Paramters used in this work [14].
\r\n\tThis book will intend to look at different migrant patterns, voluntary and involuntary migration, over the last three centuries. What influenced people to leave their home countries, family, and friends and settle somewhere else? The book may include histories of the 19th century, consider tragedies and movements activated by political events in the 20th century, and/or look at recent events of the 21st century. Push and pull factors are important points. While most of us may be influenced in a negative way by the current happenings in Eastern Europe, the Russian invasion and resulting tragedies also demonstrate some very positive human traits – the preparedness of Ukraine’s surrounding countries to help those in need and to provide a safe place for the present.
\r\n\tWhether one looks at voluntary or involuntary migration into any country, after a period of adjustment, migrants do play a positive role. The research found that migrants contribute to the economy (food, shelter, employment, tax) and enrich a country’s cultural norms. Prerequisites for successful settlements are that the host society adopts a tolerant approach and that the migrants recognize the law and the language of the host country. Nothing is ever easy or without controversy, but I am a migrant (German Australian), and life in Australia has been relatively harmonious. Issues that could be considered in the book are multicultural societies (do monocultural societies still exist?) and theories of acculturation versus integration (settlement processes).
\r\n\tTwo further issues are very important in relation to human migration. There is climate change, global warming, and the environment, which clearly affect people’s movement. Small island populations are very concerned about rising sea levels. 2021 has also seen floods costing human lives: Turkey (August 2021), Brazil (December 2021), Chile (January 2021), and South India (November 2021), to name but a few. In Australia (March 2022), farms and whole townships in New South Wales and Queensland have been flooded for the second time in five years, and plans to resettle these towns are considered. Official and social media provide ample coverage of the events, which leads me to the next issue. There is today’s very important role of the media, of the official and social media. We are constantly bombarded with images of human war tragedies and flood victims. People in industrialized, western countries must be the best-informed populace. How far do the images and up-to-date TV news influence us, make us change our behavior, and perhaps even consider us more generous than we have been?
\r\n\tClimate change and the media are relatively new to the human migration debate, but both issues play important parts, and some interesting discussions are appreciated.
\r\n\t
Von Neumann digital computer architecture [1] that existed since the 1940s and still being the only viable architecture for computers cannot keep up with the exponential speed needed, to process data for machine learning and artificial intelligence applications as we move into a internet of things (IoT) dominated world. This architecture cannot keep up with Moore’s law that predicted the count of transistors in a CPU to double every 2 years, while at the same time, the CPU clock rate reached a ceiling at 4 GHz due to prevalence of current leakage in nanometric nodes. Hence, the move to multicore architecture is running against the power requirements for simultaneously powering these cores. All this can be traced to the excess amount of energy consumption of digital switching and the bandwidth limitation of the metal interconnects. These listed bottlenecks are driving the efforts for a new computing architecture towards the use of neuromorphic photonics, especially with the fast track to maturity that photonic integration has taken with III-V material processing and recently with Silicon photonics. Photonic integration offers a rich library of various components with reduced latency, higher bandwidth, and energy efficiency. It also facilitates nonlinear optoelectronic devices along with photonic/electronic integration and compact packaging.
The chapter is organized as follows: Section 2 covers background information on Neurons, and the efficiency of information processing in the human brain compared with other available technologies, it also covers addresses photonic tensor cores, the basic architecture of photonic neuron, and how the information is coded. Section 3 introduces photonic neuron based semiconductor lasers with optoelectronic feedback, along with feedback control theory, and the equations covering self-pulsating mode of laser neuron system. Section 4, presents simulation results and noise analysis of the photonic neuron system, while Section 5, provides the concluding remarks of this work.
In this section, we survey competing technologies and their architectures while comparing them to the ultimate information processor in the human brain.
The human brain contains around 100 billion neurons. It is the most complex system for information processing in existence, with an execution power of 10e18 (multiply-accumulate matrix) MAC/s with only 20 Watts power needed [2, 3]. Each of those neurons has an average of 10e4 inputs of tiny neurotransmitter junctions known as synapse. This translates into 10e15 of synapses connections, while the bandwidth of the signal processed in the brain is 1 KHz max. The computational efficiency of the brain is less than 1 AttoJoules/MAC while supercomputers today have an efficiency of 100 picoJoules/MAC, in other word, the magnitude of the brain efficiency is 8 orders better than supercomputers as can be seen in Figure 1. The neuron by definition is a single brain cell. It communicates with other neurons with electrical impulses via thousands of synapses. The neurotransmitters (chemical secretions) electrical input to the neuron comes from other neurons with different weights. The signal level needs to exceed a certain threshold value to cause the neuron to fire, sending a series of electrical spikes to other neurons. Below threshold input, the neuron output is very small and linear, while above threshold, the neuron output is large and nonlinear. This behavior is similar to how lasers operate; below threshold, the optical output is made of spontaneous emission, low output incoherent optical power, while above threshold, stimulated emission dominates and produce large coherent optical light output. A key requirement to have the laser behave as a neuron is to include an absorber section to limit the spontaneous emission output below threshold levels. These electrical activities in the brain can be monitored using ElectroEncephaloGraph (EEG), these signals can be strongly correlated with different cognitive tasks, but they appear as a chaotic signal plot when plotted against time from physics and mathematics perspectives.
Comparing computational speed with efficiency for various elements of available technologies [
The key driver for neuromorphic photonic approach especially in Machine-Learning, is the move from electronic processing approach in hardware systems such as Google’s Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) which relies on grinding through stacks of repeated matrix multiplications that require immense amount of power. Neuromorphic photonic approach facilitates a photonic solution that is a modular photonic tensor core (PTC) where all matrix calculations get processed in the optical domain. This PTC process provides three orders of magnitude more computing power than TPU with processing of the multiply-accumulate matrix (MAC) operations. TPU data also exhibit long run times especially when performing image processing. While PTC can use the wave nature of light to, directly perform summation using coherent addition of wave amplitudes, and multiplications can result from the interaction of optical waves with matter. At the same time, and similar to the behavior of biological neurons, where each neuron can both process and store data, PTC replicates these functions, which dramatically reduces latency [5].
The neuron consists of an input stage that is a linear combination (weighted addition) of the outputs of the neurons feeding it. The combined signals from the input stage are integrated to produce a nonlinear response as dictated by the activation function see Figure 2.
Neuron signal flow model [
This neuron must perform three mathematical operations:
Vector (weighting) multiplication
Spatial summation
Nonlinear transformation
All inputs must be of the same nature as outputs.
In order to have an efficient signal modulation scheme, a hybrid combination of analog and digital signal representation need to be implemented that mimics the way the brain encodes information as events in time. The type of a well-known modulation scheme used in optical communication systems called Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) [6, 7].
This modulation format exploits the efficiency of analog signals and at the same time reduces the noise accumulation that distorts analog signals (see Figure 3).
Spiking neuron information encoding scheme of events rather than bits [
Semiconductor lasers are widely used in many applications for both digital and analog signal processing. For the past two decades, specifications of these lasers have addressed many specific applications by tailoring the laser design parameters to meet specific performance target. While the aim of this work is to use low cost lasers with generic specifications, modify and enhance their essential performance parameters to behave as a photonic neuron in addition to the applications addressed in [8] by using electronic feedback for triggering self-pulsating behavior necessary for spiking neuron model. The main driver behind this work is to facilitate photonic integration, improving laser modulation bandwidth and increasing laser relaxation oscillation frequency. The performance for all these applications is analyzed in both time and frequency domains. Mainly, by adjusting the feedback loop settings so it can operate outside its stable regime but just ahead of the chaos mode, so the laser can run in self-pulsation mode. This provides the use of the laser drive current as a single point of control for the pulsation rep-rate and.
The theory behind this work is based on the classical control theory of negative feedback. Recent work by [9], has presented a rigorous, yet simple and intuitive, non-linear analysis method for predicting injection locking in LC oscillators.
A system with a negative feedback control loop is shown in Figure 4.
Negative feedback loop system [
It consists of a forward-gain element with transfer function
Where
The closed loop transfer function of such system is:
This system can be linearized by making the gain product
With this condition, the transfer function becomes dependent solely on the feedback gain coefficient and response of the feedback loop, which becomes linear:
A feedback loop can oscillate if its open-loop gain exceeds unity and simultaneously its open-loop phase shift exceeds π. There are poles that are present in the closed loop configuration with at least one pole of an unstable loop lies in the right half of the s-plane in Figure 5.
S-plane plot.
Analysis of stability of this system can be done according to the Nyquist Criterion [10] by investigating pole location.
It is based on Nyquist plot where the open-loop transfer function is analyzed with a plot of real and imaginary parts. Where stability of the closed-loop system is determined If poles are present in the Left Half (LHP) of the s-Plane.
If poles are present in the Right Hand Plane (RHP), the closed-loop system becomes unstable. In brief, the Nyquist criterion is a method for the determination of the stability of feedback loop systems as a function of an adjustable gain and delay parameters in the feedback section. It simply determines if the system is stable for any specified value of the feedback transfer function
For the self-pulsation mode, it is well known that an active circuit with feedback can produce self-sustained oscillations only if the criterion formulated by Barkhausen [10] is fulfilled. This criterion is defined as when the denominator of the closed loop transfer function is zero. The poles in this self-pulsation mode need to be located outside RHP (Chaos mode) and LHP (Stable mode), only present up and down on the imaginary axis of the s-plane plot with a zero value on the real axis and where the phase of this transfer function:
Eqs. (3) and (4) are the phase and gain conditions, respectively. Based on Barkhausen criterion, the oscillation frequency is determined by the phase condition (3).
There have been numerous publications on the effects of lasers with electronic feedback [11, 12, 13], covering mainly the various states from operating this system. The in this work is on increasing the feedback loop delay to achieve self-pulsation and chaos modes.
Starting with the DFB laser characteristics that are modeled using the well-known rate equations [8, 14] that have been modified to include the electronic feedback parameters.
Where Eq. (5), represents the carrier density equation with the feedback terms,
The laser parameters included in these equations are listed in Table 1.
Symbol | Value | Dimension | Description |
---|---|---|---|
I(t) | — | A | Laser current |
S(t) | — | m−3 | Photon density |
Γ | 0.44 | — | Optical confinement factor |
g | cm−3/s | Gain slope | |
N(t) | — | m−3 | Carrier density |
N | cm−3 | Carrier density at transparency | |
ε | cm | Gain saturation parameter | |
s | Photon lifetime | ||
β | — | Spontaneous emission factor | |
s | Carrier lifetime | ||
Va | cm | Volume of the active region | |
— | — | Phase of the electric field from the laser | |
α | 3.1 | — | Line-width enhancement factor |
P(t) | — | W | Optical power from laser |
Q | C | Electronic charge | |
η | 0.1 | — | Total quantum efficiency |
h | J.s | Plank’s constant | |
Rad/s | 3 dB Bandwidth of amplifier Circuit | ||
Gain cross section |
Paramters used in this work [14].
The optical output power from the laser is represented in Eq. (8)
The system being analyzed which includes the laser and the feedback loop is shown in Figure 6.
Laser system with feedback.
This system consists of a wideband monitor diode located at the back facet of the laser cavity and electrical amplifier. This implementation using the wideband back-facet monitor [15], provides the means to control and manage the short propagation delay in the feedback loop, this is necessary layout in order to achieve the desired performance characteristics. It also provides a mechanically stable system. The key parameters calculated from the model equations are the relaxation oscillation frequency (ROF), and the damping factor. The system is configured to account for the delay, gain and bandwidth of the feedback loop and are expressed in the following forms:
The laser transfer function
Where K is:
and γd, the damping factor, is of the form:
In the feedback loop, the amplifier transfer function A is of the form
Where
For the delay transfer function
Where
Based on the well-known control theory of systems with negative feedback [16], the complete transfer function on this complete laser system
Using the parameters listed in Table 1, the calculated laser threshold current is 9.4 mA. The slope efficiency is calculated at 0.04 mW/mA.
Setting up the system to operate in self-pulsating state with fixed FB loop gain of −0.05 and loop delay of 50 ps, the physical phenomenon of self-pulsation process is described as the sharpening and extraction of the first spike of the relaxation oscillation frequency (ROF) of the laser cavity. The feedback sharpens the falling edge of the first spike and suppresses the subsequent spikes.
Hence, lasers with stronger ROF generate shorter pulses. We show the system transfer function (Y(jω)) magnitude and phase plots in Figure 7. What we see is in the case where the feedback loop is applied an enhanced second peak in the magnitude transfer function plot of Figure 7 which indicates the generation of sharp pulsation. The inverse of the frequency peak corresponds to the pulse interval in the time domain.
Magnitude and phase plots of the laser transfer function with feedback loop in self-pulsation regime for various current values (FB loop gain = −0.05, FB loop delay = 50 ps).
A capture of the time-domain picture of the self-pulsation mode, is shown in Figure 8 where the set points are at 50 mA bias current with feedback delay of 50 ps and feedback gain of −0.05. This plot shows the output power of the system where the pulse interval is 147 ps and the pulse width is 50 ps.
Time domain plot for self-pulsation case (delay = 50 ps, gain = −0.05) for 50 mA bias current where the pulse interval is 147 ps.
Figure 9 shows the change of the pulse interval (Free Spectral Range) as a function of the bias current. The pulse interval can be fine-tuned over a range > 50 ps. The shortest pulse interval was achieved for these particular laser parameters from Table 1. When setting the delay at 30 ps and the gain at −0.05 with 50 mA bias current was 80 ps with pulse width of 30 ps. These limitations on the pulse width are governed mainly by the laser carrier lifetime in the laser structure. This is a crucial feature for photonic neurons, as the pulse interval can be adjusted by modulating the laser current, where asymmetric spacing is needed based on specific events that lead to neuron firing.
Pulse interval adjustment as a function of bias current for 50 ps delay and gain of −0.05.
In section (2) of this chapter, we analyzed the rate Eqs. (5)–(7) without the inclusion of the Langevin noise terms
Where
The other type of noise effect analyzed is the system phase noise, which has dramatic effects on the performance of pulsed laser sources especially when it comes to timing jitter. The system phase noise
The system phase noise
Laser phase noise plot derived from the spectral density of the line-width.
The integrated rms timing jitter
rms timing jitter over the entire frequency range.
Where
For a pulsed source with a pulse interval of 80 ps, the maximum tolerated rms jitter for sampling application is 120th the pulse interval according to [19]. The listed requirements of maximum tolerated rms jitter is 667 fs while our calculated jitter shown in Figure 11 is around 15 fs.
We also analyzed how certain laser physical design parameters presented can enhance further the performance of this self-pulsating laser structure with feedback for neuromorphic application. Our analysis determined that increasing the laser cavity length can produce a narrower linewidth by increasing the photon lifetime which will enhance further the timing jitter performance, another approach is to use quantum dot based laser structures which can deliver close to zero or negative linewidth enhancement factor (α parameter).
Based on the modified rate equations for analyzing DFB laser system with electronic feedback, this work addresses the need for self-pulsating laser behaving as a photonic neuron, this work provides detailed requirements for feedback loop delay, bandwidth, and gain ranges required to operate the laser self-pulsation modes. These effects were simulated numerically and guidelines were generated for the list of recommended parameters necessary to realize such system. The time domain pulse interval which is crucial for neumorphic photonics was also analyzed using only the laser drive current for tuning the pulse interval of −2 ps/mA for the realization of variable spaced pulses necessary for this application with pulse spikes as narrow as 30 ps. We also provided analysis of phase noise and rms jitter. These results also show that a pulse train can be generated and controlled with only the laser bias current without the use of external clocking or signaling sources, while PPM signals can ride on top of the laser current modulation to code signals into the laser output, which now provides to degrees of adjustments, one for the pulse grouping (interval) and one for the information to be transmitted using PPM.
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\n\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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There are various sources of these antioxidants like endogenous antioxidant present in the body and exogenous food source. In recent decades, alternate of synthetic food antioxidants by natural ones has fostered interest on vegetable sources and the screening of inexpensive raw materials particularly from the agriculture for identifying new antioxidants. Polyphenols are the significant plant compounds with antioxidant activity, though not the only ones. Some but not only restricted to biological properties such as anticarcinogenicity, antimutagenicity, antiallergenicity, and antiaging activity have been reported for natural and synthetic antioxidants. 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Milk quality and food safety concern in the consumers’ health and nutrition in public health surveillance prevent food-borne diseases, food poisoning, and zoonosis risk by raw milk and fresh dairy products. The aim of this work is focused on milk microbial contamination and its impacts on milk production and dairy industry with their implications in milk product quality, food-borne diseases from raw milk, and unpasteurized milk by food-borne pathogen microbial contamination and milk and dairy product spoilage. The microbial milk contamination source comes from herd hygiene and health status, mastitis prevalence, production environment, and milking parlor and milk conserving practices in dairy farm. Moreover, these facts are implicated in milk quality and milk spoilage and unsafe dairy products. The milk production system and the dairy plant operations keep track in pasteurized milk and fresh dairy products reviewing the traceability in field situational diagnosis report.",book:{id:"7943",slug:"nutrition-in-health-and-disease-our-challenges-now-and-forthcoming-time",title:"Nutrition in Health and Disease",fullTitle:"Nutrition in Health and Disease - Our Challenges Now and Forthcoming Time"},signatures:"Valente Velázquez-Ordoñez, Benjamín Valladares-Carranza, Esvieta Tenorio-Borroto, Martín Talavera-Rojas, Jorge Antonio Varela-Guerrero, Jorge Acosta-Dibarrat, Florencia Puigvert, Lucia Grille, Álvaro González Revello and Lucia Pareja",authors:[{id:"15423",title:"Qco.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Pareja",slug:"lucia-pareja",fullName:"Lucia Pareja"},{id:"199849",title:"Dr.",name:"Velazquez",middleName:"Ordoñez",surname:"Valente",slug:"velazquez-valente",fullName:"Velazquez Valente"},{id:"280178",title:"Dr.",name:"Esvieta",middleName:null,surname:"Tenorio-Borroto",slug:"esvieta-tenorio-borroto",fullName:"Esvieta Tenorio-Borroto"},{id:"280179",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamín",middleName:null,surname:"Valladares-Carranza",slug:"benjamin-valladares-carranza",fullName:"Benjamín Valladares-Carranza"},{id:"280184",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Acosta-Dibarrat",slug:"jorge-acosta-dibarrat",fullName:"Jorge Acosta-Dibarrat"},{id:"285302",title:"Dr.",name:"Martín",middleName:null,surname:"Talavera Rojas",slug:"martin-talavera-rojas",fullName:"Martín Talavera Rojas"},{id:"285303",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Grille",slug:"lucia-grille",fullName:"Lucia Grille"},{id:"291633",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"González Revello",slug:"alvaro-gonzalez-revello",fullName:"Alvaro González Revello"},{id:"301478",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jorge Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Varela-Guerrero",slug:"jorge-antonio-varela-guerrero",fullName:"Jorge Antonio Varela-Guerrero"},{id:"301479",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Florencia",middleName:null,surname:"Puigvert",slug:"florencia-puigvert",fullName:"Florencia Puigvert"}]},{id:"60461",title:"Biological Activities of the Doum Palm (Hyphaene thebaica L.) 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Studies on anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and pharmacological potential of Hyphaene thebaica extracts and its major phytoconstituents like the phenolic, essential oil and flavonoid compounds are extensively discussed in this review.",book:{id:"6678",slug:"antioxidants-in-foods-and-its-applications",title:"Antioxidants in Foods and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Antioxidants in Foods and Its Applications"},signatures:"Hossam S. El-Beltagi, Heba I. Mohamed, Hany N. Yousef and Eman\nM. Fawzi",authors:[{id:"138817",title:"Dr.",name:"Heba",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",slug:"heba-mohamed",fullName:"Heba Mohamed"},{id:"240003",title:"Prof.",name:"Hossam",middleName:"Saad",surname:"El-Beltagi",slug:"hossam-el-beltagi",fullName:"Hossam El-Beltagi"},{id:"251695",title:"Prof.",name:"Eman",middleName:null,surname:"Fawzi",slug:"eman-fawzi",fullName:"Eman Fawzi"},{id:"251950",title:"Dr.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"Yousef",slug:"hany-yousef",fullName:"Hany Yousef"}]},{id:"71665",title:"Global Prevalence of Malnutrition: Evidence from Literature",slug:"global-prevalence-of-malnutrition-evidence-from-literature",totalDownloads:2039,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Malnutrition is a widespread problem, affecting the global population at some life stage. This public health epidemic targets everyone, but the most vulnerable groups are poverty-stricken people, young children, adolescents, older people, those who are with illness and have a compromised immune system, as well as lactating and pregnant women. Malnutrition includes both undernutrition (wasting, stunting, underweight, and mineral- and vitamin-related malnutrition) and overnutrition (overweight, obesity, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases). In combating malnutrition, healthcare costs increase, productivity is reduced, and economic growth is staggered, thus perpetuating the cycle of ill health and poverty. The best-targeted age for addressing malnutrition is the first 1000 days of life as this window period is ideal for intervention implementation and tracking for the improvement of child growth and development. There is an unprecedented opportunity to address the various forms of malnutrition, especially the 2016–2025 Decade of Action on Nutrition set by the United Nation. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. 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