\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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It is absolutely necessary to make sure we manage risks in order to minimize their threats and maximize their potential. This book tries to investigate the complexity that characterizes risk management. It contains original research and application chapters from different perspectives and covers different areas such as human aspects, emergency management, cognitive factors, software engineering, and marketing. 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He received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. His current research focuses on multi-criteria decision-making analysis (with emphasis on the analytic hierarchy process [AHP] and ANP) and industrial, project, and supply chain management. Currently, he is a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP). He is the founder of AHP Academy, which promotes the diffusion of the culture and methodologies of decision making, with particular reference to those based on the analytic hierarchy process. He is a member of the editorial boards of several international organizations and journals and has authored/co-authored numerous articles in the areas of decision science and business management.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. 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Any accident that damages systems or people often requires a multifunctional response and recovery effort. Without an appropriate emergency planning, it is impossible to provide good care during a critical event. In fact, during a disaster condition, the same “critical” severity could occur for patients. Thus, it is essential to categorize and to prioritize patients with the aim to provide the best care to as many patients as possible with the available resources. Triage assesses the severity of patients to give an order of medical visit. The purpose of the present research is to develop a hybrid algorithm, called triage algorithm for emergency management (TAEM). The goal is twofold: First, to assess the priority of treatment; second, to assess in which hospital it is preferable to conduct patients. The triage models proposed in the literature are qualitative. The proposed algorithm aims to cover this gap. The model presented exceeds the limits of literature by developing a quantitative algorithm, which performs a numerical index. The hybrid model is implemented in a real scenario concerning the accident management in a petrochemical plant.",signatures:"Marco Frascio, Francesca Mandolfino, Federico Zomparelli and\nAntonella Petrillo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54838",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54838",authors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"},{id:"78742",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",surname:"Frascio",slug:"marco-frascio",fullName:"Marco Frascio"},{id:"201399",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",surname:"Mandolfino",slug:"francesca-mandolfino",fullName:"Francesca Mandolfino"},{id:"205141",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",surname:"Zomparelli",slug:"federico-zomparelli",fullName:"Federico Zomparelli"}],corrections:null},{id:"54996",title:"Human Error Analysis in Software Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68392",slug:"human-error-analysis-in-software-engineering",totalDownloads:1877,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"As the primary cause of software defects, human error is the key to understanding, detecting and preventing software defects. This chapter first reviews the state of art of an emerging area: software fault defense based on human error mechanisms. Then, an approach for human error analysis (HEA) is proposed. HEA consists of two important components: human error modes (HEM) and an undated version of causal mechanism graphs (CMGs). Human error modes are the general erroneous patterns that humans tend to behave in a variety of activities. Causal mechanism graph provides a way to extract the error-prone contexts in software development, and link the contexts to general human error modes. HEA can be used at various phases of software development, for both defect detection and prevention purposes. An application case is provided to demonstrate how to use HEA.",signatures:"Fuqun Huang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54996",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54996",authors:[{id:"195791",title:"Dr.",name:"Fuqun",surname:"Huang",slug:"fuqun-huang",fullName:"Fuqun Huang"}],corrections:null},{id:"55335",title:"Production and Marketing Risks Management System in Grazed Systems: Destocking and Marketing Algorithm",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68394",slug:"production-and-marketing-risks-management-system-in-grazed-systems-destocking-and-marketing-algorith",totalDownloads:1269,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study was carried out to explore potential approaches to managing production and market risks associated with climatic variability in dryland grazed systems. The methodology is novel in that it considers farmers’ ability to make sequential adjustments to their production activities when information on uncertain events becomes available. Traditional approaches to evaluation of farmers’ response to risk assume perfect knowledge of production resources and that risk emanates from uncertainty in yield returns. Strategic approaches are mostly considered in evaluating farmer’s risk attitude implying that managing the variability (risk) assumes that different production activities resource requirements are known (non-embedded risk). In real farming systems, the producers make sequential decisions and adjust the timing and methods of their activities as a season progresses and more information on uncertainty becomes available (embedded risk). This chapter describes a platform adopted in making destocking and marketing decisions by simulating the impact of implementing alternative tactical adjustments. The algorithm was successfully tested in a research that investigated the physical and economic impact of incorporating tactical responses in risk management strategies in dryland sheep production systems in New Zealand. The algorithm can be integrated into existing grazing models and can also be used as a standalone system.",signatures:"Mathew Gitau Gicheha, Grant Edwrads, Bell Stephen and Bywater\nAnthony",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55335",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55335",authors:[{id:"196236",title:"Dr.",name:"Mathew Gitau",surname:"Gicheha",slug:"mathew-gitau-gicheha",fullName:"Mathew Gitau Gicheha"},{id:"197128",title:"Prof.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Bywater",slug:"anthony-bywater",fullName:"Anthony Bywater"},{id:"197130",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",surname:"Bell",slug:"stephen-bell",fullName:"Stephen Bell"},{id:"204947",title:"Prof.",name:"Grant",surname:"Edwards",slug:"grant-edwards",fullName:"Grant Edwards"}],corrections:null},{id:"54893",title:"Cognitive Factors and Risk Management of Concurrent Product Realisation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68398",slug:"cognitive-factors-and-risk-management-of-concurrent-product-realisation",totalDownloads:1542,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In projects of development and industrialization of new products or to improvement of the existing ones not only quality and costs but also the time of product entering the market and delivery time to the client are important. This can be achieved by efficient project management, where classic methods of project management need to be upgraded by elements of concurrent engineering. In this chapter, a method for risk management in cyclically recurrent projects is demonstrated, in which conventional models of risk management based on an assessment of probability of risk event occurrence and an assessment of their consequences are supplemented by a third parameter—assessment of frequency of recurrence of risk events. An important advantage of the suggested solution lies in that a project manager and team members take into account cognitive factors, when managing recurrence of risk events which are usually due to poorly organized business processes of a company. A template was created in the Microsoft Project environment, by means of which the project team tested the suggested methodology on an example of concurrent realization of a pedal assembly of a car.",signatures:"Lidija Rihar, Tomaž Berlec and Janez Kušar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54893",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54893",authors:[{id:"13153",title:"Prof.",name:"Janez",surname:"Kušar",slug:"janez-kusar",fullName:"Janez Kušar"},{id:"13154",title:"MSc.",name:"Lidija",surname:"Rihar",slug:"lidija-rihar",fullName:"Lidija Rihar"},{id:"13235",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomaž",surname:"Berlec",slug:"tomaz-berlec",fullName:"Tomaž Berlec"}],corrections:null},{id:"55911",title:"A Bus Allocation Model for Major Industrial Disasters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68808",slug:"a-bus-allocation-model-for-major-industrial-disasters",totalDownloads:1250,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The presented research is part of a broader project DIEM-SSP—Disasters and Emergencies Management for Safety and Security in Industrial Plants –aiming at managing major industrial emergencies by considering both medical and engineering/logistics issues. When a disaster occurs, it is necessary to immediately provide relief plans. Many decisions must be made in very short time, which may have a relevant impact on the consequences of the disaster. For an efficient and smart exploitation of available resources, it is necessary to mitigate damages. From a logistics point of view, one of the major issues in the event of a major industrial disaster (fire, explosion or toxic gas dispersion) is to evacuate the external population that can be affected by the disaster to specific evacuation areas. The purpose of the research is to determine the optimal number and allocation of vehicles (buses) which must be involved in order to evacuate the population located in a defined risk area around the emergency site and the optimal location for evacuation areas. For that reasons, a dynamic version of the bus allocation problem is proposed using a mixed-integer programming model.",signatures:"Paolo Fadda, Gianfranco Fancello, Simona Mancini and Claudia\nPani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55911",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55911",authors:[{id:"34568",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianfranco",surname:"Fancello",slug:"gianfranco-fancello",fullName:"Gianfranco Fancello"}],corrections:null},{id:"55497",title:"An Experimental Study on Developing a Cognitive Model for Human Reliability Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69230",slug:"an-experimental-study-on-developing-a-cognitive-model-for-human-reliability-analysis",totalDownloads:1232,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Serious incidents that occur inside or caused by industrial plants represent a very critical issue. In this context, the human reliability analysis (HRA) is an important tool to assess human factors that influence human behaviour in disasters scenario. In fact, the reliability assessment of interaction between human-machine systems is an important factor that affects the overall performance and safety in industrial plants. However, even though HRA techniques have been available for decades, there is not a universal method/procedure to reduce human errors that affect human performance. 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Marchat, Mavil López-Casamichana, Esther Orozco and César López-Camarillo",authors:[{id:"35092",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Orozco",fullName:"Esther Orozco",slug:"esther-orozco"},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo"},{id:"48366",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurence A.",middleName:null,surname:"Marchat",fullName:"Laurence A. Marchat",slug:"laurence-a.-marchat"},{id:"59012",title:"Dr.",name:"Mavil",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez Casamichana",fullName:"Mavil Lopez Casamichana",slug:"mavil-lopez-casamichana"}]},{id:"22723",title:"Mechanisms of Mutagenic DNA Nucleobase Damages and Their Chemical and Enzymatic Repairs Investigated by Quantum Chemical Methods",slug:"mechanisms-of-mutagenic-dna-nucleobase-damages-and-their-chemical-and-enzymatic-repairs-investigated",signatures:"Eric A. C. Bushnell, Jorge Llano, Leif A. Eriksson and James W. Gauld",authors:[{id:"46910",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:"W.",surname:"Gauld",fullName:"James Gauld",slug:"james-gauld"},{id:"58413",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Llano",fullName:"Jorge Llano",slug:"jorge-llano"},{id:"58414",title:"Dr.",name:"Leif",middleName:null,surname:"Eriksson",fullName:"Leif Eriksson",slug:"leif-eriksson"},{id:"72304",title:"Prof.",name:"Eric",middleName:"Andrew Charles",surname:"Bushnell",fullName:"Eric Bushnell",slug:"eric-bushnell"}]},{id:"22724",title:"DNA Radiosensitization: The Search for Repair Refractive Lesions Including Double Strand Breaks and Interstrand Crosslinks",slug:"dna-radiosensitization-the-search-for-repair-refractive-lesions-including-double-strand-breaks-and-i",signatures:"Tsvetan G. Gantchev, Marie-Eve Dextraze and Darel J. Hunting",authors:[{id:"54287",title:"Prof.",name:"Darel",middleName:null,surname:"Hunting",fullName:"Darel Hunting",slug:"darel-hunting"},{id:"58047",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsvetan",middleName:null,surname:"Gantchev",fullName:"Tsvetan Gantchev",slug:"tsvetan-gantchev"}]},{id:"22725",title:"The Influence of Individual Genome Sensitivity in DNA Damage Repair Assessment in Chronic Professional Exposure to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation",slug:"the-influence-of-individual-genome-sensitivity-in-dna-damage-repair-assessment-in-chronic-profession",signatures:"Mirta Milić, Ružica Rozgaj, Vilena Kašuba, Ana Marija Jazbec, Patrizia Hrelia and Sabrina Angelini",authors:[{id:"40591",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirta",middleName:null,surname:"Milić",fullName:"Mirta Milić",slug:"mirta-milic"},{id:"57808",title:"Dr.",name:"Ružica",middleName:null,surname:"Rozgaj",fullName:"Ružica Rozgaj",slug:"ruzica-rozgaj"},{id:"57809",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilena",middleName:null,surname:"Kašuba",fullName:"Vilena Kašuba",slug:"vilena-kasuba"},{id:"57810",title:"Prof.",name:"Anamarija",middleName:null,surname:"Jazbec",fullName:"Anamarija Jazbec",slug:"anamarija-jazbec"},{id:"57811",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabrina",middleName:null,surname:"Angelini",fullName:"Sabrina Angelini",slug:"sabrina-angelini"},{id:"57812",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrizia",middleName:null,surname:"Hrelia",fullName:"Patrizia Hrelia",slug:"patrizia-hrelia"}]},{id:"22726",title:"Application of Host Cell Reactivation in Evaluating the Effects of Anticancer Drugs and Environmental Toxicants on Cellular DNA Repair Activity in Head and Neck Cancer",slug:"application-of-host-cell-reactivation-in-evaluating-the-effects-of-anticancer-drugs-and-environmenta",signatures:"Yi-Shan Tsai, Jau-Ling Huang and Chang-Shen Lin",authors:[{id:"57600",title:"Dr.",name:"Chang Shen",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Chang Shen Lin",slug:"chang-shen-lin"},{id:"57606",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Tsai",fullName:"Yi-Shan Tsai",slug:"yi-shan-tsai"},{id:"57607",title:"Dr.",name:"Jau-Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jau-Ling Huang",slug:"jau-ling-huang"}]},{id:"22727",title:"Role of Radioprotectors in the Inhibition of DNA Damage and Modulation of DNA Repair After Exposure to Gamma-Radiation",slug:"role-of-radioprotectors-in-the-inhibition-of-dna-damage-and-modulation-of-dna-repair-after-exposure-",signatures:"Dharmendra Kumar Maurya and Thomas Paul Asir Devasagayam",authors:[{id:"56167",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas Paul Asir",middleName:null,surname:"Devasagayam",fullName:"Thomas Paul Asir Devasagayam",slug:"thomas-paul-asir-devasagayam"},{id:"56170",title:"Dr.",name:"Dharmedra K",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",fullName:"Dharmedra K Maurya",slug:"dharmedra-k-maurya"}]},{id:"22728",title:"DNA-Binding Radioprotectors",slug:"dna-binding-radioprotectors",signatures:"Pavel Lobachevsky, Alesia Ivashkevich, Olga A. Martin and Roger F. Martin",authors:[{id:"50843",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:"A.",surname:"Martin",fullName:"Olga Martin",slug:"olga-martin"},{id:"58135",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",middleName:"N.",surname:"Lobachevsky",fullName:"Pavel Lobachevsky",slug:"pavel-lobachevsky"},{id:"58136",title:"Dr.",name:"Alesia",middleName:null,surname:"Ivashkevich",fullName:"Alesia Ivashkevich",slug:"alesia-ivashkevich"},{id:"58137",title:"Dr.",name:"Roger F.",middleName:null,surname:"Martin",fullName:"Roger F. Martin",slug:"roger-f.-martin"}]},{id:"22729",title:"DNA Damage Response and Repair: Insights into Strategies for Radiation Sensitization",slug:"dna-damage-response-and-repair-insights-into-strategies-for-radiation-sensitization",signatures:"Joshua D. Lawson, Kristopher T. Kahle, Kimberly Ng, Bob Carter, Santosh Kesari and Clark C. Chen",authors:[{id:"62462",title:"Prof.",name:"Clark",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Clark Chen",slug:"clark-chen"},{id:"85623",title:"Prof.",name:"Kimberly",middleName:null,surname:"Ng",fullName:"Kimberly Ng",slug:"kimberly-ng"},{id:"86785",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Lawson",fullName:"Joshua Lawson",slug:"joshua-lawson"},{id:"86788",title:"Dr.",name:"Santosh",middleName:null,surname:"Kesari",fullName:"Santosh Kesari",slug:"santosh-kesari"},{id:"86789",title:"Dr.",name:"Bob",middleName:null,surname:"Carter",fullName:"Bob Carter",slug:"bob-carter"},{id:"86790",title:"Dr.",name:"Kirstopher",middleName:null,surname:"Kahle",fullName:"Kirstopher Kahle",slug:"kirstopher-kahle"}]},{id:"22730",title:"The Botanical Extract Feverfew PFE Reduces DNA Damage and Induces DNA Repair Processes",slug:"the-botanical-extract-feverfew-pfe-reduces-dna-damage-and-induces-dna-repair-processes",signatures:"Michael D. Southall, Simarna Kaur and Khalid Mahmood",authors:[{id:"42297",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Southall",fullName:"Michael Southall",slug:"michael-southall"},{id:"54272",title:"Dr.",name:"Simarna",middleName:null,surname:"Kaur",fullName:"Simarna Kaur",slug:"simarna-kaur"},{id:"54559",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmood",fullName:"Khalid Mahmood",slug:"khalid-mahmood"}]},{id:"22731",title:"Food Factors and Oxidative DNA Damage / DNA Repair Systems",slug:"food-factors-and-oxidative-dna-damage-dna-repair-systems",signatures:"Takeshi Hirano and Kazuyoshi Tamae",authors:[{id:"41165",title:"Prof.",name:"Takeshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hirano",fullName:"Takeshi Hirano",slug:"takeshi-hirano"},{id:"41284",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tamae",fullName:"Kazuyoshi Tamae",slug:"kazuyoshi-tamae"}]},{id:"22732",title:"Enhancing DNA Repair by Combining only Dietary Supplement Ingredients that do not Metabolically Compete in Order to Achieve Synergism",slug:"enhancing-dna-repair-by-combining-only-dietary-supplement-ingredients-that-do-not-metabolically-comp",signatures:"Ronald W. Pero",authors:[{id:"56402",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronald",middleName:null,surname:"Pero",fullName:"Ronald Pero",slug:"ronald-pero"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1281",title:"DNA Repair and Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc31f8578c9beb17ab7967da7f86b7f8",slug:"dna-repair-and-human-health",bookSignature:"Sonya Vengrova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1281.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66551",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonya",surname:"Vengrova",slug:"sonya-vengrova",fullName:"Sonya Vengrova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1701",title:"Osteogenesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63489682e555540ef423d10335e3bf09",slug:"osteogenesis",bookSignature:"Yunfeng Lin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1701.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"98348",title:"Prof.",name:"Yunfeng",surname:"Lin",slug:"yunfeng-lin",fullName:"Yunfeng Lin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3299",title:"Novel Gene Therapy Approaches",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63b89d6c73b78754a151626a3c29b10b",slug:"novel-gene-therapy-approaches",bookSignature:"Ming Wei and David Good",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3299.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158796",title:"Prof.",name:"Ming",surname:"Wei",slug:"ming-wei",fullName:"Ming Wei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3308",title:"Genetic Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c80f7f7d98204c92d8b796db997da35d",slug:"genetic-disorders",bookSignature:"Maria Puiu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3308.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31786",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",surname:"Puiu",slug:"maria-puiu",fullName:"Maria Puiu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4649",title:"Cystic Fibrosis in the Light of New Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"769fa01c7625c98956ac6da8335c78b4",slug:"cystic-fibrosis-in-the-light-of-new-research",bookSignature:"Dennis Wat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4649.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92549",title:"Dr.",name:"Dennis",surname:"Wat",slug:"dennis-wat",fullName:"Dennis Wat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"734",title:"Muscular Dystrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d6d8a96e17938c02e9611481a3b4bff8",slug:"muscular-dystrophy",bookSignature:"Madhuri Hegde\tand Arunkanth Ankala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/734.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87795",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhuri",surname:"Hegde",slug:"madhuri-hegde",fullName:"Madhuri Hegde"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"69730",title:"Proteomics as a Future Tool for Improving IVF Outcome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89880",slug:"proteomics-as-a-future-tool-for-improving-ivf-outcome",body:'\nThe European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) report from February 2018 shows that Europe continues to lead the world with approximately 50% of all reported in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. The latest figures are available for 2014, and these show that 39 European countries reported almost 800.000 cycles, which compare to 150.000 cycles in the USA or 65.000 cycles in Australia and New Zealand (https://www.eshre.eu/~/media/sitecore-files/Guidelines/ART-fact-sheet_vFebr18_VG.pdf?la=en). Although there are no official reports from China, it is estimated that this country performs more than 800.000 IVF cycles with a tendency to grow. In summary, the ESHRE estimates that around 2.5 million IVF cycles is performed every year and that about 500.000 babies are born following the IVF.
\nThe pregnancy rate depends on the embryo quality, and in Europe in 2014, the mean pregnancy rate per embryo transfer was 35% after IVF, 33% after ICSI, 30% after frozen embryo transfer, and 59% after egg donation. It is observed that pregnancy rates are higher in younger patients (<35 years).
\nThere are large differences between countries concerning the number of embryos transferred and the resulting multiple births that can occur following the multiple embryo transfer. Multiple pregnancies are classified as high-risk pregnancies and pose a significant health risk to both the mother and baby. However, regardless of that, the practice of multiple embryo transfer is still present, and it is being widely used in order to increase the chances of pregnancy. Currently, efforts are made to reduce the number of multiple embryo transfer, and a mean of 1.81 embryos per transfer is being reported. In Europe, according to the report of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, the number of multiple delivery rates for embryo transfers dropped from 26.9% in year 2000 to 17.5% in 2014 (latest data available), and it is expected to decline further. Some countries, e.g., Sweden, has reached a very low multiple delivery rate, and the single embryo transfer was performed in more than two-thirds of all transfers.
\nThe importance of IVF in society is also highlighted by the 2010 Nobel Prize which has been awarded to Robert Edwards who is, together with Robert Steptoe, the “father” of the fist “IVF-Baby.”
\nThe IVF process is an utmost stressful, both physically and psychologically, for both parents but primarily for the mother-in-being. A number of physical examinations and medical procedures are being performed in order to ensure that the process will lead to a successful pregnancy.
\nDuring the IVF process, especially when decisions are made which embryo shall be transferred in order to ensure the greatest chance for success, the best possible decision, based on the fast and accurate information on the status of the embryo, is needed. Due to the increasing age of mothers-to-be, during the past years, a steady increase in pregnancies following artificial reproductive techniques (ART), namely, IVF and intra-cytoplasmatic sperm injection (ICSI), was observed. The reasons for this development must be seen in economic, educational, and social factors, which lead to steadily rising rates of elderly patients. With increasing age, fecundability and fertility decrease. However, the advances made in reproductive medicine itself might be one of the reasons, why an increasing number of women delay childbearing, hoping for late babies and consciously making decisions to use the help of reproductive medicine.
\nThe elevation of pregnancy rates for IVF procedures is certainly needed in order to reduce the burden on patients and lower costs affiliated with the procedures, which very often must be repeated until a pregnancy is reached and the embryo develops to successful birth. New technologies and methods more efficient than the current approach using PGS are needed. One new approach could be the analysis of the embryos’ proteome during the IVF process. This means to analyze the specific proteins that are secreted by the embryo in the IVF surrounding of the culture medium. Routinely, the medium left after embryo transfer is being discarded. The multiple embryo transfer occurring during the IVF procedure is necessary after the fertilization step, and the spent media are a rich source of biological material that can be used for diagnostic purpose. This procedure of embryo transfer to a new culture medium is essential for the embryo’s development and occurs daily or at least when the embryos have achieved the stage of embryoblast at day 4.
\nThe spent medium can be useful for a detailed examination of proteins and lipids that were secreted by the embryo during each stage of development and can be used for the estimation of the “embryo quality” and selection of corresponding embryos for primary transfer.
\nAn overview of technologies and approaches being used and a simplified experimental approach are presented in this chapter. The method used in our laboratory is used just as an example of the technologies used, and a number of different approaches will be discussed.
\nEmbryo cultivation medium is usually being discarded during the IVF procedure although it can be used for multiple diagnostic and prognostic procedures. Certainly, ethical and moral guidelines and procedures must be observed, and the ethical board or other corresponding bodies must approve of the use of this material. The following experiments have been performed by using cultivation media from IVF media upon approval from the ethical boards of the Medical University in Vienna and the University of Linz in Austria. Samples were collected during different stages of embryo development and analyzed using methods established for analysis of low samples amounts.
\nTrypsin for protein digestion was purchased from Promega Inc. (Vienna, Austria). Solvents for HPLC—methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (AcN), 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE), formic acid (FA), heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA), iodoacetamide (IAA), triethylammonium bicarbonate (TEAB), and dithiothreitol—were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Vienna, Austria).
\nOne of the most important steps when analyzing embryo cultivation media is the depletion of serum albumin present in these samples. Tarasova et al. [1] described the innovative method of using immobilized antihuman albumin antibodies for depletion of small sample volumes. Briefly, for depletion of culture media samples from selected embryos, the sample was diluted using the phosphate buffered saline buffer (pH 7.4) consisting of 0.01 M phosphate buffer, 0.0027 M KCl, and 0.14 M NaCl. This buffer was further also used as a washing buffer A upon the sample loading. In order to ensure full sample recovery from the depletion column, a ready-to-use elution buffer from Agilent (pH 2.25) (Agilent Technologies, CA, USA) was used as buffer B. We have developed a new column for the depletion of human albumin by immobilizing the antihuman albumin antibodies to the monolithic support disk, the CIMac-HSA column, especially for analysis of small sample amounts, which also occur in IVF samples. This column was used in an ICS-5000 inert HPLC system (Dionex-Thermo Scientific, Germering, Germany) for albumin depletion with a column flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Upon sample injection, the loading and washing buffer A was pumped through the column for 5 min, and the flow-through fraction was collected (V = 350 μL). This fractions’ volume corresponds to the full absorbance peak and contains all proteins that were not trapped on the column. The albumin was trapped by the interaction with the antibodies on the column’s surface, and it was eluted by increasing the amount of the eluting mobile phase from 5 to 10 min. The column was, finally, flushed with the loading buffer A for additional 4 min, and this step was followed by an additional washing step with buffer B and, finally, equilibrating step using, again, the loading buffer A for 13 min. The total time for completing this depletion protocol is 30 min when applying the column flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. During this time, the very important column wash step and the complete re-equilibration of the column preceding the next depletion run is being perfromed. The flow rate used was selected for maximizing the protein’s interaction time and was a compromise between the speed and efficacy of operation. If desired, higher column flow rates can be used without losing much of the column’s performance [2], but this shall be carefully examined and optimized.
\nProteins in both collected fractions and non-depleted samples were depleted using a standard protocol with trypsin. Due to a high concentration of phosphate buffer in collected fractions, 1 M triethylammonium bicarbonate (TEAB) was added to the fractions in order to reach a final concentration of 50 mM TEAB and to dilute the phosphate buffer. For protein denaturation, 10 μL of 0.1% (w/v) Rapigest in 50 m MTEAB were added to all fractions, and reduction of disulfide bonds was performed using dithiothreitol (final concentration of 5 mM DTT) and incubating the reaction mixture for 30 min at 60°C.
\nFor a successful trypsinization, alkylation was performed using iodoacetamide at a final concentration of 15 mM IAA. Upon addition of IAA, the sample was incubated at room temperature, in the dark, for 30 min. An excess of iodoacetamide is inhibiting the trypsin action and needs to be neutralized, which was achieved by adding 2 μL of 50 mM DTT in 50 mM TEAB, vigorous mixing for 2 min at room temperature. Finally, 10 μL of 0.2 μg/μL trypsin solution were added, and samples were incubated for 16 h at 37°C in an incubation oven. Tryptic activity was stopped by acidifying the solution with 1% TFA solution.
\nFor LC–MS/MS analysis, 20 μL of the digested and diluted sample (aqueous 0.1% TFA at a ratio of 2:3 (v/v)) were injected for LC–MS/MS analysis.
\nA Dionex UltiMate 3000 RSLC nanoLC system (Dionex-Thermo Scientific) was used for the nanoHPLC separation of tryptic peptides. Mobile phases used for chromatographic separation of tryptic peptides were as follows: (A) 5% of acetonitrile in aqueous 0.1% formic acid and (B) methanol, trifluoroethanol, water and acetonitrile (30:10:10:50 (v/v/v/v) and 0.1% of formic acid). The sample was loaded onto the trap column for washing the residula salts and focusing of the analytes as a small sample front by using loading mobile phase consisting of 0.1% aqueous TFA chilled to 3°C.
\nThe nonlinear gradient of 75 min total running time was used for HPLC separations of tryptic peptides. The gradient was composed using sequential linear steps:
1.0% B min−1 for 7 min.
0.5% B min−1 gradient for 38 min.
1.5% B min − 1 for 20 min.
3.0% B min−1 for 10 min.
The HPLC flow was introduced into the maXis Impact UHR TOF mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany), and the LC–MS/MS analysis was performed in triplicate for each sample. For peptide fragmentation (MS/MS), collision-induced dissociation was used, and all MS/MS data were acquired in a 300–2000 m/z range using a three-second cycle without further optimization of the instrument’s parameters. In order to prevent unnecessary fragmentation of ions with low intensity, the lower threshold for precursor ions was set to 1000 counts. Due to tailing of some peptides and frequently observed co-elution of peaks, a dynamic exclusion was employed, and the duration was set to 120 s. In case where the precursor ion showed higher intensity after the exclusion period of 120 s, it was reconsidered for an additional MS/MS event.
\nDatabase search for protein identification was performed using the all-taxonomy Swiss-Prot database (http://www.uniprot.org). For this search, X! Tandem [3] with following parameters was used:
Precursor mass tolerance of ±10 ppm.
Fragment mass tolerance of ±0.3 Da.
Maximum of two missed cleavages were allowed.
Some posttranslational modifications of peptides due to the sample preparation and due to biological processes can be expected. For the experiment described, cysteine carbamidomethylation was selected as the fixed modification and methionine oxidation; phosphorylation of serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues, as well as the acetylation of lysine and N-terminal residues, were selected as variable modifications.
\nAll data analysis for the experiments described in this manuscript was analyzed using the method described by Tarasova et al. [1]. The use of pyteomics.pepxmltk converter (https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyteomics.pepxmltk) and search was described elsewhere [4]. Briefly, this platform was used to convert X! Tandem files to the standard pep.xml format and perform data analysis. All identifications, upon database search, were filtered to meet the requirement of the 1.0% FDR at peptide level. Search results were submitted for a post-search validation using the MPscore software, described earlier [5]. Quantitative information on identified proteins is a substantial requirement for determining the differences between biological samples, and all proteins fulfilling the identification and validation requirements were quantified using the label-free quantitation approach called normalized spectral index (SIn) (Griffin et al.) [6].
\nThe presence of albumin in cultivating medium is necessary for the normal development of embryos. However, its presence is a significant burden for proteomics analysis, and it must be removed prior to further analysis steps. The removal of albumin has been extensively discussed and described in a number of publications [1, 2, 7, 8, 9]. Different groups have used a number of methods such as immunodepleting chromatography, molecular weight cutoff filters, peptide libraries, size exclusion chromatography, etc. All these methods have some advantages but also show disadvantages. In case of depleting the albumin from IVF cultivating medium, the very low sample volume (max. of 40 μl) must be taken into consideration. Furthermore, depletion method must be performed fast and must be reproducible over a large number of samples, if intended to be used for fast analysis of clinical samples that shall help making the decision on which fertilized oocyte shall be transferred first and which ones shall be frozen for later procedures. The use of a novel immunoaffinity-based convective interaction media analytical columns (CIMac) for depletion of HSA (CIMac-HSA) was performed in this study, and it proved that it can be used for fast and reproducible albumin depletion from minute sample amounts. The column’s architecture and the convective flow-through columns’ channels enable a flow rate-independent binding capacity and excellent chromatographic resolution. These characteristics give CIMac-αHSA column some important analytical benefits like shorten time of analysis in comparison to common chromatographic depletion of albumin using silica-based columns, which is an extraordinary important parameter for clinical use. The albumin content in different batches of cultivating medium differs strongly, and it also differs strongly between different suppliers. Therefore, the depletion method must be selected in a way that can be applied for a variety of samples. However, independently of the selected methods, the removal of albumin from the cultivating medium results with a number of identified proteins of which some can be of importance for embryo development and for later pregnancy development.
\n\nFigure 1 shows two SDS-gel lanes for the separation of two media upon embryo transfer. Since albumin originates from different donors and is being mixed at the manufacturing site, it will certainly contain a number of other proteins that may interfere with proteins secreted from the developing embryo. Also, secreted proteins might bind on albumin and, therefore, be “invisible” for proteomics analysis.
\nLanes 2 and 4 show an example of the separation of proteins secreted in culturing media on silver-stained SDS gel. As expected, large spots for human serum albumin (HSA) are observed for both samples with significantly lower amounts of other proteins. Since the culturing media have been declared to contain only HSA, the proteins below are secreted from the fertilized oocyte (lane 2) and unfertilized oocyte (lane 4).
In addition to that, the human proteome, as any proteome, is dynamic, and it is constantly changing through internal and external stimuli. Proteins being translated from RNA are directly responsible for cellular function, but different gene expression studies have, unfortunately, shown that a reliable prediction of proteins’ function or abundance cannot be made. As for the human proteome, significant advances have been made for the analysis of the whole proteome and of the proteome of different disease states [3, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. Bearing all of it in mind, the analysis of proteins obtained from the cultivating media is challenging, and the results are not always conclusive.
\n\nFigure 2 shows the results obtained upon analyzing four different cultivating media used in routine IVF procedures and upon embryo transfer.
\nIdentified proteins and their relative quantities in albumin-free fractions after performing albumin depletion of culturing media samples on two different depletion columns. Proteins identified either in the CIMac-αHSA FT or the Seppro FT1 fractions are labeled with B and S, followed by Swiss-Prot protein ID. Median values of normalized spectral indexes (SI) and standard deviations are shown. Median SIHSA in non-depleted samples is marked with red dashes. More than two peptide-spectrum matches were assumed for each of the listed proteins according to Tarasova et al. [
Dyrlund et al. [21] have performed the analysis of unconditioned commercial embryo culture media and have identified a number of proteins upon depletion and digestion of a total of 5 mL of media. The amount of 5 mL, however, will never be available if samples are retrieved during the actual IVF process. However, this analysis showed that this amount contains an astounding amount of 25 mg of albumin. Here, a total of 111 proteins with different concentrations in different batches of the media were identified in addition to albumin. The sample of unconditioned media also contained eight proteins previously suggested as possible markers of embryonic viability, e.g., proteoglycan-4, serotransferrin, vitamin-D-binding protein, ubiquitin, etc.
\nAnother study performed on IVF medium examined the batch-to-batch variations and showed that variation in both protein amounts and protein identifications can be expected [22]. When studying these media, it is important to pay attention to the fact that both media, the control and the media where embryos grow, must be from the same batch in order to make valid comparison.
\nSpent IVF medium is a valuable source for proteins that can be used as putative biomarkers in IVF. The major focus of researchers has been on secreted proteins, but the proteins already present in the medium can be equally valuable and must be considered in the pursuit for biomarkers of embryos’ “quality.” It is very possible that proteins already present in the medium may be necessary for embryo development, and the uptake or degradation of specific proteins might correlate to ascertain embryo development or lack thereof. Therefore, these media must be evaluated for their potential to differentiate embryos’ success rates and track the proteins, which can be potential biomarkers. Additionally, the safety of these proteins in culture media for the offspring should also be evaluated.
\nProteins identified by Dyrlund et al. were also reported by Katze-Jaff upon analysis of the secretome of the individually cultured human embryos, and a hint was made that these proteins could be related to embryo’s morphology and thus its viability [23, 24, 25]. They have reported that ubiquitin was upregulated in developing blastocytes as compared to degenerating blastocytes. However, there was no correlation between the ubiquitin upregulation and the observed pregnancy rates.
\nCortezzi et al. [26] reported the identification of proteins in both positive and negative groups of embryos, i.e., embryos termed viable for transfer and does who were not selected. For positive-implantation group, protein, called Jumonji (JARID2), was reported. This protein composes a histone methyltransferase complex called polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which modifies chromatin methylation to silence many embryonic patterning genes, acting as a negative regulator of cell proliferation signaling. This results with a restricted gene expression to an appropriate cell population that is essential for development, differentiation, and maintenance of cell fates.
\nIn the same study, the testis-specific gene 10 protein (TSGA10) was identified only in negative samples. TSGA10 is a perinuclear protein, and it was described to participate in actively dividing and fetal differentiating tissues in mice embryos.
\nKatz-Jaffe et al. reported the identification of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor EGF-like growth factor precursor (HB-EGF) [24]. This growth factor precursor belongs to the EGF family growth factors, and it is found in the membrane-anchored form (proHB-EGF) and the soluble form (sHB-EGF). The soluble form is produced from the proteolytic cleavage of proHB-EGF at the extracellular domain. Furthermore, soluble HB-EGF has been observed to be a growth stimulator, and it does significantly improve the blastocyst development and hatching when added to serum-free medium. However, other studies from an in vitro model system indicate that proHB-EGF might function in cell-to-cell signaling by a juxtacrine mechanism inhibiting growth activity [27]. Since this protein was identified in degenerating blastocytes, its upregulation might contribute to the lack of further development.
\nA cystatin-like precursor is needed for successful mammalian implantation for a controlled trophoblastic invasion of the maternal uterine epithelium. It must be available and functional [28] since this invasion involves the extracellular degradation of the uterine matrix by a variety of proteinases, and one of the crucial ones are cysteine proteinases. Cystatins are known to inhibit cysteine proteinases, and their upregulation will most probably contribute to failure of implantation of degenerating blastocysts. Therefore, it is not only of importance to identify these proteins, the possible biomarkers, but also to validate these findings in the human.
\nProteomics is a promising technology for the identification and validation of possible biomarkers for embryo selection in ART. As listed by Dyrlund et al., a growing list of secreted proteins has been identified that could further contribute to this field [21]. However, the challenge ahead of the research still includes the reliable and reproducible identification of a proteomics secretome signature. This signature shall be directly associated with embryo viability and the success of the procedure, i.e., successful pregnancy, and child’s birth. This is a very challenging task not only due to the complexity, heterogeneity, and diversity of human embryos but also because of irreproducibility of used culturing media and contaminant proteins therein.
\nAnother challenge for the clinical use of proteomics methods is the speed of the proteomics analysis. Sample preparation, measurement, and data analysis of a sample is currently not feasible within the time window needed for IVF. Current sample analysis methods require at least half a day for the fastest proteomics method available, which is too long. Nevertheless, proteomics methods can contribute to identification and validation of putative biomarkers, which once clinically confirmed, can be analyzed using other, faster, methods upon building corresponding antibodies.
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Catarina Guedes and F. Xavier Malcata",authors:[{id:"83136",title:"Prof.",name:"F. Xavier",middleName:null,surname:"Malcata",slug:"f.-xavier-malcata",fullName:"F. 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Labella, C. Berbel, M. Manchado, D. Castro and J.J. Borrego",authors:[{id:"67855",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan J.",middleName:null,surname:"Borrego",slug:"juan-j.-borrego",fullName:"Juan J. Borrego"},{id:"71146",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Labella",slug:"alejandro-labella",fullName:"Alejandro Labella"},{id:"71148",title:"Dr.",name:"Concepcion",middleName:null,surname:"Berbel",slug:"concepcion-berbel",fullName:"Concepcion Berbel"},{id:"71149",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Manchado",slug:"manuel-manchado",fullName:"Manuel Manchado"},{id:"71151",title:"Dr.",name:"Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",slug:"dolores-castro",fullName:"Dolores Castro"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"35141",title:"Antibiotics in Aquaculture – Use, Abuse and Alternatives",slug:"antibiotics-in-aquaculture-use-abuse-and-alternatives",totalDownloads:19366,totalCrossrefCites:138,totalDimensionsCites:294,abstract:null,book:{id:"2052",slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture"},signatures:"Jaime Romero, Carmen Gloria Feijoo and Paola Navarrete",authors:[{id:"72898",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Romero",slug:"jaime-romero",fullName:"Jaime Romero"},{id:"79684",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Navarrete",slug:"paola-navarrete",fullName:"Paola Navarrete"},{id:"83411",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Feijoo",slug:"carmen-feijoo",fullName:"Carmen Feijoo"}]},{id:"69948",title:"Floating Cage: A New Innovation of Seaweed Culture",slug:"floating-cage-a-new-innovation-of-seaweed-culture",totalDownloads:978,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Eucheumatoid cultivation continues to expand with a variety of methods that can increase production. This chapter will discuss an innovation in seaweed cultivation of the genus Eucheuma, which is the prime marine commodity in the tropical regions of the world. Research conducted during 2015-2017 and 2019 in Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, provided an overview of the use of floating cage that showed very significant growth results. The research result showed that the growth rates of Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii in floating cage seemed faster and resulted in better thallus morphology. Daily production of E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii that were cultivated in floating cage was higher than daily production of E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii cultivated on longline. Specific growth rate (SGR) of E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii cultivated by using floating cage method was also higher than E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii cultivated by using longline method. Moreover, the cultivation by using floating cages produces good growth rates with no effect of herbivore attacks.",book:{id:"8928",slug:"emerging-technologies-environment-and-research-for-sustainable-aquaculture",title:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture"},signatures:"Ma’ruf Kasim, Abdul Muis Balubi, Ahmad Mustafa, Rahman Nurdin, Rahmad Sofyan Patadjai and Wardha Jalil",authors:[{id:"309893",title:"Prof.",name:"Maruf",middleName:null,surname:"Kasim",slug:"maruf-kasim",fullName:"Maruf Kasim"},{id:"313040",title:"MSc.",name:"Abdul Muis",middleName:null,surname:"Balubi",slug:"abdul-muis-balubi",fullName:"Abdul Muis Balubi"},{id:"313041",title:"MSc.",name:"Wardha",middleName:null,surname:"Jalil",slug:"wardha-jalil",fullName:"Wardha Jalil"},{id:"313042",title:"MSc.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"ahmad-mustafa",fullName:"Ahmad Mustafa"},{id:"313043",title:"MSc.",name:"Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Nurdin",slug:"rahman-nurdin",fullName:"Rahman Nurdin"},{id:"313044",title:"MSc.",name:"Rahmat Sofyan",middleName:null,surname:"Patadjai",slug:"rahmat-sofyan-patadjai",fullName:"Rahmat Sofyan Patadjai"}]},{id:"62842",title:"Integrated Rice and Aquaculture Farming",slug:"integrated-rice-and-aquaculture-farming",totalDownloads:1920,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The burning problems like scarcity of food for ever-growing human population in the present world are addressed by adapting various methods for production of protein, carbohydrate, oils and other food materials. One of the methods to produce high amount of food is integrated farming including rice-aquaculture farming, which produces protein and carbohydrate as major components besides others. Rice-aquaculture farming produces grain (carbohydrate) and animal protein without affecting the quality and quantity of rice yield on the same piece of land and renders additional financial gain besides main crop (rice) like conventional monoculture. The aquatic species grown in the integrated culture are mainly distinct types of fishes, selected crustaceans and other selected species. Profitable rice-aquaculture integrated farming is popular in Asian countries than in Western countries. However, the integrated rice-aquaculture farming has its own limitations. The type of methods, culture species, influencing factors, and pros and cons of rice-aquaculture integrated farming are discussed in the present chapter.",book:{id:"7229",slug:"aquaculture-plants-and-invertebrates",title:"Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Aquaculture - Plants and Invertebrates"},signatures:"Pamuru Ramachandra Reddy and Battina Kishori",authors:[{id:"242524",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramachandra Reddy",middleName:null,surname:"Pamuru",slug:"ramachandra-reddy-pamuru",fullName:"Ramachandra Reddy Pamuru"},{id:"255022",title:"Dr.",name:"Kishori",middleName:null,surname:"Battina",slug:"kishori-battina",fullName:"Kishori Battina"}]},{id:"24074",title:"Embryonic and Larval Development of Freshwater Fish",slug:"embryonic-and-larval-development-of-freshwater-fish",totalDownloads:7469,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"612",slug:"recent-advances-in-fish-farms",title:"Recent Advances in Fish Farms",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Fish Farms"},signatures:"Faruk Aral, Erdinç Şahınöz and Zafer Doğu",authors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"},{id:"29132",title:"Dr.",name:"Zafer",middleName:null,surname:"Dogu",slug:"zafer-dogu",fullName:"Zafer Dogu"},{id:"39952",title:"Dr.",name:"Erdinc",middleName:null,surname:"Sahinoz",slug:"erdinc-sahinoz",fullName:"Erdinc Sahinoz"}]},{id:"68966",title:"Novel Biofloc Technology (BFT) for Ammonia Assimilation and Reuse in Aquaculture In Situ",slug:"novel-biofloc-technology-bft-for-ammonia-assimilation-and-reuse-in-aquaculture-in-situ",totalDownloads:1954,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Ammonia is one of the most harmful risks for success of fish and shrimp culture. There is no effective solution for harmlessness of ammonia in traditional aquaculture operations except exchanging water, which would bring negative effects on environment, or fixing expensive equipment. Biofloc technology (BFT) that appeared in recent years supplies a novel solution for this issue without exchanging huge water and fixing equipment. This technology could assimilate ammonia almost in real time with many other supplemental benefits. Because of the very high nutritional value for fish and shrimp, bioflocs, the by-product of BFT, could also be reused as a complemented food in situ or a gradient for feedstuff to replace expensive fishmeal or be processed to pellet diet to feed fish and shrimp directly. 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He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. 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His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. 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He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",slug:"hitoshi-tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",slug:"marcus-vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:18,paginationItems:[{id:"83115",title:"Fungi and Oomycetes–Allies in Eliminating Environmental Pathogens",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106498",signatures:"Iasmina Luca",slug:"fungi-and-oomycetes-allies-in-eliminating-environmental-pathogens",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82797",title:"Anatomical Guide to the Paranasal Sinuses of Domestic Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106157",signatures:"Mohamed A.M. 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