Estimated diversity and abundance of soil taxa according to published work of Bardgett and van der Putten [53].
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6235",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Quality Management Systems - a Selective Presentation of Case-studies Showcasing Its Evolution",title:"Quality Management Systems",subtitle:"a Selective Presentation of Case-studies Showcasing Its Evolution",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Quality management systems form an integral part of modern corporations. Acknowledging current socio-economic and environmental challenges, quality standards ought to be dynamic and flexible so as to cater for different markets and requirements. This book portrays a collection of international papers addressing current research and practice within the areas of engineering and technology, health and education. Amidst striving for "zero defects", "cost-effectiveness" and "tight financial budgets", quality management systems ought to embrace the creator of them all: humans; as the ancient Greek Sophist Protagoras said, "Of all money, Man is the measure" «Πάντων χρημάτων Μέτρον Άνθρωπος» (Plato, Theaetetus 166d).',isbn:"978-953-51-3920-1",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3919-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4067-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68758",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"quality-management-systems-a-selective-presentation-of-case-studies-showcasing-its-evolution",numberOfPages:206,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"a7bb324cdb11307c932cb6a7966a1e00",bookSignature:"Leo D. Kounis",publishedDate:"March 21st 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6235.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11463,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:16,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:31,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 6th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 27th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 24th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 22nd 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 21st 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"111582",title:"Dr.",name:"Leo",middleName:"Dimitrios",surname:"Kounis",slug:"leo-kounis",fullName:"Leo Kounis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111582/images/system/111582.jpg",biography:"Leo D. Kounis is the Head of the Department of Communication and Informatics Battalion at the Hellenic Ministry of Defense, Hellenic National Defense General Staff. He obtained his BEng (Hons) degree in Manufacturing Systems Engineering, his MSc in Quality Engineering, and his PhD in Systems Reliability from the University of Hertfordshire, UK. Dr. Kounis has worked as a senior quality engineer in a number of private companies in Greece, and has acted as a part-time lecturer and scientific advisor in academia. His research interests are focused in the area of quality, transportation, and sustainable energy. He has published a number of scientific papers.",institutionString:"Hellenic National Defense General Staff",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"473",title:"Quality Control",slug:"quality-control"}],chapters:[{id:"57697",title:"Integrated Management Systems and Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71468",slug:"integrated-management-systems-and-sustainable-development",totalDownloads:1722,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Management system standards, optional for organizations, have started to be considered as a strategic tool for organizations seeking institutional success and adopting innovative approaches. Establishing and managing these standards independently for the same organization yield some difficulties for organizations. It would rather be a more rational solution to provide a holistic view to all standards, which is to integrate them all. As integrated management systems can be shaped according to the needs of the organization, they involve different management system standards. Therefore, there is no common model defined for said integrated standards. These systems offer organizations a management philosophy for the processes to be successfully managed and to achieve desired results. When the emerging management philosophy is internalized by management and employees, a corporate culture is formed. The effects of integrated management systems on the sustainable development of the organization can be categorized as management, people, market, production, environmental and occupational health and safety totaling in six categories. Integrated management systems provide organizations with a management philosophy that enables processes to be successfully managed and to achieve desired results. Despite the advantages of integrated management systems for organizations, they may also have some drawbacks.",signatures:"Burhan Başaran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57697",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57697",authors:[{id:"208659",title:"Mr.",name:"Burhan",surname:"Başaran",slug:"burhan-basaran",fullName:"Burhan Başaran"}],corrections:null},{id:"58341",title:"Quality Management Systems in Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71431",slug:"quality-management-systems-in-education",totalDownloads:2074,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter stretches the characterisation of quality management systems and models that is abundant in literature by assessing the capability of the most common of the systems and models. Multiple data gathering and processing techniques were used within the context of a constant comparative approach in which data, theories and cases were plugged into each other. Based on the performed research, obtained outcomes suggest the presence of numerous opportunities and benefits in using quality management systems. Based on the findings, further work needs to be done to create the conceptual, managerial and behavioural competences that should facilitate the embedment of the quality management models into the daily lives of education institutions. A critique of quality management through the lenses of the disciplines of team learning, systems thinking, shared vision and mental modelling and of the Six Sigma, roadmaps should engender a new approach to improving quality in education. It should be of interest to explore the potentials of hybridising quality management models in education.",signatures:"Douglas Matorera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58341",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58341",authors:[{id:"210105",title:"Dr.",name:"Douglas",surname:"Matorera",slug:"douglas-matorera",fullName:"Douglas Matorera"}],corrections:null},{id:"59251",title:"Heidegger and Althusser on Quality Management Systems in Open and Distance Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72914",slug:"heidegger-and-althusser-on-quality-management-systems-in-open-and-distance-learning",totalDownloads:1021,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The quality management system (QMS), as an intricate of interacting elements, is a fundamental property of higher education and is fluid and very complex in nature. With this in mind, this chapter explores the symbiotic relationship between the notions of QMS and open and distance learning (ODL). Our thesis is that the notion of QMS is not value-free. Yet, it is a fundamental pillar of higher education institutions and commercial organizations. Among other things, it shall be argued that (1) constructs of Being and Becoming are the hidden epistemological and ontological dimensions of QMS and (2) QMS is a carrier of ideology. And to borrow from Michel Foucault, it shall be postulated that QMS perpetuates docile bodies. As such, this work shall draw on the works of Martin Heidegger and Louis Althusser.",signatures:"Victor J. Pitsoe and Moeketsi Letseka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59251",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59251",authors:[{id:"187812",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",surname:"Pitsoe",slug:"victor-pitsoe",fullName:"Victor Pitsoe"},{id:"210131",title:"Dr.",name:"Moeketsi",surname:"Letseka",slug:"moeketsi-letseka",fullName:"Moeketsi Letseka"}],corrections:null},{id:"57011",title:"TQM Is Alive but Not as We Know It: The Use of a Novel TQM Model in a Private Healthcare Company",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70754",slug:"tqm-is-alive-but-not-as-we-know-it-the-use-of-a-novel-tqm-model-in-a-private-healthcare-company",totalDownloads:817,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"UK healthcare has been facing an unprecedented quality crisis in recent times. In this context, the author setout to develop and evaluate the use of a novel total quality management (TQM) model in a private healthcare firm with the aim of improving patient care. By integrating contemporary organizational theories with TQM, an innovative model called EALIM—ethical, adaptive, learning and improvement model—was devised. Using an action research study, qualitative data were gathered in three research cycles, (1) pre-implementation, (2) implementation, and (3) post-implementation. Initial results showed EALIM’s adoption generated a moral organizational perception among employees, increased organizational commitment, emergence of a learning culture, and improvements in patient self-advocacy and independence. However, other findings indicated poor leadership produced variability in service quality. Although outcomes from this study clearly indicated that EALIM generated organizational improvement, commitment from all internal stakeholders is required to achieve sustainable quality patient care.",signatures:"James D. Sideras",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57011",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57011",authors:[{id:"208604",title:"Dr.",name:"James",surname:"Sideras",slug:"james-sideras",fullName:"James Sideras"}],corrections:null},{id:"57522",title:"Use of IT in ISO 9001 Systems for Better Process Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71372",slug:"use-of-it-in-iso-9001-systems-for-better-process-management",totalDownloads:1609,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This book chapter focuses on process management as one of the key requirements of ISO 9001. This research highlights an issue of raising the effectiveness and efficiency of process management in implemented ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems (QMS) by its integration with information technology (IT) support. Performed research reveals this to be an area of further scientific work. This is just a preliminary study to prepare the background for practical implications and further empirical research. The latter research includes literature review, ISO 9001 requirement analysis and a case study on practiced process management in South-East Europe countries as identified from external audit reports. The new standard ISO 9001:2015 is less formal regarding the documentation than the previous ones, while being more focused on effective running and improvement of the company processes. Actually, ISO 9001 requires basic elements and activities of Business Process Management (BPM). However, there are no obstacles to provide the required evidence of the defined, running and improved processes through the business IT support. Indeed, IT support to the ISO 9001 process management is not generally practiced nor encouraged enough.",signatures:"Milena Alič",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57522",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57522",authors:[{id:"216751",title:"Dr.",name:"Milena",surname:"Alic",slug:"milena-alic",fullName:"Milena Alic"}],corrections:null},{id:"57847",title:"Quality Management in Spice Paprika Production: From Cultivation to End Product",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71227",slug:"quality-management-in-spice-paprika-production-from-cultivation-to-end-product",totalDownloads:1219,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There is ample historical and scientifically proven information regarding the health benefits of spice paprika, including favourable physiological effects, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Nonetheless, even though it is consumed in small portions, spice paprika has occasionally been reported for chemical/microbiological contamination, as well as fraud or food adulteration. Quality management can guarantee effective reduction of such contamination cases. Different production stages within cultivation and production are subject to different contamination types. Cultivation is a common source of pesticide residues, and unfavourable harvest conditions may give rise to mycotoxins by pathogenic fungi. Storage and post-ripening prior to processing is attributed with microbial contamination and possible increase in mycotoxin content may significantly affect quality features. Technology steps, for example, washing, separation, drying may worsen microbial contamination or quality, but normally do not lead to increase in mycotoxins; nonetheless, decontamination technology is a prerequisite for microbial safety of the product. Upon effective decontamination, finishing steps in the processing technology, for example, grinding, packaging and end product handling do not affect the microbial status, but other, occasionally deliberate contamination due to mixing and adulteration may occur at this stage.",signatures:"Szandra Klátyik, Helga Molnár, Miklós Pék, Ildikó Bata-Vidács, Nóra\nAdányi and András Székács",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57847",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57847",authors:[{id:"209975",title:"Prof.",name:"Andras",surname:"Szekacs",slug:"andras-szekacs",fullName:"Andras Szekacs"},{id:"220594",title:"MSc.",name:"Szandra",surname:"Klátyik",slug:"szandra-klatyik",fullName:"Szandra Klátyik"},{id:"220595",title:"MSc.",name:"Helga",surname:"Molnár",slug:"helga-molnar",fullName:"Helga Molnár"},{id:"220596",title:"MSc.",name:"Miklós",surname:"Pék",slug:"miklos-pek",fullName:"Miklós Pék"},{id:"220597",title:"Dr.",name:"Nóra",surname:"Adányi",slug:"nora-adanyi",fullName:"Nóra Adányi"}],corrections:null},{id:"57420",title:"Adaptive CUSUM for Steady State Normal Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70752",slug:"adaptive-cusum-for-steady-state-normal-data",totalDownloads:1012,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter deals with monitoring plans that exploit temporal predictable trends by adjusting the cumulative sum (CUSUM) plan to be efficient for their early detection. The adjustment involves changing the amount of memory the chart retains to detect persistent changes in location early. The focus is on steady-state situations when either the shift size is known in advance or when it is unknown. Several options are explored using simulation studies, and an example of application is considered.",signatures:"Ross Sparks",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57420",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57420",authors:[{id:"86371",title:"Dr.",name:"Ross",surname:"Sparks",slug:"ross-sparks",fullName:"Ross Sparks"}],corrections:null},{id:"59335",title:"Control Charts to Enhance Quality",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73237",slug:"control-charts-to-enhance-quality",totalDownloads:1989,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Control charts are important tools of statistical quality control to enhance quality. Quality improvement methods have been applied in the last few 10 years to fulfill the needs of consumers. The product has to retain the desired properties with the least possible defects, while maximizing profit. There are natural variations in production, but there are also assignable causes which do not form part of chance. Control charts are used to monitor production; in particular, their application may serve as an “early warning” index regarding potential “out-of-control” processes. In order to keep production under control, different control charts which are prepared for dissimilar cases are established incorporating upper and lower control limits. There are a number of control charts in use and are grouped mainly as control charts for variables and control charts for attributes. Points plotted on the charts may reveal certain patterns, which in turn allows the user to obtain specific information. Patterns showing deviations from normal behavior are raw material, machine setting or measuring method, human, and environmental factors, inadvertently affecting the quality of product. The information obtained from control charts assists the user to take corrective actions, hence opting for specified nominal values enhancing as such quality.",signatures:"Nefise Gönül Şengöz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59335",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59335",authors:[{id:"208754",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Nefise",surname:"Gönül Şengöz",slug:"nefise-gonul-sengoz",fullName:"Nefise Gönül Şengöz"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5486",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",subtitle:"An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"549fefebffcb2f610fb669f6eb86c785",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",bookSignature:"Leo D. 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And soil has been described as “the fragile living skin of the Earth”, but yet both its aliveness and fragility have often been ignored in the expansion of agriculture across the face of the globe [1]. Since it is a pivotal component in a global nexus of soil, water, air, and energy, how we treat the soil can impact massively on agriculture and climate change. Soils constitute one of the largest reservoirs of biodiversity on Earth and soil organisms are the source of key ecological functions and services that support agriculture, including soil conservation, water cycling, pest and disease regulation, carbon sequestration, and nitrogen fixation [2].
Currently, sustainable agriculture which is expressed as “industrialized agriculture” [3] relies on monoculture cropping, increasing use of mechanization, the application of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, along with liberal government subsidies. Although this approach can be considered successful, in that it has managed to feed a massively rising human population [4], a range of environmental and social burdens have also been incurred, including erosion, soil nutrient depletion and contamination; loss of water resources and biodiversity, loss of forests and desertification; human labor abuses; and naturally the decline of the traditional farming practices.
In Ethiopia, one of the most singly destructive factors in farming is land resource degradation [5]. Almost all the land resource balances in Ethiopia show a soil nutrient deficit, water and soils are eroded, forests are depleted, wildlife and biodiversities are disturbed; representing a loss of yield and quality for consumption and causes climate change. Once the land becomes degraded, fertility and health of the soil are lost; farmers suffer extreme losses in very low yields on their farms. Such losses are projected in an environment sensitive to climate change, cost of living, and starvation. Hence, urgent steps are needed to avoid this and regenerate the depleted resources.
Therefore, there is no need of sustaining the already degraded land resources, rather regenerating them and formulating sustainable agriculture. The agricultural revolution in Ethiopia is wishing for effective solutions which are fundamental to land management and agricultural practices. Regenerative Agriculture which defined as “
Regenerative agriculture at its core has the intention to improve the health of soil or to restore highly degraded soil, which symbiotically enhances the quality of water, vegetation, and land productivity [8, 9]. Essentially, regenerative agriculture depends upon soil biodiversity and there may be no soil biodiversity without practices of regenerative agriculture; they have evolved together. By using methods of regenerative agriculture, it is possible not only to increase the amount of soil organic carbon in existing soils but to build new soils through attenuate the rate of soil erosion, restoration of the soil food web, improvement of soil fertility, and the activities of plants, animals, insects, fungi, bacteria, and humans too, all play a part in the formation of soil [1]. Hence, for the future scenarios challenging the agricultural sector such as soil degradation, increasing food demand, climate change, water scarcity, global soil biodiversity education and consideration of soil biology as a long term solution is needed to realize the full benefits of regenerative agriculture and respond to the needs of farmers and consumers relating to agriculture and land management.
Similarly, soil biodiversity plays a role in the formation of soil and enhances the ecosystem functions, services [10], and intern production and productivity of regenerative agriculture. Thus, this would lead to the consideration of soil biodiversity (activities of plant roots, animals, insects, fungi, bacteria…) as nature-based solutions in the restoration of the soil food web, improvement of soil health and fertility, agricultural productivity, while locking-up carbon from the atmosphere.
Increased education and awareness are key strategies in ensuring that soil biodiversity is no longer out of sight, out of mind. As agricultural soils are under threat, there is a need to promote interactions between scientists, policymakers, and the general public to transfer and implement scientific findings of the benefits of soil biodiversity and ways to restore and conserve it [11]. These organizations and Elizabeth
And finally, increasing knowledge and literacy, and passion, particularly around soil biodiversity is essential to draw on the diverse community of stakeholders required to discover and implement biological solutions for the daunting challenges people face in climate change, agriculture, ecosystem restoration, environmental pollution, and human health. Once more, this review is the place to get awareness and understanding of the contribution of soil biodiversity to regenerative agriculture.
The review was done by a literature search and document sourcing using an online search in major websites that provide access to scientific research, like Research Gate, Science Direct, and Google Scholar to referring different research findings; reports, and working guidelines, as well as knowledge shared from different soil biodiversity conferences and webinar discussion points. Besides, citations in key papers were followed to identify additional relevant Articles and synthesize relevant peer-reviewed articles and related literature. Hence, it may represent a general diversity of regions and nations and provides a wealth of principles, examples, actions, and solutions to bring soil biodiversity into the light of regenerative agriculture.
Current conventional farming methods are resulting in the loss of fertile soil and biodiversity. According to Maria-Helena Semedo of the FAO, as cited by Chris [13], the world could run out of topsoil in about 60 years if we continue at current rates of soil destruction, as now about a third of the world’s soil has already been degraded. This affects the earth’s ability of food production, water filtering, carbon absorption, and farmers will no longer have enough arable topsoil to feed the growing world population. There might be a duty to transit towards regenerative agricultural practices.
Regenerative Agriculture is a system of farming principles and practices that increases biodiversity, enriches soils, improves watersheds, and enhances ecosystem services. The regenerative farming approach focuses on restoring soils that have been degraded by the industrial agricultural system. Its methods promote healthier ecosystems by rebuilding soil organic matter through holistic farming and grazing techniques. It enables the regeneration of land resources through the restoration of vegetation in a farm landscape using a high diversity of both annual and perennial crops [14, 15]. Moreover, it considers potential environmental and social impacts by eliminating the use of synthetic inputs and replacing them with site-specific management practices that maintain and increase long-term soil health, employment opportunities, and mitigation and adaptation to climate change.
Among the regenerative agriculture principles, No-till reduces soil erosion and encourages soil water infiltration [19]. Cover crops do the same, and can also reduce water pollution and contribute to reducing soil organic matter losses [20]. Diverse crop rotations can lower pesticide use [21] and reduce environmental pollution [22]. Focuses strongly on the environmental dimension of sustainability, which includes themes such as
In the experimental research of La Canne and Lundgren [24], regenerative corn fields generate nearly twice the profit of conventionally managed cornfields. Similarly, their finding discloses the insecticide-treated cornfields had higher pest abundance than untreated, regenerative cornfields. Reports from Burgess
For the goal of agricultural development in 3rd world countries, the future agricultural production systems should be designed to take better advantage of production resources found on the farm [28, 29]. While most of the regenerative and organic markets are in developed countries, developing countries like Ethiopia are becoming important suppliers, as regenerative agriculture practices are particularly suited for the conditions of their farmers, especially smallholders living in rainfed areas. However, yet Government agencies in developing countries cannot often make the corporate sector responsible for agricultural development and for preventing harm to the environment. According to reports made by EPAT [30], pesticides that are illegal in Europe are commonly applied throughout sub-Saharan Africa, owing to the industry’s open-door pesticide policy. Farmers in resource-constrained and low potential areas of Ethiopia traditionally use few external inputs [31, 32] but many of the environmental, social, and economic benefits of land management, which translate into ecological intensification, are hampered by a lack of appropriate regenerative agriculture knowledge and skills.
Therefore, by understanding and implementing regenerative agriculture; considering soil biodiversity; the farming community will benefit from enhanced nitrogen fixation, greater total organic matter production, nature-based pest management, genetic tolerance to stress conditions, and higher levels of biological activity all contribute to resource use efficiency and quality of products.
The sustainable development goal (SDG) which were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity provides a renewed motivation for focusing on using soil biodiversity for food and nutrition, and for linking it to the sustainability of future agricultural systems [22]. Soil biodiversity is critical for human health, plant growth and support, water and climate regulation, and erosion and disease control so as considered to be a common ground for achieving sustainability goals [12]. Hence, management and conservation of life in the soil are integral to governmental actions to provide healthy food, reduce greenhouse gases, lessen desertification and soil erosion, and prevent disease thereby regenerating agriculture.
According to the FAO and ITPS’s Status of the World’s Soil Resources report (2015) [33], soil organic carbon and soil biodiversity are crucial to increase food availability and the soil’s ability to buffer against climate change effects. On the International Day for Soil biologic diversity (May 22, 2020), Semedo, who’s the Deputy Director-General for primary natural resources of FAO highlighted
However, unfortunately, most of the case has not been explored so far, the knowledge that has about the soil biodiversity and soil mechanism biodiversity is really near nothing compared to the whole complexity that we have in all parts of the board and the sort of ecosystem. The United Nations in 2015 declared the year to the interest as the International Year of Soils and has asked FAO and the Global Soil Partnership to carry out the first global soil biodiversity assessment which is now in progress.
In agriculture, we have high productivity on the open networks soil. So, soils with biodiversity open networks have more productivity than soil with closed networks. So in nature, plants that are growing in these open networking sites (high diversity soil systems) are capable of taking out nutrients in an efficient way. Of course, the point is that we should not only increase soil biodiversity but also that we have to talk to crop breeders and agronomists to get the right crop species and crop varieties to grow on these biodiverse soils.
On the webinar held among 1136 participants on May 22, 2020, by representing more than 140 countries, around 72% of the people said that soil biodiversity is applied especially in crop production in their country. Then some have in ecosystem restoration, pollution and bioremediation, food processing, and very few in terms of the medical sector [34].
Going forward, harnessing natural resources (microbes, fauna, flora) together with SOM, is considered as the most effective approach for a sustainable increase in farm productivity, mitigating climate change, and restoring degraded environments [11]. Further evidence of the relationships between soil biodiversity and functioning concerning soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and primary productivity at farm scales can help in bridging the knowledge gaps in the biotic regulation of SOC turnover and plant productivity. This will represent a major advancement, not only in ecology but also in agriculture in the context of global climate change and food security [35].
Soil microorganisms are critical for the maintenance of functions in both natural and managed soils because they are involved in several key processes, such as decomposition of SOM, soil structure formation, the cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, and toxin removal. Moreover, microorganisms are fundamental in promoting plant growth and in suppressing soil-borne plant diseases [36]. There is mounting evidence that healthy soils may promote the suppression of plant diseases, pests, and pathogens mediated by soil biodiversity through predation, competition, and parasitism [37]. There is confirmation that belowground plant mutualists can ameliorate the impacts of pollution on plant growth [38], and earthworms have been suggested as useful facilitators of ecosystem services in abandoned mining areas [39] all those again might contribute to regenerate agriculture and improve productivity.
In general, everything that we eat, drink, breathe, clothes that we wear, and materials that we use pass through soil and soil biodiversity over and over again. Healthy soil with soil biodiversity at the center of sustainability programs is capable of providing most ecosystem services and therefore achieving compliance with SDGs and human well-being through regenerative agriculture [12]. Half of all sustainable development goals zero hunger, good health and wellbeing, clean water and sanitation, affordable clean energy, responsible consumption and production, climate action, and life on land (SDG-2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 13 and 15, respectively) depend on soil and regenerative agriculture [12].
There are currently several lines being explored for agriculture making better use of enhanced soil biodiversity: going back to wild crop relatives and how do they make use of microbiomes and can those traits be restored in current crops? And studying wild plant species along successional gradients to unravel how plants may be productive in high-diversity soils. Considering soil biodiversity also requires considering traits, interactions, and network structure (so, not only numbers). Soil biodiversity as a nature-based solution to enhance sustainability is possible, but it takes two to tango as it requires crops that can handle these soils [34].
Studies show that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) can alleviate both biotic and abiotic stresses since they can contribute to restoring degraded lands and ecosystems via artificial inoculation, while they improve access of nutrients to plants. They also can regulate abiotic and biotic stresses to plants such as drought, salinity stress, heavy metal phyto-accumulation, and protection against pathogens [40, 41]. AMF are promising soil microorganisms that improve soil health through their influences on plant photosynthesis [42], nutrient transfer [43], root exudation [44], osmotic potentials [45], soil bacteria interactions [46], and soil structural improvement and as a trade-off nutrient uptake, disease control and phytoremediation [47, 48].
Microorganisms provide us many ecosystems service that results in soil health and consequently can be related to soil productivity and regenerating agriculture. For instance, nitrogen-fixing bacteria associate with legume roots fixes large amounts of nitrogen that are of pivotal importance for plant productivity. And the soil biodiversity is an important indicator of soil health in agriculture management [49].
Above all, agriculture needs a healthy full human resource to feed the increasing human population globally. Therefore, consideration of the roles of soil biodiversity on the medical sector or human health is necessary to use the full potentials of soil biodiversity for regenerating the ecosystem and agriculture. Soil microorganisms have an immense potential for the pharmaceutical industry because historically the discovery of numerous new drugs and vaccines; from well-known antibiotics like penicillin to bleomycin using for treating cancer and amphotericin for fungal infections and therapeutic measures for treating and controlling diseases comes from soil organisms [50]. As the systems of soil like that of the human system, the management aspect of the soil should be in line with biology rather than focussing on industrial chemistry.
Soils support highly abundant and diverse communities of organisms that show a broad array of life histories and functional traits, and they range in body size from a few micrometers for some bacteria to several meters in length in the case of some earthworms. The soil microbial community is largely dominated by bacteria and fungi that account for most of the belowground biomass, roughly equal to 0.6 to 1.1% of soil organic C [51], and represent a biodiversity pool with estimated species richness of tens of thousands per gram soil [52]. Despite the importance of soil microorganisms, little is known about their distribution in the soil or how microbial community structure responds to changes in land management (Tables 1 and 2).
Taxon | Diversity per amount soil or area (taxonomic units indicated below) | Abundance (approximate) |
---|---|---|
Bacteria and Archaea | 100–9,000⋅cm−3 | 4–20⋅109⋅cm−3 |
Fungi operational taxonomic units | 200–235 m.g−1 | 100 m.g−1 |
AMF (species) | 10–20 m−2 | 81–111 m.cm−3 |
Protists sequence | 150–1,200 (0.25 g)−1 | 104–107⋅m−2 |
Nematodes (genera) | 10–100 m−2 | 2–90⋅105 m−2 |
Enchytraeids | 1–15 ha−1 | 12,000–311,000 m−2 |
Collembola | 20⋅m−2 | 1–5 104 m−2 |
Mites (Oribatida) | 100–150 m−2 | 1–10 104⋅ m−2 |
Isopoda | 10–100 m−2 | 10 ⋅ m−2 |
Diplopoda | 10–2,500 m−2 | 110 ⋅ m2 |
Earthworms (Oligochaeta) | 10–15 ha−1 | 300 ⋅ m−2 |
Estimated diversity and abundance of soil taxa according to published work of Bardgett and van der Putten [53].
Known and estimated number of species of soil organisms and vascular plants organized according to size.
Asterisks indicate numbers of species that live in the soil.
Source: Orgiazzi
While field research on bio-fertilizers in Ethiopia dating back to the early 1980s by the Institute of Agricultural Research; bio-fertilizers did not become available for farmers until 2010. Later, the National Soil Testing Center (NSTC), Menagesha Biotech Industry (MBI) PLC, and the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) have developed capacities to produce Rhizobia-based biofertilizers (Table 3). Currently, postgraduate students and different researchers in Ethiopia have played significant roles in research activities of Rhizobial inoculants collection, characterization, selection, evaluation and revealed the potential of the local isolates to serve as biofertilizers at a commercial level to increase the yield of different leguminous crops [56].
Crop | Types of inoculant (rhizobia) | Crop | Types of inoculant (rhizobia) |
---|---|---|---|
Faba bean and Field pea | Rhizobia leguminosarum vicea | Common bean | |
Chickpea | Mesorhizobium cicer | Cowpea | |
Soybean | Groundnut | Rhizobium spp | |
Lentil | Alfalfa |
Rhizobia species in commercially available inoculants (biofertilizers) for legume crops in Ethiopia as of March 2014.
Source: EIAR [55].
Jida and Assefa have collected 30 isolates of efficient nitrogen-fixing lentil-nodulating rhizobia from farmers’ field soils in central and northern parts of Ethiopia and selected for symbiotically efficient ones, which possess plant growth-promoting characteristics. Under glasshouse conditions, they found characteristics such as IAA production in 36.7% and inorganic phosphate solubilization capacity in 16.7% [57].
Fekadu and Tesfaye [58] reported that
The research outputs of Muluneh and Zinabu [60] revealed that the application of dried cyanobacteria on lettuce crop increased the number of leaves, leaf area, leaf length, fresh weight of the leaf, leaf dry weight, and the root dry weight of the lettuce by 159.5, 112.4, 80.8, 48, 137.5 and 110%, respectively, over their control. Tesfaye
Although different studies have been undertaking on microbial inoculation trials of several pulse crops in Ethiopia, the knowledge and data regarding Ethiopian soil biodiversity are very limited. Of course, the country has a responsible institute (Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute) to ensure the country’s biodiversity and the associated community knowledge for proper conservation and sustainable utilization [63]. However, the most focus is given to above-ground diversity, but the attention given for belowground diversity is less which leads to the presence of limited knowledge and data in soil biodiversity throughout the country.
In 2015 the “Ethiopia’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2015-2020” were developed through the involvement of different stakeholders and higher officials. However, the attention and discussions given for soil biodiversity in the document as well as in the key not messages of higher officials look limited. Different state ministers who participated in the event was forwarded their message regarding Ethiopia’s geographical, climatic, cultural, linguistic diversity and then about the above-ground diversity (plant, birds, mammals, fish…) but not on the diversity under their feet [64]. This reflects that society in general and policymakers, in particular, have neglected soil biodiversity; no attention was given to the large biodiversity pool stored belowground.
Generally, although some research findings were done and doing on the use of soil microbes as a biofertilizer in Ethiopia mainly by the academic group, there are no confidential estimates on the number of species, taxonomic groups, ecological functions and services, and interactions among soil organisms so far in Ethiopia. Moreover, there is no exact data on the level of threats to soil microbial genetic resources of the country. However, all factors affecting the ecosystem, plant, and animal biodiversity are believed to affect directly or indirectly the soil biodiversity base of the country [65]. Therefore, collecting, identifying, conserving, and knowing the status of soil biodiversity genetic resources of the country will be a forthcoming major task.
The landmark FAO state about soil biodiversity for food and agriculture [66], the first-ever launch last year highlighted that associate biodiversity species living in around production seasons, particularly microorganisms and invertebrates, has never been documented. In many cases, there is a limited understanding of ecosystem function and service and consequently, the contribution of specific soil biodiversity components to the production systems is poorly understood [67]. This discloses that due to the presence of knowledge gap and complex interaction of soil life, soil biodiversity is increasingly under threat which results in changes in the composition of soil communities and loss of species, as well as the benefits they provide to all life. Therefore, governments and society all need to better understand the complexity of the interaction regarding all elements of future agriculture and the soils to think about resilience and food systems.
As a whole, soil degradation by erosion, land-use change, climate change, soil pollution, salinization, and sealing all threaten soil biodiversity by compromising or destroying the habitat of the soil biota. Management practices that reduce the deposition or persistence of organic matter in soils, or bypass biologically mediated nutrient cycling, also tend to reduce the size and complexity of soil communities. For instance, land-use intensification results in fewer functional groups of soil biota with fewer and taxonomically more closely related species [68]. Intensive agriculture and sealing of fertile lands due to urbanization can cause declines in abundance and species of soil biodiversity, making soil food webs less diverse [10, 69]. Wagg
Deforestation can alter the structure of soil communities and decrease species richness (including natural predators and pollinators) and leading to homogenization. Consequently, the area will have a reduction of ecosystem resilience due to organism imbalance, which can favor pests and disease outbreaks. [73, 74, 75]. In the findings of Migliorini
The introduction of all kinds of invasive alien species has harmed the above-ground biodiversity and the native soil biodiversity. The effects of invasive species in soil biodiversity vary depending on the species trophic position. Many invasive soil species are related to agricultural pests while certain species are introduced as biocontrol agents. Another example is the introduction of non-native earthworms (which are ecosystem engineers), but their invasions can cause cascading effects that impact plant communities, forest, carbon sequestration, and wildlife [78, 79].
Soil biodiversity is part of the biological resources of the agroecosystems and must be considered in national and international management decisions. As indicated in the publication of Lijbert
Global Soil Partnership (GSP) was established in December 2012 to enhance collaboration and synergy of efforts for sustainable soil management, and to protect biodiversity through sustainable soil management. The GSP supports soil biodiversity enhancement through monitoring soil biodiversity; maintaining or enhancing soil organic matter levels; the regulation of authorization and use of pesticides in agricultural systems; the use of nitrogen-fixing leguminous species; restoring plant biodiversity and crop rotation. All those activities lead to sustainable soil management and higher and more stable productivity [83]. Over the past few years, there has been an increased interest in organic farming practices, which could have benefits for soil biodiversity, particularly owing to the reduced use of pesticides [84].
There is a need to celebrate discoveries about life under our feet, as well as to integrate knowledge about soil biodiversity into international policies. Understanding how limitations to agricultural production at various levels (social, cultural, economic, political, agronomic, biological, environmental, edaphic, genetic) can be overcome is essential, to predict possible management options for the conservation of soil biodiversity and regenerative agriculture. To restore soil biodiversity, there is a need to think about ecosystem management, first, and store by diversity and its multi-functionality that what they are doing and how they are interacting with other species.
Soil biodiversity is highly linked with the ecosystem functions and services in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere; all those do have their contribution and influence on land resources and agriculture. The soil organisms are contributing to climate mitigation and adaptation, water infiltration, and purification, soil health improvements and productivity, and playing countless roles through modification of conditions for the proper plant, animal, and human health all those are intern involved in regenerative agriculture. So, regenerative agricultural practices and soil biodiversity are evolved together and they are important components for future agricultural directions both in developed and developing countries.
However, there are knowledge and skill gaps in the area of soil biodiversity particularly on invertebrates and soil microorganisms to taxonomically classify and determine the complex interaction among themselves and the environmental factors. Therefore, more attention should be given to the discoveries of soil biodiversity and moving beyond academic circles particularly in the developing countries, to use them as a natured based solution for regenerative agriculture in the 21st century and to meet the 2030 sustainable development goals.
The author of this review thanks and highly appreciates the scientific contributions of the different authors, organizations, institutions, and webinar organizers cited in the text.
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\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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The social, environmental, and economical problems can be omitted by use of renewable energy sources, because these resources are considered as environment-friendly, having no or little emission of exhaust and poisonous gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monooxide, sulfur dioxide, etc. Renewable energy is going to be an important source for power generation in near future, because we can use these resources again and again to produce useful energy. Wind power generation is considered as having lowest water consumption, lowest relative greenhouse gas emission, and most favorable social impacts. It is considered as one of the most sustainable renewable energy sources, followed by hydropower, photovoltaic, and then geothermal. As these resources are considered as clean energy resources, they can be helpful for the mitigation of greenhouse effect and global warming effect. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. 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