Frequency and percentage of the 17 most common species present in the study location.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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A.\nHis research firsts include, some of them as patent applications, a Genuine Solid Rocket Propellant in 1959, The first Romanian liquid propellant rocket engine in 1969, the first Capture of freezing temperature of water-gas reaction in 1982, the first Romanian air-breathing rocket engine in 1987, a New variational method for discontinuous integrands in 1997, a new technology for Air captured imaging and TV live transmission from high altitude airplanes of solar eclipse in 1999, Non-Keplerian gravity coupling of very large space structures in 2004, Solar gravity-assisted Accelerator in 2006, The unit histogram for scarce statistical information in 2008, the Combined Rocket Engine in 2010, Solenoid microthruster for spacecraft orientation in 2012 and others. Project Director of NERVA grant (UEFISCDI) for the first Romanian orbital launcher, dr. 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Soil fertility under tropics is mainly influenced by biological interactions, and trees are the main driver of these, as they provide the rough material to achieve these [8]. Bellow and above grounds interactions significantly influence the status of soil health through their rooting habit, but also through the decomposition and mineralization of the litter fall. Several studies have demonstrated that the reduction of nutrient and organic matter content in the soil is a serious threat for agricultural production and food security in many tropical countries [9, 10]. Research has been involved in this theme to understand the mechanisms of conservation and improvement of soil fertility by trees. Numerous studies have identified links between traditional knowledge of trees associated with cocoa agroforest and soil health (fertility), although some processes are difficult to codify [8, 11, 12].
Although not always recognized by agronomists, trees in cocoa-based agroforests have more uses for local farmers than just providing a suitable microclimate for cocoa trees [3, 8]. Some indigenous species are maintained in the system by local farmers for their fertilizing capacities through nutrient recycling. Such tree species most mentioned as positively influencing fertility of soils and/or having other desirable attributes in traditional land used as described by [8, 11] include species such as
Appropriate tree species selection based on nutrient cycling is a vital issue in agroforestry practices [13]. So far, the screening or prioritization of commonly present indigenous trees species of cocoa-based agroforestry systems (CBAFS) is based on ethnoecological and ethnopedological studies [11, 12] but a scientific approach was carried base on the rate of mychorrizal colonization of the roots of some of these indigenous tree species. The results established a positive correlation between local farmer’s classification of ten indigenous tree species with high fertility potential, and the colonization of the roots of those by mychorrizal [11]. However, no or little attempt has been taken to assess the fertility potential of these trees in term of their nutrient content present in their leaf litterfall, hence the need for this study.
This study, therefore, aims to investigates farmer’s perceptions and knowledge on the fertilizing potential of the leaf litterfall of the non – cocoa tree associated to cocoa in CBAFS. If the pertinence of the perceptions is established, such measures could be introduced in management plans for cocoa- based systems in order to enhance their ecological and economic performance.
This multiscale study encompassed the village area, the household and farming unit, the cocoa farm and homogeneous cocoa plantations. The study was conducted in the Centre Region, i.e., in the Evodoula subdivision (Latitude: 4° 04′ 60.00“ N Longitude: 11° 11’ 60.00” E) (Figure 1). Located in one of the oldest cocoa producing basin in a degraded forest zone, the Evodoula village (≈76 Pop/km2) is characterized by a high land use intensity.
Location of the study site in it agro-ecological zone.
The climate is hot and humid with average temperatures and relative humidity of 25°C and 75% respectively. The rainfall pattern is bimodal with a heavy rainy season running from mid-September to mid-November, and a severe dry season running from December to mid-March.
Pedologically, there is a wide variety of soils based on structure and texture. The soils are mostly ferralitic, sandy clay and hydromorphic in the lowlands found around certain places. These soils are 90% agricultural land, favorable to the cultivation of cocoa and to a wide range of food and market garden products and are intensively exploited because of the strong demography. The operating method is based on clearing, cutting, burning and plowing, which helps to strip the vegetation cover and exposes the soil to severe erosion and reduced fertility. Unfortunately, the amendments (organic fertilizers) recommended by the competent services are used very little [14].
Vegetation is semi-deciduous evergreen and degrades from the gradient Equator to north [11].
Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from August 2013 to March 2014. Two different methods were used for data collection: (1) semi-structured socioeconomic surveys with households, and (2) direct observations and measurements in cocoa plantations. A total of forty (40) cocoa growers, were selected randomly for the semi-structured socioeconomic interview. These were focused on cocoa plantation characteristics (plantation status, age, history since its initial planting, area, cocoa tree ages, etc.) and the identification/selection and ranking of 10 tree species with leaf litterfall of high fertility potential was done. This identification/selection and ranking was based on their ethno-botanical knowledge of associated indigenous species, and the productivity of cocoa stands around those species. A generalized farmers’ ranking was obtained by calculating the mean value of the position occupied in the individual farmers’ ranking. The empirical classification by farmers of the fertility potential of these ten species was then compared to the classification of the same species based on their respective nutrient contents (Test Ranking).
Following these interviews with the cocoa growers, field visits to plantations were organized to select fifteen (15) cocoa agroforestry systems, through an in – depth assessment, for specific farm characterization. In each of the fifteen cocoa agroforestry systems, a systematic inventory of all non-cocoa trees exceeding 1 m in height were inventoried over the total area of each cocoa plantation following the method of [15]. Each tree species (forest, exotic as well as palm tree) was counted, numbered, identified and their density per plot estimated. The species identifications were based on vernacular names in the ‘Eton’ language with the assistance of the farm owner and correspondences with the scientific names were established from literature review [16].
From the above fifteen cocoa farms, litterfall of the 10 trees species of high fertility potential as rank by farmers was collected daily. Here, every newly fallen leaf was collected systematically at the same time after every two (02) days for one (1) week. The collection of fresh litterfall was done by a random walk around the specific tree species studied and the distance covered was from the base of the trunk to the longest branch of tree when the sun is at the zenith. Litterfall was conditioned according to standard procedure and taken to the laboratory for compositional analysis of macro-nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) and analyses were carried in conformity with standard analytical procedures of [17].
The data collected from the questionnaire and inventory forms were checked, entered into Microsoft Office Excel 2007 software and were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 12.0. These analyzes consisted of descriptive statistics (sum, frequency, percentage, tree species densities and cross-tabulations of results), interactive graphs, and the total litter primary macro-nutrient (PMM) contents of the tree’s species; which was obtained by summing the proportion of the respective elements analyzed. This, enable us to established the Test ranking of trees species. Data obtained from the chemical analysis were analyzed as a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the Proc GLM IN in SAS version 9.0. Separation of means was done using the DUNGAN Multiple Range Test, to test for significant effects between the leaf litters nutrient compositions of the different tree species at 5% probability level.
Many of the CBAFS monitored in the study area were cultivated and managed in very traditional ways resembling the approaches implemented previously by the elders. Among the households surveyed, 20% of the cocoa plantations had been established by the current owners, 80% had been established by grandparents or parents of the current owners (inherited). Those cocoa plantations had been established from food-crop fields (13%) or forest areas (73%). As a whole, 40% of the farms fall in the age range of (> 10–30 years), while 27% and 33% represent the age range of (≤ 10 years) and (> 30 years) respectively. Local classification of Cocoa cultivars used in the area identified two varieties; the local Cocoa landraces locally called “German variety” (80%) (Figure 2), mostly made up of Forastero-Amazonian or upper Amazon varieties and a considerable population of Trinitario in the old Cocoa orchard. Due to the fact that 40% of the plantation studied are old plantations that is >30-year-old, some of the farmers turn to regenerate their plantations consequently, some systems (13%) had a mixture of the “German cocoa” and the Hybrids while, the young systems (7%) were mostly dominated by the improved varieties or hybrids locally called ‘SODECAO’ from the name of the parastatal in charge of the distribution of the cultivars of that variety. Farmers had specific knowledge of the behavioral characteristics of each of cocoa cultivars.
Type of vegetative material used in the study zone.
The results of the inventory of non-cocoa tree species diversity showed that there were in total 122 different non-cocoa trees species, with in total 1417 shade trees recorded over a total surface area of 29.5 ha, resulting to a shade tree density of 48 trees/ha of the different cocoa systems of the studied. Species sampled belonged to 37 tree families. The families mostly represented were: Sterculiaceae (28 species), Moraceae (22 species), Mimosaceae (15 species), Apocynaceae (13 species), Anacardiaceae (11 species), Euphorbiaceae (10 species), Meliaceae (10 species), Rutaceae (10 species), Bombaceae (8 species), Burseraceae (8 species) and Musaceae (8 species). Also, 493 trees belonging to 43 species were of the fruit types, while, 924 trees belonging to 79 specie were of the forest type. The 17 most occurring trees species are shown in Table 1.
No. | Scientific name | Local name | Family | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Andok ntangani | Anacardiaceae | 135 | 18% | |
2 | Pia | Lauraceae | 131 | 17% | |
3 | Sa’a | Burseraceae | 81 | 11% | |
4 | Abang | Moraceae | 66 | 9% | |
5 | Akom | Combretaceae | 64 | 8% | |
6 | Allen | Arecaceae | 59 | 8% | |
7 | Sayeme | Mimosaceae | 37 | 5% | |
8 | Opong | Sterciliaceae | 34 | 4% | |
9 | Opouma | Rutaceae | 33 | 4% | |
10 | Ekokolle | Moraceae | 24 | 3% | |
11 | Abel | Sterculiacaeae | 17 | 2% | |
12 | Eseng | Cecropiaceae | 15 | 2% | |
13 | Bibollo | Meliaceae | 14 | 2% | |
14 | Avo | Sapotaceae | 13 | 2% | |
15 | Nia opouma | Rutaceae | 13 | 2% | |
16 | Asse | Meliaceae | 12 | 2% | |
17 | Kodibé | Sterculiacaeae | 11 | 1% |
Frequency and percentage of the 17 most common species present in the study location.
Cocoa farmers interviewed confirm that, all cocoa-based systems studied (100%) were dominated by the presence of indigenous trees species. The latter produced more litter than the exotic trees species. The organic matter they produced played a favorable role in maintaining the soils’ fertility. The farmers believe in their protecting ability against soil erosion (13%), maintenance and improvement of the soils’ physico-chemical properties (structure; porosity; water retention, and soil nutrient) (100%), modification of the soil temperature (13%), and the rapid decomposition of organic matter (87%).
Farmers based their perceptions of the fertility potential of certain tree species on the observation of cocoa productivity around the tree (100%), vegetative aspect such as the size; the consistency and the arrangement in relation with the crown cover (93%). It is understood that, tree species introduced or maintained by farmers are those closer to the cocoa trees and through the quality of litterfall, shade, and eventual improvement of the soils’ fertility plays an essential role on the cocoa productivity.
The ranking of the tree species with respect to their fertility potential, by local farmers, in decreasing order of importance is shown in Table 2.
No. | Trees species | Mean rank |
---|---|---|
1 | 1.4 | |
2 | 1.9 | |
3 | 2.8 | |
4 | 2.8 | |
5 | 3 | |
6 | 3.3 | |
7 | 4.2 | |
8 | 5.5 | |
9 | 7.7 | |
10 | 9.9 |
Farmers mean ranking of tree species of indicators of fertile soil.
Significant difference was found to exist in the chemical composition (quality) between litterfall from the different studied tree species ranked by farmers and within the different nutrient elements tested. Nitrogen was the main nutrient in leaf litter of different tree species with its concentration varying from 2.82 to 5.57% and a mean of 4.23 ± 1.065%. Phosphorus is present in very low concentration, typically around 0.001% while K varied widely from 1.95 to 18.9 cmol/kg. Mg was quantitatively the second element in leaf litter, with values ranging from 20 to 310.75 cmol/kg (Table 3).
Nutrient content species | N (%) | P (%) | K (cmol /kg) | Mg (cmol /kg) | Ca (cmol /kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5.57a | 0.17ab | 15.36abc | 108.25b | 50.25b | |
Eribroma oblungum | 5.36ab | 0.14abc | 16.36abc | 310.75a | 28.2cd |
5.35ab | 0.192a | 15.62abc | 66.83bc | 6.78bc | |
Alstonia boonei | 4.95 ab | 0.116abcd | 13.41c | 57.25bc | 33.9bc |
Zanthoxylum heitzi | 4.58abc | 0.072cde | 18.90a | 60.17bc | 23.9bc |
Ficus mucoso | 4.08bcd | 0.173ab | 17.49ab | 59.33bc | 168.35bc |
Musanga cecropoides | 3.35cd | 0.033e | 5.26d | 244.5a | 29.2a |
3.27d | 0.109bcde | 13.90bc | 49bc | 13.7bc | |
Irvingia gabonensis | 2.98d | 0.087cde | 15.19abc | 20c | 60.55c |
Coula edulis | 2.82d | 0.04de | 1.95d | 73.67bc | 16.45bc |
9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | |
6.92 | 5.28 | 22.09 | 17.15 | 30.71 | |
0.0002 | 0.001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Chemical composition of the litter falls of the 10 trees species ranked by farmers.
Values in the same column followed by different superscript are statistically different at P < 0.05 level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Considering the importance of these nutrient elements to the growth of cocoa, its can be observe that, they are presence in very high concentration in the leaf litter of these trees’ species. Concentration which are a way too far higher than the threshold values required for cocoa cultivation (Table 4).
Macronutrient | Unit | Threshold values |
---|---|---|
Total Nitrogen | % | 0.2–0.4 |
Available Phosphorous | ppm | 6.0–15.0 |
Potassium | Cmol + kg−1 | 0.2–1.2 |
Calcium | Cmol + kg−1 | 4.0–18.0 |
Magnesium | Cmol + kg−1 | 0.9–4.0 |
Average soil macronutrient threshold values for cocoa cultivation.
Source: Snoeck
Contribution of trees species in soil fertility sustenance in general was based on indicators such as cocoa productivity, abundance of biomass produced, functional attributes of certain organs of these species and interactions with the medium. The litterfall of the associated tree species, based on farmers’ perceptions determine the biomass produced, which once decomposed, improves soil fertility. The above-mentioned criteria were the basis of the ranking of 10 species of high fertility potential in descending order of importance (Table 1) by farmers. Comparison of farmers ranking with the ranking obtained by summing the nutrient content of the primary macro-nutrients (PMN) (N, P and K) (Test ranking) is presented in Table 5. Farmers’ ranking, though closer, but is different from the Test ranking.
N0 | Local ranking | Ranking according to the sum of the PMN content | Sum of the PMN Content (g/kg) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 63.3 | ||
2 | 61.5 | ||
3 | 61.3 | ||
4 | 55.9 | ||
5 | 53.9 | ||
6 | 49.4 | ||
7 | 39.3 | ||
8 | 36.6 | ||
9 | 35.8 | ||
10 | 29.4 |
Comparison of farmer’s ranking (local) with the ranking from the sum of PMN content of the studied trees species.
This study was performed in an attempt to acquire farmers’ perceptions of the fertility potential of associated non-cocoa trees in cocoa systems in order to develop more knowledge about the soil-trees interactions. The maximal farm size in the entire study area is 5 ha and the smallest cocoa fields have a surface area of 0.5 ha. The smallest surface area observed in this zone is due to the fact that 60% of the cocoa agroforests are inherited. In this zone the beneficiaries share the heritage left by their parents or relatives. This factor further contributes to the reduction of the surface area of the plantation and does not facilitate the creation of new plantation because the pressure on the available land is high, these further account for the small number of cocoa agroforests of age range ≤ 10 years within the study area. These results are similar to those obtained by [18].
The fact that most cocoa agroforest ownership is acquired by inheritance could further explain the age of the cocoa agroforest. These results are closer to those found by [19]; [18] who confirms that Cocoa orchard of Center Cameroon are old from the fact that 70% of the cocoa farms are more than 40-year-old. These results practically indicate that farmers of the study zone do not create new plantations. This is due to the high pressure exerted on the available land, which does not facilitate the acquisition of land by the younger producers. This was also observed by [20, 21] who further noted that cocoa trees were not renewed in cocoa plantations and were as old as the plantations.
Cocoa based agroforestry systems (CBAFS) of the study area are complex multispecies cropping systems whose performances are usually difficult to assess. The associated non – cocoa tree species diversity was high, with a predominance of timber species. Nevertheless, the fruit tree species
Farmers were able to identify and rank non-cocoa trees species they considered of having a high fertility potential of CBAFS in center Cameroon. These results joined those obtained by [8, 12] in their works, who identified farmers’ preferred trees species as far as soil fertility maintenance is concerned. Farmers’ ranking of trees consider as indicators of fertile soil in our study though closer but was different from the ranking obtained by [8] in his study on mycotrophy and farmer knowledge of tree species of high fertility potential in cocoa-based agroforest of southern Cameroon. Our results are also in line with the results of [27], through his work on a look at activities on preferred trees in farming systems of the main cocoa producing countries in Africa, also identified and ranked several species as preferred trees for cocoa cultivation by farmers.
The results showed that, there is a significant difference in chemical composition (quality) between leaf litterfall from the different selected tree species and within the different nutrient elements tested. These results also indicate that Nitrogen is the main nutrient in the litterfall of the different tree species concentration varying from 2.82 to 5.57% with a mean data of 4.25 ± 1.065%. Mg is quantitatively the second element in the leaf litterfall of the different tree’s species studied. The studied nutrient element where present in very high concentration and and far above the critical value needed for cocoa growth. This is in line with the finding of [28], who stated that a large part of some of these nutrient’s elements is found in the vegetation. For instance, it was found that, for Cameroon, N in the litter was about twice the amount removed by the yield, whereas for Malaysia, this ratio was nearly 5 [28].
Based on the total primary macronutrient content potentially released by associated species, it can be observed that
Compared to farmers’ ranking, these two species appear in the 1st and 2nd positions respectively, meanwhile in the test ranking they appear in the 2nd and 1st positions respectively. The order of the primary macronutrient concentrations and returns to the soil through litterfall as observed in the isolated tree is N > K > P while that of the secondary macronutrient is Mg > Ca (an indication of the ranges of nutrient elements in concentrations and returns via litterfall). These results are close to those of [29], working on nutrient stocks, nutrient cycling, and soil changes in cocoa agroforestry. It could therefore be deduced that nutrient concentration in the litterfall of some trees is higher compared to other tree species, consequently some trees have a high fertility potential compared to others. However, in the light of the differences observed between the various rankings: farmers’ ranking, test ranking, and the nutrient content of the associated species could not, on its own, serve as a tool for validating farmers’ perceptions. Other factors such as the rate of mychoryzal colonization of roots of associated species [11], and soil fauna activities are also known to be important drivers of the biological fertility of the soil and soil health in general [30].
The present study which aimed at identifying and classifying 10 top species of good fertilizing potential and then collect and analyze the litter fall from these species trees in other to bring out a link between farmers knowledge and scientific knowledge aimed at, enhancing system sustainability and productivity. An important correspondence was found between the farmers’ ranking and the chemical content of the litterfall, supporting the assertion that the integration of local knowledge in global science may contribute to easily understand the above and below grounds interactions in agroforestry systems in general and therefore pave the way for a smooth adoption among end users. Considering the increasing climate change and the predicted negative impact on cocoa production in West Africa, this approach can be a subsequent widespread call for the adoption of climate smart cocoa production.
The authors would like to thank the project C2D/PAR/SAF: ‘PROGRAMME D’APPUI A LA RECHERCHE AGRONOMIQUE DES SYSTEME AGROFORESTIERS’ for the financial support. We are also grateful to farmers in the study locations for their interest and willingness to participate in the study.
“The authors declare no conflict of interest.”
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He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. 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