IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\n
Designed to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\n
After a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\n
Our innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\n
\n\t
Topic Focused Publications - Each topic showcases high impact subject areas
\n\t
Renowned Editorial Expertise - Series Editors, Topic Editors, and a team of international Board Members that permanently support each Book Series
\n\t
Fast Publishing - quick turnaround which is unique for book publishing
\n\t
The benefit of ISSN and ISBN for increased citation and indexing possibilities
\n
\n\n\n\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\n
IntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
We invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\n
Note: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9032",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Corporate Social Responsibility",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This Edited Volume Corporate Social Responsibility is a collection of reviewed and relevant research chapters, offering a comprehensive overview of recent developments in corporate behavior. The book comprises single chapters authored by various researchers and edited by an expert in the field. All chapters are complete in themselves but united under a common research study topic. This publication aims at providing a thorough overview of the latest research efforts by international authors and opening new possible research paths for further novel developments.",isbn:"978-1-83880-939-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-938-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-940-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82998",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",numberOfPages:494,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7624,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:12,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:18,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 12th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 2nd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 1st 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 20th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 19th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/232969/images/system/232969.jpeg",biography:"Beatrice Orlando is an Adjunct Professor of Strategies for Business Growth at Sapienza University and of Business Management at UNINT – Rome. Professor Orlando received a Master in Finance and Ph.D. in Business Management and Corporate Finance from the Sapienza University of Rome, where she also graduated with a degree in Economics. She had taught several strategies and business management courses over years. In 2010, she was a visiting researcher at London Business School, United Kingdom, at the Department of Management and Operations. Professor Orlando’s current research focus is on entrepreneurship and innovation. Specifically, her research interests are innovation adoption, open innovation, behavioral strategies of the firm, diversification, organizational slack, and firm’s decision making. She has published numerous articles in leading scholarly journals, such as Production, Planning and control, Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management.",institutionString:"University of Ferrara",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Ferrara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1342",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility"}],chapters:[{id:"74221",title:"CSR and Innovation: Two Sides of the Same Coin",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94344",slug:"csr-and-innovation-two-sides-of-the-same-coin",totalDownloads:563,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we analyze the association between CSR and innovation. We state that CSR concept has evolved over time and has changed the way innovation is conceived. The state of art shows that CSR activities have been responsively introduced to achieve the stakeholders’ needs and standards, to become gradually more strategic activities. In fact, many firms have been involved in CSR projects dealing with the reputation enhancement, the stakeholders’ reciprocation, the risk mitigation, and the improvement of the innovation capacity mechanisms. We show the presence of a virtuous dynamic between strategic CSR and innovation: firms have to present strategic CSR activities in the core of their innovative strategies. Sustainable innovations are effective tools to foster CSR activities and, therefore, social performance. Furthermore, we show that the CSR-innovation influence is driven by specific channels such as the company’s competitiveness, strategies’ developments, and framework. Besides, we shed light on the effects of board diversity, managerial cognition, and corporate cognitive-governance on CSR-innovation association. Finally, we provide an empirical evidence from the SBF120 French companies over the period from 2010 to 2016. We present the nonlinear effect of innovation on the current CSR scores, using a semi-parametric estimation. Our results confirm the divers perception of CSR and its components at the different innovation levels.",signatures:"Zaineb Hlioui and Ouidad Yousfi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74221",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74221",authors:[{id:"321662",title:"Ms.",name:"Ouidad",surname:"Yousfi",slug:"ouidad-yousfi",fullName:"Ouidad Yousfi"},{id:"321892",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaineb",surname:"Hlioui",slug:"zaineb-hlioui",fullName:"Zaineb Hlioui"}],corrections:null},{id:"78633",title:"Business Process versus Human Resources Performance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98944",slug:"business-process-versus-human-resources-performance",totalDownloads:76,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The contribution deals with qualitative and quantitative analysis of relationship between business processes performance to be investigated (hereinafter BP) versus performance of employees who are interested in that BP functionality hereinafter known as Employees). The qualitative analysis deals with human resources performance psychological aspects, while the quantitative analysis is closely related to BP and Employee performance quantification and modelling. On one hand, the qualitative analysis describes psychological aspects concerned to human resources and the investigated BP performance. On the other hand, the contribution deals with quantifying those relationships with use of linguistic sets, which create basis of business process linguistic modelling (BPLM) approach as well. The PBPL (Principle Business Process Linguistic) Equation is applied in order to create a conceptual model of the objective oriented expert system, which operates over the knowledge base, which contains adequate semantic networks (SNWs| and reference databases (RDBs), while an appropriate inference engine is applied for user communication with that expert system too.",signatures:"Jozef Stašák and Eva Škorvagová",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78633",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78633",authors:[{id:"330207",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jozef",surname:"Stašák",slug:"jozef-stasak",fullName:"Jozef Stašák"},{id:"424218",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",surname:"Škorvagová",slug:"eva-skorvagova",fullName:"Eva Škorvagová"}],corrections:null},{id:"73956",title:"Between Outcomes and Processes: Revisiting the Discourse on Corporate Social Responsibility Impacts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94476",slug:"between-outcomes-and-processes-revisiting-the-discourse-on-corporate-social-responsibility-impacts",totalDownloads:132,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"For so long the corporate social responsibility agenda has centrally focused on impacts and outcomes at the expense of CSR processes. This paper argues for a discourse and practice of CSR that brings into clearer focus CSR processes. The central aim is to understand how CSR processes inform, direct and shape CSR outcomes within a community development context. The study was carried out in Mhondoro-Ngezi, Zimbabwe which is in a rural setting. The study employed a triangulated design, with data collected using a mini survey, focus groups and in-depth interviews. The key findings are that the Zimbabwean mining giant, Zimplats, dominates and controls all CSR processes such as decision making, stakeholder engagement such that it limits the involvement of community members in CSR projects. This paper acknowledges the need for a radical approach in the analysis of CSR by diverting from an “outcomes oriented CSR agenda” to a “process led CSR agenda”. The analysis of CSR processes in Mhondoro-Ngezi showed that, power is a decorated asset in which stakeholders use to control the CSR processes to achieve certain outcomes.",signatures:"Addmore Tapfuma Muruviwa, Wilson Akpan, Fhulufhuwani Hastings Nekhwevha and Nono Godfrey Tshabalala",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73956",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73956",authors:[{id:"326202",title:"Dr.",name:"Addmore",surname:"Tapfuma Muruviwa",slug:"addmore-tapfuma-muruviwa",fullName:"Addmore Tapfuma Muruviwa"},{id:"329325",title:"Prof.",name:"Wilson",surname:"Akpan",slug:"wilson-akpan",fullName:"Wilson Akpan"},{id:"329326",title:"Prof.",name:"Fhulufhuwani",surname:"Hastings Nekhwevha",slug:"fhulufhuwani-hastings-nekhwevha",fullName:"Fhulufhuwani Hastings Nekhwevha"},{id:"329327",title:"Dr.",name:"Nono Godfrey",surname:"Tshabalala",slug:"nono-godfrey-tshabalala",fullName:"Nono Godfrey Tshabalala"}],corrections:null},{id:"74194",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability in Corporate Strategy: Brazilian Cases Studies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94414",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-and-sustainability-in-corporate-strategy-brazilian-cases-studies",totalDownloads:370,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter presented the evolution of Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability concepts and frameworks developed in order to integrate them into management (norms, certifications, indicators, standards, reports and indexes). Then it presents 3 case studies of successful companies that are benchmarking references in CSR - Sustainability strategies and practices and how they achieved their results. The first one is Natura, from cosmetic sector, recognized for its pioneering role in socio-environmental activities and investments in product innovation, in particular the Ekos’ line that extracts raw materials from Amazon rainforest, while preserves it. The other two belong to agrobusiness sector. One is Native, brand of the Balbo Organization (1946), a traditional family for the sugar and ethanol sector. It had changed its operational processes and launched the Native brand for organic sugar. Today is a reference for the organic market, operating in 70 countries, being the world’s largest producer of organic sugar and alcohol. The other one is BSBIOS, a vertical company of agroenergy. Founded in 2005, today is the largest national producer of biodiesel to national and international market. They all attend to sustainability model, but it is embedded in different ways into their corporate strategy.",signatures:"Fernanda Gabriela Borger and Ana Paula P. Costa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74194",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74194",authors:[{id:"201677",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Paula P.",surname:"Costa",slug:"ana-paula-p.-costa",fullName:"Ana Paula P. Costa"},{id:"322762",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda Gabriela",surname:"Borger",slug:"fernanda-gabriela-borger",fullName:"Fernanda Gabriela Borger"}],corrections:null},{id:"73906",title:"A State of the Art of Corporate Social Responsibility in Financial Institutions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94477",slug:"a-state-of-the-art-of-corporate-social-responsibility-in-financial-institutions",totalDownloads:378,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Corporate social responsibility originates from the company’s behavioral problems. Corporate governance can be considered an environment of trust, ethics and moral values and in recent years has gained enormous importance. In addition, other factors that have been responsible for the new corporate governance paradigm are a stricter respect for the environment and the demand for greater corporate responsibility towards its shareholders and customers. Ecosystem load capacity is described with resource consumption input–output models. In line with this, the company should not use more than one resource that can be regenerated. Considering an organization as part of a broader social and economic system implies that these effects must be taken into account, not only for the measurement of the costs and value created in the present, but also in a future perspective for the company. In this context banks, which carry out the fundamental role as financial intermediaries, are linked with different stakeholder interests, both in economic and social field. This chapter analyzes the main novelties which has influenced corporate governance of them by reviewing its main phases. The chapter secondly addresses the specific features of board of directors by analyzing a sample of 25 banks defined as Global Systematically Important Institutions in 2018 following the EBA guidelines.",signatures:"Stefano Dell’Atti, Francesca Donofrio and Grazia Onorato",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73906",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73906",authors:[{id:"324554",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",surname:"Dell'Atti",slug:"stefano-dell'atti",fullName:"Stefano Dell'Atti"},{id:"324555",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",surname:"Donofrio",slug:"francesca-donofrio",fullName:"Francesca Donofrio"},{id:"324556",title:"Dr.",name:"Grazia",surname:"Onorato",slug:"grazia-onorato",fullName:"Grazia Onorato"}],corrections:null},{id:"73742",title:"The Ethical and Responsibility Components in Environmental Challenges: Elements of Connection between Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Impact Assessment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94341",slug:"the-ethical-and-responsibility-components-in-environmental-challenges-elements-of-connection-between",totalDownloads:319,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The contribution constitutes a first exploratory outcome of an ongoing research by the Author on the issues of ethics and responsibility in investment processes, starting from the assumptions of the CSR approach. It makes a critical reinterpretation of it in the light of the ongoing debates and provides a specific reading key. In this sense, the contributions of other approaches and disciplines, in particular those of social investing and social impact axis, have highlighted some issues that constitute operational steps certainly at the center of future research developments and in particular linked to current environmental challenges: 1) the creation of value, 2) the stakeholders and corporate social citizenship, 3) the shared accountability, starting from the Social Report and Participatory Budget models. Specific paragraphs are dedicated to these research issues, which are intended to highlight both the impact assessment models and the technical steps yet to be explored. As a conclusion of the reasoning and to signal potential future developments, some application areas are cited (e.g. those of urban and peri-urban regeneration processes), in which the investment assessment and impact assessment models have experimented with innovation factors, linked to the aspects of the ethics and social responsibility among stakeholders.",signatures:"Coscia Cristina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73742",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73742",authors:[{id:"321647",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Coscia",slug:"cristina-coscia",fullName:"Cristina Coscia"}],corrections:null},{id:"73912",title:"CSR: A Moral Obligation or a Strategic Behavior?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94471",slug:"csr-a-moral-obligation-or-a-strategic-behavior-",totalDownloads:507,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The CSR concept has grown tremendously in importance and significance. Firms have become more and more motivated to become socially responsible. The CSR initiatives have often been considered as driven by the moral imperative to undertake activities that are good for society and that enable the individual to act as a good corporate citizen. However, because of recent scandals, the concept of strategic CSR has been developed. Researchers have discussed the idea of CSR as a strategic behavior and denoted that such concept could be strategically involved. As the moral motive views CSR as a moral obligation (duty), the strategic motive holds that CSR contributes to the firm’s long-term benefits. The literature distinguishes between two main CSR strategies: Symbolic and substantive. While the substantive CSR involves actual and real changes implying tangible activities using the firm’s resources, the symbolic CSR refers to social or environmental initiatives that a firm undertakes within an impression management context to show ceremonial conformity and appear to fulfill society’s expectations without costs or changes in the business processes. Indeed, the Greenwashing concept is often used to indicate the divergence between symbolic (talk) and substantive (walk) actions.",signatures:"Sourour Hamza and Anis Jarboui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73912",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73912",authors:[{id:"323254",title:"Prof.",name:"Anis",surname:"Jarboui",slug:"anis-jarboui",fullName:"Anis Jarboui"},{id:"323489",title:"Dr.",name:"Sourour",surname:"Hamza",slug:"sourour-hamza",fullName:"Sourour Hamza"}],corrections:null},{id:"77687",title:"Human Resources Remain Our Biggest Assets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98942",slug:"human-resources-remain-our-biggest-assets",totalDownloads:112,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter analyses employees as human assets by investigating various retention theories. It is imperative that employers do not treat employees like “cogs in the wheel” but rather understand what factors would retain these individuals. The working environment in any organisation is important, as it has to be conducive to attaining a competent and successful workforce. The chapter focuses on a research study conducted evaluating what makes employees remain in an organisation. From the findings a conceptual retention model was developed which would assist employers in retaining staff and ensuring they are treated as human assets. The retention model was based on both a quantitative and qualitative analysis, and many themes and theories have been included in this model.",signatures:"Shiksha Gallow",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77687",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77687",authors:[{id:"339125",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiksha",surname:"Gallow",slug:"shiksha-gallow",fullName:"Shiksha Gallow"}],corrections:null},{id:"73904",title:"CSR: What Does Board Diversity Bring to the Table?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94342",slug:"csr-what-does-board-diversity-bring-to-the-table-",totalDownloads:298,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter provides a theoretical and conceptual overview of the governance of corporate social responsibility (CSR). It is based on an extensive review of corporate governance literature, specifically on the composition of boards and committees and how they influence corporate outcomes. The attributes of committees’ members could play a key role in the definition of a CSR strategy and its implementation. The second section analyzes how diversity in boardrooms and CSR committees could foster CSR performance, through specific dimensions of social performance. It focuses on the influence of structural and demographic diversities in boardrooms on CSR performance and the role of CSR committees on the implementation of a strategic CSR-building process. The third section identifies CSR strategies: (1) strategic CSR driven by initiatives and pioneering actions and (2) responsive CSR based on the imitation of the main competitors and the implementation of basic actions to “avoid” stakeholders’ pressure. We point out that strategic CSR has been widely discussed and extended while responsive CSR is marginalized and often associated with low social performance. This dichotomous approach of CSR strategies could be biased. Many firms could display a strategic CSR in some areas and a responsive CSR in other areas. The role of CSR committees and their composition are discussed in section (4). The last section concludes the paper.",signatures:"Ouidad Yousfi and Rania Béji",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73904",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73904",authors:[{id:"321662",title:"Ms.",name:"Ouidad",surname:"Yousfi",slug:"ouidad-yousfi",fullName:"Ouidad Yousfi"},{id:"321664",title:"Dr.",name:"Rania",surname:"Béji",slug:"rania-beji",fullName:"Rania Béji"}],corrections:null},{id:"73964",title:"Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility Performance: A Comprehensive AHP Based Index",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94463",slug:"measuring-corporate-social-responsibility-performance-a-comprehensive-ahp-based-index",totalDownloads:385,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Although there is no agreed upon universal definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR), organizations are often ranked in terms of their CSR performance. However, two glaring gaps have been identified in the CSR literature. First, evaluation methodologies are questionable and often lack a scientific basis and second, stakeholder representation is not made explicit or is missing altogether. This paper contributes to the CSR literature by constructing a CSR index based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), as well as ensuring that stakeholder judgments are an integral part of the constructed index. The developed index is implemented to measure CSR performance in a business setting. An AHP-based CSR Index is developed for the Services Sector in Saudi Arabia to serve as a case study. The developed index is used to measure CSR performance in over forty corporations. The paper adds to the existing literature by providing insight into how the Saudi corporations perceive and practice CSR. The paper concludes that a systematic usage of the developed AHP-based CSR index would facilitate corporations to adopt a more responsible and measurable behavior, while it offers government institutions the option to rank corporations in terms of their CSR practices in a scientific manner.",signatures:"Asma Mohammed Bahurmoz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73964",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73964",authors:[{id:"322815",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Asma Mohammed",surname:"Bahurmoz",slug:"asma-mohammed-bahurmoz",fullName:"Asma Mohammed Bahurmoz"}],corrections:null},{id:"73206",title:"Social Responsibility and Financial Performance: The Case of STOXX Europe Index",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93573",slug:"social-responsibility-and-financial-performance-the-case-of-stoxx-europe-index",totalDownloads:617,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The main objective of this study is to analyze whether companies that pursue corporate social responsibility (CSR)-based policies have a higher level of financial performance compared to those that do not. Additionally, we study the effect of the last financial crisis on the relationship between CSR and financial performance in order to figure out whether or not companies sharing these environmental and social concerns had higher financial performance than their peers. To do so, three empirical models are designed, combining both traditional accounting measures (return on equity and return on assets) and a measure sensible to market values (Tobin’s Q) to assess the financial performance. A sample of 266 listed companies, from 15 European countries and 14 industries, listed on the STOXX Europe 600, is analyzed. Results suggest that companies pursuing CSR policies financially outperform their peers, and these results are supported even during the financial crisis period. This study highlights the idea that companies pursuing CSR policies put a considerable effort on building a stronger corporate reputation which in turn generates short- and long-term benefits, leaving behind the idea of the traditional companies that focused only on financial performance.",signatures:"Cristina Gaio and Rita Henriques",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73206",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73206",authors:[{id:"321584",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Gaio",slug:"cristina-gaio",fullName:"Cristina Gaio"},{id:"328223",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",surname:"Henriques",slug:"rita-henriques",fullName:"Rita Henriques"}],corrections:null},{id:"74186",title:"Financial Fraud and Managers, Causes and Effects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93494",slug:"financial-fraud-and-managers-causes-and-effects",totalDownloads:425,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The financial scandals which have appeared in recent times have placed fraud at the heart of economic and financial issues. Fraud by executives has disastrous consequences as it results in huge losses for investors and creditors, and especially for the company itself. Most of these frauds were often in the form of accounting and financial manipulation, and they have evolved to change forms. We are going to analyze the aspect of fraud, how it can appear. Then we will try to see the aspects that lead to committing fraud, which are generally an organizational framework favoring fraud, and the psychopathic personality of the fraudulent manager. And finally, we will take a closer look at the role of governance oversight mechanisms and the role they must play in fighting fraud.",signatures:"Mohamed Bechir Chenguel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74186",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74186",authors:[{id:"293229",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed Bechir",surname:"Chenguel",slug:"mohamed-bechir-chenguel",fullName:"Mohamed Bechir Chenguel"}],corrections:null},{id:"74129",title:"The Corporate Culture of the Enterprises of the Military-Industrial Complex",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94479",slug:"the-corporate-culture-of-the-enterprises-of-the-military-industrial-complex",totalDownloads:394,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The relevance of researching the ways to improve the level of corporate culture in the military-industrial complex is based on the increasing role of the military-industrial complex due to the growing tension in the world. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) data published in March 2018, total global sales of a weapon in 2013–2017 rose by ten percent compared to the previous five years (2008–2012). Among the biggest exporters of armament are also United Kingdom, France, Germany, and China. The economic significance of the military-industrial complex is based on the fact that it fosters the development of related industries such as metallurgy, electronic engineering, instrument-making and so on. At the same time the military-industrial complex faces the following industry-specific challenges: - Rigid state regulation of production; - State control over export and import operations; - High sensitivity to political factors of the external environment; - Ambiguous and polarized public attitude towards weapon and its manufacturers, from massive support of patriotically-minded part of the population to absolute aversion of its pacifist part. It is interesting to identify those particular methods of improving company performance which are successfully put into practice and are really beneficial for the military-industrial complex enterprises applying them which may later serve as a basis for developing a set of measures to increase corporate culture level in the military-industrial complex enterprises in different countries. The analysis is based on comparing the corporate culture of global industry leaders in the USA, Russia and the UK, which are the world’s biggest weapon exporters. The studies and conclusions presented in this analysis can be practically beneficial not only for the military-industrial complex enterprises the specificity of which is a stress test for corporate culture but also for other industrial sectors.",signatures:"Sergei Zainullin and Olga Zainullina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74129",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74129",authors:[{id:"324505",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sergei",surname:"Zainullin",slug:"sergei-zainullin",fullName:"Sergei Zainullin"},{id:"327809",title:"Mrs.",name:"Olga",surname:"Zainullina",slug:"olga-zainullina",fullName:"Olga Zainullina"}],corrections:null},{id:"74802",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility and the Public Health Imperative: Accounting and Reporting on Public Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94356",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-and-the-public-health-imperative-accounting-and-reporting-on-public-",totalDownloads:299,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"It has never been more urgent for corporate entities to ensure that they are accountable for public health issues arising from their business operations. Corporate social responsibility is constantly being redefined from what it used to be in terms of corporate responsibility to people and the planet. This redefinition is mainly due to issues affecting public health. Hence, it is important for corporate entities to account for how their business operations affect public health. It is also important for corporate entities to account for how public health issues affect their business operations. The nexus between corporate social responsibility and public health could also create a ‘new normal’ by accounting and corporate reporting on public health.",signatures:"Obiamaka Adaeze Nwobu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74802",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74802",authors:[{id:"321513",title:"Dr.",name:"Obiamaka Adaeze",surname:"Nwobu",slug:"obiamaka-adaeze-nwobu",fullName:"Obiamaka Adaeze Nwobu"}],corrections:null},{id:"74045",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Model in Improving the Quality of Green Open Space (GOS) to Create a Livable City",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94481",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-csr-model-in-improving-the-quality-of-green-open-space-gos-to-create",totalDownloads:380,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sustainable urban development leads to the creation of livable cities. The Green Open Space (GOS) of City requires the quality of life requirements to support the ecological, socio-cultural, and urban economic functions. In Indonesia, the provision of GOS is the city government’s responsibility, which has to carried out transparently and implemented with the involvement of stakeholders. The limited funding for the provision and improvement of the quality of GOS by the city government has developed a CSR scheme from the private sector. This CSR governance model enriches the use of CSR in addition to social assistance or charity activities, which can realize for the wider city community. The city government’s role in using CSR models is significant to ensure transparency of costs, accountable design policies, and their implementation and maintenance.",signatures:"Wikantiyoso Respati, Suhartono Tonny, Sulaksono Aditya Galih and Wikananda Triska Prakasa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74045",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74045",authors:[{id:"263045",title:"Prof.",name:"Wikantiyoso",surname:"Respati",slug:"wikantiyoso-respati",fullName:"Wikantiyoso Respati"},{id:"328561",title:"Dr.",name:"Suhartono",surname:"Tonny",slug:"suhartono-tonny",fullName:"Suhartono Tonny"},{id:"328562",title:"MSc.",name:"Sulaksono",surname:"Aditya Galih",slug:"sulaksono-aditya-galih",fullName:"Sulaksono Aditya Galih"},{id:"328564",title:"BSc.",name:"Wikananda",surname:"Triska Prakasa",slug:"wikananda-triska-prakasa",fullName:"Wikananda Triska Prakasa"}],corrections:null},{id:"77522",title:"Inclusion of Home-Centred Women",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98943",slug:"inclusion-of-home-centred-women",totalDownloads:126,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Firms are highly interested in better inclusion of women with childcare commitments, especially for leadership positions, as reward for higher work groups’ gender diversity is valuable. Gender diversity became topical issue in corporate social responsibility of companies. However, many firms report that gender diversity is stalled, due to conflicting stereotypes about social roles of employees. Hakim’s influential preference theory suggests explanations of how women choose between productive and reproductive work. According to it, there are three types of employed women: home-centred, work-centred and adaptive workers, who combine both. Three options for preference assume three alternative frames of reference. Inclusion-related initiatives aim to reshape such frames by addressing employees’ identity work through readjusting managerially inspired discourses. Current research narrows the focus to the most vulnerable of them – home-centred women. We referred to responses of 721 mothers with previous working experience, from the biggest cities in Russia to find answers to the following questions: what affects home-centred women in their decision to return to the same employer after the maternity leave and what causes them to quit. We enriched empirical analysis with a theoretical review of initiatives helping to readjust corresponding stereotypes.",signatures:"Aleksandra Bordunos, Sofia Kosheleva and Anna Zyryanova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77522",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77522",authors:[{id:"232705",title:"Mrs.",name:"Aleksandra",surname:"Bordunos",slug:"aleksandra-bordunos",fullName:"Aleksandra Bordunos"},{id:"340674",title:"Prof.",name:"Sofia",surname:"Kosheleva",slug:"sofia-kosheleva",fullName:"Sofia Kosheleva"},{id:"340675",title:"Mrs.",name:"Anna",surname:"Zyryanova",slug:"anna-zyryanova",fullName:"Anna Zyryanova"}],corrections:null},{id:"79357",title:"Integrity of the Corporate Social Responsibility and Management of Financial Services in the Digital Era",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101057",slug:"integrity-of-the-corporate-social-responsibility-and-management-of-financial-services-in-the-digital",totalDownloads:170,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Financial and banking industry are exposed to enormous progress in technology in order to benefit people and companies. Even governments are preparing to move ahead from cash to a cashless economy, it is essential to look deeper how the success of the digital transformation can influence the corporate social responsibility (CSR). The research object is CSR in the digitalization era focusing on accounting and finance services. The objective of this research study is to focus on the integrity of CSR and digital technologies in finance sector assisting in human decision making, business managerial approaches towards well-being of society are analysed. Then concepts generating benefits for the society are systemized in their historical development and their analysis and comparison are applied to highlight common features, discrepancies and deviations from CSR in their historical perspective. The contributions of the paper comprise in stressing the historical perspective of CSR development and its enhancement, emphasizing selected historical personalities that impacted with their work the CSR development, and finally the necessity of integration of CSR and finance world in the digital age, i.e. the digital process of accounting and financial services. This process should contribute to the crucial SDG accomplishment–“the well-being of society”.",signatures:"Darina Saxunova, Heiko Hector, Jana Kajanova and Peter Slivka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79357",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79357",authors:[{id:"207311",title:"Prof.",name:"Darina",surname:"Saxunova",slug:"darina-saxunova",fullName:"Darina Saxunova"},{id:"440961",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Heiko",surname:"Hector",slug:"heiko-hector",fullName:"Heiko Hector"},{id:"440962",title:"Dr.",name:"Jana",surname:"Kajanova",slug:"jana-kajanova",fullName:"Jana Kajanova"},{id:"440963",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Slivka",slug:"peter-slivka",fullName:"Peter Slivka"}],corrections:null},{id:"73940",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy to Raise the Value to the Community in the Mining Industry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94475",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-strategy-to-raise-the-value-to-the-community-in-the-mining-industry",totalDownloads:154,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The main purpose of this chapter is to acknowledge if Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) acts as a Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS) in the mining industry. Additionally, this chapter introduces a comparative case study analysis of two mining operations in Peru. The conclusions indicate that CSR is the value innovation of BOS and there is a six-action framework to create responsible mining. CSR favorably influences both its cost structure and its value proposition to the community. Cost savings are made by eliminating and reducing the causes of social conflicts. Community value is lifted by raising, reducing, sharing, enhancing, and compensating elements the industry has never offered.",signatures:"Cesar Saenz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73940",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73940",authors:[{id:"271122",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",surname:"Saenz",slug:"cesar-saenz",fullName:"Cesar Saenz"}],corrections:null},{id:"74518",title:"The Impact of the Strategic Interests and Communicative Actions between the Socially Responsible Entrepreneurial Universities and University - Industry Collaboration Ecosystem",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94343",slug:"the-impact-of-the-strategic-interests-and-communicative-actions-between-the-socially-responsible-ent",totalDownloads:327,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There is a natural harmony between the organizations’ stakeholders and corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication. The roles of socially responsible entrepreneurial universities have become more important among many organizational structures that produce solutions to global social problems and transnational challenges. Recently, the UIC interface structures within the socially responsible entrepreneurial universities have ensured effective communication with stakeholders in the UIC ecosystem due to the strategic collaborative projects. Furthermore, the effective communication they provide strengthens trust and reciprocal understanding among organizations, creates a harmonious collaboration environment, and develops a more efficient understanding of partnership. The purpose of this study is to examine the attributes and operations of the UIC structures functioning in socially responsible entrepreneurial universities and explore the CSR-related projects potentials and project management culture of these structures with their stakeholders. In this context, the CSR-related communications and actions with the companies that are actively working in Technoparks, which are among the UIC interfaces, were examined by taking into account the nexus between the stakeholders, companies, and the UIC interfaces. In this study, case study research and content analysis were applied in terms of methodology.",signatures:"Dorian Aliu and Armando Aliu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74518",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74518",authors:[{id:"322037",title:"Dr.",name:"Armando",surname:"Aliu",slug:"armando-aliu",fullName:"Armando Aliu"},{id:"322234",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorian",surname:"Aliu",slug:"dorian-aliu",fullName:"Dorian Aliu"}],corrections:null},{id:"73870",title:"Empowering Professional Competence and Moral Responsibility for Corporate Sustainability: Insights from Industry and University Strategic Alliance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94428",slug:"empowering-professional-competence-and-moral-responsibility-for-corporate-sustainability-insights-fr",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The stability of corporate sector is definitely related to the prominent firms’ conditions, where both inner and outer factor played a significant role in enhancing the value proportion in sustaining the existence. Although many was conducted in the outer part in the corporate sector, however, less attention was apparently being given to the internal point where professional and moral basis is needed for further exploration in giving insights into corporate sustainability. This chapter attempts to examine the insightful value of professional competence and moral responsibility to give the significant point in disseminating the enhancement of corporate sustainability. The literature review was carefully conducted from the referred articles: journals, books and conference proceedings on the related topic. The finding reveals that the insightful value of professional competence and moral responsibility in advancing the corporate sustainability could be achieved in particular point through industry and university alliance. The basis of this alliance of both could give insights into incorporating the particular model of strategic partnership along with the corporate social responsibility. Engaged through the higher education (HE) together with firm involvement, this aim refers to advance in achieving the quality balance on corporate social responsibility. As such, this study is expected to contribute in advancing the research development agenda on enhancing strategic partnership assigned between professional competences together with moral responsibility.",signatures:"Miftachul Huda, Roslee Ahmad, Mohd Aderi Che Noh, Azmil Hashim, Mohd Hairy Ibrahim, Badlihisham Mohd Nasir, Siti Suhaila Ahwani, Arief Saleh Rosman, Nik Mohd Zaim Bin Ab Rahim and Monika Munirah Abd Razzak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73870",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73870",authors:[{id:"226654",title:"Dr.",name:"Miftachul",surname:"Huda",slug:"miftachul-huda",fullName:"Miftachul Huda"}],corrections:null},{id:"73838",title:"How to Do CSR with Dialogic Meeting Talk: A Conceptual Framework for Managing Change in Cross-Sector Social Partnerships",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94345",slug:"how-to-do-csr-with-dialogic-meeting-talk-a-conceptual-framework-for-managing-change-in-cross-sector-",totalDownloads:291,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Within the theoretical framework of Cross-Sector Social Partnerships [CSSPs], strategic communication and dialogue and by use of an example drawn from a case study of a CSSP, this article argues that Corporate Social Responsibility [CSR] initiatives are best developed in partnership-wide meetings involving relevant stakeholders. Importantly, it proposes a framework for analysis. Following a theoretical discussion of the interconnectedness of CSSPs, strategic communication and dialogue, the article outlines a framework for analysis. It delineates the potential of the framework through an analysis of a partnership-wide dialogue conducted in a local CSSP at a seminar/meeting dealing with the creation of common understanding for a social inclusion project among internal and external stakeholders. The analytical findings support the main argument and the conceptual endeavor by illustrating how common understanding of the need for social inclusion is constructed through a partnership-wide meeting organized as dialogue.",signatures:"Christa Thomsen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73838",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73838",authors:[{id:"321903",title:"Prof.",name:"Christa",surname:"Thomsen",slug:"christa-thomsen",fullName:"Christa Thomsen"}],corrections:null},{id:"73873",title:"What is the Business of Business? Time for Fundamental Re-Thinking",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94482",slug:"what-is-the-business-of-business-time-for-fundamental-re-thinking",totalDownloads:164,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter challenges the taken-for-granted assumptions regarding the purpose of business expressed in the financial or shareholder model of business enterprises. The chapter points to the adverse consequences of operating in keeping with this model on the natural environment, loss of employment opportunities, and aggravated inequalities in wealth. In addition, the chapter maintains that the financial model misrepresents the character of businesses and the nature of productivity, identifying both in relation to increased financial returns. Enterprises are better described as the nexus of value creating interactions with diverse stakeholders. Productivity is better understood as the effective value-added use of natural and human resources, always taking into account the costs accrued in the process. The chapter makes the case for the stakeholder model of business enterprises. It notes that metrics are being developed to measure the productivity of businesses in relation to the diverse ways businesses add economic value to society through their interaction with their several stakeholders. The chapter then calls for reforms of governance practices that will better enhance the well-being of businesses as a whole rather than prioritizing the interest of one particular stakeholder, namely the shareholders. The chapter ends with a discussion of legal reforms, a few of which have already been instituted in some countries, to incentivize these reforms.",signatures:"Frederick Bird",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73873",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73873",authors:[{id:"322737",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Frederick",surname:"Bird",slug:"frederick-bird",fullName:"Frederick Bird"}],corrections:null},{id:"73715",title:"Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility to Increase the Value of Companies Listed on the SRI Kehati Index Indonesia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93482",slug:"implementation-of-corporate-social-responsibility-to-increase-the-value-of-companies-listed-on-the-s",totalDownloads:329,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the latest issue that must be observed by business people in carrying out their business processes from raw materials to the end consumers who have implemented CSR properly. And, the company must promote superior products that its produces are environmentally friendly and do not damage the environment. Investors will see the technical and fundamental analyses of the company whether they have implemented regulations and government policies in producing their products, and then buy shares from the company because they have confidence that companies that implement CSR will increase the company’s value and have a good brand image so that the market responds positively. As well as the roles of government and society as regulators of laws, and the public who observe the implementation of CSR must be responsive and must inform if there are violations committed by business practitioners against CSR. Based on the analysis by the author, it turns out that CSR has no effect on company’s value as measured by the price-to-book value (PBV). CSR implemented based on the GRI G4 is still below 50% of the 79 items that must be disclosed in the financial statements, which means that the company has not fully implemented CSR based on GRI G4 in its business processes, which obtained an average of 41.45%; but there are those who have applied it close to 100%, namely, PT Timah (Pesero) Tbk with an average CSR of 89.62%. But the PBV is low at 1.55. In contrast, PT Unilever Indonesia CSR is at an average of 41.43% but the PBV is 46.09, meaning that in this study CSR has no effect on firm value. CSR is implemented by companies not because of the awareness of the company or its responsibilities but only because of regulations issued by the government in order to complete and manage permits obtained easily.",signatures:"Eddy Winarso",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73715",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73715",authors:[{id:"322418",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eddy",surname:"Winarso",slug:"eddy-winarso",fullName:"Eddy Winarso"}],corrections:null},{id:"74950",title:"The Moderating Effect of Firm Visibility on the Corporate Social Responsibility-Firm Financial Performance Relationship: Evidence from France",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95861",slug:"the-moderating-effect-of-firm-visibility-on-the-corporate-social-responsibility-firm-financial-perfo",totalDownloads:378,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This research aims to analyze the role played by firm visibility in moderating the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Firm Financial Performance (FFP). Based on the legitimacy theory, a firm’s responses to stakeholder’s expectations would be affected by its public visibility; we hypothesize a positive link between CSR and firm visibility. Moreover, visibility is expected to moderate the CSR-FFP relationship. We applied a Moderated Regression Analysis using the aggregate ESG scores as a CSR proxy on a panel data of listed French Companies (SBF120) over the period 2008–2017. Our findings are in line with legitimacy theory, suggesting that social initiatives would be mean to strengthen the legitimacy and to secure “license to operate”. Furthermore, firm visibility would be a contingency variable that moderates positively CSR-FFP relationship.",signatures:"Zyed Achour and Sonia Boukattaya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74950",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74950",authors:[{id:"325022",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Zyed",surname:"Achour",slug:"zyed-achour",fullName:"Zyed Achour"},{id:"325106",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Boukattaya",slug:"sonia-boukattaya",fullName:"Sonia Boukattaya"}],corrections:null},{id:"73996",title:"The Institutional and Cultural Challenges of Corporate Social Responsibility: Case Study in Indonesia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94478",slug:"the-institutional-and-cultural-challenges-of-corporate-social-responsibility-case-study-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Performing CSR programs in developing countries has distinctive challenges form their practices in developed countries. The majority of companies face the higher expectation of public to the positive social change of their CSR program, particularly in form of community development. Many companies, both multinational as well as local companies, have tried challenge themselves to make the social innovation through their CSR initiatives. However this is not easy. The companies are always in dilemma of how to achieve better company performance with confronting to the institutional aspects as well as challenged by the culture of the local communities where the CSRs are conducted. This chapter tries to elaborate the institutional and cultural challenges of CSR implementation in Indonesia.",signatures:"Melia Famiola, Bambang Rudito, Prameshwara Anggahegari and Neneng Nurlaela Arif",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73996",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73996",authors:[{id:"213681",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Melia",surname:"Famiola",slug:"melia-famiola",fullName:"Melia Famiola"},{id:"326399",title:"Dr.",name:"Bambang",surname:"Rudito",slug:"bambang-rudito",fullName:"Bambang Rudito"},{id:"326401",title:"Dr.",name:"Prameshwara",surname:"Anggahegari",slug:"prameshwara-anggahegari",fullName:"Prameshwara Anggahegari"},{id:"326403",title:"Dr.",name:"Neneng Nurlaela",surname:"Arief",slug:"neneng-nurlaela-arief",fullName:"Neneng Nurlaela Arief"}],corrections:null},{id:"73871",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility in India: The Saga Continues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94480",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-in-india-the-saga-continues",totalDownloads:293,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In course of this paper, the authors have sought to trace the various contours of the manner in which the concept of corporate social responsibility has evolved in India, culminating into its inclusion into the governing legislations for companies. The apparent shift of the CSR regime from being a voluntary one to a mandatory one involving sanctions for non-compliance via the latest legislative amendments has also been commented upon. After having discussed the key legislative provisions that govern CSR spending by companies by India, the paper goes on to highlight some of the legislative amendments relating to CSR and the potential impact thereof, including relaxations provided to start-up companies, the mandatory transfer of unspent CSR funds to escrow funds and eventually to public funds centrally controlled by the government, the additional compliance monitoring authority granted to the government, and the penal provisions for non-compliance. The paper finally refers to the draft Companies (Amendment) Bill, 2020 and its possible effect on the CSR regime in India that is looking more and more like corporate taxation with these new amendments.",signatures:"Shouvik Kumar Guha and Anuradha Roychowdhury",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73871",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73871",authors:[{id:"321872",title:"Dr.",name:"Shouvik Kumar",surname:"Guha",slug:"shouvik-kumar-guha",fullName:"Shouvik Kumar Guha"},{id:"330264",title:"Dr.",name:"Anuradha",surname:"Roychowdhury",slug:"anuradha-roychowdhury",fullName:"Anuradha Roychowdhury"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8649",title:"Strategy and Behaviors in the Digital Economy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1110e49aabc5cb3d7245dc32285010c0",slug:"strategy-and-behaviors-in-the-digital-economy",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8649.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5791",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6be6376f37f454a42616dd3698b1966",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Pranas ?ukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitien?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5791.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"196006",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranas",surname:"Žukauskas",slug:"pranas-zukauskas",fullName:"Pranas Žukauskas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"6630",title:"Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f6cc315119ed59e44cce41a717d6316",slug:"social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6630.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{},chapter:{},book:{}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12153",leadTitle:null,title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"ae811da8df3836291eedccd01fd2ad79",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12153.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 4th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 25th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 24th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 12th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 11th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10359",title:"Landraces",subtitle:"Traditional Variety and Natural Breed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0600836fb2c422f7b624363d1e854f68",slug:"landraces-traditional-variety-and-natural-breed",bookSignature:"Amr Elkelish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231337",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Elkelish",slug:"amr-elkelish",fullName:"Amr Elkelish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"38956",title:"From Ruthenium Complexes to Novel Functional Nanocomposites: Development and Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/46244",slug:"from-ruthenium-complexes-to-novel-functional-nanocomposites-development-and-perspectives",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/38956.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38956",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38956",totalDownloads:2660,totalViews:115,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:16,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 22nd 2011",dateReviewed:"April 27th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 12th 2012",dateFinished:"September 11th 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/38956",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/38956",book:{id:"3043",slug:"new-polymers-for-special-applications"},signatures:"Karen Segala and Angela S. Pereira",authors:[{id:"142258",title:"PhD.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Segala",fullName:"Karen Segala",slug:"karen-segala",email:"ksegala@uol.com.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"143174",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Angela Pereira",slug:"angela-pereira",email:"aspereira@ua.pt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3043",type:"book",title:"New Polymers for Special Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Polymers for Special Applications",slug:"new-polymers-for-special-applications",publishedDate:"September 12th 2012",bookSignature:"Ailton De Souza Gomes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3043.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0744-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4281-2",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:322,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"135416",title:"Dr.",name:"Ailton",middleName:null,surname:"De Souza Gomes",slug:"ailton-de-souza-gomes",fullName:"Ailton De Souza Gomes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"915"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"38960",type:"chapter",title:"Conducting Polymers Application",slug:"conducting-polymers-application",totalDownloads:9724,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Kareema Majeed Ziadan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"142196",title:"Prof.",name:"Kareema",middleName:"Majeed",surname:"Zaidan",fullName:"Kareema Zaidan",slug:"kareema-zaidan"}]},{id:"38963",type:"chapter",title:"Hydrogel Films on Optical Fiber Core: Properties, Challenges, and Prospects for Future Applications",slug:"hydrogel-films-on-optical-fiber-core-properties-challenges-and-prospects-for-future-applications",totalDownloads:3275,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sergey V. Kazakov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"143029",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Kazakov",fullName:"Sergey Kazakov",slug:"sergey-kazakov"}]},{id:"38964",type:"chapter",title:"Microwave Absorption and EMI Shielding Behavior of Nanocomposites Based on Intrinsically Conducting Polymers, Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"microwave-absorption-and-emi-shielding-behavior-of-nanocomposites-based-on-intrinsically-conducting-",totalDownloads:13580,totalCrossrefCites:63,signatures:"Parveen Saini and Manju Arora",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"149897",title:"Dr.",name:"Parveen",middleName:null,surname:"Saini",fullName:"Parveen Saini",slug:"parveen-saini"},{id:"156193",title:"Dr.",name:"Manju",middleName:null,surname:"Arora",fullName:"Manju Arora",slug:"manju-arora"}]},{id:"38962",type:"chapter",title:"Polymerization of Thin Film Polymers",slug:"polymerization-of-thin-film-polymers",totalDownloads:3168,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Markus Woehrmann and Michael Toepper",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"140469",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Markus",middleName:null,surname:"Woehrmann",fullName:"Markus Woehrmann",slug:"markus-woehrmann"},{id:"142641",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Toepper",fullName:"Michael Toepper",slug:"michael-toepper"}]},{id:"38958",type:"chapter",title:"New Polymer Networks for PDLC Films Application",slug:"new-polymer-networks-for-pdlc-films-application",totalDownloads:6188,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Ana Isabel Mouquinho, Krasimira Petrova, Maria Teresa Barros and João Sotomayor",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35978",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Barros",fullName:"Maria Teresa Barros",slug:"maria-teresa-barros"},{id:"54274",title:"Dr.",name:"Krasimira",middleName:null,surname:"Petrova",fullName:"Krasimira Petrova",slug:"krasimira-petrova"},{id:"122246",title:"Prof.",name:"Joao",middleName:null,surname:"Sotomayor",fullName:"Joao Sotomayor",slug:"joao-sotomayor"},{id:"142973",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Mouquinho",fullName:"Ana Isabel Mouquinho",slug:"ana-isabel-mouquinho"}]},{id:"38954",type:"chapter",title:"Photopolymers for Use as Holographic Media",slug:"photopolymers-for-use-as-holographic-media",totalDownloads:2213,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michael R. Gleeson, Jinxin Guo and John T. Sheridan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"139817",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael R.",middleName:null,surname:"Gleeson",fullName:"Michael R. Gleeson",slug:"michael-r.-gleeson"}]},{id:"38956",type:"chapter",title:"From Ruthenium Complexes to Novel Functional Nanocomposites: Development and Perspectives",slug:"from-ruthenium-complexes-to-novel-functional-nanocomposites-development-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:2660,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Karen Segala and Angela S. Pereira",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"142258",title:"PhD.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Segala",fullName:"Karen Segala",slug:"karen-segala"},{id:"143174",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Angela Pereira",slug:"angela-pereira"}]},{id:"38961",type:"chapter",title:"Bulk Preparation of Radiation Crosslinking Poly (Urethane-Imide)",slug:"bulk-preparation-of-radiation-crosslinking-poly-urethane-imide-",totalDownloads:3584,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chengfei Zhou",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"141573",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhou",middleName:null,surname:"Chengfei",fullName:"Zhou Chengfei",slug:"zhou-chengfei"}]},{id:"38965",type:"chapter",title:"Oxidative Polymerization of Aniline: Molecular Synthesis of Polyaniline and the Formation of Supramolecular Structures",slug:"oxidative-polymerization-of-aniline-molecular-synthesis-of-polyaniline-and-the-formation-of-supramol",totalDownloads:20251,totalCrossrefCites:32,signatures:"I.Yu. Sapurina and M.A. Shishov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"149374",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:"Yurievna",surname:"Sapurina",fullName:"Irina Sapurina",slug:"irina-sapurina"}]},{id:"38957",type:"chapter",title:"Nitrogen-Rich Polymers as Candidates for Energetic Applications",slug:"nitrogen-rich-polymers-as-candidates-for-energetic-applications",totalDownloads:5279,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eric Pasquinet",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"146467",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Pasquinet",fullName:"Eric Pasquinet",slug:"eric-pasquinet"}]},{id:"38955",type:"chapter",title:"Electroreductive Synthesis of Polysilanes with Ordered Sequences",slug:"electroreductive-synthesis-of-polysilanes-with-ordered-sequences",totalDownloads:2670,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Manabu Ishifune",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"141447",title:"Dr.",name:"Manabu",middleName:null,surname:"Ishifune",fullName:"Manabu Ishifune",slug:"manabu-ishifune"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2385",title:"Polymerization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e83b64f8e9875e507d879fede9f34d1a",slug:"polymerization",bookSignature:"Ailton De Souza Gomes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2385.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135416",title:"Dr.",name:"Ailton",surname:"De Souza Gomes",slug:"ailton-de-souza-gomes",fullName:"Ailton De Souza Gomes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"38902",title:"Atomic Force Microscopy Observations of the Polymer Network Structure Formed in Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals Cells",slug:"atomic-force-microscopy-observations-of-the-polymer-network-structure-formed-in-ferroelectric-liquid",signatures:"M. Petit",authors:[{id:"147195",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Petit",fullName:"Mohamed Petit",slug:"mohamed-petit"}]},{id:"38910",title:"Analysis of the Miscibility of Polymer Blends Through Molecular Dynamics Simulations",slug:"analysis-of-the-miscibility-of-polymer-blends-through-molecular-dynamics-simulations",signatures:"Inger Martínez de Arenaza, Emiliano Meaurio and Jose-Ramon Sarasua",authors:[{id:"113043",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose-Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Sarasua",fullName:"Jose-Ramon Sarasua",slug:"jose-ramon-sarasua"},{id:"113046",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilio",middleName:null,surname:"Meaurio",fullName:"Emilio Meaurio",slug:"emilio-meaurio"},{id:"113047",title:"Mrs.",name:"Inger",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez De Arenaza",fullName:"Inger Martínez De Arenaza",slug:"inger-martinez-de-arenaza"}]},{id:"38906",title:"Polymer Biocompatibility",slug:"polymer-biocompatibility",signatures:"Isabel Cristina Celerino de Moraes Porto",authors:[{id:"142262",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabel",middleName:"Cristina Celerino De Moraes",surname:"Porto",fullName:"Isabel Porto",slug:"isabel-porto"}]},{id:"38901",title:"Plant Cell Wall Polymers: Function, Structure and Biological Activity of Their Derivatives",slug:"plant-cell-wall-polymers-function-structure-and-biological-activity-of-their-derivatives",signatures:"Marisol Ochoa-Villarreal, Emmanuel Aispuro-Hernández, Irasema Vargas-Arispuro and Miguel Ángel Martínez-Téllez",authors:[{id:"65387",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:"Angel",surname:"Martinez-Tellez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Martinez-Tellez",slug:"miguel-angel-martinez-tellez"}]},{id:"38938",title:"Comparison of Traditional Methods and Microwave Irradiation Method About Amylum/Acrylic Acid /Acrylamide Polymerization",slug:"comparison-of-traditional-methods-and-microwave-irradiation-method-about-amylum-acrylic-acid-acrylam",signatures:"Hao Ren, Zhen Niu, Juan Wang and Jing Ning",authors:[{id:"146568",title:"Dr.",name:"Hao",middleName:null,surname:"Ren",fullName:"Hao Ren",slug:"hao-ren"}]},{id:"38905",title:"FI Catalyst for Polymerization of Olefin",slug:"fi-catalyst-for-polymerization-of-olefin",signatures:"S. Damavandi, S. Ahmadjo, R. Sandaroos and G.H. Zohuri",authors:[{id:"139590",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Sandaroos",fullName:"Reza Sandaroos",slug:"reza-sandaroos"},{id:"140786",title:"Prof.",name:"Gholam Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Zohuri",fullName:"Gholam Hossein Zohuri",slug:"gholam-hossein-zohuri"},{id:"141040",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeid",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmadjo",fullName:"Saeid Ahmadjo",slug:"saeid-ahmadjo"},{id:"141828",title:"Dr.",name:"Saman",middleName:null,surname:"Damavandi",fullName:"Saman Damavandi",slug:"saman-damavandi"}]},{id:"38908",title:"High Affinity Polymers by Molecular Imprinting for Drug Delivery",slug:"high-affinity-polymers-by-molecular-imprinting-for-drug-delivery",signatures:"Mara Soares da Silva and Teresa Casimiro",authors:[{id:"139000",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Casimiro",fullName:"Teresa Casimiro",slug:"teresa-casimiro"},{id:"142392",title:"PhD.",name:"Mara",middleName:null,surname:"Soares Da Silva",fullName:"Mara Soares Da Silva",slug:"mara-soares-da-silva"}]},{id:"38912",title:"An Advanced Approach on the Study of Emulsion Polymerization: Effect of the Initial Dispersion State of the System on the Reaction Mechanism, Polymerization Rate, and Size Distribution of Polymer-Monomer Particles",slug:"an-advanced-approach-on-the-study-of-emulsion-polymerization-effect-of-the-initial-dispersion-state-",signatures:"M. Khaddazh, I.A. Gritskova and G.I. Litvinenko",authors:[{id:"139066",title:"Dr.",name:"Mishal",middleName:null,surname:"Khaddazh",fullName:"Mishal Khaddazh",slug:"mishal-khaddazh"}]},{id:"38937",title:"Recent Progress in Benzocyclobutene Related Polymers",slug:"recent-progress-in-benzocyclobutene-related-polymers",signatures:"Junxiao Yang, Yawen Huang and Ke Cao",authors:[{id:"139348",title:"Dr.",name:"Junxiao",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Junxiao Yang",slug:"junxiao-yang"},{id:"155240",title:"Dr.",name:"Yawen",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Yawen Huang",slug:"yawen-huang"},{id:"155241",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",fullName:"Ke Cao",slug:"ke-cao"}]},{id:"38903",title:"Titanium (IV) and Nickel (II) Catalysts Based on Anilinotropone Ligands",slug:"titanium-iv-and-nickel-ii-catalysts-based-on-anilinotropone-ligands",signatures:"Reza Sandaroos, Tomás Cuenca, Gholam Hossein Zohuri, Saman Damavandi and Saeid Ahmadjo",authors:[{id:"139590",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Sandaroos",fullName:"Reza Sandaroos",slug:"reza-sandaroos"},{id:"141828",title:"Dr.",name:"Saman",middleName:null,surname:"Damavandi",fullName:"Saman Damavandi",slug:"saman-damavandi"},{id:"152598",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Cuenca Agreda",fullName:"Tomas Cuenca Agreda",slug:"tomas-cuenca-agreda"},{id:"154722",title:"Prof.",name:"Gholam Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Zohuri",fullName:"Gholam Hossein Zohuri",slug:"gholam-hossein-zohuri"},{id:"154774",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeid",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmadjo",fullName:"Saeid Ahmadjo",slug:"saeid-ahmadjo"}]},{id:"38897",title:"Cationic Polymerization of Vinyl Monomers Under the Action of Metalorganic Compounds",slug:"cationic-polymerization-of-vinyl-monomers-under-the-action-of-metalorganic-compounds",signatures:"Alexey Lyapkov, Elena Ionova, Vladimir Bondaletov and Alexey Pestryakov",authors:[{id:"140091",title:"Dr.",name:"Alex",middleName:"A.",surname:"Lyapkov",fullName:"Alex Lyapkov",slug:"alex-lyapkov"},{id:"143519",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Bondaletov",fullName:"Vladimir Bondaletov",slug:"vladimir-bondaletov"},{id:"143520",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Ionova",fullName:"Elena Ionova",slug:"elena-ionova"},{id:"155791",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexey",middleName:null,surname:"Pestryakov",fullName:"Alexey Pestryakov",slug:"alexey-pestryakov"}]},{id:"38900",title:"Synthesis of Ba1-xCaxTiO3 by Complex Polymerization Method (CPM)",slug:"synthesis-of-ba1-xcaxtio3-by-complex-polymerization-method-cpm-",signatures:"Fabiana V. Motta, Ana Paula A. Marques, Carlos A. Paskocimas, Mauricio R. D. Bomio, Amélia S. F. Santos, Edson R. Leite, José A. Varela and Elson Longo",authors:[{id:"140217",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Motta",fullName:"Motta",slug:"motta"}]},{id:"38899",title:"Block and Graft Copolymerization by Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization Methods",slug:"block-and-graft-copolymerization-by-controlled-living-radical-polymerization-methods",signatures:"Hülya Arslan",authors:[{id:"140539",title:"Prof.",name:"Hülya",middleName:null,surname:"Arslan",fullName:"Hülya Arslan",slug:"hulya-arslan"}]},{id:"38904",title:"PolyADP-Ribosylation in Postfertilization and Genome Reprogramming: Implications for Carcinogenesis",slug:"polyadp-ribosylation-in-postfertilization-and-genome-reprogramming-implications-for-carcinogenesis",signatures:"Tomoharu Osada and Mitsuko Masutani",authors:[{id:"143383",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoharu",middleName:null,surname:"Osada",fullName:"Tomoharu Osada",slug:"tomoharu-osada"}]},{id:"38898",title:"Two-Photon Polymerization Fabrication of Doped Microstructures",slug:"two-photon-polymerization-fabrication-of-doped-microstructures",signatures:"Daniel S. Correa, Leonardo De Boni, Adriano J. G. Otuka, Vinicius Tribuzi and Cleber R. Mendonça",authors:[{id:"4979",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Cleber",middleName:null,surname:"Mendonca",fullName:"Cleber Mendonca",slug:"cleber-mendonca"},{id:"107065",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Correa",fullName:"Daniel Correa",slug:"daniel-correa"},{id:"107066",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"De Boni",fullName:"Leonardo De Boni",slug:"leonardo-de-boni"},{id:"107067",title:"MSc.",name:"Vinicius",middleName:null,surname:"Tribuzi",fullName:"Vinicius Tribuzi",slug:"vinicius-tribuzi"},{id:"108434",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriano",middleName:null,surname:"Otuka",fullName:"Adriano Otuka",slug:"adriano-otuka"}]},{id:"38907",title:"A Survey of Equations of State for Polymers",slug:"a-survey-of-equations-of-state-for-polymers",signatures:"Yuri Guerrieri, Karen Valverde Pontes, Gloria Meyberg Nunes Costa and Marcelo Embiruçu",authors:[{id:"143327",title:"Prof.",name:"Glória",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes Costa",fullName:"Glória Nunes Costa",slug:"gloria-nunes-costa"},{id:"143330",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",middleName:"Valverde",surname:"Pontes",fullName:"Karen Pontes",slug:"karen-pontes"},{id:"143333",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Embiruçu",fullName:"Marcelo Embiruçu",slug:"marcelo-embirucu"},{id:"158049",title:"MSc.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrieri",fullName:"Yuri Guerrieri",slug:"yuri-guerrieri"}]},{id:"38909",title:"Rheology - Theory and Application to Biomaterials",slug:"rheology-theory-and-application-to-biomaterials",signatures:"Hiroshi Murata",authors:[{id:"143357",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Murata",fullName:"Hiroshi Murata",slug:"hiroshi-murata"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"594",title:"Aspects on Fundaments and Applications of Conducting Polymers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6dec89825540cca11d5ae3448661bfd7",slug:"aspects-on-fundaments-and-applications-of-conducting-polymers",bookSignature:"Artur de Jesus Motheo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/594.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31941",title:"Dr.",name:"Artur",surname:"Motheo",slug:"artur-motheo",fullName:"Artur Motheo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1573",title:"Thermoplastic Elastomers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"68733430093bd948f36fd95ab2ff4746",slug:"thermoplastic-elastomers",bookSignature:"Adel Zaki El-Sonbati",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1573.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"98324",title:"Prof.",name:"Adel",surname:"El-Sonbati",slug:"adel-el-sonbati",fullName:"Adel El-Sonbati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1797",title:"Polypropylene",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"45b694d8c36144473ad19233fe4a4359",slug:"polypropylene",bookSignature:"Fatih Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1797.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105969",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatih",surname:"Dogan",slug:"fatih-dogan",fullName:"Fatih Dogan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2003",title:"Polyurethane",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7391b5a0085d7c0aa0a5c75ee6f275b2",slug:"polyurethane",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2003.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2383",title:"Polyester",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79fd9d6314f8e1abd60d7e21896ce878",slug:"polyester",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2383.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"3043",title:"New Polymers for Special Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd782fff3bea8992c224dfd3280d6cd1",slug:"new-polymers-for-special-applications",bookSignature:"Ailton De Souza Gomes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135416",title:"Dr.",name:"Ailton",surname:"De Souza Gomes",slug:"ailton-de-souza-gomes",fullName:"Ailton De Souza Gomes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"72982",title:"Surgical Management of Bronchiectasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93103",slug:"surgical-management-of-bronchiectasis",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Bronchiectasis was originally described by René Laënnec in 1819. This term comes from two Greek words; “Bronkhia” and “Ektasis” meaning “Airway widening”. As a medical term, bronchiectasis refers to chronic lung disease associated with irreversible dilatation of the bronchial tree. For many years, it was considered as an orphan disease; however, the detection of bronchiectasis has been increased in the recent years as a result of increased health awareness and modern advances in the imaging techniques [1, 2].
\n
The prevalence of bronchiectasis varies in relation to geographic location. The estimated prevalence of bronchiectasis in developed countries (USA, UK, Germany, Spain) is up to 566 cases per 100,000, with 40% increase in the past decade [3, 4]. The recent findings from the British lung foundation’s project showed that around 212,000 people are currently living with bronchiectasis in the UK, with predominence of female gender and over-70 age [5]. In USA, 252,362 patients were indentified with an average annual prevalence of 701 per 100,000 persons between 2006 and 2014, with mean age of 76 years, predominace of female gender (65%), and dual diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in most of the patients (51%) [6]. In China, the overall prevalence of physician-diagnosed bronchiectasis in people aged 40 years or older is estimated at 1.2% and is trending upward with aging of the population [7]. In comparison to European estimates, the recently reported patients with bronchiectasis in India were younger (median age of 56 years), more likely to be men, and showed a high frequency of severe, cystic bronchiectasis. Tuberculosis and other severe infections were the most frequently reported underlying cause [8].
\n
Most of the cases of bronchiectasis are idiopathic in etiology, however, it may be found in a variety of pulmonary diseases, genetic or acquired, such as cystic fibrosis (CF), Kartagener syndrome (triad of situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, and bronchiectasis), COPD, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, bronchial asthma, or primary immunodeficiencies [9, 10]. In the absence of CF, particularly with post-infectious and allergic hypersensitivity causes, the disease is known as non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB) [10].
\n
The pathogenesis of bronchiectasis is based on the “vicious cycle hypothesis” which begins by infectious or noninfectious insult to the lung, resulting in neutrophil inflammation (proteases) and impairment of the mucociliary clearance followed by microbial colonization or infection, bronchial obstruction, and exaggerated inflammatory response. The “vicious cycle” (Figure 1) refers to the occurrence of repeated infections with repeated impairment of the mucociliary apparatus subsequent to infection and inflammation [10, 11, 12].
\n
Figure 1.
Vicious cycle of bronchiectasis.
\n
The clinical diagnosis of bronchiectasis is challenging as it manifests early non-specific symptoms and signs. However, the presence of chronic cough with overproduction of sputum which may worse at the morning increases the index of suspicion for bronchiectasis especially in non-smokers [13, 14]. Other significant signs of bronchiectasis include: hemoptysis, chronic respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, and right-sided heart failure [13].
\n
Bronchiectasis can be classified anatomically (cylindrical, varicoid, or cystic), and radiologically (localized or diffuse) [14]. Chest radiographs show non-specific findings of bronchiectasis such as: atelectatic changes, and hyperinflation [13, 14]. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest is a useful imaging tool for diagnosis of bronchiectasis and detection of the underlying causes. On HRCT, bronchiectatic changes include dilated airways, thick-walled bronchi with failed tapering at the periphery of the lung,, ring opacity, tram-track sign, and finger-in-glove sign, and signet-ring sign when the dilated bronchi is larger than the companion pulmonary artery branch (Bronchial-to-arterial ratio > 1) [14].
\n
A bundle of minimum etiological tests has been recommended by European Respiratory Society (ERS) for newly diagnosed patients with bronchiectasis including: differential blood count, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM and IgG), and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)-specific tests (total IgE, specific IgE to Aspergillus, IgG to Aspergillus and eosinophil count), in addition to sputum culture for monitoring of bacterial and non-tuberculous infections [15].
\n
Etiology-specific investigations include: Sweat chloride assessment and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) genetic analysis for cystic fibrosis, serum alpha1-antitrypsin level and phenotyping for Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, measurement of nasal nitric oxide levels and ciliated epithelial biopsy for primary ciliary dyskinesia, Rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) for autoimmune/connective tissue diseases, and specific CT findings of congenital malformations including Williams-Campbell syndrome (bronchomalacia); Mounier-Kuhn syndrome (tracheobronchomegaly) and lung sequestration [16].
\n
Bronchoscopy is not a routine diagnostic tool for bronchiectasis in the era of HRCT, but there are several indications for diagnostic bronchoscopy in such cases including: exclusion of foreign body obstruction especially in children, exclusion of proximal obstruction in adults with localized disease, obtaining microbiological results in acute ill patients, sampling of lower respiratory tract secretions when serial sputum testing did not yield results, obtaining endobronchial biopsy of airway cilia, and localizing the site of bleeding in patients with bronchiectasis and hemoptysis [17].
\n
The age-adjusted mortality rate for both male and female patients with diagnosed bronchiectasis is more than twice the mortality in the general population [4]. The independent risk factors influencing long-term mortality (over 13 years) in patients with bronchiectasis include: age, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire activity score, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume/TLC, and the transfer factor coefficient [18]. Therefore, in order to reduce the suspected poor prognosis with bronchiectasis, the treatment should be directed to improve symptoms, enhance quality of life, reduce exacerbations, and limit progression of the bronchiectatic lesions [15, 19].
\n
Treatment of bronchiectasis has been considered by ERS guidelines according to the vicious cycle hypothesis [15]. Thus, the options of treatment include: long-term inhaled or oral antibiotic therapy, eradication of new pathogenic microorganisms and antibiotic treatment of exacerbations for chronic bronchial infection, long-term anti-inflammatory therapies for inflammation, long-term mucoactive treatments and airway clearance techniques for impaired mucociliary clearance, and long-term bronchodilator therapy, surgery and pulmonary rehabilitation for structural lung disease.
\n
\n
\n
2. Indications of surgery
\n
Optimization of the medical management and proper selection of patients are crucial in the decesion making for surgery. Therefore, the current guidelines by ERS and British Thoracic Society (BTS) did not consider surgery until the symptoms are controlled by optimized medical treatment [15, 20]. The indications of surgery as recently mentioned by BTS guideline (Figure 2) include: persistent symptoms despite up to a year of comprehensive medical treatment, exacerbations that are either severe or frequent and interfere with social/professional life, recurrent refractory or massive hemoptysis, post obstruction bronchiectasis distal to tumors, localized severely damaged lobe/segment that may be a source of sepsis that left in situ may lead to extension of lung damage, and treatment of complications such as empyema or lung abscess [20].
\n
Figure 2.
Current indications for surgical treatment of bronchiectasis [15, 20].
\n
Up to date, there are only 46 published studies in literature between 1960 and 2019, evaluating the surgical management of bronchiectasis [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66]. The most common clinical manifestations in these studies were: productive cough in 17.4–100% [54, 57], fetid sputum in 15.1–80% [35, 57], and hemoptysis in 10–76.5% [44, 59], while the main and indications of surgery include: failure of medical therapy in 39.6–100% [43, 50], recurrent chest infection in 19.8–100% [23, 54], massive or recurrent hemoptysis in 3–44.3% [32, 43], lung abscess in 1.8–36.5% [32, 58], lung masses or tumors in 1.4–17.6% [42, 46], and empyema in 1.1–8.1% [30, 57]. The mean duration of symptoms before surgery ranged from 1.78–10.6 years [30, 66].
\n
Failure of prudent medical treatment is the main indication of surgery in these studies, especially with frequent exacerbations and repeated hospitalizations [41]. Some authors considered failure of treatment if sputum production persists after 2 or 3 cycles of treatment [35]. The permanently damaged areas of bronchiectasis have poor antibiotic penetration leading to failure of antibiotic therapy, and acts as a microbiological reservoir with subsequent recurrence of infection [61]. Moreover, medical treatment for long periods with persistent symptoms has additional psychological and social effects [32].
\n
Therefore, surgery after failed medical treatment should aim to improve clinical condition and health-related quality of life, in addition to resolution of terrible bronchiectasis-related complications. This aim can be achieved when the focal lesions are completely removed, however, patients with multisegmental lesions should have palliative limited resection after failure of medical treatment or in the presence of life-threatening hemoptysis [47].
\n
Recurrence of pulmonary infection is an important indication of surgery, as it can result in increased cost and side effects of antibiotic therapy for acute infection, in addition to affection of the normal lung tissue with extension of lung destruction during each episode [32]. When bronchiectasis is associated with lung abscess, surgery should be delayed until adequate control with antibiotic therapy and avoiding of preoperative drainage is recommended, however, the immediate indications of surgery in the presence of lung abscess include increased abscess size, unceasing sepsis, and contralateral contamination [30].
\n
Recurrent or massive hemoptysis of more than 600 mL of blood within 24 hours indicates surgery which is considered as emergency after failure of the conservative therapy for hemoptysis. Even after initial cessation of bleeding by balloon blockade of the bleeding bronchus or bronchial artery embolization, early surgical treatment is indicated to avoid life-threatening recurrence of hemoptysis [30].
\n
In children, the indications for surgery are the same as in adult patients. Growth retardation can be considered as an additional indication for surgery in children with satisfactory postoperative results [43]. It is crucial to exclude the underlying diseases such as Kartagener syndrome and cystic fibrosis which limit the surgical resection [36].
\n
\n
\n
3. Preoperative evaluation
\n
Preoperative evaluation should include physical examination, imaging studies, arterial blood gases, pulmonary function tests, bronchoscopy, and perfusion scans if indicated. Additional diagnostic work-up may be required for patients with cardiovascular diseases including echocardiography, stress testing, myocardial perfusion studies, and coronary angiography [48].
\n
\n
3.1 Chest radiography
\n
Chest radiography represents non-specific features of bronchiectasis with low sensitivity and difficult appreciation. The suggestive findings in moderate to severe patients include: stranding, cystic lesions, volume loss with crowding of vessels, atelectasis, tram-track appearance, ring-like opacities, and tubular densities [28, 67]. Despite inadequate role of chest radiography in evaluation of bronchiectasis, abnormalities on chest radiography is significantly correlated with severity of the disease on HRCT [68].
\n
\n
\n
3.2 High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)
\n
The images of HRCT have higher sensitivity for diagnosis and localization of bronchiectasis than radiography with very low false negative and false positive results [41, 69]. The indications of HRCT include: clinical suspicion despite normal chest radiography, clarification of abnormalities on chest radiography, and decision making for surgery [70]. The use of HRCT is not restricted by age of the patient, thus HRCT is not uncommon diagnostic tool in children with bronchiectasis [56].
\n
In addition to the great help of HRCT in diagnosis of different types of bronchiectasis (Figure 3), preoperative localization of the lesions by HRCT has specific importance in making the decision for complete anatomic resection or limited resection with preservation of the lung tissue [30].
\n
Figure 3.
Images of high resolution computed tomography show types of bronchiectasis: (A) cylindrical, (B) varicose, and (C) cystic.
\n
\n
\n
3.3 Bronchoscopy
\n
Bronchoscopy should be performed in all patients to determine the underlying causes of bronchial obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, endobronchial epithelial tumors, and enlarged hilar lymph nodes with lobar collapse [30, 36]. Preoperative removal of the secretions and clearing of the airways is an important indication of bronchoscopy in adult and children patients [63], as it is associated with lower rate of postoperative complications [41].
\n
\n
\n
3.4 Pulmonary function tests
\n
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are not routinely performed in cases of bronchiectasis when the lesions are localized, but PFTs should be performed in diffuse bronchiectasis and in cases of repeated operations [36]. Pulmonary function tests can be performed in adult patients or in children older than 6 years of age [59]; however, cooperation of the child may affect completeness of the pulmonary function tests [35].
\n
The patients with bronchiectasis may have obstructive ventilatory pattern related to mucus retention or immunological abnormalities. The surgical resection of pulmonary segments with little contribution to ventilatory process is expected to have no or minimal effect on postoperative pulmonary function [31]. The expected loss of pulmonary function after surgical resection of bronchiectasis can be calculated from the equation: expected loss of function = preoperative function * (number of functional segments in the lobe to be resected/total number of segments of both lungs) [53].
Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scintigraphy provides information about hemodynamic features (vascular perfusion), gas exchange, and quantitative lung function, which has a particular help in cases with diffuse bronchiectasis as it can determine the most affected non-perfused areas to be surgically resected [36, 37]. The affected area is considered non-perfused when the perfusion is <10% of the expected [37]. Moreover, V/Q scintigraphy is indicated in patients with poor pulmonary function to provide more quantitative information about ventilation function [38].
\n
Some authors tried to find the correlation between morphologic type of bronchiectasis and the hemodynamic perfusion features. The study by Ashour in 1996, determined a correlation of cylindric morphology with pulmonary perfusion, contrary to non-perfusion predominance in cystic type, thus the surgery for diffuse bronchiectasis can be reserved for non-perfused cystic lesions which are more damaged than cylindrical lesions [71]. Thereafter, Al-Kattan and colleagues reported a new hemodynamic classification of bronchiectasis in patients with diffuse or bilateral disease, combining the perfusion and morphologic features to provide a reasonable extent of surgery and to obtain maximum postoperative clinical improvement [37].
\n
\n
\n
\n
4. Preoperative preparation
\n
The preoperative preparation of patients with bronchiectasis should aim to provide the best possible status. Therefore, the preoperative preparation should be performed by a multidisciplinary team consists of infectious disease specialists, pulmonologists, and thoracic surgeons [72].
\n
\n
4.1 Sputum culture analysis
\n
The patients should have appropriate preoperative preparation until the sputum volume reduced to 20-50 mL per day [54, 63], or the antibiotic therapy is modified according to new culture sensitivity results of the sputum [63]. As the gram-negative bacterial infection has a significant risk for perioperative complications, surgery should be performed after negative proof of Gram-negative bacillus on sputum culture analysis [58].
\n
In patients with a history of tuberculosis, surgery should be reserved for patients with inactive disease. Some surgeons postponed elective surgery 6 months if the sputum culture was positive for acid-fast bacilli and after the completion of antituberculosis treatment [41].
\n
\n
\n
4.2 Infection control
\n
Preoperatively, patients should be hospitalized and prepared for at least 2 weeks before surgery [48]. The patients who are scheduled for surgery should have no active pulmonary infection at the time of surgery. Therefore, broadspectrum antibiotics should be given for 48 hours prior to surgery, or prophylactic antibiotics are given according to results of sputum culture and sensitivity tests [36, 54]. For prophylaxis, cephalosporin and aminoglycoside are preferred if the culture is negative and the patient has no contraindications or allergies [48].
\n
\n
\n
4.3 Chest physiotherapy and postural drainage
\n
The patients should have intensive chest physiotherapy in the preoperative period, to obtain acceptable decrease of the daily volume of the sputum [54]. Patients should have chest physiotherapy including postural drainage for at least 2 weeks bfore surgery [57], or it should be continued until the daily sputum is ≤50 mL [50]. Preoperative postural drainage is essential to clean intra-tracheal secretions, decrease the sputum volume and sputum accumulation, and hence control of the infection and optimize the respiratory status [50, 58].
\n
The recommended airway clearance techniques are active breathing techniques or oscillating positive expiratory pressure (PEP). Review of HRCT findings is helpful to determine the appropriate postural drainage in relevance to the affected pulmonary segments. The gravity assisted positioning, where not contraindicated, is recommended to enhance the effectiveness of an airway clearance technique. Modified postural drainage without head down tilt should be considered when the postural drainage is not tolerated and when the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux increased with the technique [17, 20].
\n
\n
\n
4.4 Other considerations
\n
Nutritional support and pulmonary rehabilitation should be considered before surgical referral [20]. In patients on long-term steroid therapy, the doses may be increased by 5–10 mg/day, but surgery should be postponed in patients with uncontrolled respiratory symptoms [72].
\n
\n
\n
\n
5. Surgical procedures
\n
\n
5.1 Thoracotomy
\n
The anesthetic management during surgery for bronchiectasis should consider: (1) cleaning of the bronchus opposite to the side of surgery by aspiration before placement of endotracheal tube, and (2) avoiding contralateral contamination by: insertion of double-lumen endotracheal tube, use of Fogarty embolectomy catheter as a bronchus blocker, or advancing of the endotracheal tube to the main bronchus of the opposite side of resection [35, 37, 41, 54, 57].
\n
Posterolateral thoracotomy is the standard approach for pulmonary resection in patients with bronchiectasis. Preservation of the integrity of chest wall muscles using muscle-sparing technique is essential to reduce postoperative pain and generate an effective cough [29]. When the decision is for bilateral lung resection, the second operation can be performed with an interval of 1–4 months [49, 53].
\n
The extent of lung resection is determined by extent of the disease and cardiopulmonary reserve, thus lobectomy is performed for lesions limited to one lobe, segmentectomy is performed for fairly limited disease or when the pulmonary function is impaired, while pneumonectomy is reserved for extensive disease affecting the whole lung [33, 50, 54]. In some instances, bilobectomy and lobectomy plus segmentectomy can be performed [40, 44, 48, 50, 52, 61]. Extrapleural dissection is preferred to avoid spillage of lung content into pleural space. After identification of the hilar structures and opening of the major fissure, arterial, venous, and bronchial branches are isolated and divided, respectively [39, 63].
\n
Certain recommendations can be followed to prevent or reduce the incidences of postoperative air leak and bronchopleural fistula (BPF) after lung resection including: preservation of peribronchial tissues and avoidance of extensive lymph node dissection near to bronchi to minimize bronchial devascularization, division of the bronchus before mobilization of the resected part to avoid contamination of the healthy segments, division of the bronchial stump as short as possible which sutured by non-absorbable materials or closed with a mechanical stapler then buttressed by tissue glue or a flap from pleura, pericardium, pericardial fat pad, muscle, or omentum [41, 73].
\n
To reduce the extension of contamination during surgery, extrapleural intrapericardial pneumonectomy is recommended when there is pleural sepsis or complete fusion of the pleura. Also, the evidence of pleural infection indicates pleural space irrigation with antibiotic [73]. Following placement of the chest drains, bronchoscopic evaluation of the bronchial sutures with removal of any secretions in the airway should be performed [63]. The resected specimens should be sent for histopathological examination [41].
\n
\n
\n
5.2 Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)
\n
There is a little research work regarding use of VATS in the management of bronchiectasis. The reported VATS approaches for lobectomy in patients with bronchiectasis include three ports, two ports, or one port VATS [55, 62, 66]. Additionally, a two-port thoracoscopy with a utility mini-thoracotomy has been reported [45].
\n
For three ports completely VATS procedure, the ports are placed through the 7th or 8th intercostal space in the midaxillary line for a 10-mm 30° thoracoscope, the 4th or 5th intercostal space along the anterior axillary line (4–5 cm incision), and the 7th or 8th intercostal space in the auscultatory triangle (1.5 cm incision) [55]. For two ports VATS lobectomy, a 2 cm camera port through the 7th or 8th intercostal space in the anterior axillary line and a 3–5 cm utility incision through the 4th or 5th intercostal space in the anterior or mid axillary line [62]. Ocakcioglu et al. described uniportal VATS lobectomy through a utility incision of 3–5 cm from the 5th intercostal space in the anterior position without use of rib retractor. A 10 mm 30° thoracoscope is placed in the anterior part of the incision, while dissecting and holding clamps are placed through the dorsal part [66].
\n
During 3 ports VATS, the incisions change depending on the type of lung resection, whether it is an upper or lower lobectomy [62]. The presence of intrathoracic adhesions is a challenging problem during VATS which can be released by blunt or sharp dissection, or it may result in conversion of the VATS procedure to open procedure [55, 64]. As in open thoracotomy, the pulmonary artery is firstly identified and divided before the division of the veins to avoid congestion of the lobe, with separate dissection of the major pulmonary veins and the bronchus [64]. The dissection of vascular and airway structures is performed by an endoscopic linear cutter [55]. At the end of VATS procedure, the thorax is closed after retrieval of the resected specimens and meticulous control of air leak and hemorrhage [66].
\n
\n
\n
5.3 Postoperative care
\n
Bronchoscopy can be performed in the operating room for bronchial hygiene, immediately after surgery [56]. The early postoperative care should include: pain control including epidural analgesia, chest physiotherapy, antibiotic therapy according to results of culture and sensitivity [37, 56].
\n
Generally, the duration of postoperative systematic antibiotic therapy is 5 days, but it can be longer according to the inflammatory condition. Early ambulation and active cough, and 3–4 times percussive chest physiotherapy are essential for proper expectoration and lung re-expansion. The standard criteria for removal of chest tube are: stable vital signs, small amount of drainage (<100 mL/day) with clear color, lung re-expansion on chest X-ray, and absence of air leak [63].
\n
After discharge, patients should have specific or wide-spectrum antibiotic therapy for 1 week. Chest physiotherapy can be reinitiated at home and continued for 2 weeks after discharge [33].
\n
\n
\n
\n
6. Postoperative outcomes of lung resection
\n
\n
6.1 Mortality
\n
To date, few studies have evaluated postoperative outcomes after lung resection for bronchiectasis (Table 1). There is no perioperative mortality (early, operative, in-hospital, postoperative, or 30-days) after surgical resection of bronchiectasis in most of the published studies. The reported rates of perioperative mortality ranged from 0.41% [23] to 8.3% [25]. The causes of early mortality in literature include: respiratory failure [2, 27, 28, 41, 49, 57], intraoperative bleeding [24, 28, 46], postoperative pneumonia [25, 37], empyema [25, 32], pulmonary edema [27, 46], cardiac-related causes including myocardial infarction or arrhythmia [27, 35, 47, 49, 58], speptic shock [27, 56], gastrointestinal bleeding due to sepsis and stress ulcer [39], uncontrolled hemoptysis [27], pulmonary embolism [22, 32, 48, 58], cardiac arrest in patients with Kartagener syndrome [36], disseminated intravascular coagulation [44], nephropathy [22], downstream consequences of bronchial stump fistula [48, 60], multiple organ failure [48, 60], and causes unrelated to disease or technique such as cerebral edema in a child due to previously undiagnosed aquaeductus stenosis and hydrocephalus [24]. The disease-related consequences which indirectly attribute to early death include: severe disease requiring pneumonectomy or completion [28, 58], massive bleeding during the operation because of dense adhesions due to chronic and recurrent infections [44, 46], and Kartagener syndrome [36].
The rates of late or long-term mortality ranged from 0.41% [27] to 8.3% [25]. The reported causes of late mortality after surgical management of bronchiectasis included: respiratory failure [24, 52], progressive respiratory disease [25], sepsis [59], coronary artery thrombosis [22], cor pulmonale or pulmonary heart disease [22, 58], myocardial failure [22], glomerulonephritis [22], kidney failure [58], post-pneumonectomy pneumonia in the remaining lung [56], massive bleeding from the Malecot catheter used for drainage ofresidual space infection [44], suicide [22], and other causes of late deaths not attributable to bronchiectasis [21, 23, 26].
\n
\n
\n
6.2 Morbidity
\n
The reported rates of morbidity ranged from 7% [7] to 38% [39]. The most common complication is atelectasis or sputum retention requiring bronchoscopic intervention, followed by persistent air leak (Table 2). Most of the reported complications were minor, transient, and treatable.
Reported rates of complications after surgical treatment of bronchiectasis.
\n
In comparison to the published studies in the 3rd and 4th decades of 20th century, the relatively low incidences of complication in the after while studies can reflect effective antibiotic therapy, improved anesthetic techniques, adequate blood transfusion, and detailed postoperative care [21, 22]. Other factors include: surgeon’s experience, preoperative awareness of the undesirable consequences of retained secretions, preoperative teaching of breathing exercises, scheduling tracheal suction or bronchoscopy in the early postoperative period [21], good intraoperative hemostasis and careful dissection [37], low number of pneumonectomies, accurate patient selection, and careful perioperative management [45].
\n
Treatment of postoperative complications after surgery for bronchiectasis depends on its type and severity. The treatment options for complications include: physiotherapy, tube thoracotomy, bronchoscopic treatment for atelectasis, negative suction applied to the chest tubes for prolonged air leak, surgical reintervention for closure of bronchopleural fistula, medical treatment or decortication for pleural empyema, pharmacological control of supraventricular arrhythmias, reexploration for postoperative bleeding, and mechanical ventilation for respiratory insufficiency [39, 41, 60].
\n
Cobanoglu et al. did not report any significant statistical difference between tubular and saccular morphologic types of bronchiectasis regarding postoperative complication rates; however, the most severe postoperative complication, bronchopleural fistula, developed in 2 (3.22%) cases with saccular bronchiectasis [50]. Zhou et al. did not find statistically significant difference in the rates of postoperative complications between thoracotomy and VATS procedure. Minor postoperative complications were reported after thoracotomy or completely VATS lobectomy, which included pneumonia, prolonged air leak (>7 days), and atelectasis [55]. Moreover, Hao et al. did not observe major postoperative complications such as bronchopleural fistula or respiratory insufficiency was observed in VATS and thoracotomy groups. The most common complication was persistent air leak for >7 days in 8.1% of VATS group and 6% of thoracotomy group [64].
\n
\n
\n
6.3 Symptomatic improvement
\n
The clinical results after surgical resection of bronchiectasis are frequently classified into three categories. The first category (asymptomatic; excellent response) includes patients who are completely free of any symptoms suggestive of bronchiectasis, and considered themselves cured. The second category (clinical improvement; good response) includes those considered improved who have had some relief of the symptoms but still had some chronic pulmonary complaints. The third category (no improvement; poor response) includes patients with no-change, no-reduction in preoperative symptoms, or who are worse off since surgical resection. [22, 31, 32, 35, 44, 46, 47, 50]. Some authors referred to the excellent response as well outcome [36] or perfect response [41].
\n
Sanderson et al. expanded the classification of the clinical symptomatic outcome to five categories as: excellent (no symptoms at all), good (full physical capacity, occasional cough and sputum), fair-improved (tendency to cough and sputum with susceptibility to respiratory infection, hemoptysis or dyspnea), poor (residual symptoms), and worse (steady deterioration) [23]. Other authors reduced the classification of the clinical condition in two categories only by dividing the patients into an improved group (“excellent” or “good” outcomes) and an unimproved group (“no change” or “worse” outcomes) [52].
\n
In literature, through a range of follow-up between 9 months and 14 years, the proportion of asymptomatic patients or excellent improvement after surgery ranged from 22.3% [22] to 89.5% [65], while the proportion of clinical improvement with reduction of preoperative symptoms ranged from 9.6% [64] to 80.7% [56], and no improvement, worseness or relapse was reported in 1.6% [58] to 42.3% [22].
\n
\n
\n
6.4 Quality of life (QOL)
\n
Patients with bronchiectasis report worse quality of life (QOL) than do persons in the general population [74, 75]. Recurrent bronchiectasis exacerbations are related to deterioration of lung function, progression of the disease, impairment of quality of life, and increased rate of mortality [76]. Postoperative QOL and the functional consequences of lung resection (pulmonary function and exercise capacity) are poorly addressed.
\n
Vallilo et al. reported a significant improvement of the QOL in patients with symptomatic bronchiectasis which was particularly relevant in the functional and physical QOL domains. Resection of the lung area which had not contributed to ventilatory response during exercise before surgery might enable the patients to maintain the exercise performance after lung resection without impairment to the response of the ventilatory system during maximal testing [60].
\n
\n
\n
6.5 Complete versus incomplete resection
\n
The proper surgical treatment should aim to complete resection of the bronchiectatic lesions. Thus, intraoperatively detected lesions should be resected as appropriate whether determined on preoperative imaging studies or not [32]. Complete resection is defined as an anatomic resection of all affected segments preoperatively identified by high-resolution computed tomography or bronchography [48, 54, 57]. However, some authors considered pulmonary resection complete if the patient was believed to be free of bronchiectasis after thoracotomy [31, 35].
\n
Completeness of surgical resection is affected by localization of the disease and pulmonary function (Figure 4). In patients with unilateral localized bronchiectasis, the most important prognostic factor for good surgical outcomes is complete resection of all diseased segments. In bilateral localized bronchiectasis, complete surgical resection should be attempted if lung function permits, including combinations of lobectomy with segmentectomy or wedge resections on the same siting or staged [24, 39, 73]; however, limited resection of the most predominant lesion is preferred for selected patients with bilateral diffuse bronchiectasis [34, 63]. The reported completeness of resection in patients with localized bronchiectasis ranged from 55.4% [23] to 94.2% [54].
\n
Figure 4.
Simplified algorithm for complete surgical resection according to extent of bronchiectasis.
\n
Sanderson et al. found a preponderance of excellent results after complete resection in comparison with incomplete resection (36% versus 10%, P < 0.005) [23]. Agasthian et al. found that complete resection resulted in a significant increase in proportion of asymptomatic patients than incomplete resection (65.2% versus 21.4%, p < 0.05) [28]. In the study by Kutlay et al., the excellent to good results of complete resection were significantly better than those of incomplete resection (98.5 versus 76.5%, P < 0.05) [32]. Similarly, other authors reported significantly better clinical results with complete resection than incomplete resection [35, 36, 44, 46, 50, 52].
\n
\n
\n
6.6 Predictors of postoperative outcomes
\n
There is no single independent perioperative variable that can predict occurrence of adverse events after lung resection with scant available data. In the study by Fujimoto et al., the logistic analyses extracted the type of bronchiectasis (cylindrical or others), the history of sinusitis, and the type of resection (complete or incomplete) for discrimination between patients with excellent or improved clinical outcome and patients with no clinical change [30]. Hiramatsu et al. reported immuno compromised status, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, and extent of residual bronchiectasis, as independent and significant factors of postoperative shorter relapse-free interval [53].
\n
Eren et al. fond that the lack of preoperative bronchoscopic examination, a FEV1 of <60% of the predicted value, a history of tuberculosis, and incomplete resection were independent predictors of postoperative complications [41]. Bagheri et al. statistically evaluated several variables including: sex, age, localization of disease, and complete or incomplete resection using multivariate logistic regression. Complete resection was found to have a significantly better surgical outcome compared to incomplete resection [46]. In the study by Zhang et al., the logistic regression analysis showed that tuberculous bronchiectasis, type of bronchiectasis (saccular versus others), and type of resection (incomplete or complete) were three independent factors associated with poor surgical outcome [48]. The multivariable analyses by Jin et al., showed that age, sputum volume, gram-negative bacillus infection, and bronchial stump coverage were the four independent factors related with poor surgical outcome [58].
\n
According to the reported results by Sahin et al., the prognostic variables in pediatric patients were: FEV1 less than 60% of the predicted value, hemoptysis, and duration of symptoms [59]. Interestingly, Gorur et al. stated that multi-segmental resectable bronchiectasis should not be considered an occult risk factor for morbidity after lung resection. Moreover, the number of resected segments, hemoptysis, and absence of preoperative fiberoptic bronchoscopy were not associated with postoperative complications. Impaired pulmonary function was significantly associated with residual air space; however it did not predict the risk of persistent air leak, atelectasis or empyema [51].
\n
Completion pneumonectomy is historically recognized as a high-risk procedure especially when done for a benign disease [77]. To reduce the high-risk of completion pneumonectomy when indicated, precautions such as optimal exposure, intrapericardial isolation of blood vessels, and bronchial reinforcement are recommended [78]. In the study by Agasthian et al., all died patients after lung resection had completion pneumonectomy. The causes of death were respiratory failure and intraoperative bleeding [28]. However, Fujimoto et al. reported acceptable mortality and morbidity after completion pneumonectomy without mortality and only one patient had postoperative bronchopleural fistula that could be managed conservatively [30].
\n
\n
\n
\n
7. Specific surgical considerations
\n
\n
7.1 Non-localized bronchiectasis
\n
Patients with non-localized (multi-segmental or bilateral) bronchiectasis are generally regarded as an exclusion of surgery [39]. However, considering the limited and palliative effect of medical treatment and the risk of transplantation or radical operation, recent studies offered a limited operation to some of these patients [34, 63]. Moreover, some surgeons favored surgery in non-localized bronchiectasis to prevent extension of the disease to the unaffected lung [38].
\n
George et al. suggested that bilateral bronchiectasis need not be a contraindication to operation. In properly selected patients, lasting symptomatic improvement can be provided by resection [24]. Mazieres et al. reported favorable outcome after a limited lung resection in properly selected symptomatic patients with severe multisegmental bilateral bronchiectasis, particularly those with cystic lesions and functionless territories [34].
\n
Schneiter et al. found the same patients’ satisfaction at 6 months after surgery for patients who had resectable non-localized or localized bronchiectasis, with non-significant differences in the rates of recurrent infection and hemoptysis [38]. Aghajanzadeh et al. reported the benefits of surgery in 87 bilateral non-localized bronchiectases, and concluded that staged bilateral resection for bronchiectases can be performed at any age with acceptable morbidity and mortality [39]. Additionally, Dai et al. reported the safety of lobectomy for the predominant lesions in non-localized bronchiectasis, with significant relief of symptoms, good rates of satisfaction, no operative mortality, and minimal postoperative complications [63].
\n
\n
\n
7.2 Surgery for bronchiectasis in children
\n
The prevalence of bronchiectasis in children ranges from 0.2 to 735 cases per 100,000 [79]. Cystic fibrosis is the most common cause of bronchiectasis in developed countries while in developing countries non-CF etiologies particularly post-infectious causes are more common [80]. Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis in children is considered for cases with resectable disease after failure of the proper medical treatment. Moreover, surgery can be considered in children with diffuse disease who have expected benefit after excision of the most predominant lesions [36, 79].
\n
In literature, the studies that evaluate surgical treatment of bronchiectasis in children are scanty. However, these studies confirmed the safety of surgery for childhood bronchiectasis with low rates of mortality and morbidity. Complete resection can be considered when possible, as most of the children can benefit from surgery especially if the total excision is accomplished [26, 35, 36, 43, 56, 59].
\n
The reported surgical outcomes in children with bronchiectasis highlight: acceptable mortality and morbidity [35, 36, 43, 56, 59], significant impact of surgery on improvement of symptoms and quality of life [43, 56], good results after segmentectomy when the pulmonary segment is entirely free of disease [26], increase the chance of cure after complete resection which results in significantly better outcome than incomplete resection [35, 43], preference of pneumonectomy instead of leaving residual disease when bronchiectasis is unilateral [36], and significant impact of duration of symptoms and timely intervention on the management and prognosis [59].
\n
\n
\n
\n
8. Conclusions
\n
Bronchiectasis is a significant chronic lung disease associated with vicious cycle of inflammation, infection, mucus accumulation, and structural tissue damage. Current guidelines recommend surgical treatment of bronchiectasis in patients with localized disease when symptoms are not controlled by optimized medical treatment. Other indications in literature include recurrent refractory or massive hemoptysis, bronchiectasis distal to tumors, and treatment of subsequent complications.
\n
HRCT is the gold standard imaging tool of bronchiectasis, as has a great help in preoperative localization of the lesions which affects the decision making for surgery. Preoperative bronchoscopy is important to diagnose the underlying causes of bronchial obstruction and to clear the airways by removal of secretions. Preoperative PFTs can be performed to determine the segments with little ventilatory contribution and minimal effects on postoperative pulmonary function after surgical resection. Perfusion scans can be used to determine the most affected non-perfused areas to be resected, particularly when the pulmonary function is affected. According to hemodynamic analysis of perfusion scans in diffuse bronchiectasis, surgery can be reserved for non-perfused cystic lesions which are more damaged than cylindrical lesions.
\n
Preoperative preparation for lung resection should include sputum culture analysis to modify antibiotic therapy with culture sensitivity results. It is crucial to eradicate active pulmonary infection and provide prophylactic antibiotic therapy with cephalosporin and aminoglycoside before surgery. Preoperative airway clearance techniques including active breathing, oscillating PEP, and postural drainage, are recommended to control infection and optimize the respiratory status. Other important preoperative considerations include nutritional support and pulmonary rehabilitation.
\n
Posterolateral thoracotomy is the standard approach for the surgical resection of bronchiectasis. The extent of resection depends on extent of the disease and cardiopulmonary reserve. Preservation of peribronchial tissues, short bronchial stump, and buttressing techniques are recommended to reduce postoperative air leak and BPF. The safety and feasibility of VATS in the treatment of bronchiectasis was shown in scant studies with low morbidity and mortality. The proper care after surgery should include bronchoscopic removal of secretions, pain control, chest physiotherapy, and appropriate antibiotic therapy.
\n
In literature, the mortality rates after lung resection range from 0.41% to 8.3%. The most common causes of early mortality are respiratory failure, intraoperative bleeding, postoperative pneumonia, empyema, pulmonary edema, and cardiac-related causes; while the most common causes of late mortality are respiratory failure, progressive respiratory disease, sepsis, coronary artery thrombosis, and cor pulmonale. The morbidity rates range from 7–38%. Atelctasis or sputum retention is the most common postoperative complication, followed by persistent air leak, pneumonia, and BPF. Most of the reported complications are minor, transient, and treatable. During follow-up periods between 9 months and 14 years, the proportion of asymptomatic patients (excellent improvement) after surgery ranges from 22.3% to 89.5%. Postoperative QOL is poorly addressed, but it can be improved after resection of functionless pulmonary segments.
\n
Complete resection of the affected parenchyma results in better clinical outcome than incomplete resection; however, completeness of resection is affected by localization of the disease and pulmonary function. A large number of predictors of surgical outcomes were investigated in literature, including: type of resection, type of bronchiectasis, immuno compromised status, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, extent of residual bronchiectasis, lack of preoperative bronchoscopic examination, FEV1 < 60% of the predicted value, tuberculosis, hemoptysis, duration of symptoms, age, sputum volume, gram-negative bacillus infection, bronchial stump coverage, and impaired pulmonary function.
\n
Recent studies reported acceptable outcomes after a limited lung resection for the most predominant lesion in properly selected patients with non-localized bronchiectasis. Surgery can be safely performed in children with bronchiectasis, particularly when the disease is resectable disease after failure of the proper medical treatment. Acceptable postoperative rates of mortality and morbidity and a significant symptomatic improvement were reported in children.
\n',keywords:"lung, bronchiectasis, productive cough, thoracic surgery, lung resection",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72982.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/72982.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72982",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72982",totalDownloads:588,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"January 23rd 2020",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2020",datePrePublished:"August 14th 2020",datePublished:"December 2nd 2020",dateFinished:"August 14th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Bronchiectasis is a chronic clinicopathological disease of the lung characterized by chronic cough, sputum production, recurrent pulmonary infection, and persistent bronchial dilatation on computed tomography. For many years, bronchiectasis associated with high mortality and morbidity particularly before the advent of antibiotics. The medical treatment of bronchiectasis includes antibiotic therapy, airway clearance, bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory agents. Surgery is mainly performed for localized disease after failure of the medical treatment, including: segmentectomy, lobectomy, and pneumonectomy. This chapter highlights the current surgical considerations for treatment of bronchiectasis, regarding indications of surgery, preoperative evaluation and preparation, available operative procedures, postoperative outcomes, and other important surgical issues.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72982",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72982",signatures:"Yasser Ali Kamal",book:{id:"7990",type:"book",title:"Update in Respiratory Diseases",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Update in Respiratory Diseases",slug:"update-in-respiratory-diseases",publishedDate:"December 2nd 2020",bookSignature:"Jose Carlos Herrera Garcia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7990.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83880-895-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-894-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-896-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"224037",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Herrera Garcia",slug:"jose-carlos-herrera-garcia",fullName:"Jose Carlos Herrera Garcia"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Indications of surgery",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Preoperative evaluation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Chest radiography",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3 Bronchoscopy",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.4 Pulmonary function tests",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.5 Perfusion scans (ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Preoperative preparation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.1 Sputum culture analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.2 Infection control",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.3 Chest physiotherapy and postural drainage",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.4 Other considerations",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14",title:"5. Surgical procedures",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"5.1 Thoracotomy",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"5.2 Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"5.3 Postoperative care",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"6. Postoperative outcomes of lung resection",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"6.1 Mortality",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"6.2 Morbidity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"6.3 Symptomatic improvement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"6.4 Quality of life (QOL)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22_2",title:"6.5 Complete versus incomplete resection",level:"2"},{id:"sec_23_2",title:"6.6 Predictors of postoperative outcomes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_25",title:"7. Specific surgical considerations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_25_2",title:"7.1 Non-localized bronchiectasis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_26_2",title:"7.2 Surgery for bronchiectasis in children",level:"2"},{id:"sec_28",title:"8. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_31",title:"Abbreviations",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nGoeminne C, De Soyza A. Bronchiectasis: How to be an orphan with many parents. The European Respiratory Journal. 2016;47:10-13\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nAliberti S, Chalmers JD. Get together to increase awareness in bronchiectasis: A report of the 2nd world bronchiectasis conference. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine. 2018;13(Suppl 1):28. DOI: 10.1186/s40248-018-0138-3\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nContarini M, Shoemark A, Rademacher J, Finch S, Gramegna A, Gaffuri M, et al. Why, when and how to investigate primary ciliary dyskinesia in adult patients with bronchiectasis. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine. 2018;13(Suppl 1):26\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nQuint JK, Millett ER, Joshi M, Navaratnam V, Thomas SL, Hurst JR, et al. Changes in the incidence, prevalence and mortality of bronchiectasis in the UK from 2004 to 2013: A population-based cohort study. The European Respiratory Journal. 2016;47(1):186-193\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nSnell N, Gibson J, Jarrold I, Quint JK. Epidemiology of bronchiectasis in the UK: Findings from the British lung foundation’s ‘Respiratory health of the nation’ project. Respiratory Medicine. 2019;158:21-23\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nHenkle E, Chan B, Curtis JR, Aksamit TR, Daley CL, Winthrop KL. Characteristics and health-care utilization history of patients with bronchiectasis in US Medicare enrollees with prescription drug plans, 2006 to 2014. Chest. 2018;154(6):1311-1320\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nLin JL, Xu JF, Qu JM. Bronchiectasis in China. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2016;13:609-616\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nDhar R, Singh S, Talwar D, Mohan M, Tripathi SK, Swarnakar R, et al. Bronchiectasis in India: Results from the European multicentre bronchiectasis audit and research collaboration (EMBARC) and respiratory research network of India registry. The Lancet Global Health. 2019;7(9):e1269-e1279\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nMaselli DJ, Amalakuhan B, Keyt H, Diaz AA. Suspecting non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: What the busy primary care clinician needs to know. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2017;71(2):1-10. DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12924\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nSchäfer J, Griese M, Chandrasekaran R, Chotirmall SH, Hartl D. Pathogenesis, imaging and clinical characteristics of CF and non-CF bronchiectasis. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 2018;18(1):79\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nCole PJ. Inflammation: A two-edged sword – The model of bronchiectasis. European Journal of Respiratory Diseases. Supplement. 1986;147:6-15\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nMoulton BC, Barker AF. Pathogenesis of bronchiectasis. Clinics in Chest Medicine. 2012;33:211-217\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nSanthosham R. Bronchiectasis. In: Parikh Rajesh PB, editor. Tips and Tricks in Thoracic Surgery. London: Springer-Verlag; 2018. pp. 87-99\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nChana ED, Wooten WI III, Hsiehh EWY, Johnstond KL, Shafferd M, et al. Diagnostic evaluation of bronchiectasis. Respiratory Medicine. 2019;X(1):100006. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrmex.2019.100006\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nPolverino E, Goeminne PC, McDonnell MJ, Aliberti S, Marshall SE, Loebinger MR, et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis. The European Respiratory Journal. 2017;50:1700629\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nSmith MP. Diagnosis and management of bronchiectasis. CMAJ. 2017;189:E828-E835. DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.160830\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nPasteur MC, Bilton D, Hill AT. British thoracic society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis. Thorax. 2010;65(Suppl 1):i1-i58\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nLoebinger MR, Wells AU, Hansell DM, Chinyanganya N, Devaraj A, Meister M, et al. Mortality in bronchiectasis: A long-term study assessing the factors influencing survival. The European Respiratory Journal. 2009;34(4):843-849. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00003709\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nKoser U, Hill A. What’s new in the management of adult bronchiectasis? F1000Research. 2017;6(F1000 Facultyb Rev):527. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10613.1\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nHill AT, Sullivan AL, Chalmers JD, De Soyza A, Elborn SJ, Floto AR, et al. British thoracic society guideline for bronchiectasis in adults. Thorax. 2019;74(Suppl 1):1-69. DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212463\n'},{id:"B21",body:'\nHewlett TH, Ziperman HH. Bronchiectasis: Results of pulmonary resection. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1960;40:71-78\n'},{id:"B22",body:'\nStreete BG, Salyer JM. Bronchiectasis: An analysis of 240 cases treated by pulmonary resection. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1960;40:383-392\n'},{id:"B23",body:'\nSanderson JM, Kennedy MCS, Johnson MF, Manley DCE. Bronchiectasis: Results of surgical and conservative management - a review of 393 cases. Thorax. 1974;29:407\n'},{id:"B24",body:'\nGeorge SA, Leonardi HK, Overholt RH. Bilateral pulmonary resection for bronchiectasis: A 40-year experience. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1979;28:48-53\n'},{id:"B25",body:'\nAnnest LS, Kratz JM, Crawford FA. Current results of treatment of bronchiectasis. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1982;83:546-550\n'},{id:"B26",body:'\nWilson JF, Decker AM. The surgical management of childhood bronchiectasis: A review of 96 consecutive pulmonary resections in children with nontuberculous bronchiectasis. Annals of Surgery. 1982;195(3):354-363\n'},{id:"B27",body:'\nDogan R, Alp M, Kaya S, Ayrancioğlu K, Taştepe I, Unlü M, et al. Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis: A collective review of 487 cases. The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon. 1989;37(3):183-186\n'},{id:"B28",body:'\nAgasthian T, Deschamps C, Trastek VF, Allen MS, Pairolero PC. Surgical management of bronchiectasis. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1996;62:976-980\n'},{id:"B29",body:'\nAshour M, Al-Kattan K, Rafay MA, Saja KF, Hajjar W, Al-Fraye AR. Current surgical therapy for bronchiectasis. World Journal of Surgery. 1999;23(11):1096-1104\n'},{id:"B30",body:'\nFujimoto T, Hillejan L, Stamatis G. Current strategy for surgical management of bronchiectasis. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2001;72:1711-1715\n'},{id:"B31",body:'\nPrieto D, Bernardo J, Matos MJ, Euge Ânio L, Antunes M. Surgery for bronchiectasis. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2001;20:19-23\n'},{id:"B32",body:'\nKutlay H, Cangir AK, Enön S, Sahin E, Akal M, Güngör A, et al. Surgical treatment in bronchiectasis: Analysis of 166 patients. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2002;21:634-637\n'},{id:"B33",body:'\nBalkanli K, Genc O, Dakak M, Gürkök S, Gözübüyük A, Caylak H, et al. Surgical management of bronchiectasis: Analysis and short-term results in 238 patients. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2003;24:699-702\n'},{id:"B34",body:'\nMazieres J, Murris M, Didier A, Giron J, Dahan M, Berjaud J, et al. Limited operation for severe multisegmental bilateral bronchiectasis. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003;75:382-387\n'},{id:"B35",body:'\nHaciibrahimoglu G, Fazlioglu M, Olcmen A, Gurses A, Bedirhan MA. Surgical management of childhood bronchiectasis due to infectious disease. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2004;127:1361-1365\n'},{id:"B36",body:'\nOtgun I, Karnak I, Tanyel FC, Senocak ME, Buyukpamukcu N. Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis in children. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2004;39:1532-1536\n'},{id:"B37",body:'\nAl-Kattan KM, Essa MA, Hajjar WM, Ashour MH, Saleh WN, Rafay MA. Surgical results for bronchiectasis based on hemodynamic (functional and morphologic) classification. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2005;130:1385-1390\n'},{id:"B38",body:'\nSchneiter D, Meyer N, Lardinois D, Korom S, Kestenholz P, Weder W. Surgery for non-localized bronchiectasis. The British Journal of Surgery. 2005;92(7):836-839\n'},{id:"B39",body:'\nAghajanzadeh M, Sarshad A, Amani H, Alavy A. Surgical management of bilateral bronchiectases: Results in 29 patients. Asian Cardiovascular & Thoracic Annals. 2006;14:219-222\n'},{id:"B40",body:'\nYuncu G, Ceylan KC, Sevinc S, Ucvet A, Kaya SO, Kiter G, et al. Functional results of surgical treatment of bronchiectasis in a developing country. Archivos de Bronconeumología. 2006;42:183-188\n'},{id:"B41",body:'\nEren S, Esme H, Avci A. Risk factors affecting outcome and morbidity in the surgical management of bronchiectasis. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2007;134:392-398\n'},{id:"B42",body:'\nGuerra MS, Miranda JA, Leal F, Vouga L. Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia. 2007;13(5):691-701\n'},{id:"B43",body:'\nSirmali M, Karasu S, Turut H, Gezer S, Kaya S, Taştepe I, et al. Surgical management of bronchiectasis in childhood. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2007;31:120-123\n'},{id:"B44",body:'\nStephen T, Thankachen R, Madhu AP, Neelakantan N, Shukla V, Korula RJ. Surgical results in bronchiectasis: Analysis of 149 patients. Asian Cardiovascular & Thoracic Annals. 2007;15:290-296\n'},{id:"B45",body:'\nGiovannetti R, Alifano M, Stefani A, Legras A, Grigoroiu M, Collet JY, et al. Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis: Early and long-term results. Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery. 2008;7:609-612\n'},{id:"B46",body:'\nBagheri R, Haghi SZ, Fattahi Masoum SH, Bahadorzadeh L. Surgical management of bronchiectasis: Analysis of 277 patients. The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon. 2010;58:291-294\n'},{id:"B47",body:'\nGursoy S, Ozturk AA, Ucvet A, Erbaycu AE. Surgical management of bronchiectasis: The indications and outcomes. Surgery Today. 2010;40:26-30\n'},{id:"B48",body:'\nZhang P, Jiang G, Ding J, Zhou X, Gao W. Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis: A retrospective analysis of 790 patients. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2010;90:246-250\n'},{id:"B49",body:'\nCaylak H, Genc O, Kavakli K, Gurkok S, Gozubuyuk A, Yucel O, et al. Surgical management of bronchiectasis: A collective review of 339 patients with long-term follow-up. The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon. 2011;59:479-483\n'},{id:"B50",body:'\nCobanoglu U, Yalcinkaya I, Er M, Isik AF, Sayir F, Mergan D. Surgery for bronchiectasis: The effect of morphological types to prognosis. Annals of Thoracic Medicine. 2011;6(1):25-32\n'},{id:"B51",body:'\nGorur R, Turut H, Yiyit N, Candas F, Yildizhan A, Sen H, et al. The influence of specific factors on postoperative morbidity in young adults with bronchiectasis. Heart, Lung & Circulation. 2011;20:468-472\n'},{id:"B52",body:'\nSehitogullari A, Bilici S, Sayir F, Cobanoglu U, Kahraman A. A long-term study assessing the factors influencing survival and morbidity in the surgical management of bronchiectasis. Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 2011;6:161\n'},{id:"B53",body:'\nHiramatsu M, Shiraishi Y, Nakajima Y, Miyaoka E, Katsuragi N, Kita H, et al. Risk factors that affect the surgical outcome in the management of focal bronchiectasis in a developed country. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2012;93:245-250\n'},{id:"B54",body:'\nAl-Refaie RE, Amer S, El-Shabrawy M. Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis: A retrospective observational study of 138 patients. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2013;5:228-233\n'},{id:"B55",body:'\nZhou ZL, Zhao H, Li Y, Li JF, Jiang GC, Wang J. Completely thoracoscopic lobectomy for the surgical management of bronchiectasis. Chinese Medical Journal. 2013;126:875-878\n'},{id:"B56",body:'\nAndrade CF, Melo IA, Holand AR, Silva ÉF, Fischer GB, Felicetii JC. Surgical treatment of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in Brazilian children. Pediatric Surgery International. 2014;30:63-69\n'},{id:"B57",body:'\nBalci AE, Balci TA, Ozyurtan MO. Current surgical therapy for bronchiectasis: Surgical results and predictive factors in 86 patients. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2014;97:211-217\n'},{id:"B58",body:'\nJin YX, Zhang Y, Duan L, Yang Y, Jiang GN, Ding JA. Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis – A retrospective observational study of 260 patients. International Journal of Surgery. 2014;12:1050-1054\n'},{id:"B59",body:'\nSahin A, Meteroglu F, Kelekci S, Karabel M, Eren C, Eren S, et al. Surgical outcome of bronchiectasis in children: Long term results of 60 cases. Klinische Pädiatrie. 2014;226:233-237\n'},{id:"B60",body:'\nVallilo CC, Terra RM, de Albuquerque AL, Suesada MM, Mariani AW, Salge JM, et al. Lung resection improves the quality of life of patients with symptomatic bronchiectasis. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2014;98:1034-1041\n'},{id:"B61",body:'\nCoutinho D, Fernandes P, Guerra M, Miranda J, Vouga L. Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis: A review of 20 years of experience. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia. 2016;22(2):82-85\n'},{id:"B62",body:'\nBaysungur V, Dogruyol T, Ocakcioglu I, Misirlioglu A, Evman S, Kanbur S, et al. The feasibility of thoracoscopic resection in bronchiectasis. Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2017;27(3):194-196\n'},{id:"B63",body:'\nDai J, Zhu X, Bian D, Fei K, Jiang G, Zhang P. Surgery for predominant lesion in nonlocalized bronchiectasis. The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon. 2017;153:979-985\n'},{id:"B64",body:'\nHao X, Dazhong L, Lei Y, Jiaying Z, Linyou Z. Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis: 5 years of experience at a single institution. Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 2019;29(6):826-830\n'},{id:"B65",body:'\nNega B, Ademe Y, Tizazu A. Bronchiectasis: Experience of surgical management at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Journal of Health Sciences. 2019;29(4):471-476. DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v29i4.8\n'},{id:"B66",body:'\nOcakcioglu I. Uniportal thoracoscopic treatment in bronchiectasis patients: Preliminary experience. Videosurgery and Other Miniinvasive Techniques. 2019;14(2):304-310\n'},{id:"B67",body:'\nCantin L, Bankier AA, Eisenberg RL. Bronchiectasis. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2009;193(3):W158-W171\n'},{id:"B68",body:'\nvan der Bruggen-Bogaarts BA, van der Bruggen HM, van Waes PF, Lammers JW. Screening for bronchiectasis. A comparative study between chest radiography and high-resolution CT. Chest. 1996;109(3):608-611\n'},{id:"B69",body:'\nYoung K, Aspestrand F, Kolbenstvedt A. High resolution CT and bronchography in the assessment of bronchiectasis. Acta Radiologica. 1991;32:439-441\n'},{id:"B70",body:'\nFirth J. Respiratory medicine: Bronchiectasis. Clinical Medicine. 2019;19(1):64-67\n'},{id:"B71",body:'\nAshour M. Hemodynamic alterations in bronchiectasis: A basis for a new subclassification of the disease. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1996;112:328-334\n'},{id:"B72",body:'\nDusica S, Nebojsa L, Miodrag M, Angelina B, Sveljko S, Radmilo J. Preoperative preparation of patients with infectious and restrictive respiratory diseases as comorbidities. Acta Chirurgica Iugoslavica. 2011;58(2):63-69\n'},{id:"B73",body:'\nAgasthian T. Surgery for bronchiectasis. Journal of Visceral Surgery. 2018;4:235\n'},{id:"B74",body:'\nO’Leary CJ, Wilson CB, Hansell DM, Cole PJ, Wilson R, Jones PW. Relationship between psychological well-being and lung health status in patients with bronchiectasis. Respiratory Medicine. 2002;96:686-692\n'},{id:"B75",body:'\nOlveira G, Olveira C, Gaspar I, Dorado A, Cruz I, Soriguer F, et al. Depression and anxiety symptoms in bronchiectasis: Associations with health-related quality of life. Quality of Life Research. 2013;22:597-665\n'},{id:"B76",body:'\nArtaraz A, Crichton ML, Finch S, Abo-Leyah H, Goeminne P, Aliberti S, et al. Development and initial validation of the bronchiectasis exacerbation and symptom tool (BEST). Respiratory Research. 2020;21(1):18\n'},{id:"B77",body:'\nMcGovern EM, Trastek VF, Pairolero PC, Payne WS. Completion pneumonectomy: Indications, complications and results. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1988;46:141-146\n'},{id:"B78",body:'\nGregoire J, Deslauriers J, Guojin L, Rouleau J. Indications, risks, and results of completion pneumonectomy. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1993;105:918-924\n'},{id:"B79",body:'\nMcCallum GB, Binks MJ. The epidemiology of chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis in children and adolescents. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2017;5:27\n'},{id:"B80",body:'\nKumar A, Lodha R, Kumar P, Kabra SK. Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in children: Clinical profile, etiology and outcome. Indian Pediatrics. 2015;52(1):35-37\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Yasser Ali Kamal",address:"yaser_ali_kamal@yahoo.com",affiliation:'
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minya, Egypt
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"7990",type:"book",title:"Update in Respiratory Diseases",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Update in Respiratory Diseases",slug:"update-in-respiratory-diseases",publishedDate:"December 2nd 2020",bookSignature:"Jose Carlos Herrera Garcia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7990.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83880-895-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-894-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-896-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"224037",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Herrera Garcia",slug:"jose-carlos-herrera-garcia",fullName:"Jose Carlos Herrera Garcia"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"113297",title:"Prof.",name:"Panagiotis",middleName:null,surname:"Angelidis",email:"pangelid@civil.duth.gr",fullName:"Panagiotis Angelidis",slug:"panagiotis-angelidis",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Democritus University of Thrace",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"33078",title:"3D Multiphase Numerical Modelling for Turbidity Current Flows",slug:"3d-multiphase-numerical-modelling-for-turbidity-current-flows",abstract:null,signatures:"A. Georgoulas, P. Angelidis, K. Kopasakis and N. Kotsovinos",authors:[{id:"107356",title:"Dr.",name:"Anastasios",surname:"Georgoulas",fullName:"Anastasios Georgoulas",slug:"anastasios-georgoulas",email:"ageorg@civil.duth.gr"},{id:"113296",title:"MSc.",name:"Kyriakos",surname:"Kopasakis",fullName:"Kyriakos Kopasakis",slug:"kyriakos-kopasakis",email:"kkopasak@civil.duth.gr"},{id:"113297",title:"Prof.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Angelidis",fullName:"Panagiotis Angelidis",slug:"panagiotis-angelidis",email:"pangelid@civil.duth.gr"},{id:"113298",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolaos",surname:"Kotsovinos",fullName:"Nikolaos Kotsovinos",slug:"nikolaos-kotsovinos",email:"kotsovin@civil.duth.gr"}],book:{id:"1867",title:"Numerical Modelling",slug:"numerical-modelling",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"101182",title:"MSc",name:"M. I.",surname:"Lamas",slug:"m.-i.-lamas",fullName:"M. I. Lamas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"107356",title:"Dr.",name:"Anastasios",surname:"Georgoulas",slug:"anastasios-georgoulas",fullName:"Anastasios Georgoulas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Democritus University of Thrace",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"113101",title:"MSc.",name:"C. G.",surname:"Rodríguez",slug:"c.-g.-rodriguez",fullName:"C. G. Rodríguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"113296",title:"MSc.",name:"Kyriakos",surname:"Kopasakis",slug:"kyriakos-kopasakis",fullName:"Kyriakos Kopasakis",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Democritus University of Thrace",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"113756",title:"Dr.",name:"Rekha",surname:"Rao",slug:"rekha-rao",fullName:"Rekha Rao",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sandia National Laboratories",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"113901",title:"Ms.",name:"Lisa",surname:"Mondy",slug:"lisa-mondy",fullName:"Lisa Mondy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sandia National Laboratories",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"113903",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Noble",slug:"david-noble",fullName:"David Noble",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sandia National Laboratories",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"113906",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Baer",slug:"thomas-baer",fullName:"Thomas Baer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Procter & Gamble (Germany)",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"113907",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",surname:"Hopkins",slug:"matthew-hopkins",fullName:"Matthew Hopkins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sandia National Laboratories",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"137420",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlton",surname:"Brooks",slug:"carlton-brooks",fullName:"Carlton Brooks",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding",title:"Open Access Funding",intro:"
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\\n\\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\\n\\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\\n
\\n\\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\\n\\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",src:"ECM",topicId:"8,9,10,11,14,15,17,20,22,24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11554",title:"Information Systems Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3134452ff2fdec020663f241c7a9a748",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11554.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11546",title:"Smart and Sustainable Transportation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8ea27a1ff85cde00efcb6f6968c20f8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11546.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11834",title:"Steppe Geography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"363517fa6f079daf94c51ea1b91fed2a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11834.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11836",title:"Estuary Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ef822fc9eee5600aeb7e45492e04a6e7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11836.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11837",title:"The Mediterranean",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bbb25987a982d61da4f47fb13614ba3c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11846",title:"Seabed",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1b1698a2d8d36b5ec3571c20486eb2c9",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11846.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11911",title:"Scientometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ed74b66a0dc7d009900af198efc6b2e1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11911.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11913",title:"Scheduling Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"da42ea7b678d715e23ffcae50ae47078",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11913.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11915",title:"Ontology in Computer Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b52397215f6b5e05a22368f629695704",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11915.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11917",title:"Computational Semantics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bd9343348f2c50dbbc819a0b48a76591",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11917.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11938",title:"Ballistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c64ef67aac55216f08c65a2a179835c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11938.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11941",title:"Advances in Turbomachinery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fe2c693976d70c5d0cc5f8003e6e73c5",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11941.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:46},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:107},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:129},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1297",title:"Machine Learning",slug:"robot-control-machine-learning",parent:{id:"257",title:"Robot Control",slug:"robot-control"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:65,numberOfWosCitations:43,numberOfCrossrefCitations:46,numberOfDimensionsCitations:66,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1297",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5238",title:"Automation and Control Trends",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d234bd6ef276fb1abcaca85c8de363f4",slug:"automation-and-control-trends",bookSignature:"Pedro Ponce, Arturo Molina Gutierrez and Luis M. Ibarra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5238.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143594",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Ponce",slug:"pedro-ponce",fullName:"Pedro Ponce"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2229",title:"Fuzzy Controllers",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d7cef0be5890dfeaf6ac102006f1e804",slug:"fuzzy-controllers-recent-advances-in-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sohail Iqbal, Nora Boumella and Juan Carlos Figueroa Garcia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2229.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138350",title:"Dr.",name:"Sohail",middleName:null,surname:"Iqbal",slug:"sohail-iqbal",fullName:"Sohail Iqbal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"39444",doi:"10.5772/48614",title:"A Hybrid of Fuzzy and Fuzzy Self-Tuning PID Controller for Servo Electro-Hydraulic System",slug:"a-hybrid-of-fuzzy-and-fuzzy-self-tuning-pid-controller-for-servo-electro-hydraulic-system",totalDownloads:5341,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"2229",slug:"fuzzy-controllers-recent-advances-in-theory-and-applications",title:"Fuzzy Controllers",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Controllers - Recent Advances in Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Kwanchai Sinthipsomboon, Issaree Hunsacharoonroj, Josept Khedari, Watcharin Po-ngaen and Pornjit Pratumsuwan",authors:[{id:"146645",title:"Mr.",name:"Kwanchai",middleName:null,surname:"Sinthipsomboon",slug:"kwanchai-sinthipsomboon",fullName:"Kwanchai Sinthipsomboon"},{id:"155368",title:"Dr.",name:"Pornjit",middleName:null,surname:"Pratumsuwan",slug:"pornjit-pratumsuwan",fullName:"Pornjit Pratumsuwan"}]},{id:"39486",doi:"10.5772/48305",title:"A New Method for Tuning PID-Type Fuzzy Controllers Using Particle Swarm Optimization",slug:"a-new-method-for-tuning-pid-type-fuzzy-controllers-using-particle-swarm-optimization",totalDownloads:4686,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"2229",slug:"fuzzy-controllers-recent-advances-in-theory-and-applications",title:"Fuzzy Controllers",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Controllers - Recent Advances in Theory and Applications"},signatures:"S. Bouallègue, J. Haggège and M. Benrejeb",authors:[{id:"141915",title:"Dr.",name:"Soufiene",middleName:null,surname:"Bouallegue",slug:"soufiene-bouallegue",fullName:"Soufiene Bouallegue"}]},{id:"39435",doi:"10.5772/48529",title:"Fuzzy Control Systems: LMI-Based Design",slug:"fuzzy-control-systems-lmi-based-design",totalDownloads:4660,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"2229",slug:"fuzzy-controllers-recent-advances-in-theory-and-applications",title:"Fuzzy Controllers",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Controllers - Recent Advances in Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Morteza Seidi, Marzieh Hajiaghamemar and Bruce Segee",authors:[{id:"145408",title:"Mr.",name:"Morteza",middleName:null,surname:"Seidi",slug:"morteza-seidi",fullName:"Morteza Seidi"},{id:"147329",title:"Ms.",name:"Marzieh",middleName:null,surname:"Hajiaghamemar",slug:"marzieh-hajiaghamemar",fullName:"Marzieh Hajiaghamemar"},{id:"155198",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruce",middleName:null,surname:"Segee",slug:"bruce-segee",fullName:"Bruce Segee"}]},{id:"39429",doi:"10.5772/47798",title:"A Type-2 Fuzzy Model Based on Three Dimensional Membership Functions for Smart Thresholding in Control Systems",slug:"a-type-2-fuzzy-model-based-on-three-dimensional-membership-functions-for-smart-thresholding-in-contr",totalDownloads:3326,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"2229",slug:"fuzzy-controllers-recent-advances-in-theory-and-applications",title:"Fuzzy Controllers",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Controllers - Recent Advances in Theory and Applications"},signatures:"M.H. Fazel Zarandi, Fereidoon Moghadas Nejad and H. Zakeri",authors:[{id:"142009",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel Zarandi",slug:"mohammad-hossein-fazel-zarandi",fullName:"Mohammad Hossein Fazel Zarandi"},{id:"160785",title:"Ph.D.",name:"H",middleName:null,surname:"Zakeri",slug:"h-zakeri",fullName:"H Zakeri"},{id:"160872",title:"Prof.",name:"Freeidon",middleName:null,surname:"Moghadas Nejad",slug:"freeidon-moghadas-nejad",fullName:"Freeidon Moghadas Nejad"}]},{id:"52178",doi:"10.5772/64951",title:"Adaptive Building Envelope: An Integral Approach to Indoor Environment Control in Buildings",slug:"adaptive-building-envelope-an-integral-approach-to-indoor-environment-control-in-buildings",totalDownloads:2083,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The problem of energy consumption of buildings is complex and multidimensional, as it is a cross section of building envelope performance, indoor environmental conditions and user demands and preferences. In order to fulfil the EU goal stated in the 2020 climate and energy package and beyond, the implementation of high-performance buildings is crucial. Part of the solution is properly designed, flexible and adequately controlled building envelope that can contribute to reduced energy consumption and to increased occupancy comfort. In the presented chapter first, a structured treatment of the indoor environment formation is proposed that can be used in order to define appropriate fields of interventions when designing building automation systems. Furthermore, interaction between adaptive building envelope elements, indoor and exterior environment is discussed and elaborated. Second, the conventional and artificial intelligence control approaches used in building automation are discussed and commented, whereas advantages and disadvantages of each group are discussed. At the end, an example of building automation system designed on the principles of a holistic treatment of indoor environment in buildings is presented. The discussed system was designed at the Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering using a combination of conventional and artificial intelligence control methods.",book:{id:"5238",slug:"automation-and-control-trends",title:"Automation and Control Trends",fullTitle:"Automation and Control Trends"},signatures:"Mitja Košir",authors:[{id:"182476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitja",middleName:null,surname:"Košir",slug:"mitja-kosir",fullName:"Mitja Košir"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"39423",title:"Output Tracking Control for Fuzzy Systems via Static-Output Feedback Design",slug:"output-tracking-control-for-fuzzy-systems-via-static-output-feedback-design",totalDownloads:2310,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"2229",slug:"fuzzy-controllers-recent-advances-in-theory-and-applications",title:"Fuzzy Controllers",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Controllers - Recent Advances in Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Meriem Nachidi and Ahmed El Hajjaji",authors:[{id:"25659",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"El Hajjaji",slug:"ahmed-el-hajjaji",fullName:"Ahmed El Hajjaji"},{id:"141360",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Nachidi",slug:"meriem-nachidi",fullName:"Meriem Nachidi"}]},{id:"51207",title:"Human Movement Control",slug:"human-movement-control",totalDownloads:2103,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Control theory is used to design automatic systems, which are able to maintain a desired behaviour despite of the disturbances. It is present in different machines we use every day; in fact, technical systems in our homes and all the industries are hard to imagine today without these concepts. Moreover, the same theories can be used for modelling life processes as a collection of inputs, outputs, plants and control loops. Feedback is one of the main concepts behind control; in particular, several examples of physiological control mechanisms for regulating life aspects can be found in the human anatomy, for example, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, body movements, the equilibrium, etc. Those processes can be damaged by the aging effects, diseases, accidents or when the mechanism has been broken and cannot be recovered naturally; consequently, it will be required external assistance. A relative new field in control theory is related with developing technology for helping with physiological and medicals problems. However, in comparison with machines, those physiological processes are highly nonlinear, with delays and slow responses. Another problem is when human becomes the operators using their capacities of decision making to close the control loop, as they are prone to errors and mistakes. For those reasons, the biomedical system needs to be carefully designed and several aspects have to be considered. This chapter gives a small review of some internal and external control processes within the human body and discusses how to interact with them for designing biomedical devices. Under this design scheme, a practical application of a smart electric wheelchair for assisting persons with strong disabilities is presented. These assistive robotic systems are in close contact with the user, and thus, it is determinant to have a user-friendly relation between the human and the interface. Therefore, intuitive interfaces were included in the design and an intelligent navigation assistant to guarantee a collision-free path.",book:{id:"5238",slug:"automation-and-control-trends",title:"Automation and Control Trends",fullTitle:"Automation and Control Trends"},signatures:"David Balderas and Mario Rojas",authors:[{id:"183076",title:"M.Sc.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Balderas Silva",slug:"david-balderas-silva",fullName:"David Balderas Silva"},{id:"184877",title:"MSc.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas",slug:"mario-rojas",fullName:"Mario Rojas"}]},{id:"51070",title:"Fuzzy PD Controller in NAO System's Platform",slug:"fuzzy-pd-controller-in-nao-system-s-platform",totalDownloads:1565,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Humanoid robotic platforms rarely achieve the desire trajectory because of the deviation generated during the robot walking. This problem is due to different circumstances such as robot manufacturing, wear and tear of mechanic parts, or variations of floor flatness. Currently, one of the humanoid robots on the market is the robotic platform developed by Aldebaran Robotics called NAO robot, and it is used for different purposes where the robot needs to navigate into controlled spaces. NAO presents the issue of deviation during walking; therefore, a Fuzzy PD Controller is developed and implemented for this platform to reduce the orientation error and to ensure reliability during navigation. Inertial sensors are used to get the orientation reference and for feedback of the closed-loop control. Consequently, a robust control was implemented and tested in different conditions of floor and velocity during the robot’s navigation such as robot races and maze resolution. Experimental results show that fuzzy controller achieves significant improvements in the trajectories of NAO.",book:{id:"5238",slug:"automation-and-control-trends",title:"Automation and Control Trends",fullTitle:"Automation and Control Trends"},signatures:"Edgar Omar López‐Caudana and César Daniel González Gutiérrez",authors:[{id:"26464",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgar",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Lopez-Caudana",slug:"edgar-lopez-caudana",fullName:"Edgar Lopez-Caudana"},{id:"185936",title:"Mr.",name:"César Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"González Gutiérrez",slug:"cesar-daniel-gonzalez-gutierrez",fullName:"César Daniel González Gutiérrez"}]},{id:"51186",title:"Aircraft Landing Control Using the H-inf Control and the Dynamic Inversion Technique",slug:"aircraft-landing-control-using-the-h-inf-control-and-the-dynamic-inversion-technique",totalDownloads:1604,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The chapter presents the automatic control of aircraft during landing, taking into account the sensor errors and the wind shears. Both planes—longitudinal and lateral-directional—are treated; the new obtained automatic landing system (ALS) will consists of two subsystems—the first one controls aircraft motion in longitudinal plane, while the second one is for the control of aircraft motion in lateral-directional plane. These two systems can be treated separately, but in the same time, these can be put together to control all the parameters which interfere in the dynamics of aircraft landing. The two new ALSs are designed by using the H-inf control, the dynamic inversion, optimal observers, and reference models. To validate the new obtained ALS, one uses the dynamics associated to the landing of a Boeing 747, software implements the theoretical results and analyzes the accuracy of the results and the precision standards' achievement with respect to the requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).",book:{id:"5238",slug:"automation-and-control-trends",title:"Automation and Control Trends",fullTitle:"Automation and Control Trends"},signatures:"Romulus Lungu and Mihai Lungu",authors:[{id:"181904",title:"Prof.",name:"Romulus",middleName:null,surname:"Lungu",slug:"romulus-lungu",fullName:"Romulus Lungu"}]},{id:"51936",title:"Models for the Reliability Analysis of Digital Instrumentation and Control Systems for Nuclear Power Plants",slug:"models-for-the-reliability-analysis-of-digital-instrumentation-and-control-systems-for-nuclear-power",totalDownloads:1779,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to discuss two approaches for reliability analysis of digital instrumentation and control systems in nuclear power plants taking into account the regulatory side. Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology (DFM) and Markov/Cell-to-Cell Mapping Technique (CCMT) are discussed and case studies developed are presented. These case studies involve simplified control systems for a steam generator and a pressurizer of a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) plant for the purpose of evaluating each method. Advantages and limitations of each approach are addressed. For the DFM approach, three concerns in the literature are addressed: modeling of the system itself, incorporation of the methodology results into existing Probabilistic Safety Assessments (PSA), and identification of software failures. The Markov/CCMT, which has been used in dynamic probabilistic safety assessments, is approached by means of a simplified digitally controlled water volume control system. The Markov/CCMT methodology results in detailed data of the system reliability behavior in relation to time. However, it demands a higher computational effort than usual as the complexity (i.e., number of components and failure states) of the system increases. As a regulatory research conclusion, the methodologies presented can be used on PSA risk informed assessment, contributing to the regulatory side.",book:{id:"5238",slug:"automation-and-control-trends",title:"Automation and Control Trends",fullTitle:"Automation and Control Trends"},signatures:"Jonathan M. O. Pinto, Ian B. Gomes, Pedro L. C. Saldanha, Eustério\nB. Furieri and Paulo F. F. e Melo",authors:[{id:"26628",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Frutuoso e Melo",slug:"paulo-frutuoso-e-melo",fullName:"Paulo Frutuoso e Melo"},{id:"30429",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro Luiz da C.",middleName:null,surname:"Saldanha",slug:"pedro-luiz-da-c.-saldanha",fullName:"Pedro Luiz da C. Saldanha"},{id:"182207",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:"Marcello",surname:"Pinto",slug:"jonathan-pinto",fullName:"Jonathan Pinto"},{id:"182465",title:"MSc.",name:"Ian",middleName:null,surname:"Gomes",slug:"ian-gomes",fullName:"Ian Gomes"},{id:"182572",title:"MSc.",name:"Eustério",middleName:null,surname:"Furieri",slug:"eusterio-furieri",fullName:"Eustério Furieri"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1297",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81766",title:"Evolution of Organoids in Oncology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104251",signatures:"Allen Thayakumar Basanthakumar, Janitha Chandrasekhar Darlybai and Jyothsna Ganesh",slug:"evolution-of-organoids-in-oncology",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81547",title:"Organoids and Commercialization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104706",signatures:"Anubhab Mukherjee, Aprajita Sinha, Maheshree Maibam, Bharti Bisht and Manash K. Paul",slug:"organoids-and-commercialization",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},publishedBooks:{},testimonialsList:[]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/38956",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"38956"},fullPath:"/chapters/38956",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()