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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1854",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Time Management",title:"Time Management",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The time management is worthy goal of many human activities. It concerns variety problems related to goals definition, assessment of available resources, control of management policies, scheduling of decisions. This book is an attempt to illustrate the decision making process in time management for different success stories, which can be used as reference models by the interested audience.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0335-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5122-7",doi:"10.5772/2280",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"time-management",numberOfPages:116,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5a1635f5b500ab9fc005d3ed088b0c5a",bookSignature:"Todor Stoilov",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1854.jpg",numberOfDownloads:53296,numberOfWosCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:17,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:37,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 10th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 7th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 12th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 11th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 10th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"51706",title:"Prof.",name:"Todor",middleName:null,surname:"Stoilov",slug:"todor-stoilov",fullName:"Todor Stoilov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/51706/images/system/51706.jfif",biography:"Prof. Todor Stoilov is a researcher at the Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, affiliated to the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. He graduated in 'Control engineering” in Technical University of Sofia. Prof. Todor Stoilov obtained his PhD in 1979; and in 1999 he obtained the highest scientific title - 'Doctor of Science”. Since 2000, he is a full professor in Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. He has published six monographs and more than 300 scientific papers and articles. 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\r\n\tIn mathematics, operator theory is the study of linear operators on function spaces, beginning with differential operators and integral operators. The operators may be presented abstractly by their characteristics, such as bounded linear operators or closed operators and consideration may be given to nonlinear operators. The study, which depends heavily on the topology of function spaces, is a branch of functional analysis. If a collection of operators forms an algebra over a field, then it is an operator algebra. The description of operator algebras is part of operator theory. Single operator theory deals with the properties and classification of operators, considered one at a time. For example, the classification of normal operators in terms of their spectra falls into this category.
\r\n\r\n\tThe theory of operator algebras brings algebras of operators such as C*-algebras to the fore. Many operators that are studied are operators on Hilbert spaces of holomorphic functions, and the study of the operator is intimately linked to questions in function theory. For example, Beurling's theorem describes the invariant subspaces of the unilateral shift in terms of inner functions, which are bounded holomorphic functions on the unit disk with unimodular boundary values almost everywhere on the circle. Beurling interpreted the unilateral shift as multiplication by the independent variable on the Hardy space. The success in studying multiplication operators, and more generally Toeplitz operators (which are multiplication, followed by projection onto the Hardy space) has inspired the study of similar questions in other spaces, such as the Bergman space. Hence, operator theory has a connection with complex analysis. Additionally, this book will be intended to be an illustration of the use of operator theory when applied to solve specific problems in pure and applied mathematics, engineering, physics, or science in general.
\r\n\t
The LGTB+ collective (lesbians, gays, transsexuals, and bisexuals) has acquired in recent years greater recognition of its affective-sexual diversity and with it, greater visibility in society [1]. Although the policies for the representation of this group at the community level have been updated, numerous studies continue to show the discrimination suffered by LGTB individuals, particularly the group of trans people, who are more frequently victimized even through the use of powers in public in each country [2].
Gender identity is one of the determining aspects in a person’s life. Likewise, biological sex is a condition that is assigned to us at birth based on primary sexual characteristics, a corporality that will later constitute both a legally and socially binding factor [3]. Both concepts are in interaction in the person and may or may not coincide according to what is culturally established [4].
By trans people, we will understand all those who do not recognize themselves in the sex assigned at birth and build, assume, and identify themselves and others as trans men or women; consequently, it is usual for them to want to change their names, do some medical or surgical intervention, or position themselves from another place of gender different from the normative one according to their sexual assignment [5].
The foregoing is based especially on the fact that their identity constructions go beyond the binary conception of gender, according to which there is a natural relationship and full correspondence between sex and gender [6, 7]. This sustains a system of oppression, under which “everyone” must identify and recognize themselves as they were assigned at birth, and becomes the most legitimized by society, generating as a consequence segregation, discrimination, and violence against anyone who identifies in a different way to those established and that are not normative [1].
The scenario that trans people face, with respect to the development and expression of their experiences and the construction of their gender identities, in Colombian society at the time of receiving medical care, makes it necessary to specify the definitions of the key concepts that make up these processes and that allow us to understand that they are different for each individual [3]. They are constantly nurtured from diverse identity experiences and therefore deserve that the whole of society and health providers respect and recognize their diversity [5].
The transgender population faces a social and historical problem, since the establishment of the so-called “sexual dimorphism” established in the eighteenth century, from which a whole culture arises to name the anatomical variations of the bodies, and the supposed correspondence of this with gender, whether feminine or masculine [1, 6]. All this has been implanted as an ideal for many centuries in people, causing a marginalization of everything that is outside these terms, which can also be expressed as limits.
In the field of health, there is a misunderstanding due to the differences that make up their identities, corporalities, and gender expressions, in the same way that happens in other areas of society, making it necessary for there to be an adequate provision for their needs and particularities. A situation that has given rise to discrimination, artisanal medical practices, apathy toward the health system, among others; hindering the free development of the personality of these people and the right to a life in conditions of dignity and equality [7]. The foregoing has meant that they direct their struggles so that the State and health providers guarantee adequate and continuous care, which has been materialized in different normative instruments at the international and national levels, as explained below.
A theoretical design study was carried out using the bibliographic review method, which allowed to provide a systematic framework of products in terms of scientific publications and official publications on the health of transgender people.
The units of analysis were scientific articles of primary type, located through seven databases recognized for their scientific rigor. In addition, the official web pages of activist and/or related groups were searched.
The search equation used in the keywords field (KW) was: “Health” AND “Transgender,” “Trans” OR “LGBT” AND “Paraguay.” These keywords do not necessarily correspond to thesauri, since they were chosen to ensure the widest possible number of articles published on the subject.
The search for documents included the Spanish, English, and Portuguese languages, no time period restriction was applied, and that they had been published and/or carried out in scientific journals and official web pages of activist and/or related groups.
A database of bibliographic records was generated to describe each unit of analysis with the following inductive categories: (a) bibliographic data: author and year of publication; (b) study objective and most important findings; (c) contextual variables: country where the study was conducted; (d) methodological variables: instruments and data collection techniques used. From the analysis of the bibliographic records, the deductive categories emerged: application method, study method, models, and evaluation.
Currently, the demand for health care from trans people is more frequent, so it is necessary for the doctor, even if he is not a specialist, to know general aspects regarding terminology, health needs, legal medical treatment, and considerations regarding possible effects of medical treatments to which these patients are subjected in their transition to felt gender identity [8].
To analyze this topic, it is necessary to define the terms: sex, gender, sexual determination, sexual orientation [9].
Sex is defined according to the biological determinants of the individual; In most cases, newborns are assigned as male or female according to their anatomical sex, which, for the social context, should seek to be consistent with a “masculine” (as a child) or “feminine” gender identity and expression (of girl). In the event that the newborn does not have a defined anatomical sex, the term intersex is used (previously called hermaphrodites) [10].
Gender refers to the internal personal experience of feeling masculine, feminine, or androgynous, depending on the cultural context (gender identity). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines it as “characteristics of men and women that are based on social factors, while sex refers to characteristics that are biologically determined.” If the person identifies with the sex assigned at birth, they are considered a “cisgender” person, if they do not, they are considered “transgender” [9].
The expression of gender that encompasses aspects of behavior in which men and women are different according to culture and historical stage (male or female gender behavior according to cultural patterns). In recent decades, it is more common to see expressions of gender behaviors other than those classically known as masculine or feminine, including people who are androgynous, bigenders, or who do not identify with either of the two genders (non-binary).
Sexual orientation refers to whom the sexual desire is directed toward, existing people with homo, hetero, bisexual, pansexual, demisexual orientation, none (asexual), etc., depending on where the individual’s erotic-affective attraction is directed, which it is not necessarily defined by the sex assigned at birth [9].
In short, we will have individuals with:
Chromosomal sex XX, XY and its variants.
Male, female, or intersex genital sex.
heterosexual, bisexual, asexual, demisexual, or pansexual sexual orientation.
Sexual appearance determined by the phenotypic aspect and by the expression of masculine, feminine, or androgynous gender identity or expression, depending on the cultural context of the individual [10].
Thus, we can see that sex, gender, and sexual orientation are not synonyms.
There is scarce and inaccurate information on the prevalence of transgender people in the general population; This is because population statistics reports exclude them, because trans people identify more with the denominations “man” or “woman” than with the identity of “trans,” or because of the lack of inclusion of the “non-binary” category (neither masculine nor feminine) in the studies (Table 1) [11].
Finished | Definition |
---|---|
Gender | Cultural construction that assigns, in the public and private sphere, forms of behavior and roles to women and men based on their sexual differentiation (WHO definition) |
Gender identity | Internal feeling of the individual (not visible to others), of being male or female |
Gender variants | Individual with gender expression that differs from social expectations related to the assigned gender |
Transgender | Gender identity, expression and behavior differs from the gender assigned at birth |
Cisgender | Gender identity, expression and behavior concordant with the gender assigned at birth |
Non-binary gender | Disagreement with any of the two classic forms of gender (male-female) |
Transgender man | Person with female sexual characteristics, identified as female at birth, who now feels like a man |
Transgender woman | Person with masculine sexual characteristics, identified as male at birth, who now feels like a woman |
Gender Dysphoria/Gender Identity Disorder | Term used in DSM-V and ICD-10, respectively, to describe conditions by which gender nonconformity causes clinically significant distress or discomfort. |
Transition | Time through which the person begins to live with a gender with which they identify, rather than with the gender assigned at birth |
Real life experience | Full adoption of the gender role to which the person fits. This phase is necessary before the hormonalization processes and subsequent surgical body readjustment. |
Drag queen | A man who dresses as a woman, usually for the purpose of entertainment or performance |
Drag- king | A woman who dresses as a man, usually for the purpose of entertainment or performance |
Shemale | Commonly used as a synonym for transgender. However, in some publications it is used to differentiate transgender people who have already undergone sexual readjustment processes. |
Transvestism | Temporary foray into the clothing or accessories of the opposite sex for the purpose of sexual arousal and pleasure. It is considered a paraphilia |
Definitions.
Social determinants of health are social and economic factors that influence people’s lives and circumstances in ways that predispose them to certain health-related behaviors and health outcomes [12].
According to the WHO Commission on Determinants of Health, these determinants
The distribution of these factors has been empirically shown to correlate with how health problems are distributed across populations and within subpopulations. Addressing inequity in these factors would have multiple potential benefits in terms of better health and better life experiences and opportunities in general [13].
Increasingly, sexual orientation is recognized as a social determinant of health. Research has shown that sexual minorities are disproportionately affected by mental health problems, substance use problems, and HIV, compared with heterosexual populations globally [14].
A fundamental driver of health disparities for sexual minorities is sexual stigma, defined as “
The stigma associated with sexual orientation can also influence the social conditions and life opportunities available to sexual minorities. Access to these resources by sexual minorities is restricted because sexual stigma devalues people who are homosexual, bisexual, or who hold gender identities that do not conform to heterosexual norms [8, 9].
Restricted access to these resources can, in turn, influence “livelihood strategies,” or the activities that people carry out and the decisions they make, in order to meet basic life needs such as food and shelter.
Transphobia plays a fundamental role as the determinant that conditions the health of people in this group.
Transphobia is “
Transphobia is etymologically a term of recent appearance, not yet included in the most current edition (2014) of the Dictionary of the Spanish Language of the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE). Despite this, the absence of an official description of a term does not imply its nonexistence. Continuing with the etymology, the word is made up of the particle “trans,” which according to the RAE means “on the other side,” and the word “phobia,” which means “distressing and uncontrollable fear of certain acts, ideas, objects or situations, which it is known absurd and approaches the obsession” [17, 18].
Although according to this definition, we are faced with a fear that is supposed to be personal, arbitrary, and irrational, it is far from being so. This considered “phobia“ has a much deeper root than a simple irrational fear, since it is anchored to a series of values and prejudices that we internalize when socializing in a certain culture [18].
Transphobia can manifest itself from subtle forms such as fear or negative beliefs, to much more explicit and aggressive forms such as intimidation, abuse, and even violence. There are two types of transphobia, direct and indirect. Indirect occurs when a supposedly neutral practice, rule, or criterion excludes or causes disadvantages either for reasons of gender identity, sexual orientation, or belonging to the LGTB group.
Direct transphobia consists of, for the reasons mentioned above, receiving less favorable treatment than another person who does not meet these characteristics and is in the same or equivalent situation [17].
Some noteworthy aspects in the activist and academic depathologizing discourses are the demand for recognition of both legal and health trans rights, the review of the healthcare model, and the questioning of the labels in the diagnostic classification manuals (ICD-10 and DSM) [18].
The controversy that is formed around this definition is wide, as well as the existing one about the psychiatric classification systems. This is due to the fact that, as we have commented and some authors explain, the deviation from the mean is considered abnormal, but frequently what is abnormal does not imply what is pathological. A clear example is homosexuality, excluded from the DSM in 1973 [19, 20, 21].
Thanks to activists and campaigns such as
The changes introduced in the DSM-V are still insufficient according to the STP, since the change of the title to “Gender Dysphoria” tries to reduce the stigma, but it is still debatable. For STP, this term associates the transition these people go through with a state of discomfort [9].
Although the terminological differences can be seen in the diagnostic criteria of last DSM speaks of “incongruence,” which implies a “congruence” based on the normativity and pathologizes both transit and previous experiences. In addition, the criteria in the DSM-V require for their fulfillment that the person shows at least two of those described in the figure, during a period of 6 months or more [19].
As for ICD-10, the term “Transsexualism” is found within Mental and Behavioral Disorders, while in ICD-11 we find a new chapter called “Conditions related to sexual health”, where the “Discordance of gender” in adults, adolescents. and infants.
Other barriers include: financial barriers (lack of insurance, lack of income), discrimination, lack of cultural competency by healthcare providers, health systems barriers (electronic records, forms, lab referrals, inappropriate clinical facilities), and socioeconomic barriers (transportation, housing, mental health). While other minority groups face some of these healthcare barriers, many are unique, and many are significantly magnified for transgender people [22].
Paraguay has ratified numerous international instruments for the protection of human rights, by which it is obliged to adopt measures to guarantee the sexual and reproductive health of all people and nondiscrimination based on sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity.
The amount of information referring to this situation in the country is scarce.
Regarding the development of guarantees and rights in the matter, our legal framework is manifested in the following ways:
The National Constitution of Paraguay (1992) states [23]:
Religious freedom, worship and ideology are recognized, with no other limitations than those established in this Constitution and in the law. No confession will have an official character.
The independence and autonomy of churches and religious denominations are guaranteed, with no other limitations than those imposed in this Constitution and the laws.
Nobody can be bothered, investigated or forced to testify because of their beliefs or their ideology.
Every person has the right to free expression of their personality, creativity and the formation of their own identity and image.
Ideological pluralism is guaranteed.
All the inhabitants of the Republic are equal in dignity and rights. Discrimination is not allowed. The State will remove the obstacles and prevent the factors that maintain or promote them.
The protections that are established on unfair inequalities will not be considered as discriminatory factors but rather as egalitarian.
The State shall protect and promote health as a fundamental right of the person and in the interest of the community.
No one shall be deprived of public assistance to prevent or treat diseases, pests or plagues, and relief in the event of catastrophes and accidents.
Every person is obliged to submit to the sanitary measures established by law, while respecting human dignity.
It is recognized that sex work is the main economic activity of 86% of trans people, although it is work that is not punished in Paraguay, but it is also not recognized or regulated by law. Access to jobs is impeded by discrimination due to the fact of assuming a different sexual identity, since transgender people are not hired in private entities, except in hairdressing salons or volunteering in the field of health [24].
Working life is further complicated by the fact that more than half (52%) of transgender people did not complete primary school and ended up dropping out of school due to the “
Transgender encounter the same degrading treatment when they go to health services, where they are subjected to psychological aggression and humiliation when they require health care in general, and especially when they go to obtain treatment and care for HIV and AIDS.
According to the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare of Paraguay (MSPyBS), in the general population, the prevalence of HIV infection (2017) was 23% in this population. The cascade of the continuum of HIV care in 2019 in the population of trans women shows that, for the period cited, there are 187 (96.4%) people alive who know their diagnosis, are on ART 114 (58.8%).
Lastly, 63 (32.5%) of people living with HIV have their viral load suppressed, representing a gap of 67.5%. In this case, the pillar of diagnosed trans women is practically saturated, and the main difficulty is observed in the low percentage of trans women who maintain a suppressed viral load. It can be concluded that some type of barrier must exist to ensure that this population group maintains adherence to antiretroviral treatment [26].
Regarding the Regulations, in Paraguay Resolution No. 72/2012, of the General Directorate of Penitentiary Establishments and Criminal Enforcement of the Ministry of Justice, “
In addition to this, in 2015, the Protocol for Attention to Trans Persons Deprived of Liberty was established. On the part of the MSPyBS, through Resolution No. 695/2016, the use of the social name for trans people is recommended [28].
This is why determining the knowledge and biases of the existing medical workforce should be included: medical students, physicians in training, practicing physicians, and other health workers across the spectrum of training; the adequacy of enough providers for the care required, and the state of a framework for paying for adequate care.
There is a specific need to determine if providers receive adequate training in transgender medicine and, if not, determine the gap. There is also a specific need to determine the current state of discrimination against transgender people in the healthcare system. Additionally, studies should determine possible solutions to address gaps (including training for knowledge gaps and policy changes for financial gaps) along with mechanisms to validate such solutions.
This population faces a series of problems to access health services in their countries, and Paraguay is no exception, many of the situations are linked to stigmatization, lack of medical care protocols, and lack of information on how to act in certain situations, which is determined by the lack of inclusion in the training curricula of health professionals [12, 25, 26].
Although the health problems that affect transgender people are similar to those that affect the rest of the population, some conditions are more widespread within these groups because they face situations that increase their vulnerability or risk of exposure to pathogens [1, 6].
Different studies indicate that they are mostly affected by infectious diseases such as HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, hepatitis, or genital herpes, to mention a few examples [7].
The first challenge that trans people face, and the one that permeates almost all the other challenges, is the one that has to do with the adequate recognition of their identities, and the fight for the reduction of transphobia, for the purposes of offering comprehensive and quality care [8].
There is also a great lack of education in all the staff, about their realities and rights; as well as the appropriate care protocols since there are women with a penis and men with a vulva, who require different treatments and accompaniments to achieve the full enjoyment of their identities, these points must be discussed by decision-makers in order to help the inclusion of all groups within the health service. Although, in Paraguay, the use of the social name can be found, discrimination and stigmatization continue to be an important problem [10, 11, 12, 13].
In the development of trans identities, acceptance is an aspect that perhaps has the most serious consequences for the health and full development of all the rights of these people. Although the medicalization of their bodies and sexualities has existed since the nineteenth century, due to the fact that all their diverse expressions were marginalized and cataloged by scientific discourse as abnormal and disturbed, requiring medical intervention to undo everything that does not fit into the imposed ideal dichotomy [14, 26].
An important point to note is also that 39% of the transgender population suffers from serious psychological distress (compared with 5% of the general population) that they have a nine times higher risk of suicide attempts and a five times higher frequency of infection for HIV (mostly transgender women), 25% did not seek medical care for fear of mistreatment in care services, which is striking due to the constant increase [25, 26, 27].
Violence motivated by sexual orientation or gender in sexual minorities indicates the presence of 68% of physical violence inflicted and 49% of sexual violence [15], in Paraguay there is a lack of studies that can demonstrate the real impact of transphobia in services of health and in addition to this study on the burden of diseases and disorders.
The limitations of this review are based on the scarcity of studies to carry out the study, so it is suggested to carry out a study to provide evidence on the health of trans people in Paraguay.
In conclusion, it is highlighted that although Paraguay has ratified numerous international instruments for the protection of human rights, there is still a lack of measures to guarantee the sexual and reproductive health of all people and nondiscrimination based on sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity.
In addition to public policies aimed at this group, it is necessary to establish gender regulations or laws that allow the population to develop in an integral manner.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4596",title:"Plants for the Future",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b43de0fe61cddb43f93cc0972b4299e0",slug:"plants-for-the-future",bookSignature:"Hany El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4596.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"51235",doi:"10.5772/64350",title:"Advances in Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses",slug:"advances-in-plant-tolerance-to-abiotic-stresses",totalDownloads:4372,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:49,abstract:"During the last 50 years, it has been shown that abiotic stresses influence plant growth and crop production greatly, and crop yields have evidently stagnated or decreased in economically important crops, where only high inputs assure high yields. The recent manifesting effects of climate change are considered to have aggravated the negative effects of abiotic stresses on plant productivity. On the other hand, the complexity of plant mechanisms controlling important traits and the limited availability of germplasm for tolerance to certain stresses have restricted genetic advances in major crops for increased yields or for improved other traits. However, some level of success has been achieved in understanding crop tolerance to abiotic stresses; for instance, identification of abscisic acid (ABA) receptors (e.g., ABA-responsive element (ABRE) binding protein/ABRE binding factor (AREB/ABF) transcription factors), and other regulons (e.g., WRKYs, MYB/MYCs, NACs, HSFs, bZIPs and nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y)), has shown potential promise to improve plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. Apart from these major regulons, studies on the post-transcriptional regulation of stress-responsive genes have provided additional opportunities for addressing the molecular basis of cellular stress responses in plants. This chapter focuses on the progress in the study of plant tolerance to abiotic stresses, and describes the major tolerance pathways and implicated signaling factors that have been identified, so far. To link basic and applied research, genes and proteins that play functional roles in mitigating abiotic stress damage are summarized and discussed.",book:{id:"5098",slug:"plant-genomics",title:"Plant Genomics",fullTitle:"Plant Genomics"},signatures:"Geoffrey Onaga and Kerstin Wydra",authors:[{id:"176967",title:"Prof.",name:"Kerstin",middleName:null,surname:"Wydra",slug:"kerstin-wydra",fullName:"Kerstin Wydra"},{id:"176968",title:"Dr.",name:"Geoffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Onaga",slug:"geoffrey-onaga",fullName:"Geoffrey Onaga"}]},{id:"50897",doi:"10.5772/64351",title:"Advances in Plant Tolerance to Biotic Stresses",slug:"advances-in-plant-tolerance-to-biotic-stresses",totalDownloads:3230,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:"Plants being sessile in nature encounter numerous biotic agents, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects, nematodes and protists. A great number of publications indicate that biotic agents significantly reduce crop productivity, although there are some biotic agents that symbiotically or synergistically co-exist with plants. Nonetheless, scientists have made significant advances in understanding the plant defence mechanisms expressed against biotic stresses. These mechanisms range from anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, genetics, development and evolution to their associated molecular dynamics. Using model plants, e.g., Arabidopsis and rice, efforts to understand these mechanisms have led to the identification of representative candidate genes, quantitative trait loci (QTLs), proteins and metabolites associated with plant defences against biotic stresses. However, there are drawbacks and insufficiencies in precisely deciphering and deploying these mechanisms, including only modest adaptability of some identified genes or QTLs to changing stress factors. Thus, more systematic efforts are needed to explore and expand the development of biotic stress resistant germplasm. In this chapter, we provided a comprehensive overview and discussed plant defence mechanisms involving molecular and cellular adaptation to biotic stresses. The latest achievements and perspective on plant molecular responses to biotic stresses, including gene expression, and targeted functional analyses of the genes expressed against biotic stresses have been presented and discussed.",book:{id:"5098",slug:"plant-genomics",title:"Plant Genomics",fullTitle:"Plant Genomics"},signatures:"Geoffrey Onaga and Kerstin Wydra",authors:[{id:"176967",title:"Prof.",name:"Kerstin",middleName:null,surname:"Wydra",slug:"kerstin-wydra",fullName:"Kerstin Wydra"}]},{id:"48940",doi:"10.5772/60873",title:"Biochemical Parameters in Tomato Fruits from Different Cultivars as Functional Foods for Agricultural, Industrial, and Pharmaceutical Uses",slug:"biochemical-parameters-in-tomato-fruits-from-different-cultivars-as-functional-foods-for-agricultura",totalDownloads:2473,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Tomato and tomato based products are an important agricultural production worldwide. More than 80 % of grown tomatoes in the worldwide are processing in the products such as tomato juice, paste, puree, catsup, sauce, and salsa. Tomato fruit is rich in phytochemicals and vitamins. Tomato nutritional value, color, fruit and flavor of their products depends mainly on lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid and sugars and their ratio in fruits. Epidemiological studies and the results associated with the consumption of tomato products against the prevention of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, confirming the tomato products as a functional food, and show that lycopene and β-carotene acts as an antioxidant. In order to increase the amount of these elements in tomato fruit, it is important to evaluate and investigate tomato genotypes influence to the carotenoids accumulation. Studies have confirmed that the carotenoid content in tomato fruits is determined by genotypic characteristics. In this work the main attention will be focused on from the biochemical and physical properties in tomato of different varieties, chemical and physical properties, to functional properties of supercritical fluid extraction of lycopene from tomato processing by products supercritical fluid tomato extracts.",book:{id:"4596",slug:"plants-for-the-future",title:"Plants for the Future",fullTitle:"Plants for the Future"},signatures:"Pranas Viskelis, Audrius Radzevicius, Dalia Urbonaviciene, Jonas\nViskelis, Rasa Karkleliene and Ceslovas Bobinas",authors:[{id:"83785",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranas",middleName:null,surname:"Viskelis",slug:"pranas-viskelis",fullName:"Pranas Viskelis"},{id:"171932",title:"Dr.",name:"Dalia",middleName:null,surname:"Urbonavičienė",slug:"dalia-urbonaviciene",fullName:"Dalia Urbonavičienė"},{id:"173562",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrius",middleName:null,surname:"Radzevicius",slug:"audrius-radzevicius",fullName:"Audrius Radzevicius"},{id:"173563",title:"MSc.",name:"Jonas",middleName:null,surname:"Viskelis",slug:"jonas-viskelis",fullName:"Jonas Viskelis"},{id:"173564",title:"Dr.",name:"Rasa",middleName:null,surname:"Karkleliene",slug:"rasa-karkleliene",fullName:"Rasa Karkleliene"},{id:"173565",title:"Dr.",name:"Ceslovas",middleName:null,surname:"Bobinas",slug:"ceslovas-bobinas",fullName:"Ceslovas Bobinas"}]},{id:"49877",doi:"10.5772/62083",title:"Genomics Era for Plants and Crop Species – Advances Made and Needed Tasks Ahead",slug:"genomics-era-for-plants-and-crop-species-advances-made-and-needed-tasks-ahead",totalDownloads:2499,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Historically, unintentional plant selection and subsequent crop domestication, coupled with the need and desire to get more food and feed products, have resulted in the continuous development of plant breeding and genetics efforts. The progress made toward this goal elucidated plant genome compositions and led to decoding the full DNA sequences of plant genomes controlling the entire plant life. Plant genomics aims to develop high-throughput genome-wide-scale technologies, tools, and methodologies to elucidate the basics of genetic traits/characteristics, genetic diversities, and by-product production; to understand the phenotypic development throughout plant ontogenesis with genetic by environmental interactions; to map important loci in the genome; and to accelerate crop improvement. Plant genomics research efforts have continuously increased in the past 30 years due to the availability of cost-effective, high-throughput DNA sequencing platforms that resulted in fully sequenced 100 plant genomes with broad implications for every aspect of plant biology research and application. These technological advances, however, also have generated many unexpected challenges and grand tasks ahead. In this introductory chapter, I aimed briefly to summarize some advances made in plant genomics studies in the past three decades, plant genome sequencing efforts, current state-of-the-art technological developments of genomics era, and some of current grand challenges and needed tasks ahead in the genomics and post-genomics era. I also highlighted the related book chapters contributed by different authors in this book.",book:{id:"5098",slug:"plant-genomics",title:"Plant Genomics",fullTitle:"Plant Genomics"},signatures:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",authors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}]},{id:"50295",doi:"10.5772/63361",title:"Genomics of Salinity Tolerance in Plants",slug:"genomics-of-salinity-tolerance-in-plants",totalDownloads:2700,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Plants are frequently exposed to wide range of harsh environmental factors, such as drought, salinity, cold, heat, and insect attack. Being sessile in nature, plants have developed different strategies to adapt and grow under rapidly changing environments. These strategies involve rearrangements at the molecular level starting from transcription, regulation of mRNA processing, translation, and protein modification or its turnover. Plants show stress-specific regulation of transcription that affects their transcriptome under stress conditions. The transcriptionally regulated genes have different roles under stress response. Generally, seedling and reproductive stages are more susceptible to stress. Thus, stress response studies during these growth stages reveal novel differentially regulated genes or proteins with important functions in plant stress adaptation. Exploiting the functional genomics and bioinformatics studies paved the way in understanding the relationship between genotype and phenotype of an organism suffering from environmental stress. Future research programs can be focused on the development of transgenic plants with enhanced stress tolerance in field conditions based upon the outcome of genomic approaches and knowing the mystery of nucleotides sequences hidden in cells.",book:{id:"5098",slug:"plant-genomics",title:"Plant Genomics",fullTitle:"Plant Genomics"},signatures:"Abdul Qayyum Rao, Salah ud Din, Sidra Akhtar, Muhammad Bilal\nSarwar, Mukhtar Ahmed, Bushra Rashid, Muhammad Azmat Ullah\nKhan, Uzma Qaisar, Ahmad Ali Shahid, Idrees Ahmad Nasir and\nTayyab Husnain",authors:[{id:"83285",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul Qayyum",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"abdul-qayyum-rao",fullName:"Abdul Qayyum Rao"},{id:"147560",title:"Prof.",name:"Tayyab",middleName:null,surname:"Husnain",slug:"tayyab-husnain",fullName:"Tayyab Husnain"},{id:"179282",title:"Mr.",name:"Salah Ud",middleName:null,surname:"Din",slug:"salah-ud-din",fullName:"Salah Ud Din"},{id:"179283",title:"Ms.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",slug:"sidra-akhtar",fullName:"Sidra Akhtar"},{id:"179284",title:"Mr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Sarwar",slug:"bilal-sarwar",fullName:"Bilal Sarwar"},{id:"179285",title:"Mr.",name:"Mukhtar",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"mukhtar-ahmed",fullName:"Mukhtar Ahmed"},{id:"179286",title:"Dr.",name:"Uzma",middleName:null,surname:"Qaisar",slug:"uzma-qaisar",fullName:"Uzma Qaisar"},{id:"179287",title:"Dr.",name:"Bushra",middleName:null,surname:"Rashid",slug:"bushra-rashid",fullName:"Bushra Rashid"},{id:"179288",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"ahmad-ali-shahid",fullName:"Ahmad Ali Shahid"},{id:"179289",title:"Dr.",name:"Idrees Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Nasir",slug:"idrees-ahmad-nasir",fullName:"Idrees Ahmad Nasir"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"48920",title:"Molecular Farming in Plants",slug:"molecular-farming-in-plants",totalDownloads:3344,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Plant molecular farming describes the production of recombinant proteins and other secondary metabolites in plants. This technology depends on a genetic transformation of plants that can be accomplished by the methods of stable gene transfer, such as gene transfer to nuclei and chloroplasts, and unstable transfer methods like viral vectors. An increasing quest for biomedicines has coincided with the high costs and inefficient production systems (bacterial, microbial eukaryotes, mammalian cells, insect cells, and transgenic animals). Therefore, transgenic plants as the bioreactors of a new generation have been the subject of considerable attention with respect to their advantages, such as the safety of recombinant proteins (antibodies, enzymes, vaccines, growth factors, etc.), and their potential for the large-scale and low-cost production. However, the application of transgenic plants can entail some worrying concerns, namely the amplification and diffusion of transgene, accumulation of recombinant protein toxicity in the environment, contamination of food chain, and costs of subsequent processing. The given threats need to be the subject of further caution and investigation to generate valuable products, such as enzymes, pharmaceutical proteins, and biomedicines by the safest, cheapest, and most efficient methods.",book:{id:"4596",slug:"plants-for-the-future",title:"Plants for the Future",fullTitle:"Plants for the Future"},signatures:"Tarinejad Alireza and Rahimi Esfanjani Nader",authors:[{id:"173317",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",middleName:null,surname:"Tarinejad",slug:"alireza-tarinejad",fullName:"Alireza Tarinejad"},{id:"174002",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Nader",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimi Esfanjani",slug:"nader-rahimi-esfanjani",fullName:"Nader Rahimi Esfanjani"}]},{id:"48940",title:"Biochemical Parameters in Tomato Fruits from Different Cultivars as Functional Foods for Agricultural, Industrial, and Pharmaceutical Uses",slug:"biochemical-parameters-in-tomato-fruits-from-different-cultivars-as-functional-foods-for-agricultura",totalDownloads:2471,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Tomato and tomato based products are an important agricultural production worldwide. More than 80 % of grown tomatoes in the worldwide are processing in the products such as tomato juice, paste, puree, catsup, sauce, and salsa. Tomato fruit is rich in phytochemicals and vitamins. Tomato nutritional value, color, fruit and flavor of their products depends mainly on lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid and sugars and their ratio in fruits. Epidemiological studies and the results associated with the consumption of tomato products against the prevention of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, confirming the tomato products as a functional food, and show that lycopene and β-carotene acts as an antioxidant. In order to increase the amount of these elements in tomato fruit, it is important to evaluate and investigate tomato genotypes influence to the carotenoids accumulation. Studies have confirmed that the carotenoid content in tomato fruits is determined by genotypic characteristics. In this work the main attention will be focused on from the biochemical and physical properties in tomato of different varieties, chemical and physical properties, to functional properties of supercritical fluid extraction of lycopene from tomato processing by products supercritical fluid tomato extracts.",book:{id:"4596",slug:"plants-for-the-future",title:"Plants for the Future",fullTitle:"Plants for the Future"},signatures:"Pranas Viskelis, Audrius Radzevicius, Dalia Urbonaviciene, Jonas\nViskelis, Rasa Karkleliene and Ceslovas Bobinas",authors:[{id:"83785",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranas",middleName:null,surname:"Viskelis",slug:"pranas-viskelis",fullName:"Pranas Viskelis"},{id:"171932",title:"Dr.",name:"Dalia",middleName:null,surname:"Urbonavičienė",slug:"dalia-urbonaviciene",fullName:"Dalia Urbonavičienė"},{id:"173562",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrius",middleName:null,surname:"Radzevicius",slug:"audrius-radzevicius",fullName:"Audrius Radzevicius"},{id:"173563",title:"MSc.",name:"Jonas",middleName:null,surname:"Viskelis",slug:"jonas-viskelis",fullName:"Jonas Viskelis"},{id:"173564",title:"Dr.",name:"Rasa",middleName:null,surname:"Karkleliene",slug:"rasa-karkleliene",fullName:"Rasa Karkleliene"},{id:"173565",title:"Dr.",name:"Ceslovas",middleName:null,surname:"Bobinas",slug:"ceslovas-bobinas",fullName:"Ceslovas Bobinas"}]},{id:"51235",title:"Advances in Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses",slug:"advances-in-plant-tolerance-to-abiotic-stresses",totalDownloads:4371,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:49,abstract:"During the last 50 years, it has been shown that abiotic stresses influence plant growth and crop production greatly, and crop yields have evidently stagnated or decreased in economically important crops, where only high inputs assure high yields. The recent manifesting effects of climate change are considered to have aggravated the negative effects of abiotic stresses on plant productivity. On the other hand, the complexity of plant mechanisms controlling important traits and the limited availability of germplasm for tolerance to certain stresses have restricted genetic advances in major crops for increased yields or for improved other traits. However, some level of success has been achieved in understanding crop tolerance to abiotic stresses; for instance, identification of abscisic acid (ABA) receptors (e.g., ABA-responsive element (ABRE) binding protein/ABRE binding factor (AREB/ABF) transcription factors), and other regulons (e.g., WRKYs, MYB/MYCs, NACs, HSFs, bZIPs and nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y)), has shown potential promise to improve plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. Apart from these major regulons, studies on the post-transcriptional regulation of stress-responsive genes have provided additional opportunities for addressing the molecular basis of cellular stress responses in plants. This chapter focuses on the progress in the study of plant tolerance to abiotic stresses, and describes the major tolerance pathways and implicated signaling factors that have been identified, so far. To link basic and applied research, genes and proteins that play functional roles in mitigating abiotic stress damage are summarized and discussed.",book:{id:"5098",slug:"plant-genomics",title:"Plant Genomics",fullTitle:"Plant Genomics"},signatures:"Geoffrey Onaga and Kerstin Wydra",authors:[{id:"176967",title:"Prof.",name:"Kerstin",middleName:null,surname:"Wydra",slug:"kerstin-wydra",fullName:"Kerstin Wydra"},{id:"176968",title:"Dr.",name:"Geoffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Onaga",slug:"geoffrey-onaga",fullName:"Geoffrey Onaga"}]},{id:"49554",title:"The Extraordinary Nature of RNA Interference in Understanding Gene Downregulation Mechanism in Plants",slug:"the-extraordinary-nature-of-rna-interference-in-understanding-gene-downregulation-mechanism-in-plant",totalDownloads:2358,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Gene silencing (also known as ribonucleic acid [RNA] interference [RNAi] or interfering RNA) was first recognized in plants and is considered one of the most significant discoveries in molecular biology in the last several years. These short-chain ribonucleic acid molecules regulate eukaryotic gene expression. The phenomenon involves a process that promotes RNA transcripts degradation through complementarity between RNA molecules and RNAi transcripts, resulting in the reduction of their translation levels. There are two principal classes of regulatory RNA molecules: small interfering RNAs (siRNA) and microRNAs (miRNA). Both are generated from the cleavage of double-stranded self-complementary RNA hairpins by a DICER enzyme that belongs to the RNase III family. Small RNAs (of about 21–24 nucleotides in size) guide specific effector Argonaute protein to a target nucleotide sequence by complementary base pairing. Thereby, the effector protein complex downregulates the expression of RNA or DNA targets. In plants, cis-regulatory RNAi sequences are involved in defense mechanisms against antagonistic organisms and transposition events, while trans-regulatory sequences participate in growth-related gene expression. siRNA also performs neutral antiviral defense mechanisms and adaptive stress responses. This document is an attempt to scrutinize the RNAi nature in understanding gene downregulation mechanism in plants and some technical applications.",book:{id:"5098",slug:"plant-genomics",title:"Plant Genomics",fullTitle:"Plant Genomics"},signatures:"Jorge Ricaño-Rodríguez, Jacel Adame-García, Silvia Portilla-\nVázquez, José M. Ramos-Prado and Enrique Hipólito-Romero",authors:[{id:"176624",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Ricaño-Rodríguez",slug:"jorge-ricano-rodriguez",fullName:"Jorge Ricaño-Rodríguez"},{id:"176991",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacel",middleName:null,surname:"Adame-García",slug:"jacel-adame-garcia",fullName:"Jacel Adame-García"},{id:"176992",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Hipólito-Romero1",slug:"enrique-hipolito-romero1",fullName:"Enrique Hipólito-Romero1"},{id:"176993",title:"Dr.",name:"José María",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos-Prado",slug:"jose-maria-ramos-prado",fullName:"José María Ramos-Prado"},{id:"177760",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Portilla-Vázquez",slug:"silvia-portilla-vazquez",fullName:"Silvia Portilla-Vázquez"}]},{id:"50295",title:"Genomics of Salinity Tolerance in Plants",slug:"genomics-of-salinity-tolerance-in-plants",totalDownloads:2700,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Plants are frequently exposed to wide range of harsh environmental factors, such as drought, salinity, cold, heat, and insect attack. Being sessile in nature, plants have developed different strategies to adapt and grow under rapidly changing environments. These strategies involve rearrangements at the molecular level starting from transcription, regulation of mRNA processing, translation, and protein modification or its turnover. Plants show stress-specific regulation of transcription that affects their transcriptome under stress conditions. The transcriptionally regulated genes have different roles under stress response. Generally, seedling and reproductive stages are more susceptible to stress. Thus, stress response studies during these growth stages reveal novel differentially regulated genes or proteins with important functions in plant stress adaptation. Exploiting the functional genomics and bioinformatics studies paved the way in understanding the relationship between genotype and phenotype of an organism suffering from environmental stress. Future research programs can be focused on the development of transgenic plants with enhanced stress tolerance in field conditions based upon the outcome of genomic approaches and knowing the mystery of nucleotides sequences hidden in cells.",book:{id:"5098",slug:"plant-genomics",title:"Plant Genomics",fullTitle:"Plant Genomics"},signatures:"Abdul Qayyum Rao, Salah ud Din, Sidra Akhtar, Muhammad Bilal\nSarwar, Mukhtar Ahmed, Bushra Rashid, Muhammad Azmat Ullah\nKhan, Uzma Qaisar, Ahmad Ali Shahid, Idrees Ahmad Nasir and\nTayyab Husnain",authors:[{id:"83285",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul Qayyum",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"abdul-qayyum-rao",fullName:"Abdul Qayyum Rao"},{id:"147560",title:"Prof.",name:"Tayyab",middleName:null,surname:"Husnain",slug:"tayyab-husnain",fullName:"Tayyab Husnain"},{id:"179282",title:"Mr.",name:"Salah Ud",middleName:null,surname:"Din",slug:"salah-ud-din",fullName:"Salah Ud 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11397,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11398,editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. 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Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"82777",title:"Sustainability and Social Investment: Community Microhydropower Systems in the Dominican Republic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105995",signatures:"Michela Izzo, Alberto Sánchez and Rafael Fonseca",slug:"sustainability-and-social-investment-community-microhydropower-systems-in-the-dominican-republic",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82387",title:"Kept Promises? 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