work of the BOSS team.
On the other hand, Figure 10(b) shows the working time by the work of the BOSS team.
Like the manual team, it takes time to prepare for reception and share information. Since three people gather to share the situation, it means that three people work together, but for other things, there are many tasks that one person does, such as setting up “each space” and “flow line (reception)”. The tasks performed by the three people were contact sharing, sanitary equipment, confirmation of preparation status, and meetings, all of which can be said to be tasks that should be performed by all.
In other words, it can be said that the BOSS team was working independently, except for those who were required to respond to multiple people.
Figure 11 shows the working time by both teams. Regarding the working time by business, it can be seen that the BOSS team generally performs various types of works in a short time. On the other hand, the manual team has a longer work time for each work because the manual team often works with multiple people, so the sum of the entire team’s working time increases.
Working time of each team by business (unit: Minutes).
Regarding the kind of work, the manual team’s work, but the BOSS team did not respond: “Confirmation of reception flow, the setting of pet space, confirmation of the role of reception.” The manual team spends much time confirming the reception flow, and they were doing shelter opening work while discussing the next reception each time. While the pet space was set up according to the shelter opening kit, the BOSS team carried out the work according to the BOSS workflow because there was a note on the detailed sheet of the BOSS workflow.
The BOSS team did not set up a pet space because the set up of a pet space was not included in the workflow.
Also, the tasks that the BOSS team did were to display the toilet guidance and the impassable zone, clean up the opening kit, check the location of the toilet and water system, but the manual team did not carry out these tasks. In comparison, the number of operations performed by the BOSS team is larger than the manual team. All of these works are registered in the BOSS. In other words, if works are not registered in the BOSS, responders may omit the responses, so it is necessary to enhance the flowchart in the BOSS.
Table 4 shows the manual team’s work during the verification test concerning the work content described in the manual. Many Xs indicate that the work was not performed and that many of the work had been omitted.
Name of the works | Specific content | Whether or implement |
---|---|---|
Meeting | Confirmation of work to be performed on a time series basis | × |
Division of roles | × | |
Reception | Reception card | ○ |
Improvement of acceptance environment | pet space | ○ |
Simple air mat in space for people who need consideration | × | |
Toilet paper | × | |
LED lantern | × | |
Confirmation of communication | Contact to ward headquarters | Δ(start×, end○) |
Information guidance | Shelter information screen | ○ |
Arrow sign | ○ | |
Reception | ○ | |
Rules of evacuation life | ○ | |
Securing evacuation space exclusively for fevers | Separating evacuation space | ○ |
Separating toilets and flow lines | × | |
Confirmation of goods | Thermometer | ○ |
Disinfection liquid | ○ | |
Mask | ○ | |
Goggles | × | |
Tape for social distancing | ○ |
Manual contents and tasks performed by the manual team during the verification test.
On the other hand, Table 5 shows the BOSS contents and the BOSS team’s work during the experiment. If both the start and end of the work are entered, it is considered that the work is completed. Besides, when nothing is inputted, it is regarded as non-performing work and is represented by X. The work indicated by the diagonal lines was excluded because it was set to be already performed in the experiment scenario. As a result, one work has been omitted.
Name of the works | Whether or implement |
---|---|
Transport of necessary materials from the stockpiling warehouse | / |
Confirmation of evacuation shelter safety and lifeline | / |
Meeting | ○ |
Opening box | ○ |
Confirmation of the place of use in the facility | / |
Bulletin object | × |
Installation of a reception desk and shelter information board | ○ |
Preparation of hygiene equipment for the operator | ○ |
First aid room | ○ |
Preparation of dense contactor space | ○ |
Preparation of space for people with fever and poor physical condition | ○ |
Preparation of space for people who need consideration | ○ |
Preparation of space for healthy people | ○ |
Disinfection liquid | ○ |
Confirmation of the number of available toilets and equipment | ○ |
Installation of guide signs for available toilets | ○ |
Completion report | ○ |
BOSS contents and tasks performed by the BOSS team during the verification test.
Table 6 shows the statements of the leaders of both teams. The manual team leader seemed to ask other members for their opinions and think while working together. Also, since he is speaking while considering the next action, he often asks the members questions or confirms the questions asked.
Manual team | BOSS team |
---|---|
-You have to secure a flow line for this. Where do you want to go? | -First of all, please Mr. C will make decisions about the classroom. |
-I’d like to attach a little glue to the intervals when I was waiting at the shelter. | -First of all, Mr. D, please overhang the bulletin board. |
-Mr. A, do you want to guide? At B’s reception. | -Mr. C, is it OK to secure a space for those who need attention? |
-Arc you going to separate it roughly? What do you do? Then, do you want to do it all, for the time being? | -Mr. D, may I ask you to check the toilet equipment? |
Statements (instruction) of leaders to the staffs.
On the other hand, the BOSS team leader, while checking the workflow in the BOSS, thinks about who will do what and cuts it, so he gives instructions to the members. While confirming whether it has been done, the next work instruction is given.
Since the work contents are organized as a workflow in the BOSS, it is possible to decide the responses while looking at the overall image. So, there are a few omissions. Also, since all members can confirm the same workflow, it gives the impression that activities can be performed with the same purpose in one team.
Based on the results of the first experiment, we conducted the second experiment.
Table 7 shows the contents of the manuals used by the manual team in the second experiment. In the first experiment, the conventional evacuation shelter operation manual and COVID-19 countermeasure manual were used. However, in the second experiment, one manual that summarizes evacuation shelter operation in flood damage under the COVID-19 was used.
Work Description | Specific Contents |
---|---|
Carry-out of carry cart | Transport from stocking warehouse |
Installation of shelter information screen | Installation of shelter information screen |
Confirmation of reception place | |
Preparation of reception equipment | Non-contact thermometer |
Disinfection liquid | |
Mask | |
Gloves (if necessary) | |
Face guard (if necessary) | |
Pet card | |
Cheek sheet | |
Reception card | |
User list for people who need consideration | |
Health check-list | |
Pet space | Bulletin object |
Blue sheet |
Contents of manual.
Table 8 shows the number of works registered with the BOSS in the first and second experiments.
Phase | First experiment | Second experiment |
---|---|---|
Prevention | 54 | 54 |
Preparedness | 90 | 110 |
Initial response | 28 | 32 |
Emergency response | 66 | 66 |
Reconstruction/Recovery | 6 | 6 |
Total | 244 | 268 |
Number of operations in the BOSS for the first and second experiment.
Based on the first proof experiment, the content of work for the immediate response and the initial response was updated, and the number of works increased. In the initial response, four works were added between the first and second rounds, and in the immediate response, there were changes, including slight changes in work names, but 20 works were added overall. Specifically, the work was revised, as shown in Table 9. For one work, there are a variety of other works because the work was set to be performed sometimes in the same workflow. For example, there is “(Periodical) Ventilation and disinfection” because the leader and members gradually became less aware of the infectious disease during the first experiment. They contacted each other and treated the evacuees politely. To maintain the basic principles against common infectious diseases (such as dense avoidance, hand washing, disinfection, ventilation.), tasks such as “Ventilation and disinfection” and “Thorough avoidance of three dense situations in evacuation shelters” were performed to raise awareness of infectious disease control regularly.
Phase | Name of the works | First experiment | Second experiment |
---|---|---|---|
Preparedness | (Regularly) Ventilation and disinfection | — | 4 |
If a dense contact person who knows in advance arrives, it will be accepted into the accommodation space once | 1 | — | |
If a dense contact person who knows beforehand arrives, it will be accepted into the accommodation space | — | 2 | |
If the symptom worsens, request emergency transportation | 2 | — | |
Physical condition management and follow-up | 1 | 2 | |
Wearing masks properly and thoroughly disinfecting fingers | 1 | ||
Evacuee receptionist: Preparation for confirming the health status of evacuees | 1 | — | |
Thorough avoidance of three Cs situation in evacuation shelter | — | 2 | |
Pet space | — | 1 | |
Transport request to medical institution | 1 | — | |
Disinfection of frequently contacted bans (handrails, doorknobs, etc.) | — | 2 | |
If the symptom worsens and the urgency is high, call 119 and contact the ward headquarters | — | 4 | |
If the symptom worsens, request an emergency transportation | 1 | — | |
Final confirmation of set location | — | 1 | |
Situation management of dense contactor space | — | 1 | |
Dense contact person transportation completion report | 1 | 2 | |
Providing information to evacuees, updating from time to time | 1 | — | |
Set of information equipment (TV, whiteboard) for evacuees | 1 | — | |
Provision of information provision equipment (TV, whiteboard) to evacuees, provision of information *Updated thereafter | — | 1 | |
Confirming the number of evacuees | — | 4 | |
Installation of evacuation center information screens, etc. | — | 1 | |
Thorough avoidance of three Cs situation in evacuation shelter | — | 2 | |
Initial response | (regularly) Ventilation and disinfection | — | 1 |
Confirming the number of evacuees | — | 1 | |
Thorough avoidance of three Cs situation in evacuation shelters | — | 2 |
Descriptions of works in the BOSS modified between the first and second experiment.
In the first experiment, the manual team carried out the “installation of pet space” in the immediately preceding response, but the BOSS team did not, and the reason was that the BOSS was not in good condition. Since it is considered, the task of “setting up pet space” was added to the BOSS.
As a result of the second experiment, the manual team had 32.5 minutes to complete the work, and the total number of works was 10. On the other hand, the BOSS team had 36 minutes to complete the work, and the total number of works was 15. This result means that the BOSS team carried out more jobs because the manual team has 0.31 work/minute and the BOSS team has 0.42 work/minute in terms of unit time.
Figure 12 is a Gantt chart showing the work performed by five people in the manual team and the required time. The horizontal axis represents the time taken (minutes). The vertical axis represents the work done. Yellow is the work time for one person, orange is the time performed by multiple people simultaneously, and the gray shows the waiting time.
Gantt chart of five people in the manual team (min.).
In the first half, it can be seen that work once completed can be resumed later. The waiting time is seen in the middle stage and the latter half. Some works were completed in the intermediate stage, and the members were unsure what to respond to next. A member who finished early waited for other members to complete their work in the second half.
One characteristic of the manual team is that the leader took the initiative and delivered it to other members.
Figure 13 is a Gantt chart showing the work and time required by the five members of the BOSS team.
Gantt chart of five people in the BOSS team (min.).
There is almost no rework, and each work is completed before moving on to the next work. Therefore, less waiting time is seen. In the latter half, some waiting time occurs. The time taken for all members to complete their works was defined as the work completion time by the team; the person who completed his work earlier waits for other members to finish theirs.
Figure 14 shows each team’s waiting time. Figure 14(a) shows the waiting time for the manual team, and Figure 14(b) shows the waiting time for the BOSS team.
(a) Waiting time of the manual team (unit:Minute).
It could be seen that the manual team had a longer waiting time than the BOSS team. In particular, according to the Gantt chart (Figure 12), Mr. E, Ms. G, and Ms. H continue to wait without any instructions during the work.
Also, regarding the BOSS team’s waiting time, although Mr. K had a waiting time in the middle stage, the waiting time was not long (Figure 14(b)).
Figure 15(a) shows the number of tasks performed by the five members of the manual team. The number of tasks performed by the leader and the number of response tasks (simple tasks) is the largest. The leaders and members are working while discussing for the next task. The leader was not looking at the manual, but Ms. G and Ms. H checked occasionally. This is because the manual team prepared the works a day before the experiment (in advance), and the leader took the initiative.
(a) Number of tasks performed by 5 people in the manual team. (b) Number of tasks performed by 5 people in the BOSS team.
Looking at the Gantt chart, the manual team started the experiment without having a meeting to share the leader’s response plan and instructions. In contrast, the BOSS team had time to hold a meeting with members to confirm the work content.
Figure 15(b) shows the number of operations performed by the BOSS teams. The number of tasks performed by the leader and the number of simple tasks is the smallest. The leader instructed the members about the work contents by having a meeting with the members and only the leader performed the BOSS operations.
The manual team received few instructions from the leader and worked while appropriately considering the members, and the leader took the initiative in responding. Hence, it is probable that multiple people worked. Therefore, this research analyzes how various people work at the same time.
Figure 16(a) shows the working time of each member of the manual team.
(a) Working time by the number of the manual teams. (b) Working time by the number of the BOSS teams.
The same work was carried out by 4 members most often, and all members often did the same work. The response task (simple work) consisted of 1 to 5 people.
Figure 16(b) shows the working time of each member of the BOSS team. According to the table, one of the members did the most work. Although there are times when three members work at the same time, they did different works separately. The same type of work was not performed by four people simultaneously, and the work performed by all members at the same time was only the meeting.
Figure 17(a) shows the working time of each task performed by the manual team.
(a) Work-hours by the manual team (unit: Minutes). (b) Work-hours by the BOSS team (unit: Minutes).
It took time to prepare the classroom and set the flow line to the classroom. This result includes the time required to move from the reception to each classroom. Besides, the leader is often involved in simple work and heads the classroom. All five people set the flow line and overhung the bulletin board. Furthermore, multiple people respond to the same work.
Figure 17(b) shows the working time of each task performed by the BOSS team. As with the manual team, it took time to prepare the classroom and set the classroom flow line. While operating the BOSS, this research focuses on grasping the work’s progress by receiving instructions and work completion reports from other members. Furthermore, suppose multiple people do the same work. Work-hours are the same for the classroom preparation, setting of the flow line toward the classroom, installation of the disinfectant in each classroom, and confirmation of the toilets’ status by the leader’s instruction.
Figure 18 shows the working time of each task performed by both teams.
Working time of each team by business (unit: Minutes).
The manual team spends more time on each task.
On the other hand, the total number of tasks performed by the BOSS team is enormous: the BOSS team performs all functions carried out by the manual team. It then confirms the toilet’s status and the facility use location not performed by the manual team. All of these tasks are included in the BOSS.
Table 10 shows the manual’s contents and the manual team’s work during the experiment test. Gloves and face guards were not prepared. It was stated, “If necessary,” and it may have been decided that it is not necessary.
Name of the works | Specific contents | Remark |
---|---|---|
Carry-out of carry cart | Transport from stocking warehouse | ○ |
Installation of shelter information screen | Installation of shelter information screen | ○ |
Confirmation of reception place | ○ | |
Preparation of reception equipment | Non-contact thermometer | ○ |
Disinfection liquid | ○ | |
Mask | ○ | |
Gloves_(if necessary) | × | |
Face guard_(if necessary) | ||
Pet card | ○ | |
Cheek sheet | ○ | |
Reception card | ○ | |
User list for people who need consideration | ○ | |
Health check-list | ○ | |
Pet space | Bulletin object | ○ |
Blue sheet | ○ |
Manual contents and tasks performed by the manual team during the verification test.
Table 11 shows the BOSS contents and the work performed by the BOSS team during the verification experiment. If both the start and end of the work are entered, it means that the work is completed and represented as ○. However, if the work is started but it is not completed, it is represented as △. All works in the BOSS contents were carried out, and no omissions occurred.
Name of the works | Remark |
---|---|
Transport of necessary materials from the stockpiling warehouse | ○ |
Confirmation of evacuation shelter safety and lifeline | ○ |
Meeting | ○ |
Opening box | ○ |
Confirmation of the place of use in the facility | ○ |
Installation of evacuation center information screens, etc. | ○ |
Bulletin object | ○ |
Installation of a reception desk and shelter information board | ○ |
Preparation of hygiene equipment for the operator | ○ |
First aid room | ○ |
Preparation of dense contactor space | ○ |
Preparation of space for people with fever and poor physical condition | ○ |
Preparation of space for people who need consideration | ○ |
Preparation of space for healthy people | ○ |
Disinfection liquid | ○ |
Confirmation of the number of available toilets and equipment | ○ |
Installation of guide signs for available toilets | ○ |
Pet space | ○ |
Final confirmation of set location | Δ |
Completion report | Δ |
The BOSS contents and tasks performed by the BOSS team during the verification test.
Table 12 shows the statements of the leaders of both teams.
Manual team | BOSS team |
---|---|
-Let us create a reception first. | -Mr.K and Mr.L, please prepare the opening box. |
-Let us put a mask on the entrance | -Next, Mr. K and Mr. L, please prepare the sanitation equipment of the operator. Prepare masks, gloves, face guards, and ponchos. |
-The flow line is the one with the arrow. Is it okay if I put it on the floor? |
Statements of the leaders of both teams.
While the manual team leader performs the task, instructions were to the nearby member in the form of handing over the task. The leader is not aware of who should do the task. The team leader gives instructions while confirming what work should be done by other members.
On the other hand, the BOSS team leader specifies who will do what task and add a description of the specific work content. Besides, while confirming the completion of work, the next work instruction will be given.
Table 13 shows the opinions of the participants obtained from the questionnaire.
Administrator |
---|
|
|
|
|
|
Visitor |
|
|
|
|
Opinions of participants.
Participants’ opinions as seen by their work can be regarded as subjective opinions, while visitors as objective opinions comparing both the manual and the BOSS team.
From these opinions, it is considered that the BOSS has a significant advantage since it can grasp the whole flow.
Since the work can be grasped in the form of a flow chart, it is easy to understand the work to be performed next, and the instructions of the leader are apparent. It can be said that the instructions can be given while prefetching the flow. Clear instructions from the leader lead to a sense of security for the staff who act upon receiving the instructions and can prevent confusion at the worksite.
As shown in Table 14, the effects of the BOSS are summarized in terms of quality, cost (burden), and period (working time).
Category | Overview |
---|---|
| |
| |
|
Opinions of the BOSS effect.
In both the 1st and 2nd cases, the BOSS team performed more tasks than the manual team as a whole. In both cases, the BOSS team spent less time doing the same job with multiple people. Since many tasks were performed, it is considered that the number of functions that could be performed increased by sharing the jobs efficiently. Also, many jobs might have been performed because there were few omissions of works. For the BOSS team only, members’ tasks include checking the status of the toilet and setting up an emergency room, which will improve the quality of life of evacuees.
The use of the BOSS clarified the instructions of the leader. Under clear instructions, it is considered that the staff can move quickly, and it is unlikely that there will be a difference in movement due to experience. Therefore, it will be easier to grasp the workflow of the whole work, and it will be possible for even inexperienced leaders to give appropriate instructions. Thus, the BOSS workflow, which is the axis of action, can be useful and can reduce the mental burden on the operator.
The BOSS team used fewer work-hours to complete their tasks. This is because the number of people engaged in one work is reduced by appropriately sharing the work under the leader’s direction, and the work as a team is small. Also, in both cases, the BOSS team spent less time doing no work and had less rework. By eliminating waste and increasing efficiency, the overall working time could be shortened. The BOSS team’s general work-hours for evacuation centers were shorter for the first experiment and longer in the second experiment than for the manual team. By doing so, the BOSS team achieved a reduction in overall working time, even though it does more work than the manual team. Although in the first appearance, the manual team had previously trained in the same workflow and remembered the workflow well, so it was impossible to see the effect of shortening the overall working time in the BOSS team.
This study compared and verified the disaster response process management system BOSS activities, or without BOSS, the manual for evacuation shelter management operations under COVID-19. Two experiments were conducted to clarify the effects and issues of using the BOSS.
As a result, by utilizing the BOSS, the leader gave instructions to the members to clarify their roles. The members shared the work efficiently without duplication, waiting for instructions, and what to do next. The BOSS team had little waiting time (retention) without hesitation about what to do, there were few omissions of work, and many kinds of works were completed during the experiment time compared to the manual team. The leader’s remarks were instructed and commanded for the members. It was also found that even young leaders who have no actual disaster response experience can take the minimum response by checking the BOSS workflow.
It was also found that it is necessary to include the minimum required functions in the BOSS. It was also found that it is necessary to devise ways to mechanically check important functions matters on the system, such as creating a checklist.
As a future issue, it is possible that omissions will occur if the BOSS is not entered as a workflow.
We would like to thank members of Kawasaki City for the success of the experiments.
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\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
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Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"55388",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68944",title:"Beauty, Body Image, and the Media",slug:"beauty-body-image-and-the-media",totalDownloads:7594,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter analyses the role of the mass media in people’s perceptions of beauty. We summarize the research literature on the mass media, both traditional media and online social media, and how they appear to interact with psychological factors to impact appearance concerns and body image disturbances. There is a strong support for the idea that traditional forms of media (e.g. magazines and music videos) affect perceptions of beauty and appearance concerns by leading women to internalize a very slender body type as ideal or beautiful. Rather than simply being passive recipients of unrealistic beauty ideals communicated to them via the media, a great number of individuals actually seek out idealized images in the media. Finally, we review what is known about the role of social media in impacting society’s perception of beauty and notions of idealized physical forms. Social media are more interactive than traditional media and the effects of self‐presentation strategies on perceptions of beauty have just begun to be studied. This is an emerging area of research that is of high relevance to researchers and clinicians interested in body image and appearance concerns.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Jennifer S. Mills, Amy Shannon and Jacqueline Hogue",authors:[{id:"202110",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mills",slug:"jennifer-s.-mills",fullName:"Jennifer S. Mills"}]},{id:"59227",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73385",title:"Differentiating Normal Cognitive Aging from Cognitive Impairment No Dementia: A Focus on Constructive and Visuospatial Abilities",slug:"differentiating-normal-cognitive-aging-from-cognitive-impairment-no-dementia-a-focus-on-constructive",totalDownloads:1314,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Constructive and visuospatial abilities in normal and in pathological aging (cognitive impairment, no dementia, CIND) are investigated. The sample includes 188 participants over 60 years of age, divided in 2 groups: healthy subjects (MMSE ≥28), without cognitive complaints, and individuals with CIND (MMSE between 24 and 27 and subjective cognitive complains). Drawing of cube and drawing of house, Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), and Block design are used to test the hypothesis that short visuoconstructive and visuospatial tests can distinguish normal from pathological cognitive aging in its very early stages. Results proved the discriminative sensitivity of BVRT general assessment criteria and of omissions and distortions in CIND. The diagnostic sensitivity of a modification of Moore and Wike [1984] scoring system for house and cube drawing tasks was confirmed as well. Drawing of cube and house could be used for quick screening of CIND in subjects over 60. Principal component analysis with oblimin rotation was performed to explore the different dimensions in the visuospatial and visuoconstructive abilities in old age. A four-factor structure was established, all four factors explaining 71% of the variance.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Radka Ivanova Massaldjieva",authors:[{id:"75907",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Radka Ivanova",middleName:null,surname:"Massaldjieva",slug:"radka-ivanova-massaldjieva",fullName:"Radka Ivanova Massaldjieva"}]},{id:"59658",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74748",title:"Ageing Better in the Netherlands",slug:"ageing-better-in-the-netherlands",totalDownloads:1158,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The Dutch National Care for the Elderly Programme was an initiative organized by the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) between 2008 and 2016. The aim of the programme was to collect knowledge about frail elderly, to assess their needs and to provide person-centred and integrated care better suited to their needs. The budget of EUR 88 million was provided by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports. Putting the needs of elderly people at the heart of the programme and ensuring their active participation were key to the programme’s success. The programme outcomes included the establishment of eight geriatric networks around the medical universities with 650 organisations and the completion of 218 projects. These projects, involving 43,000 elderly people and 8500 central caregivers, resulted in the completion of 45 PhD theses and the publication of more than 400 articles and the development of 300 practice toolkits, one database and a website, www.beteroud.nl. The Dutch National Care for the Elderly Programme has since developed into a movement and continues under the consortium Ageing Better, made up of eight organisations. Through the use of ambassadors, Ageing Better promotes the message that ageing is not a disease but a new phase of life.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Betty Meyboom-de Jong, Klaske Wynia and Anjo Geluk-Bleumink",authors:[{id:"224997",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Betty",middleName:null,surname:"Meyboom-De Jong",slug:"betty-meyboom-de-jong",fullName:"Betty Meyboom-De Jong"},{id:"232900",title:"Dr.",name:"Klaske",middleName:null,surname:"Wynia",slug:"klaske-wynia",fullName:"Klaske Wynia"},{id:"232901",title:"Mrs.",name:"Anjo",middleName:null,surname:"Geluk-Bleumink",slug:"anjo-geluk-bleumink",fullName:"Anjo Geluk-Bleumink"}]},{id:"60424",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75435",title:"Characteristics of Hearing in Elderly People",slug:"characteristics-of-hearing-in-elderly-people",totalDownloads:1227,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The authors define the term presbycusis and discuss the prevalence of hearing loss in elderly people, its etiology, and methods of diagnostics (anamnesis, evaluation of the peripheral and central parts of the hearing system). The authors emphasize that central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) significantly impairs speech perception in elderly people and makes difficult the rehabilitation of patients with presbycusis. The possibility of improving speech intelligibility by using auditory training is considered. Improved functioning of the central auditory pathways in hearing aid (HA) users with moderate to moderately severe chronic sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and symptoms of CAPD was shown after the auditory training with the use of two approaches (“bottom-up” and “top-down”). The algorithm of the auditory training was designed based on distinction between nonverbal and verbal stimuli of varying complexity, as well as tasks to improve memory (e.g., memorizing poetry). The benefits of the auditory training in the rehabilitation of HA users with low speech intelligibility were demonstrated. Improvement of speech intelligibility in elderly patients with SNHL proves that plasticity of the auditory regions of the brain remains possible throughout the life. Options of the presbycusis prophylaxis are summarized.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Maria Boboshko, Ekaterina Zhilinskaya and Natalia Maltseva",authors:[{id:"229552",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Boboshko",slug:"maria-boboshko",fullName:"Maria Boboshko"},{id:"229568",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Maltseva",slug:"natalia-maltseva",fullName:"Natalia Maltseva"},{id:"232968",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaterina",middleName:null,surname:"Zhilinskaia",slug:"ekaterina-zhilinskaia",fullName:"Ekaterina Zhilinskaia"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60564",title:"Ageing Process and Physiological Changes",slug:"ageing-process-and-physiological-changes",totalDownloads:6785,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"Ageing is a natural process. Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"55388",title:"Beauty, Body Image, and the Media",slug:"beauty-body-image-and-the-media",totalDownloads:7605,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter analyses the role of the mass media in people’s perceptions of beauty. We summarize the research literature on the mass media, both traditional media and online social media, and how they appear to interact with psychological factors to impact appearance concerns and body image disturbances. There is a strong support for the idea that traditional forms of media (e.g. magazines and music videos) affect perceptions of beauty and appearance concerns by leading women to internalize a very slender body type as ideal or beautiful. Rather than simply being passive recipients of unrealistic beauty ideals communicated to them via the media, a great number of individuals actually seek out idealized images in the media. Finally, we review what is known about the role of social media in impacting society’s perception of beauty and notions of idealized physical forms. Social media are more interactive than traditional media and the effects of self‐presentation strategies on perceptions of beauty have just begun to be studied. This is an emerging area of research that is of high relevance to researchers and clinicians interested in body image and appearance concerns.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Jennifer S. Mills, Amy Shannon and Jacqueline Hogue",authors:[{id:"202110",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mills",slug:"jennifer-s.-mills",fullName:"Jennifer S. Mills"}]},{id:"56505",title:"Aesthetics of the Naked Human Body: From Pornography (Sexualised Lust Object) to Iconography (Aesthetics of Human Nobility and Wisdom) in an Anthropology of Physical Beauty",slug:"aesthetics-of-the-naked-human-body-from-pornography-sexualised-lust-object-to-iconography-aesthetics",totalDownloads:2053,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In many religious circles and philosophies of life, the human body is excluded from the realm of spirituality and meaning. Due to a dualistic approach, nudity is viewed as merely a physical and corporeal category. In social media, there is the real danger that the naked human body is exploited for commercial gain. Advertisements often leave the impression that the body, very specifically the genitals, is designed merely for physical desire and corporeal chemistry. They become easily objects for lust, excluded from the beauty of graceful existence and noble courage. It is argued that the naked human body is not designed for pornographic exploitation and promiscuous sensuality but for compassionate intimacy and nurturing care in order to instil a humane dimension in human and sexual encounters. In this regard, antiquity and the Michelangelesque perspective can contribute to a paradigm shift from abusive exploitation to the beauty of vulnerable sensitivity. In order to foster an integrative approach to theory formation in anthropology, the methodology of stereometric thinking is proposed.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Daniel J Louw",authors:[{id:"200645",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Johannes",surname:"Louw",slug:"daniel-louw",fullName:"Daniel Louw"}]},{id:"56059",title:"A Plastic Surgeon’s Perspective on Stereotyping and the Perception of Beauty",slug:"a-plastic-surgeon-s-perspective-on-stereotyping-and-the-perception-of-beauty",totalDownloads:1866,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In the world of plastic surgery, misconceptions may lead to irrational requests or outcomes not appreciated by patients. Those who manage aesthetics should always listen and recognize the variability of cultural identities, desires, attitudes, anxieties and uncertainties of the patient. Emerging from a diversity of cultures and its transforming trends, the scope of cosmetic surgery and its practice reflect not only the individual’s personality, but also the culture as a whole. When counseling an individual, one has to recognize that even in groups of seemingly identical social or cultural standards; there are subtle differences in expectations. To illustrate the potential for inaccuracy of ethnic profiling in the field of plastic surgery authors quote their own work on Asian subjects and facial beauty and resort to experience of others. To reaffirm their opinion and to exemplify how sometimes “fine” differences in the perception of beauty exist, an original study that evaluates the preferences among selected groups of Latina women in respect to buttock aesthetics has been included. This dissertation will focus on how cultural factors influence beauty perception; strengthen the fact that beauty is in the eye of the beholder and how variable differences exist even between small subgroups.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Johanna D’Agostino and Marek Dobke",authors:[{id:"17590",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek K.",middleName:null,surname:"Dobke",slug:"marek-k.-dobke",fullName:"Marek K. 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During the millennium of development of Byzantine mural painting, the different categories of saints have evolved in assemblies of respectable and influential characters with whom the believers could communicate through silent prayers, as well as through their own self-comparison. In that process of ideological interaction between the faithful and the saints as the “constitutional members” of the painted microcosmos of Christian temples, the physical appearance of the saintly images was, by all means, a strong argument in the religious discourse regarding their role in the mission for salvation of humanity. In that regard, each saintly category has received different visual concept of aesthetic values related to their specific physical attraction. Hence, different saintly categories have acquired different aesthetic codes for visual configuration of beauty in the structural design of their iconographic appearance throughout the era of Byzantine artistic production.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Elizabeta Dimitrova",authors:[{id:"201062",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Elizabeta",middleName:null,surname:"Dimitrova",slug:"elizabeta-dimitrova",fullName:"Elizabeta Dimitrova"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1241",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. 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