\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5122",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Colorectal Cancer - From Pathogenesis to Treatment",title:"Colorectal Cancer",subtitle:"From Pathogenesis to Treatment",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health problem because it represents around 10% of all cancers and achieves a worldwide estimate of 1.4 million newly diagnosed cases annually, resulting in approximately 700,000 deaths. Approximately 19-31% of patients present liver metastases. At diagnosis, a further 23-38% will develop extra-hepatic disease. Over the past decade, the widespread use of modern chemotherapeutic and biological agents, combined with laparoscopic surgical techniques, has improved the prognosis of metastatic CRC. A better understanding of the biology of the tumor, along with high efficiency of diagnostic and therapeutic methods, as well as the spread of screening programs, will improve the survival of the CRC patients in the near future.",isbn:"978-953-51-2545-7",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2544-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4184-6",doi:"10.5772/61359",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"colorectal-cancer-from-pathogenesis-to-treatment",numberOfPages:440,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"5ab8ff026cf9fbd8e3b0097d7f11fe2c",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",publishedDate:"September 7th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5122.jpg",numberOfDownloads:32474,numberOfWosCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:25,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:55,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 14th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 5th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 9th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 8th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 8th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Rodrigo, MD, is an Emeritus Professor of Medicine at the University of Oviedo, Spain. He has been the chief of Gastroenterology Service at the HUCA Hospital in Oviedo for more than forty years. He obtained a Ph.D. in 1975 and since then has developed a long career in teaching and research. He has published 707 scientific papers, 425 written in English and 282 in Spanish. He has participated as the main investigator in forty-five clinical trials and has directed forty doctoral theses. He has contributed actively to the formation of about 100 specialists in gastroenterology working in his hospital and other centers in Spain and abroad. He has written around thirty-five chapters in books and edited twenty-four books in gastroenterology and hepatology. His areas of interest are celiac disease and autoimmune-associated diseases.",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"16",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1020",title:"Colorectal Surgery",slug:"gastroenterology-colorectal-surgery"}],chapters:[{id:"50834",title:"Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Acquisition of Resistance to Treatment of Colon Cancer Cells",doi:"10.5772/63524",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-involved-in-the-acquisition-of-resistance-to-treatment-of-colon-cancer-cells",totalDownloads:1714,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cancer cells are remarkably resilient to therapies aimed at their elimination. The exploration of pathways that sustain cancer cells and that allow cancer cells to become resistant has revealed new avenues for chemotherapeutic development, as well as rational approaches to combination therapies based on existing treatment options. Several signaling pathways, such as Wnt, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and Ras-Raf-MEK, constitute integrated networks that work together to maintain cellular homeostasis under basal conditions and to drive cell-mass accumulation and cell cycle progression in the presence of appropriate mitogenic stimuli. During cancer development, these pathways are corrupted in malignant cells to maintain viability and proliferative activity under environmentally stressful conditions such as limited growth factors, oxygen, and nutrients that drive normal cells into quiescence or death. Importantly, dysfunction within any one of these pathways results in compensatory responses from the other networks. Thus, biological research is gradually shifting toward more general approaches that target entire pathways rather than isolated components and integrate those pathways into biological networks.",signatures:"Dora M. Velázquez, María Cristina Castañeda-Patlán and Martha\nRobles-Flores",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50834",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50834",authors:[{id:"140473",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",surname:"Robles-Flores",slug:"martha-robles-flores",fullName:"Martha Robles-Flores"},{id:"142831",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Cristina",surname:"Castañeda-Patlán",slug:"maria-cristina-castaneda-patlan",fullName:"Maria Cristina Castañeda-Patlán"},{id:"185099",title:"MSc.",name:"Dora M.",surname:"Velázquez",slug:"dora-m.-velazquez",fullName:"Dora M. Velázquez"}],corrections:null},{id:"50162",title:"Circadian Regulation of Colon Cancer Stem Cells: Implications for Therapy",doi:"10.5772/62323",slug:"circadian-regulation-of-colon-cancer-stem-cells-implications-for-therapy",totalDownloads:1539,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) has been associated with tumor initiation, metastasis, relapse, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, a better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of CSCs is required to develop treatments that are more effective. Like normal cells, cancer cells contain molecular clocks that generate circadian rhythms in gene expression and metabolic activity. Disruption of circadian rhythms has been linked to increased cancer risk, chemoresistance, and progression in CRC. CSCs also generate rhythms, which could be exploited with a chronopharmacological approach. Although the regulation of the expression of circadian rhythm genes appears to be mediated mainly by transcription–translation feedback loops, the existence of forms of nontranscriptional regulation has been demonstrated. Particularly, microRNAs (miRNA) and SIRT1 are significant players in regulating various aspects of the circadian clock function. Furthermore, miRNA acts as a regulator of cancer progression by regulating the CSC characteristics through SIRT1. These findings led us to hypothesize that there is a circadian rhythm of CSC markers regulated by miRNAs in CRC with SIRT1 acting as a mediator of miRNA activity. The pharmacological regulation of SIRT1, and therefore of the circadian machinery, could result in antiproliferative effects and increased sensitivity to antitumor treatments in CRC.",signatures:"Sandra Ríos-Arrabal, José Antonio Muñoz-Gámez, Sergio Manuel\nJiménez-Ruíz, Jorge Casado-Ruíz, Francisco Artacho-Cordón and\nJosefa León-López",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50162",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50162",authors:[{id:"178250",title:"Dr.",name:"Josefa",surname:"Leon",slug:"josefa-leon",fullName:"Josefa Leon"},{id:"178611",title:"BSc.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Casado",slug:"jorge-casado",fullName:"Jorge Casado"},{id:"178612",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Ríos-Arrabal",slug:"sandra-rios-arrabal",fullName:"Sandra Ríos-Arrabal"},{id:"178613",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Antonio",surname:"Muñoz-Gamez",slug:"jose-antonio-munoz-gamez",fullName:"Jose Antonio Muñoz-Gamez"},{id:"184266",title:"BSc.",name:"Sergio Manuel",surname:"Jimenez-Ruiz",slug:"sergio-manuel-jimenez-ruiz",fullName:"Sergio Manuel Jimenez-Ruiz"},{id:"184267",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Artacho-Cordon",slug:"francisco-artacho-cordon",fullName:"Francisco Artacho-Cordon"}],corrections:null},{id:"50724",title:"Modulation of Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cells by Bioactive Compounds",doi:"10.5772/63382",slug:"modulation-of-apoptosis-in-colon-cancer-cells-by-bioactive-compounds",totalDownloads:1985,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"A big challenge for a successful colon cancer treatment is the lack of eradication of the entire tumour cell population and consequent development of chemoresistance. Control of cell number from tissues and elimination of cells predisposed to malignant transformation, having an aberrant cell cycle or presenting DNA mutations, might be performed by a cellular ‘suicide’ mechanism — the programmed cell death, or apoptosis. Coordinated activation and execution of multiple subprograms are needed, added by a good knowledge of the basic components of the death machinery, besides their interaction to regulate apoptosis in a coordinated manner. Triggering apoptosis in target cells is a key mechanism by which chemotherapy promotes cell killing. Many anti‐cancer drugs act during physiological pathways of apoptosis, leading to tumour cell destruction. New therapeutic approaches in cancer induce tumour cells to undergo apoptosis and break the cancer cell resistance to apoptosis commands. Administrations of natural compounds that prevent induction, inhibit or delay the progression of cancer, or induce inhibition or reversal of carcinogenesis at a premalignant stage represent chemoprevention strategies. Several natural compounds have been shown to be promising based on their anti‐cancer effects and low toxicity; alternative approaches might be taken into account to obtain a stronger anti‐tumour response when lower concentrations of anti‐cancer drugs are used, and to diminish the undesirable side‐effects.",signatures:"Marinela Bostan, Mirela Mihaila, Camelia Hotnog, Coralia Bleotu,\nGabriela Anton, Viviana Roman and Lorelei Irina Brasoveanu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50724",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50724",authors:[{id:"78218",title:"Dr.",name:"Coralia",surname:"Bleotu",slug:"coralia-bleotu",fullName:"Coralia Bleotu"},{id:"80114",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",surname:"Anton",slug:"gabriela-anton",fullName:"Gabriela Anton"},{id:"167970",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorelei",surname:"Brasoveanu",slug:"lorelei-brasoveanu",fullName:"Lorelei Brasoveanu"},{id:"178632",title:"Dr.",name:"Marinela",surname:"Bostan",slug:"marinela-bostan",fullName:"Marinela Bostan"},{id:"178633",title:"Dr.",name:"Camelia",surname:"Hotnog",slug:"camelia-hotnog",fullName:"Camelia Hotnog"},{id:"178634",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirela",surname:"Mihaila",slug:"mirela-mihaila",fullName:"Mirela Mihaila"},{id:"178635",title:"Dr.",name:"Viviana",surname:"Roman",slug:"viviana-roman",fullName:"Viviana Roman"}],corrections:null},{id:"50550",title:"BRAF Mutation in Colorectal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/62226",slug:"braf-mutation-in-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:2436,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The BRAF mutant colorectal cancer subgroup is a small population with unique clinicopathological and molecular features. This subgroup has been associated with particularly poor prognosis and advanced disease. The poor response of these patients to available treatments has driven much of the effort in trialling combination targeted treatments involving BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Most recently, an observed survival benefit with intensive triplet chemotherapy agents would encourage its use as first-line treatment in suitable candidates given that few of these patients proceed to second- or third-line treatments.",signatures:"Louisa Lo, Timothy Price, Joanne Young and Amanda Townsend",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50550",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50550",authors:[{id:"178563",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Timothy",surname:"Price",slug:"timothy-price",fullName:"Timothy Price"},{id:"178572",title:"Dr.",name:"Amanda",surname:"Townsend",slug:"amanda-townsend",fullName:"Amanda Townsend"},{id:"178573",title:"Dr.",name:"Louisa",surname:"Lo",slug:"louisa-lo",fullName:"Louisa Lo"},{id:"178574",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanne",surname:"Young",slug:"joanne-young",fullName:"Joanne Young"}],corrections:null},{id:"50972",title:"Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Risk Counseling",doi:"10.5772/63206",slug:"colorectal-cancer-prevention-and-risk-counseling",totalDownloads:1527,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death in the world. Many risk factors have been identified in the development of colorectal cancer. It is necessary to carry out activities related to risk factors in order to implement effective CRC early diagnosis and screening programs and achieve positive outcomes. International screening guidelines have been created and these are being implemented by individual countries according to their own health policies. Colorectal cancer prevention and early training in terms of disease identification, counseling against negative disease perceptions, and changing false beliefs will reduce the fear of CRC and ensure the development of positive health behaviors and acceptance of screening. Among recent developments in cancer prevention, “cancer risk counseling” has become quite prominent. Individual-specific colorectal cancer risk counseling programs are developed through the assessment of individual risk factors by focusing on a genetic assessment and the development of a risk management plan. This chapter will examine and define colorectal cancer prevention and risk counseling strategies in relation with the relative literature.",signatures:"Serife Koc, Melek Nihal Esin and Aysun Ardic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50972",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50972",authors:[{id:"178617",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Serife",surname:"Koc",slug:"serife-koc",fullName:"Serife Koc"},{id:"183522",title:"Prof.",name:"Melek Nihal",surname:"Esin",slug:"melek-nihal-esin",fullName:"Melek Nihal Esin"},{id:"184048",title:"Dr.",name:"Aysun",surname:"Ardic",slug:"aysun-ardic",fullName:"Aysun Ardic"}],corrections:null},{id:"50243",title:"Imaging of Colonic and Rectal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/62307",slug:"imaging-of-colonic-and-rectal-cancer",totalDownloads:1904,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Thus, its early detection through screening and diagnostic techniques is the key in managing this condition. For this to be possible, it is necessary to know the risk factors and to choose the appropriate screening and diagnostic techniques for each case. Imaging also plays a key role in treatment planning by assessing both local and distance extension of the disease.",signatures:"Radu I Badea, Cosmin N Caraiani and Diana I Florian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50243",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50243",authors:[{id:"179300",title:"Prof.",name:"Radu",surname:"Badea",slug:"radu-badea",fullName:"Radu Badea"},{id:"184398",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",surname:"Florian",slug:"diana-florian",fullName:"Diana Florian"},{id:"184399",title:"Dr.",name:"Cosmin",surname:"Caraiani",slug:"cosmin-caraiani",fullName:"Cosmin Caraiani"}],corrections:null},{id:"51300",title:"Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Early Colon Cancer",doi:"10.5772/63441",slug:"endoscopic-submucosal-dissection-for-early-colon-cancer",totalDownloads:1994,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was first implemented in early gastric cancer allowing for en-bloc resection of the lesions. With the experience came the expertise to introduce ESD for early colon cancer (ECC). ESD demonstrates several advantages in comparison with the endoscopic mucosa resection. It allows accurate histological assessment of the depth of invasion, minimizes the risk of local recurrence and helps in the determination of additional therapy. Indications for ESD are placed only after adequate endoscopic morphological classification of the lesions excluding higher risk of nodal metastases. This chapter provides an overview of the application of ESD techniques in ESD for ECC and provides assessment on its technical aspects and complications. In order to decrease the rate of complications a standard protocol for the ESD should be adopted. The protocol includes recommendations for patient selection, bowel and patient preparation, appropriate equipment (knives, endoscopes, and power devices). The chapter will review the current ESD techniques and oncological results. ESD could have great impact on the treatment of early colon cancer. Its role is already proven in rectal localizations and despite the challenges it should be adopted for the colon. Safe strategy for ESD is the cornerstone in decreasing complications, which includes suitable resection of specialized ESD devices.",signatures:"Valentin Ignatov, Anton Tonev, Nikola Kolev, Aleksandar Zlatarov, Shteryu Shterev, Tanya Kirilova and Krasimir Ivanov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51300",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51300",authors:[{id:"65971",title:"Prof.",name:"Krassimir",surname:"Ivanov",slug:"krassimir-ivanov",fullName:"Krassimir Ivanov"},{id:"115808",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikola",surname:"Kolev",slug:"nikola-kolev",fullName:"Nikola Kolev"},{id:"115809",title:"Dr.",name:"Anton",surname:"Tonev",slug:"anton-tonev",fullName:"Anton Tonev"},{id:"163536",title:"Prof.",name:"Valentin",surname:"Ignatov",slug:"valentin-ignatov",fullName:"Valentin Ignatov"},{id:"163552",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Zlatarov",slug:"alexander-zlatarov",fullName:"Alexander Zlatarov"},{id:"167941",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanya",surname:"Kirilova",slug:"tanya-kirilova",fullName:"Tanya Kirilova"},{id:"184295",title:"Prof.",name:"Shteryu",surname:"Shterev",slug:"shteryu-shterev",fullName:"Shteryu Shterev"}],corrections:null},{id:"50859",title:"Colorectal Cancer and Inflammatory Bowel Disease",doi:"10.5772/63408",slug:"colorectal-cancer-and-inflammatory-bowel-disease",totalDownloads:1553,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with its two entities, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, is at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Risk factors for CRC are represented by the duration of the disease, extent of disease, the association of primary sclerosing cholangitis, family history, and early age at onset. In inflammatory bowel disease, colonic carcinogenesis appears on an inflamed colon, being determined by different genetic alterations. The main element of the process of carcinogenesis is the dysplasia, which is a neoplastic intraepithelial transformation, limited to the basal membrane surrounding the glands around which it appears. The stages of carcinogenesis process start with dysplasia of varying degrees as follows: indefinite dysplasia, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and finally invasive adenocarcinoma.",signatures:"Paul Mitrut, Anca Oana Docea, Adina Maria Kamal, Radu Mitrut,\nDaniela Calina, Eliza Gofita, Vlad Padureanu, Corina Gruia and\nLiliana Streba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50859",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50859",authors:[{id:"173491",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Mitrut",slug:"paul-mitrut",fullName:"Paul Mitrut"}],corrections:null},{id:"51679",title:"Laparoscopy in the Management of Colon Cancer",doi:"10.5772/64507",slug:"laparoscopy-in-the-management-of-colon-cancer",totalDownloads:1391,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The minimally invasive techniques in surgical practice have been well introduced and widely accepted for certain procedures, including surgery for colon cancer. The advantages of the laparoscopic approach in terms of early and late postoperative results and the oncological safety have been established by numerous reports, including randomized controlled trials. The application of laparoscopic colon surgery for cancer has been adopted in various institutions. This chapter reviews the available literature data regarding the use of minimally invasive surgery for colon cancer, including early and late surgical and oncological results and new trends. Retrospective and prospective trials published in the last 20 years are reviewed to address the issues. Technological advantages such as intracorproreal anastomosis, single incision, and natural orifice surgery are commented in the chapter.",signatures:"Valentin Ignatov, Anton Tonev, Nikola Kolev, Aleksandar Zlatarov,\nShteryu Shterev, Dilyan Petrov, Tanya Kirilova and Krasimir Ivanov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51679",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51679",authors:[{id:"65971",title:"Prof.",name:"Krassimir",surname:"Ivanov",slug:"krassimir-ivanov",fullName:"Krassimir Ivanov"},{id:"115808",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikola",surname:"Kolev",slug:"nikola-kolev",fullName:"Nikola Kolev"},{id:"115809",title:"Dr.",name:"Anton",surname:"Tonev",slug:"anton-tonev",fullName:"Anton Tonev"},{id:"163536",title:"Prof.",name:"Valentin",surname:"Ignatov",slug:"valentin-ignatov",fullName:"Valentin Ignatov"},{id:"163552",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Zlatarov",slug:"alexander-zlatarov",fullName:"Alexander Zlatarov"},{id:"184295",title:"Prof.",name:"Shteryu",surname:"Shterev",slug:"shteryu-shterev",fullName:"Shteryu Shterev"},{id:"184296",title:"Dr.",name:"Dilyan",surname:"Petrov",slug:"dilyan-petrov",fullName:"Dilyan Petrov"}],corrections:null},{id:"51686",title:"Current Immunotherapeutic Treatments in Colon Cancer",doi:"10.5772/63212",slug:"current-immunotherapeutic-treatments-in-colon-cancer",totalDownloads:2041,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The immune system is able to act against cancer cells and consequently these cells have developed a range of responses to evade or suppress the immune systems anticancer responses. The concept of cancer immunotherapy is based on techniques developed to restore or boost the ability of the immune system to recognize and target tumor cells. It is known that colon cancer does initiate an immune response and that this type of cancer initiates pathways and responses to evade or suppress the immune system. This chapter will discuss some of the dominant therapies being developed to treat colon cancer based on the concept of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer vaccines are based on the concept of providing the immune system with antigen targets derived from tumor-specific molecules, while monoclonal antibodies involve the development of antibodies specifically targeting proteins expressed on the surface of tumor cells. Antibody-based immunotherapy has further applications in the use of bispecific antibodies (BsAb), which are synthetic antibodies designed to be able to recognize two different antigens or epitopes and in this way can increase the immunoresponse and limit immune evasion observed in mono-targeted therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors target proteins that are responsible for keeping immune responses in check. Tumor cells overexpress these proteins in order to evade the immune response. Blocking these proteins will lead to an increased immune response against these cells. Cytokine-based immunotherapies involve the use of the immune systems’ own molecular messengers that are responsible for a robust immune response, to boost the antitumor response of the immune system. Oncolytic viral therapy is based on the use of viruses that selectively infect and replicate in cancer and associated endothelial cells and subsequently kills these cells. Adoptive immunotherapy involves the use of immune cells from the patient to be cultured and altered in the laboratory and then reintroduced to boost the immune response. This is normally performed with T cells. Immunotherapy may be the next logical step in the development of an effective therapy for colon cancer and other cancers. The combination of these therapies with traditional chemotherapy or radiotherapy has shown promise in cancer treatment.",signatures:"Zodwa Dlamini, Thandeka Khoza, Rodney Hull, Mpho Choene and\nZilungile Mkhize-Kwitshana",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51686",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51686",authors:[{id:"178400",title:"Prof.",name:"Zodwa",surname:"Dlamini",slug:"zodwa-dlamini",fullName:"Zodwa Dlamini"},{id:"178629",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodney",surname:"Hull",slug:"rodney-hull",fullName:"Rodney Hull"},{id:"178630",title:"Dr.",name:"Mpho",surname:"Choene",slug:"mpho-choene",fullName:"Mpho Choene"},{id:"178631",title:"Dr.",name:"Thandeka",surname:"Khoza",slug:"thandeka-khoza",fullName:"Thandeka Khoza"}],corrections:null},{id:"50509",title:"The Management of the Primary Tumor in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/62867",slug:"the-management-of-the-primary-tumor-in-patients-with-metastatic-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:1772,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Over the past decade, the role of surgery in stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) has evolved, yet the optimal surgical management of the primary tumor in patients with metastatic CRC that is not amenable to curative resection is unknown. A high rate of surgical resection of the primary tumor has been reported in patients with unresectable metastatic disease. Resection of the primary tumor in patients with metastatic CRC is often performed to deal with presenting primary tumor symptoms and or to prevent future primary tumor complications. Nevertheless, with access to novel agents and their efficacy in the primary tumor as well as lack of major complications related to an intact primary tumor, surgery is less commonly performed today. Although the data regarding survival advantages of resection of the primary tumor are inconsistent, overall the evidence suggests potential survival benefit of removal of the primary tumor in patients with both symptomatic and asymptomatic primary tumors even with access to more effective combination chemotherapy. However, the published literature favoring surgery mostly comprises retrospective observational studies. Consequently, the survival benefit related to surgery has been attributed to selection bias, and in the absence of randomized controlled trial no definite conclusion can be drawn. Currently, two randomized controlled trials are enrolling patients to answer this important question in the management of metastatic CRC.",signatures:"Shahid Ahmed, Selliah Kanthan, Nayyer Iqbal, Adnan Zaidi, Duc Le,\nTahir Abbas and Kamal Haider",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50509",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50509",authors:[{id:"60149",title:"Dr.",name:"Selliah",surname:"Kanthan",slug:"selliah-kanthan",fullName:"Selliah Kanthan"},{id:"178507",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahid",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"shahid-ahmed",fullName:"Shahid Ahmed"},{id:"184245",title:"Dr.",name:"Nayyer",surname:"Iqbal",slug:"nayyer-iqbal",fullName:"Nayyer Iqbal"},{id:"184246",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",surname:"Zaidi",slug:"adnan-zaidi",fullName:"Adnan Zaidi"},{id:"184247",title:"Dr.",name:"Duc",surname:"Le",slug:"duc-le",fullName:"Duc Le"},{id:"184248",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",surname:"Haider",slug:"kamal-haider",fullName:"Kamal Haider"},{id:"184261",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbas",surname:"Tahir",slug:"abbas-tahir",fullName:"Abbas Tahir"}],corrections:null},{id:"51583",title:"Simultaneous Surgery for Synchronous Colorectal Liver Metastases",doi:"10.5772/64317",slug:"simultaneous-surgery-for-synchronous-colorectal-liver-metastases",totalDownloads:1558,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Colon cancer is one of the leading malignant diseases in the Western world, leading to significant morbidity and has significant predilection for liver metastases. Synchronous metastases account for approximately 15–25% of the newly discovered liver lesions. The only curative treatment for colon cancer liver metastases (CLM) remains surgery. Several strategies have been developed for the treatment of synchronous CLM, including simultaneous resection, two-stage liver surgery, and liver-first approach. The timing of surgery is not universally determined. Even more reports support the simultaneous resection strategy with results showing similar morbidity, length of hospital stay, and perioperative mortality comparable to staged resection. In conclusion, SCLM patients can successfully be treated with simultaneous approach or stages, both having similar perioperative and long-term outcomes. With the advance of liver surgery techniques, minor and major liver surgeries can be performed safely with low morbidity and mortality as part of either a simultaneous or a staged operative strategy.",signatures:"Nikola Kolev, Valentin Ignatov, Anton Tonev, Aleksandar Zlatarov,\nBoryana Naydenova, Georgi Ivanov, Dilyan Petrov and Krasimir\nIvanov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51583",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51583",authors:[{id:"65971",title:"Prof.",name:"Krassimir",surname:"Ivanov",slug:"krassimir-ivanov",fullName:"Krassimir Ivanov"},{id:"115808",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikola",surname:"Kolev",slug:"nikola-kolev",fullName:"Nikola Kolev"},{id:"115809",title:"Dr.",name:"Anton",surname:"Tonev",slug:"anton-tonev",fullName:"Anton Tonev"},{id:"163536",title:"Prof.",name:"Valentin",surname:"Ignatov",slug:"valentin-ignatov",fullName:"Valentin Ignatov"},{id:"163552",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Zlatarov",slug:"alexander-zlatarov",fullName:"Alexander Zlatarov"},{id:"184296",title:"Dr.",name:"Dilyan",surname:"Petrov",slug:"dilyan-petrov",fullName:"Dilyan Petrov"},{id:"163551",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgi",surname:"Ivanov",slug:"georgi-ivanov",fullName:"Georgi Ivanov"}],corrections:null},{id:"51753",title:"Adjuvant Treatment in Colon Cancer",doi:"10.5772/64101",slug:"adjuvant-treatment-in-colon-cancer",totalDownloads:1490,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Worldwide, more than 1 million people develop colorectal cancer (CRC) annually. CRC is a major health problem in the Western world and the second most common cause of cancer mortality. To improve performance, the role of chemotherapy for CRC has increased dramatically over the last decade. The vast majority of CRC patients now receive chemotherapy with multiple agents that are currently approved for the treatment in the appropriate setting [1]. However, it is a complex process to select the optimal chemotherapy for each patient and practice evidence gap is still a problem. Some guidelines for the treatment of CRC have been developed to promote the standardization of CRC treatment. Postoperative, or “adjuvant,” systemic therapy has become standard for stage III colon cancer. Adjuvant therapy should also be strongly considered in stage II patients. It is generally recommended for any medically fit patient with stage II cancer with unfavorable factors. The hypothesis that the antitumor activity of the combination agent, including oxaliplatin, irinotecan, bevacizumab, cetuximab in metastatic cure rates, would result in increased adjuvant proved to be often wrong. Although new drug development takes years, targeted drug use can occur more quickly with advanced tests and will be a focus of future work. In addition, efforts will focus on identifying biomarkers that predict response to systemic therapy so that tailored therapy can be initiated. The future of oncology will come with the better understanding of the biology and genetics of the tumor and its host. This will help to develop tailored approach to the patients, including more specific systemic therapy, aimed at molecular targets of the malignant tumor, thus reducing the negative effects. At that time, the treatment of oncological diseases will experience a new era, comparable to the introduction of antibiotics.",signatures:"Ivan Shterev Donev, Nikola Kolev, Valentin Ignatov, Anton Tonev,\nAleksandar Zlatarov, Assia Konsoulova, Elitza Entcheva, Plamena Drenakova and Krasimir Ivanov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51753",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51753",authors:[{id:"65971",title:"Prof.",name:"Krassimir",surname:"Ivanov",slug:"krassimir-ivanov",fullName:"Krassimir Ivanov"},{id:"115808",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikola",surname:"Kolev",slug:"nikola-kolev",fullName:"Nikola Kolev"},{id:"115809",title:"Dr.",name:"Anton",surname:"Tonev",slug:"anton-tonev",fullName:"Anton Tonev"},{id:"163536",title:"Prof.",name:"Valentin",surname:"Ignatov",slug:"valentin-ignatov",fullName:"Valentin Ignatov"},{id:"163552",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Zlatarov",slug:"alexander-zlatarov",fullName:"Alexander Zlatarov"},{id:"175505",title:"Dr.",name:"Assia",surname:"Konsoulova",slug:"assia-konsoulova",fullName:"Assia Konsoulova"},{id:"178636",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Donev",slug:"ivan-donev",fullName:"Ivan Donev"},{id:"184306",title:"Prof.",name:"Elitza",surname:"Encheva",slug:"elitza-encheva",fullName:"Elitza Encheva"},{id:"184307",title:"Dr.",name:"Plamena",surname:"Drenakova",slug:"plamena-drenakova",fullName:"Plamena Drenakova"}],corrections:null},{id:"50154",title:"Robot-Assisted Colonic Resections for Cancer",doi:"10.5772/62416",slug:"robot-assisted-colonic-resections-for-cancer",totalDownloads:1319,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Minimally invasive surgery for colon cancer, if compared with open surgery, has shown similar oncologic outcomes, and it has become the standard management for malignant colonic disease. Its benefits appear yet in early post-operative period such as less postoperative pain, earlier recovery of gastrointestinal functions and shorter hospital stay. Robotic surgery was born in the attempt to overcome the intrinsic limitations of laparoscopic technique. It offers the possibility to have a tridimensional magnified view of surgical field and to use wristed instrument to perform an accurate dissection and lymphadenectomy. It provides the possibility to rotate at 360 degrees the instruments, facilitating considerably the performance of intracorporeal ileo-colic anastomosis in right colectomy. We want to illustrate the feasibility and technique to carry out right and left colectomy in a robotic-assisted way and its advantages with respect to laparoscopic surgery.",signatures:"Monica Ortenzi, Giovanni Lezoche, Roberto Ghiselli and Mario\nGuerrieri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50154",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50154",authors:[{id:"170255",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Ghiselli",slug:"roberto-ghiselli",fullName:"Roberto Ghiselli"},{id:"178234",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",surname:"Guerrieri",slug:"mario-guerrieri",fullName:"Mario Guerrieri"},{id:"184205",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",surname:"Ortenzi",slug:"monica-ortenzi",fullName:"Monica Ortenzi"},{id:"184206",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Lezoche",slug:"giovanni-lezoche",fullName:"Giovanni Lezoche"}],corrections:null},{id:"50551",title:"Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/63136",slug:"immunotherapy-in-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:1621,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common malignancies and the second leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide; treatment algorithms include surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapies. Immunotherapy has recently emerged as an effective treatment approach in several types of cancer, including non–small cell lung cancer, melanoma and kidney cancer. In CRC, novel immune‐checkpoint inhibitors such as anti‐CTLA4 and PD1/PDL1 monoclonal antibodies have shown limited efficacy, although ongoing trials in mismatch repair‐deficient CRC have shown significant and promising results. Here, we review the role of immune‐microenvironment in colorectal cancer and current clinical data about therapeutic activity of immunotherapy in the treatment of CRC.",signatures:"Gabriel Mak, Michele Moschetta and Hendrik‐Tobias Arkenau",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50551",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50551",authors:[{id:"172261",title:"Prof.",name:"Hendrik-Tobias",surname:"Arkenau",slug:"hendrik-tobias-arkenau",fullName:"Hendrik-Tobias Arkenau"},{id:"178606",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Mak",slug:"gabriel-mak",fullName:"Gabriel Mak"},{id:"185290",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",surname:"Moschetta",slug:"michele-moschetta",fullName:"Michele Moschetta"}],corrections:null},{id:"50137",title:"New Chemotherapeutic Agents: Monoterpenes and Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitors",doi:"10.5772/62283",slug:"new-chemotherapeutic-agents-monoterpenes-and-fatty-acid-synthase-inhibitors",totalDownloads:1538,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Around 90% of CRC deaths are caused by metastasis, and systemic chemotherapy is the last hope for patients with unresectable metastases of CRC. Although recent systemic chemotherapy advances have prolonged survival in patients with unresectable CRC, the effectiveness, cost, and side effects of the chemotherapeutic agents still need to improve. The use of plant-, microbial-, or fungal-derived natural products for medical benefits is playing an important role globally, such as in anti-cancer drugs and antibiotics.",signatures:"Soichiro Murata",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50137",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50137",authors:[{id:"178038",title:"Dr.",name:"Soichiro",surname:"Murata",slug:"soichiro-murata",fullName:"Soichiro Murata"}],corrections:null},{id:"50084",title:"Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Treatment in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/62304",slug:"anti-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-egfr-treatment-in-patients-with-metastatic-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:1529,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancer types and still a major public health problem. Approximately a half of the patients develop metastasis during the course of disease. Prognosis of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is poor with best supportive care alone (median survival: 6 months). Fortunately, combination chemotherapy has significantly improved survival up to 17–22 months. Cetuximab and panitumumab, the two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), provide significant clinical benefit in only RAS wild (WT) mCRC. Major side effects are skin toxicity, infusion reactions, fatigue, and electrolyte imbalances. When these mAbs are combined with chemotherapy, overall survival could be as long as 24 months. However, RAS WT status does not ensure response to anti-EGFR mAbs. In addition, RAS WT patients consequently develop resistance to these agents after an initial responsive period. Therefore, understanding the primary and secondary resistance mechanisms apart from RAS status is very important to improve outcomes of mCRC patients. Oncogenic activation of EGFR downstream signaling effectors (KRAS, BRAF, PTEN, and PIK3CA) appears to be the main components of resistance. In future, a comprehensive biomarker analysis will probably help to identify the mCRC patients who will truly benefit from anti-EGFR mAbs.",signatures:"Rumeysa Ciftci and Deniz Tural",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50084",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50084",authors:[{id:"178035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Deniz",surname:"Tural",slug:"deniz-tural",fullName:"Deniz Tural"},{id:"181798",title:"Dr.",name:"Rumeysa",surname:"Ciftci",slug:"rumeysa-ciftci",fullName:"Rumeysa Ciftci"}],corrections:null},{id:"50442",title:"Studies of Malaysian Plants in Prevention and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/62868",slug:"studies-of-malaysian-plants-in-prevention-and-treatment-of-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:1941,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Incidence rates vary 10-fold globally for colorectal cancer (CRC). Asia has lower rates than Western countries, but as the Western life-style becomes more prevalent in economically developing Asian countries, rates are increasing. Clinical therapy has improved over the last few decades, and national screening programmes are a proven and effective means of reducing mortality; chemoprevention through diet and life-style choices may provide additional value. Diet has strong associations with the aetiology of CRC, considerable epidemiological evidence exist that fruits and vegetables are associated with reduced risk of CRC. There is also extensive experimental evidence that phytochemicals from fruit and vegetables can modulate pathways of carcinogenesis. In this chapter, we consider Malaysia specifically, with its rich ethnopharmacological heritage and megabiodiversity; Malaysian natural compounds may be a source of potentially chemo-protective with relevance to CRC.",signatures:"Yumi Z. H-Y. Hashim, Chris I. R. Gill, Cheryl Latimer, Nigel Ternan\nand Phirdaous Abbas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50442",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50442",authors:[{id:"178056",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yumi Zuhanis Has-Yun",surname:"Hashim",slug:"yumi-zuhanis-has-yun-hashim",fullName:"Yumi Zuhanis Has-Yun Hashim"},{id:"185285",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",surname:"Gill",slug:"chris-gill",fullName:"Chris Gill"},{id:"185286",title:"Dr.",name:"Nigel",surname:"Ternan",slug:"nigel-ternan",fullName:"Nigel Ternan"},{id:"185287",title:"Mr.",name:"Phirdaous",surname:"Abbas",slug:"phirdaous-abbas",fullName:"Phirdaous Abbas"},{id:"185289",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheryl",surname:"Latimer",slug:"cheryl-latimer",fullName:"Cheryl Latimer"}],corrections:null},{id:"50589",title:"Adjuvant Systemic Therapy in Stage II and III Colon Cancer",doi:"10.5772/63208",slug:"adjuvant-systemic-therapy-in-stage-ii-and-iii-colon-cancer",totalDownloads:1623,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The prognosis of colon cancer is primarily determined through staging of the disease. After curative surgery, clinically occult micrometastases are thought to be the major source of disease recurrence. The main aim of postoperative systemic treatment is to eradicate micrometastases, thereby improving outcomes with an increased cure rate. Adjuvant systemic chemotherapy is indicated for patients with stage III colon cancer, as well as for patients with high-risk stage II colon cancer. Prognostic and predictive markers that identify heterogeneous groups are needed to implement tailored therapeutic strategies. Due to the lack of evidence of predictive value of multigene assays in terms of potential value of adjuvant chemotherapy, multigene assays should not be used to determine adjuvant therapy. The standard treatment for most patients with stage III disease is a combination of oxaliplatin with infusional and bolus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or with an oral agent such as capecitabine, which has equivalent results. Adjuvant therapy should not be administered to all patients with stage II colon cancer. High-risk stage II patients may be considered as an eligible group for adjuvant therapy after a complete discussion. There is no high level of evidence to use irinotecan-based combination chemotherapies in the adjuvant setting. The antiangiogenic agent bevacizumab in combination with standard adjuvant chemotherapy regimens also failed to improve outcomes, as did the EGFR agent cetuximab.",signatures:"Fatma Sen and Kezban Nur Pilancı",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50589",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50589",authors:[{id:"178043",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",surname:"Sen",slug:"fatma-sen",fullName:"Fatma Sen"},{id:"178589",title:"Dr.",name:"Kezban Nur",surname:"Pilanci",slug:"kezban-nur-pilanci",fullName:"Kezban Nur Pilanci"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"932",title:"Acute Pancreatitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9e4aebaf0e8a2dd617fe38a5d3b2bff",slug:"acute-pancreatitis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/932.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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Sensitivity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"47dfc5b8378b01d915127fa3c1169a90",slug:"celiac-disease-and-non-celiac-gluten-sensitivity",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5752.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"983",title:"Pancreatitis",subtitle:"Treatment and Complications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"062521454256bb4a388ce6fd638dbf1a",slug:"pancreatitis-treatment-and-complications",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo Saez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/983.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4478",title:"Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e7a1b71b21315524a24e78819fb7dd3",slug:"acute-and-chronic-pancreatitis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4478.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6740",title:"Advances in Pancreatic Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"500360b038bf8561a30993b0ccb6de91",slug:"advances-in-pancreatic-cancer",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6740.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7125.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6061",title:"Ascites",subtitle:"Physiopathology, Treatment, Complications and Prognosis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ead9b3e5c36413f9ff2c3129fbc57574",slug:"ascites-physiopathology-treatment-complications-and-prognosis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6061.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8230",title:"Bile Duct Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b21783ac190bd8f0142876c2ddd46951",slug:"bile-duct-cancer",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8230.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"67322",slug:"corrigendum-to-sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",title:"Corrigendum to: Sexual Dysfunction in Patients with Systemic 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Therefore, human pathogens often obtain iron from alternative sources available into the body such as lactoferrin (Holo-Lf), hemoglobin (Hb) or even the haem [7]. The success of pathogens to obtain iron from host sources is based on developing different mechanisms, for instance, a direct mechanism which consists of expressing proteins attach to the membrane (termed receptors) [8, 9].
Another mechanism (known as indirect mechanism) is based on secreting siderophores or haemophores to scavenge iron then it is delivering towards a receptor protein [10]. The transportation of iron into the cytoplasm requires proteins as the ATP-binding protein cassette (ABC) [11], these mechanisms have been established in Gram-negative but not in Gram-positive bacteria.
Iron is also available in human sources for instance hemoglobin or haem structure within erythrocytes.
The necessity to obtain iron in the human host has provided
To understand more about the interaction between haem-binding protein Sphbp-37 and iron source an
3D Modeling of Sphbp-37 protein before (A) and after (B) of 500 ns dynamic molecular simulation by I-TASSER program.
RMSD analysis of Sphbp-37 protein (A). Rg values show the protein expansion after 100 and 200 ns and a compactation at the last 20 ns (B). RMSF values (C).
We search the amino acids involved in the between Sphbp-37 protein and haem. The molecular dynamic simulation after 500 ns shows an interaction between haem and amino acid residues of Sphbp-37 protein: glutamic acid 152 (Glu152), glutamine 177 (Gln177), valine 178 (Val178), aspartic acid 179 (Asp179), tyrosine 180 (Tyr180), isoleucine 193 (Ile193), alanine 196 (Ala196), glutamine 197 (Gln197) and alanine 200 (Ala200) (Figure 3). We found 10 amino acids involved in the interaction of Sphbp-37 and haem.
Molecular analysis between Sphbp-37 lipoprotein and haem. (A) Interaction between Sphbp-37 lipoprotein and haem. (B) The 10 amino acid residues, which are showed in green and pink color.
To investigate which amino acids of Sphbp-37 protein are involved in haem-binding, we performed a change of glu152 for alanine (glu152ala) and asp179 for alanine ala (asp179ala) (mutant Sphbp-37 protein), these amino acid directly binds the haem. The result showed that the substitution of amino acid in the position 152 and 179 by another amino acid does not allow the binding to the haem. These data shown that amino acids 152 and 179 are essential for haem or Hb-binding and participate direct binding of the iron source.
3D model of mutant Sphbp-37 protein with changes in 152 and 179 amino acid residues was analyzed by NAMD software, the result showed a globular structure inclusive after the changes, however, the binding is not preserved (Figure 4). Mutant Sphbp-37 protein is unable to bind haem these results suggest that amino acids residues of 152 and 179 positions are involved in haem binding directly.
3D modeling of Sphbp-37 mutant before (A) and after (B) of 500 ns of molecular dynamic simulation by I-TASSER server. Amino acid residues of 152 position (glu) and 179 position (asp) were substituted by the ala. The globular structure was maintained.
Then, we analyzed the
Promoter predicted elements for
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Hypertension-induced structural remodeling is associated with an increased risk of life-threatening arrhythmias and heart failure in both humans and experimental animals. Recent studies suggest that abnormal distribution and/or downregulation of Cx43 accompanied with altered protein kinase C (PKC)ε signaling in spontaneously hypertensive rats were linked with increased propensity to ventricular fibrillation compared to normotensive rats. By contrast, the long-term treatment of hypertensive rats with cardioprotective compounds such as melatonin, omega-3 fatty acids, or red palm oil resulted in protection from lethal arrhythmia. Their antiarrhythmic effect was attributed to the attenuation of abnormal Cx43 topology and modulation of Cx43 mRNA as well as protein expression and its functional phosphorylated forms. The latter might be attributed to upregulation of PKCε. It appears that maladaptive consequences of hypertension resulting in abnormal myocardial distribution of Cx43 and its downregulation can contribute to arrhythmogenesis and occurrence of malignant arrhythmias. On the other hand, the attenuation of myocardial Cx43 abnormalities by treatment with melatonin, omega-3 fatty acids, or red palm oil confers arrhythmia protection in rodent model of essential hypertension. Findings uncover novel mechanisms of cardioprotective effects of melatonin, omega-3 fatty acids, and red palm oil. Well-designed clinical trials are needed to explore antiarrhythmic potential of these compounds in human essential hypertension.",book:{id:"5216",slug:"update-on-essential-hypertension",title:"Update on Essential Hypertension",fullTitle:"Update on Essential Hypertension"},signatures:"Tamara Egan Benova, Barbara Szeiffova Bacova, Csilla Viczenczova,\nMiroslav Barancik and Narcis Tribulova",authors:[{id:"181938",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Narcisa",middleName:null,surname:"Tribulova",slug:"narcisa-tribulova",fullName:"Narcisa Tribulova"},{id:"185905",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamara",middleName:null,surname:"Egan Benova",slug:"tamara-egan-benova",fullName:"Tamara Egan Benova"},{id:"185907",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Szeiffova Bacova",slug:"barbara-szeiffova-bacova",fullName:"Barbara Szeiffova Bacova"},{id:"185908",title:"Dr.",name:"Csilla",middleName:null,surname:"Viczenczova",slug:"csilla-viczenczova",fullName:"Csilla Viczenczova"}]},{id:"41776",doi:"10.5772/52512",title:"Principles of External Defibrillators",slug:"principles-of-external-defibrillators",totalDownloads:3614,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"3289",slug:"cardiac-defibrillation",title:"Cardiac Defibrillation",fullTitle:"Cardiac Defibrillation"},signatures:"Hugo Delgado, Jorge Toquero, Cristina Mitroi, Victor Castro and Ignacio Fernández Lozano",authors:[{id:"38793",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Toquero",slug:"jorge-toquero",fullName:"Jorge Toquero"}]},{id:"51589",doi:"10.5772/63501",title:"Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Blood Pressure Control and Essential Hypertension",slug:"omega-3-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-in-blood-pressure-control-and-essential-hypertension",totalDownloads:1908,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Hypertension is a worldwide problem that affects up to 22% of adults and contributes to the global burden of disability due to cardiovascular disease. Several factors influence blood pressure and participate to the development of hypertension. Among these factors, polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 family (omega-3 PUFA) are effective hypotensive agents. Through their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, omega-3 PUFA can improve cardiac hemodynamics and vascular function and potentially reduce arterial stiffness and atherosclerotic damage. However, despite this promising evidence many meta-analyses on the cardiovascular effect of omega-3 PUFA were inconclusive. The choice of the omega-3 PUFA sources, baseline tissue content of these fatty acids, and individual compliance to their intake can be reasons for such a discrepancy between studies. Basic and clinical research on these fatty acids documents interesting mechanisms through which these molecules could be useful in the treatment of hypertension and its related organ damage. The role of the maternal dietary habit during pregnancy and the quality of prenatal growth on the effect of omega-3 PUFA in cardiovascular system need further investigations. This chapter summarizes the literature of the past 30 years on the antihypertensive effects of this family of essential fatty acids.",book:{id:"5216",slug:"update-on-essential-hypertension",title:"Update on Essential Hypertension",fullTitle:"Update on Essential Hypertension"},signatures:"GianLuca Colussi, Cristiana Catena, Marileda Novello and Leonardo\nA. Sechi",authors:[{id:"107596",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonardo",middleName:"A.",surname:"Sechi",slug:"leonardo-sechi",fullName:"Leonardo Sechi"},{id:"111841",title:"Dr.",name:"GianLuca",middleName:null,surname:"Colussi",slug:"gianluca-colussi",fullName:"GianLuca Colussi"},{id:"111843",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristiana",middleName:null,surname:"Catena",slug:"cristiana-catena",fullName:"Cristiana Catena"},{id:"181612",title:"Dr.",name:"Marileda",middleName:null,surname:"Novello",slug:"marileda-novello",fullName:"Marileda Novello"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"41776",title:"Principles of External Defibrillators",slug:"principles-of-external-defibrillators",totalDownloads:3614,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"3289",slug:"cardiac-defibrillation",title:"Cardiac Defibrillation",fullTitle:"Cardiac Defibrillation"},signatures:"Hugo Delgado, Jorge Toquero, Cristina Mitroi, Victor Castro and Ignacio Fernández Lozano",authors:[{id:"38793",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Toquero",slug:"jorge-toquero",fullName:"Jorge Toquero"}]},{id:"46160",title:"Basic Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias",slug:"basic-mechanisms-of-cardiac-arrhythmias",totalDownloads:4357,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"3815",slug:"cardiac-arrhythmias-mechanisms-pathophysiology-and-treatment",title:"Cardiac Arrhythmias",fullTitle:"Cardiac Arrhythmias - Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Treatment"},signatures:"Andrey Moskalenko",authors:[{id:"63235",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:"V.",surname:"Moskalenko",slug:"andrey-moskalenko",fullName:"Andrey Moskalenko"}]},{id:"48384",title:"A Review on Amiodarone as an Antiarrhythmic Drug",slug:"a-review-on-amiodarone-as-an-antiarrhythmic-drug",totalDownloads:2728,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to suppress abnormal heart rhythms by different mechanisms. Amiodarone as an iodinated benzofuran derivative is a potent antiarrhythmic drug that is being used for the treatment of a wide variety of cardiac arrhythmias. Amiodarone has been reported to cause frequent and potentially serious toxicity. It was estimated that the prevalence of side effects was 15 % in the first year and increased to 50% with long-term therapy. Thyroid, lung, liver, ophthalmologic and neurologic systems can be affected by Amiodarone. Most of the adverse effects of the drug are related to its dosage and duration of administration. Therefore the effectiveness of Amiodarone in long-term treatment of patients with heart arrhythmia is limited because of the development of its adverse side effects.",book:{id:"4584",slug:"abnormal-heart-rhythms",title:"Abnormal Heart Rhythms",fullTitle:"Abnormal Heart Rhythms"},signatures:"Fereshteh Mehraein",authors:[{id:"173324",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fereshteh",middleName:null,surname:"Mehraein",slug:"fereshteh-mehraein",fullName:"Fereshteh Mehraein"}]},{id:"61466",title:"Idiopathic Ventricular Arrhythmias",slug:"idiopathic-ventricular-arrhythmias",totalDownloads:1431,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) occur with a mechanism that is unrelated to myocardial scar. Idiopathic VAs most commonly occur in patients without structural heart disease, but can occur in those with structural heart disease. Idiopathic VAs present as a sustained or a non-sustained ventricular tachycardia or premature ventricular contractions. Imaging examinations such as echocardiography, nuclear tests, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are helpful for excluding any association of an idiopathic VA occurrence with myocardial scar. For the past two decades, the sites of idiopathic VA origins, commonly endocardial but sometimes epicardial, have been increasingly recognized. Idiopathic VAs usually originate from specific anatomical structures and exhibit characteristic electrocardiograms based on their anatomical background. Idiopathic VAs are basically benign, but they require medical treatment or catheter ablation when idiopathic VAs are symptomatic, frequent, or cause tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. This book chapter describes the up-to-date information on the prevalence of idiopathic VA origins relevant to the anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment of idiopathic VAs.",book:{id:"6536",slug:"cardiac-arrhythmias",title:"Cardiac Arrhythmias",fullTitle:"Cardiac Arrhythmias"},signatures:"Takumi Yamada",authors:[{id:"68148",title:"Prof.",name:"Takumi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamada",slug:"takumi-yamada",fullName:"Takumi Yamada"}]},{id:"59994",title:"Atrial Flutter: Diagnosis and Management strategies",slug:"atrial-flutter-diagnosis-and-management-strategies",totalDownloads:1446,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Atrial flutter (AFL) is a regular, macro reentrant arrhythmia traditionally defined as a supraventricular tachycardia with an atrial rate of 240–320 beats per minute (bpm). Pathophysiology of atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation (AF) is closely related to the similar risk of stroke and they coexist clinically. Atrial flutter is classified to cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) dependent (or typical) and non-isthmus dependent (atypical). Isthmus is a distinct structure in the right atrium (RA) through which atrial flutter passes and makes a good target for ablation therapy. Ablation is the primary therapy in atrial flutter, particularly in CTI dependent group, with regard to its safety profile and high success rate of approximately 90%. Three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping is progressively being used to ablate atypical forms of atrial flutter.",book:{id:"6536",slug:"cardiac-arrhythmias",title:"Cardiac Arrhythmias",fullTitle:"Cardiac Arrhythmias"},signatures:"Hamid Reza Bonakdar",authors:[{id:"227955",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Bonakdar",slug:"hamid-reza-bonakdar",fullName:"Hamid Reza Bonakdar"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"986",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). 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His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. 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At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. 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Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/36543",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"36543"},fullPath:"/chapters/36543",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()