The role of AI in blockchain user privacy.
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5800",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"A Comprehensive Review of Urticaria and Angioedema",title:"Urticaria and Angioedema",subtitle:"A Comprehensive Review of",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book contains the latest advances and scientific knowledge from the leading experts in urticaria and angioedema. The book consists of 15 chapters in which urticaria classification, urticaria etiopathogenesis, urticaria clinics, urticarial syndromes, angioedemas, diagnosis, pathogenesis and pathophysiology of urticaria, and treatment options are discussed. This book also emphasizes on the various laboratory tests necessary for urticarias. One chapter of the book is devoted to comorbidities in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Another chapter is related with pathophysiology and treatment of hereditary angioedema. We are grateful to all the contributors and leading experts for their valuable chapters, which provide an in-depth view of all aspects of the content, backed with the most current literature in the field. We hope that this book will provide interesting knowledge and serve as a comprehensive guide to many physicians dealing with urticaria and angioedemas in their clinical practice.",isbn:"978-953-51-3168-7",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3167-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4818-0",doi:"10.5772/65526",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"a-comprehensive-review-of-urticaria-and-angioedema",numberOfPages:250,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"4745647556c98e81396deab236831711",bookSignature:"Selda Pelin Kartal and Zekayi Kutlubay",publishedDate:"May 31st 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5800.jpg",numberOfDownloads:20930,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:12,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:27,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 27th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 16th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 8th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 5th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 8th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"72686",title:"Prof.",name:"Selda Pelin",middleName:null,surname:"Kartal",slug:"selda-pelin-kartal",fullName:"Selda Pelin Kartal",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72686/images/5353_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Selda Pelin Kartal graduated from Hacettepe University School of Medicine. Currently, she is an Associate Professor in the Department of Dermatology at University of Health Sciences, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital in Ankara, Turkey. She has co-authored over 100 published articles and supervised several master’s and postdoctoral students. Her actual interests are focused on acne, psoriasis, urticaria, autoimmune bullous diseases, Behçet’s disease and cosmetic dermatology.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"64792",title:"Dr.",name:"Zekayi",middleName:null,surname:"Kutlubay",slug:"zekayi-kutlubay",fullName:"Zekayi Kutlubay",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64792/images/5583_n.png",biography:"Zekayi Kutlubay, MD, is a chief physician of Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty Hospital. He is also an associate professor in the Department of Dermatology at Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty in Turkey. He has coauthored over 40 publications and supervised several master, doctoral, and postdoctoral students. His actual research interests are focused on psoriasis, pediatric dermatology, autoimmune bullous diseases, urticaria and allergic diseases, Behçet’s disease, vasculitis, lasers, cosmetic dermatology, facial rejuvenation, hair diseases, mesotherapy, botulinum toxin, and fillers.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1036",title:"Immunodermatology",slug:"immunodermatology"}],chapters:[{id:"55120",title:"Introductory Chapter: Urticaria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68997",slug:"introductory-chapter-urticaria",totalDownloads:1237,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Selda Pelin Kartal, Uğur Çelik and Zekayi Kutlubay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55120",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55120",authors:[{id:"72686",title:"Prof.",name:"Selda Pelin",surname:"Kartal",slug:"selda-pelin-kartal",fullName:"Selda Pelin Kartal"}],corrections:null},{id:"54456",title:"Urticaria and Angioedema",doi:"10.5772/67772",slug:"urticaria-and-angioedema",totalDownloads:1557,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Urticaria is a common mast cell–mediated dermatosis presenting with pruritic erythematous superficial plaques also known as hives or wheals. Angioedema is an acute condition manifesting as localized edema affecting the skin and mucous membranes. In contrast with urticaria, itching is often absent, the skin appears normal and the edema occurs in deeper dermal and subcutaneous tissues in angioedema. Spontaneous urticaria can either be acute lasting less than 6 weeks or chronic with a duration of more than 6 weeks. In acute urticaria cases, an underlying cause, mostly medications, foods and infections, may be found in approximately 50% of patients. However, spontaneous urticaria is generally idiopathic. First-line treatment option for both acute and chronic urticaria is non-sedating H1 antihistamines. Patients with recalcitrant disease are candidates for therapy with corticosteroids, immunosuppressives or omalizumab treatment. There are two different mechanisms causing angioedema. The first is mast cell mediated and is considered to be part of the spectrum of spontaneous or inducible urticarias. Patients present with angioedema alone or angioedema combined with urticaria. The second is bradykinin-induced angioedema, as observed in the hereditary angioedema and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor–induced angioedema.",signatures:"Burhan Engin, Muazzez Çiğdem Oba and Server Serdaroğlu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54456",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54456",authors:[{id:"64793",title:"Prof.",name:"Burhan",surname:"Engin",slug:"burhan-engin",fullName:"Burhan Engin"},{id:"64794",title:"Mr.",name:"Server",surname:"Serdaroglu",slug:"server-serdaroglu",fullName:"Server Serdaroglu"},{id:"194868",title:"Dr.",name:"M Çiğdem",surname:"Oba",slug:"m-cigdem-oba",fullName:"M Çiğdem Oba"}],corrections:null},{id:"54611",title:"Chronic Inducible Urticaria Part I",doi:"10.5772/68069",slug:"chronic-inducible-urticaria-part-i",totalDownloads:1306,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Urticaria is a common mast cell‐driven disease which is characterized by red, itchy swellings. Urticaria, that persists more than 6 weeks in a repetitive manner (each lesion disappearing in <24 h), is called chronic urticaria. Chronic urticaria can be either spontaneous without the need of a trigger, or inducible in which with a known trigger the lesions can be provoked. Chronic inducible urticarias include the physical urticarias and some other forms such as cholinergic urticaria.",signatures:"Murat Borlu, Salih Levent Cinar and Demet Kartal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54611",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54611",authors:[{id:"37023",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Borlu",slug:"murat-borlu",fullName:"Murat Borlu"},{id:"205625",title:"Dr.",name:"Salih Levent",surname:"Cinar",slug:"salih-levent-cinar",fullName:"Salih Levent Cinar"},{id:"205630",title:"Dr.",name:"Demet",surname:"Kartal",slug:"demet-kartal",fullName:"Demet Kartal"}],corrections:null},{id:"55064",title:"Chronic Inducible Urticaria: Part II",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68754",slug:"chronic-inducible-urticaria-part-ii",totalDownloads:1453,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Physical urticaria (PU) is a subgroup of acquired, chronic inducible urticaria which is associated with a known physical trigger. In PU, the symptoms are induced by exogenous physical triggers, such as friction, pressure, vibration, cold, heat, or solar radiation. All the PUs may manifest with both wheals and angioedema at the sites of the triggers with the exceptions that urticaria factitia (UF) (symptomatic dermatographism) presents with wheals only and pressure urticaria presents with angioedema only. More than one form of physically induced urticarias can be present in one patient.",signatures:"Murat Borlu, Salih Levent Cinar and Demet Kartal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55064",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55064",authors:[{id:"205625",title:"Dr.",name:"Salih Levent",surname:"Cinar",slug:"salih-levent-cinar",fullName:"Salih Levent Cinar"}],corrections:null},{id:"54944",title:"Contact Urticaria",doi:"10.5772/67994",slug:"contact-urticaria",totalDownloads:1202,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The term “contact urticaria” was first used by Fisher in 1973 as a pruritic wheal and flare reaction appearing within minutes after the contact of the skin with the substance causing the reaction. The incidence is not clearly known due to misdiagnosis. The causative agents can be plants, food substances, drugs, cosmetic products, chemicals and animal products. Contact urticaria is classified according to the underlying mechanism as non-immunologic (irritant), immunologic (allergic) and mixed (undetermined). It is usually local but can rarely cause systemic symptoms and sometimes result in anaphylaxis. Diagnostic tests include the prick test, open test and RAST test. The main treatment step is avoiding the causative agent.",signatures:"Isil Bulur and Hilal Gokalp",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54944",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54944",authors:[{id:"193580",title:"M.D.",name:"Hilal",surname:"Gokalp",slug:"hilal-gokalp",fullName:"Hilal Gokalp"},{id:"201704",title:"Dr.",name:"Isil",surname:"Bulur",slug:"isil-bulur",fullName:"Isil Bulur"}],corrections:null},{id:"54700",title:"Urticarial Vasculitis",doi:"10.5772/68109",slug:"urticarial-vasculitis",totalDownloads:1905,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Urticarial vasculitis (UV) is a small vessel vasculitis and an immune-complex mediated disease like other leukocytoclastic vasculitis. UV seems similar to common urticaria clinically. Major difference between urticarial vasculitis and urticaria is the duration of lesions. Urticarial lesions regress in 24 hours, but UV lesions persist longer than 24 hours. Residual hyperpigmentation, constitutional symptoms like fever, arthralgia, and abdominal pain are other main clinical differences between these disorders. Upon confirmation of diagnosis, patients are divided into two major categories on the basis of serum complement levels: normocomplementemic UV (NUV) and hypocomplementemic UV (HUV). Consensus meeting in 1996 stated that long lasting (at least 24 hour–5 days) indurated wheals, which may be itchy, painful or tender, be associated with purpura and presence of associated extracutaneous findings, and cutaneous vasculitis confirmed by histopathological examination are defined as UV.",signatures:"Erol Koç, Berna Aksoy and Aslı Tatlıparmak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54700",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54700",authors:[{id:"159932",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Erol",surname:"Koc",slug:"erol-koc",fullName:"Erol Koc"},{id:"194926",title:"Prof.",name:"Asli",surname:"Gunaydin Tatliparmak",slug:"asli-gunaydin-tatliparmak",fullName:"Asli Gunaydin Tatliparmak"},{id:"201222",title:"Dr.",name:"Berna",surname:"Aksoy",slug:"berna-aksoy",fullName:"Berna Aksoy"}],corrections:null},{id:"54775",title:"Comorbidities in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria",doi:"10.5772/67911",slug:"comorbidities-in-chronic-spontaneous-urticaria",totalDownloads:1133,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a disease that makes people’s lives miserable with unknown etiology. In recent years, there have been many studies trying to explain the etiology of CSU, and many of them reported that there are some comorbidities or triggering factors related to CSU. However, it has not been clearly known yet that whether these conditions are true comorbidities associated with CSU or they are coincidentally found at the same time. In this chapter, related comorbidities and conditions have been told.",signatures:"Müzeyyen Gönül, Havva Hilal Ayvaz and Selda Pelin Kartal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54775",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54775",authors:[{id:"72686",title:"Prof.",name:"Selda Pelin",surname:"Kartal",slug:"selda-pelin-kartal",fullName:"Selda Pelin Kartal"},{id:"187044",title:"Dr.",name:"Müzeyyen",surname:"Gönül",slug:"muzeyyen-gonul",fullName:"Müzeyyen Gönül"},{id:"198784",title:"Dr.",name:"Havva Hilal",surname:"Ayvaz",slug:"havva-hilal-ayvaz",fullName:"Havva Hilal Ayvaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"55133",title:"Urticaria and Angioedema Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68676",slug:"urticaria-and-angioedema-treatment",totalDownloads:1101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Chronic urticaria (CU), one of the most frequent skin disorders, is defined as the repeated occurrence of red, swollen, itchy and sometimes painful hives (wheals), and/or angioedema (swellings in the deeper layers of the skin), for more than 6 weeks [1, 2]. CU has an estimated worldwide prevalence of approximately 1% [3], which includes spontaneous and inducible types. In chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), the most common type of CU, symptoms occur without a specific trigger [1, 3]. In contrast, in chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU), symptoms occur in response to specific stimuli, such as exposure to cold, heat or pressure [4]. Patients may suffer from CSU and CIndU in parallel [2]. Chronic urticaria (CU) is defined as the repeated occurrence of red, swollen, itchy and sometimes painful wheals, and/or angioedema, for more than 6 weeks. CU includes spontaneous and inducible types. In chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), the most common type of CU, symptoms occur without a specific trigger. Treatment of urticaria and/or angioedema mainly consist of antihistamines, short courses of corticosteroids, other immunosuppressive, and anti‐inflammatory agents. Angioedema is a deeper expression of urticaria which is classified by allergic, hereditary, acquired, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)‐induced forms.",signatures:"Emel Erdal Çalıkoğlu, Didem Mullaaziz and Asli Kaptanoğlu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55133",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55133",authors:[{id:"189031",title:"Dr.",name:"Asli Feride",surname:"Kaptanoglu",slug:"asli-feride-kaptanoglu",fullName:"Asli Feride Kaptanoglu"},{id:"189355",title:"Dr.",name:"Didem",surname:"Mullaaziz",slug:"didem-mullaaziz",fullName:"Didem Mullaaziz"},{id:"203500",title:"Dr.",name:"Emel",surname:"Calikoglu",slug:"emel-calikoglu",fullName:"Emel Calikoglu"}],corrections:null},{id:"54777",title:"Anti IgE Therapy in Chronic Urticaria",doi:"10.5772/68015",slug:"anti-ige-therapy-in-chronic-urticaria",totalDownloads:1435,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The crucial position of IgE within the pathogenesis of allergic diseases made it a key target for therapy. The inhibition of the allergic inflammatory cascade by anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) therapy is a new and promising concept in the treatment of these diseases. Currently available anti-IgE agent omalizumab has been started to be used in past 3 years in the cases of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) and chronic inducible urticaria (CINDU), resistant to the first-, second-, and some third-line treatments. The use of omalizumab as an effective and safe biological therapy for inadequately controlled severe, persistent patients with CSU and CINDU provided a valuable new treatment option for these patients. However, the data about possible mechanisms of anti-IgE therapy in these patients, treatment strategies and dose regimens of anti-IgE therapy are different, and special patient groups and possible side effects are still insufficient. Also, studies about possible future anti-IgE treatment options are ongoing in CSU.",signatures:"Ragıp Ertaş",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54777",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54777",authors:[{id:"197378",title:"M.D.",name:"Ragıp",surname:"Ertaş",slug:"ragip-ertas",fullName:"Ragıp Ertaş"}],corrections:null},{id:"54756",title:"Urticarial Syndromes",doi:"10.5772/67993",slug:"urticarial-syndromes",totalDownloads:1466,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Urticaria is a common dermatological condition that can occur in acute and chronic forms. Common urticaria is generally easy to diagnose; however, urticarial syndromes should be considered in cases where lesions persist for greater than 24–36 h, the location of lesions has bilateral symmetry, urticarial lesions are accompanied by additional elementary lesions, and/or the patient presents with additional systemic symptoms. Additionally, urticarial syndromes should be considered for patients with typical urticarial lesions that do not respond to systemic antihistamine treatment. Hyperpigmentation or bruising can be observed following resolution of urticarial syndromes. Many cutaneous and systemic diseases can cause urticarial syndromes. Systemic causes of urticarial syndromes can affect multiple organ systems and may be accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, asthenia, and arthralgia. Clinicopathologic correlation is essential for the accurate diagnosis of urticarial syndromes. In this chapter, cutaneous and systemic etiologies of urticarial syndromes are reviewed.",signatures:"Hilal Gokalp and Isil Bulur",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54756",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54756",authors:[{id:"193580",title:"M.D.",name:"Hilal",surname:"Gokalp",slug:"hilal-gokalp",fullName:"Hilal Gokalp"},{id:"201704",title:"Dr.",name:"Isil",surname:"Bulur",slug:"isil-bulur",fullName:"Isil Bulur"}],corrections:null},{id:"54769",title:"Hereditary Angioedema",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68208",slug:"hereditary-angioedema",totalDownloads:1150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is an autosomal dominantly inherited orphan disease manifested by recurrent unpredictable nonpitting and nonpruritic swelling attacks without urticarial plaques. HAE is caused by a deficiency of the C1 esterase inhibitor (C1‐inh) or decreased function of C1‐inh. Type 1 HAE, the most common form, occurs due to C1‐inh deficiency and is seen with low‐serum C1‐inh levels. In type 2 HAE, the function of C1‐inh is impaired, and in HAE with normal C1‐inh serum levels, the function of C1‐inh is normal. HAE episodes can affect various sites in the body such as the larynx, face, extremities, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital area. Acute episodes can be treated with C1‐inh concentrates, a kallikrein inhibitor, called ecallantide and bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, icatibant. Depending on the frequency, severity, and location of the episodes, long-term prophylaxis regimens with plasma-derived C1-inh concentrates, antifibrinolytics, or 17α-alkylated androgens can be used. C1-inh concentrates or 17α-alkylated androgens should be administered before dental procedures and minor or major surgical interventions to provide short-term prophylaxis. In conclusion, HAE is a rare life-threatening disease of which clinical presentation is highly variable and early accurate diagnosis significantly prevents mortality and morbidity.",signatures:"Asli Gelincik and Semra Demir",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54769",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54769",authors:[{id:"197534",title:"Dr.",name:"Asli",surname:"Gelincik",slug:"asli-gelincik",fullName:"Asli Gelincik"},{id:"198468",title:"Dr.",name:"Semra",surname:"Demir",slug:"semra-demir",fullName:"Semra Demir"}],corrections:null},{id:"54364",title:"Pathophysiology of Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema: The Role of the Complement System",doi:"10.5772/67704",slug:"pathophysiology-of-bradykinin-mediated-angioedema-the-role-of-the-complement-system",totalDownloads:1671,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The “complement system” is one of the effector pathways of the immune system against microorganisms and tumor cells. The complement system can be activated through three major pathways: classical, lectin, and alternative. The sequential activation through the generation of complex enzymes from inactive zymogens produces a cascade in which a capable enzyme generates a large number of active downstream molecules.",signatures:"Jesús Jurado‐Palomo and Teresa Caballero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54364",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54364",authors:[{id:"67960",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",surname:"Jurado-Palomo",slug:"jesus-jurado-palomo",fullName:"Jesús Jurado-Palomo"},{id:"198373",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",surname:"Caballero",slug:"teresa-caballero",fullName:"Teresa Caballero"}],corrections:null},{id:"54467",title:"Short‐Term Prophylaxis in Odontostomatological, Maxillofacial and ENT Procedures in Patients with Hereditary Angioedema Due to C1‐Inhibitor Deficiency",doi:"10.5772/67713",slug:"short-term-prophylaxis-in-odontostomatological-maxillofacial-and-ent-procedures-in-patients-with-her",totalDownloads:1234,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Oestrogens, trauma, infections or stress has been described as triggers for angioedema (AE) attacks in patients with hereditary angioedema due to C1-inhibitor deficiency (C1-INH-HAE). Microtrauma can precipitate the onset of acute AE attacks, and thus, dental-oral procedures carry a high risk of triggering them and also an increased risk of death from asphyxiation due to the AE location. In the past, without proper specific treatment, the overall mortality after dental surgery in patients with C1-INH-HAE was up to 30–40%. Some dental-oral, medical and/or surgical procedures are susceptible to receive “short-term prophylaxis” (STP) in order to reduce the risk of AE. We describe the published case reports of dental-oral, maxillofacial and ear, nose and throat (ENT) procedures in patients with C1-INH-HAE. Different consensus algorithms and clinical guidelines have been published for managing dental-oral, maxillofacial and otolaryngological procedures (DOMFOPs) and will be reviewed below. Based on the clinical experience of the Department of Allergology of the University Hospital La Paz (Madrid) and the University General Hospital Nuestra Señora del Prado (Talavera de la Reina), these algorithms have been updated and modified. We advise to classify procedures according to the risk of producing AE as minor, intermediate and major risks.",signatures:"Jesús Jurado‐Palomo and Teresa Caballero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54467",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54467",authors:[{id:"67960",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",surname:"Jurado-Palomo",slug:"jesus-jurado-palomo",fullName:"Jesús Jurado-Palomo"},{id:"198373",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",surname:"Caballero",slug:"teresa-caballero",fullName:"Teresa Caballero"}],corrections:null},{id:"54374",title:"Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema Across the History",doi:"10.5772/67714",slug:"bradykinin-mediated-angioedema-across-the-history",totalDownloads:1315,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The origins of the discovery of the “Complement System” date from the second half of the nineteenth century. The official paternity of the Complement System is attributed to Jules Bordet. The complement system can be activated through three major pathways. The classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway converge in a common final lytic pathway. Hereditary angioedema (HAE) due to C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency (C1-INH-HAE) was first described by Robert Graves in his clinical lectures. The autosomal dominant pattern of HAE was recognized by Sir William Osler. The pathophysiologic basis of C1-INH-HAE as a deficiency of a plasma inhibitor was discovered in the early 1960s. In 1986, the C1NH gene was identified, which encodes the C1-INH protein. Although the possible relationship between angioedema and estrogens in women was described as early as 1986, it was not until the first decade of the twenty-first century when several series of patients with HAE were described with normal levels of the fractions of the complement system. In the last decade, several drugs have been approved and marketed in Europe, in the United States, and in other countries, contributing to the improved management of C1-INH-HAE and patient’s quality of life.",signatures:"Jesús Jurado-Palomo, Irina Diana Bobolea, Alexandru Daniel Vlagea\nand Teresa Caballero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54374",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54374",authors:[{id:"67960",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",surname:"Jurado-Palomo",slug:"jesus-jurado-palomo",fullName:"Jesús Jurado-Palomo"},{id:"198373",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",surname:"Caballero",slug:"teresa-caballero",fullName:"Teresa Caballero"},{id:"178233",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",surname:"Bobolea",slug:"irina-bobolea",fullName:"Irina Bobolea"},{id:"204897",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandru Daniel",surname:"Vlagea",slug:"alexandru-daniel-vlagea",fullName:"Alexandru Daniel Vlagea"}],corrections:null},{id:"54506",title:"Pseudoangioedema",doi:"10.5772/67850",slug:"pseudoangioedema",totalDownloads:1765,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Angioedema is a rapid, localized and temporary subcutaneous edema, which targets the lips, eyelids, gastrointestinal and respiratory mucosa resulting in abdominal pain, asthma and even serious life‐threatening conditions like airway obstruction. There are several other disorders such as allergic contact dermatitis, drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS), orofacial granulomatosis and so on, which manifest with subcutaneous swelling and masquerade as angioedema and are known as ‘pseudoangioedema’ in the literature. Knowledge of pseudoangioedema for healthcare professionals is crucial to avoid potentially serious results of misdiagnosis such as further investigations, unnecessary applications and delayed diagnosis. We aim to discuss differential diagnosis of angioedema and help physicians recognize the typical features of angioedema and its differential diagnosis in this chapter.",signatures:"Sevgi Akarsu and Ecem Canturk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54506",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54506",authors:[{id:"182444",title:"Prof.",name:"Sevgi",surname:"Akarsu",slug:"sevgi-akarsu",fullName:"Sevgi Akarsu"},{id:"200700",title:"Dr.",name:"Ecem",surname:"Canturk",slug:"ecem-canturk",fullName:"Ecem Canturk"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5433",title:"Acne and Acneiform Eruptions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f276857bcfbedc160e03ef07fe4068fe",slug:"acne-and-acneiform-eruptions",bookSignature:"Selda Pelin Kartal and Muzeyyen Gonul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5433.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72686",title:"Prof.",name:"Selda Pelin",surname:"Kartal",slug:"selda-pelin-kartal",fullName:"Selda Pelin Kartal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6288",title:"Hot Topics in Burn Injuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c13b370b0d6dd78067ad3761613cefdf",slug:"hot-topics-in-burn-injuries",bookSignature:"Selda Pelin Kartal and Dilek Bayramgürler",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6288.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72686",title:"Prof.",name:"Selda Pelin",surname:"Kartal",slug:"selda-pelin-kartal",fullName:"Selda Pelin Kartal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5875",title:"Lupus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a1b89a9d4946590631de2481a87ceab1",slug:"lupus",bookSignature:"Wahid Ali Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5875.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64042",title:"Dr.",name:"Wahid Ali",surname:"Khan",slug:"wahid-ali-khan",fullName:"Wahid Ali Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"816",title:"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b7fa5757f6e41fbe2c5d75e9d12cb86",slug:"systemic-lupus-erythematosus",bookSignature:"Hani Almoallim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65113",title:"Dr.",name:"Hani",surname:"Almoallim",slug:"hani-almoallim",fullName:"Hani Almoallim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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The amount of personal data being collected is rapidly proliferating. Enterprises and governments use this data to profile individuals and to predict and control their attitudes and behavior. This can result in customized experiences, personalized services, and more efficient use of resources. It can also result in misinformation and exploitation by the entity that collected the data or by others that purchase or steal it. In response to increases in cybercrime and growing consumer concern, legislation to protect personal data is being proposed and implemented. Organizations trading in personal data face increasing costs associated with managing and securing data. They also face increasing risks that data will be misused or stolen, and that they will face legal or financial consequences, as well as damage to both their reputation and to relationships with customers and other stakeholders.
In this chapter, we explore how blockchain and artificial intelligence can offer solutions for protecting and securing personal data. Decentralized and federated identify systems provide users control over what, when and how much of their personal information can be shared and with whom. These systems can also reduce cybersecurity threats. Artificial intelligence complements blockchain-based privacy solutions by enabling users to better manage their data and by ensuring that data and models derived from the data are more accurate, fair, and reliable.
A foundational privacy issue facing information system developers and users is personal data privacy. Personally-identifiable data about clients, employees, prospects and other stakeholders may be regularly collected and stored in shared ledgers. Today, many organizations store private stakeholder data and even passwords in unencrypted form. Even when data are encrypted or anonymized, it may be possible to identify users unless well-developed cybersecurity processes are designed into data management systems. With frequent cybersecurity failures and increasing regulation, maintaining the privacy of personally identifiable information (PII) has become an issue of strategic concern for many organizations.
PII includes any data that can be traced back to a specific person, and can include individual items such as biometric data, social security numbers, phone numbers, or geolocation data. PII can also include data combinations, such as postal codes, birthdates, and gender, or behavioral data associated with one person. Organizations gather and store personal data about current and future customers and employees as well as about other stakeholders.
Cybersecurity has become increasingly important for governments and businesses alike. Information security—one component of cybersecurity—focuses on protecting the integrity and privacy of data as it is captured, stored and used. The people, processes, and technology associated with data work in concert to create and maintain security.
Despite advances in security protocols and software, privacy breaches are on the rise. According to Risk Based Security’s 2020 data breach report, “The total number of records compromised in 2020 exceeded 37 billion, a 141% increase compared to 2019” [1]. Personal records of system users are regularly compromised, and millions of these records, including names, emails and passwords, have been subject to data breaches, in many cases even including addresses, birth dates and financial information [1].
A data breach occurs from unauthorized access to an organization’s database, enabling cyber hackers to steal sensitive personal information such as passwords, credit card numbers, social security numbers, and banking information [2]. These well documented breeches have had adverse consequences, including credit card fraud, and identity theft, which can have lasting negative effects on personal credit, often taking months, if not years, to remedy [2]. Some of the Largest, most recent cyber hacks include the 2013/14 breech of Yahoo’s database by what is thought to have been a state-sponsored cyberattack, impacting over 3 billion users. The hackers collected consumers’ names, email addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, hashed passwords and unencrypted answers to security questions.
In 2017, the credit reporting agency Equifax was subject to a cyberattack in which affected an estimated 143 million consumers. System administrators weren’t aware of the suspicious activity for two months and did not report the breach for a full month after its discovery. It is believed that Equifax was breached by Chinese state-sponsored hackers engaged in espionage [3]. The collective financial impact to individual victims is not known, nor is it known what security and strategic damage was incurred by the state, but these cases highlight the potential risk when PII are housed in a centralized data base.
Most of the data gathered and stored are in the control of governments and corporations, which have gathered volumes of personal information that they are responsible for securing. At the same time, these organizations may be monetizing these datasets, either by using them to improve their own operations and offerings or by selling them to third parties. The volume of data generated and collected is increasing exponentially, enlarging the footprints of users. Data consolidators are able to link data elements across data sources and combine data in ways that were never anticipated by the parties that collected the information nor by the users that provided it.
Figure 1, which uses from data provided by Statista [4], shows the cost of amassing these large databases. Statista, a statistical research firm, tracks cybersecurity failures and trends. A recently published Statista report reveals that these events are increasing, especially in the past five years, underscoring the need to improve how data are secured. It should be noted that in 2020 a massive cyber breach by what is thought to be Russia could result in higher numbers for 2020 especially in the records exposed category as it is thought to be significant. The extent of the breach is still under investigation at the time of this publication.
Cybersecurity breaches and record exposure.
The right to privacy is a considered to be basic human right in many parts of the world. That privacy may extend to individuals’ right to control their own personal data. This right must be carefully defended as ownership and management of an individual’s personal data can impact relationships with others and even the data-owner’s identity [5].
Regulations governing how personal data are gathered and managed are rapidly being developed. The European Union has led the way in legislating privacy law through the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), passed in 2016. The law requires organizations, that gather personal data about EU citizens for transactions with EU member states, must carefully protect that data to ensure privacy.
In the US, the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA) which expands on the 2018 California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), adopts many principles from the GDPR [6]. The CCPR is designed to provide residents of California the right:
to know what personal data is being collected
to know whether it is being sold or disclosed and to whom
to refuse the sale of their personal data
to access their personal data
to request that a business delete any personal data
not to be discriminated against for exercising their privacy rights [7]
At the federal level, the Consumer Online Privacy Rights Act (COPRA) was introduced in December 2019 by Democratic senators, led by Maria Cantwell. Although this bill has yet to pass, and previous federal privacy bills have failed, governmental bodies continue to pursue stricter laws for governing data [8].
Privacy laws directly affect how companies operate and will require firms that use consumer data to implement systems and operational practices that enable them to conform to these new regulations. Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology are uniquely positioned to help companies comply with existing and potential future regulation as it relates to personal property and data privacy.
Among the significant benefits of blockchain solutions is that they enable organizations to share data in ways not previously available, opening up possibilities for enhanced collaboration, improved operational efficiencies and expanded revenue. Questions about how to maintain privacy over the data are heightened in these environments because the data are stored in shared ledgers which may be accessible by multiple blockchain participants.
ConsenSys, a blockchain technology solutions company, in discussing the security of public blockchains, argues that “In reality, privacy is not a property of any blockchain. Rather, there are layers of privacy that can be applied to any blockchain…” [9]. Designers must carefully consider which parties are allowed to read and write transactions and how transactions are broadcast, validated, and stored. Additional issues relating to how permissions and security measures are updated and enforced are also important considerations. Decisions about who owns the data and how data can be used by organizations and computer applications further complicates privacy discussions [9].
Self-sovereign identity, a widely held view among blockchain proponents, holds that individuals should have control over their own identities and should have autonomy over how facets of identity are shared with others. Decentralized identity (DID) is a blockchain-enabled embodiment of self-sovereign identity that can profoundly improve the privacy and security of personal data.
DID refers to individual ownership of personal digital data relating to many elements of identity. Microsoft, which participates in defining DID standards, takes the perspective of the individual. “Currently, our identity and all our digital interactions are owned and controlled by other parties, some of whom we aren’t even aware of [10].” Returning ownership of data to the individuals to whom the data pertains can provide benefits both to those individuals and to organizations that would otherwise be responsible for protecting the data.
Blockchain technology enables DID and provides a way for individuals to store their own data outside of the databases of the parties with whom they transact. Data are owned and controlled by these individuals and pointers to this data or metadata can be stored on the blockchain and can be used to verify the validity of claims the users make about their personal data. For example, a driver’s license bureau might issue a driver’s license to a user, which the user stores privately. When an insurance company or other party wishes to verify that the user is licensed, the user can present the license to a party such as an insurance company, and the party can independently verify the issuer and expiration date.
Anyone can create a DID. When this identity is first created, there is no information attached to it. Over time, the user could attach a driver’s license or other identifying data to that DID. The process that a third party might use to verify that a particular person owns a DID, is similar to the process of validating that a person owns an email address. For example, an online gaming account can be attached to an email address. A party seeking to validate that a person was the owner of that account could send a private message, such as a security code, to the email address and ask the person to provide that code, something that only the person possessing the password for that email address could provide.
Unlike an email account, the DID would be owned and stored by a person rather than by an email service provider. The password, or private key, would also be secured by the owner. Personal information relating to the identity could be stored in an identity hub—an encrypted repository of personal data that is stored outside the blockchain, likely in a combination of phone, PC, and cloud data or offline storage devices [10]. Through the use of an identity hub, the person could control which pieces of information to share with an external party.
DIDs reduce the probability of unwanted correlation. The use of common identifiers—such as email addresses on different web sites—creates what is called a correlation problem. Correlation in this context means entities can, without a user’s consent, associate information about a single identity across multiple systems. Email addresses utilize data on almost every website. When users provide the same email address on different sites—along with perhaps additional pieces of personal information like a phone number or physical address—they unknowingly enable a potential for correlation. In this case, entities can correlate that data across sites. Tracking cookies and web clicks enable the linking of IDs across websites which can result in outsiders gaining a full picture of users’ identity, where they live, their gender, age range, interests, and other information [10].
Figure 2 depicts how a user of several services and on-line websites can store data in a central user-controlled location and interact separately with each service provider. This enables the user to control the specific pieces of information that can be seen by each provider.
Decentralized identities and service providers.
DIDs can help users secure and control their data property and determine who gets access to that data. Blockchains can also increase security for individuals when interacting with multiple internet platforms or services through the use of decentralized federated identities.
Blockchains allow entities to protect privacy of individuals—central to self-sovereign identity. Traditionally, users of a system or set of systems possess what is referred to as a federated identity, which can be described as a single identity used by individuals to access services or information platforms, provided by multiple parties, whereby a single identity is enabled and determined by single sign on (SSO) authentication. Consider a health care network that includes multiple entities like hospitals, insurance carriers, or urgent care clinics, where the providers enable the use of a single sign-on credential or
The distributed nature of Blockchain technology provides an opportunity for networks to enable single sign-on, or federated identities much more securely. ElGayyar [11] proposes a blockchain-based federated identity framework (BFID) where the network of providers themselves, rather than a centralized third party, manage the system, identification, and authentication of the users. Any entity within the blockchain network can verify credentials and issue the identity for any user in the system. In a BFID, all transactions are written and maintained within the blockchain where the system takes advantage of the secure and immutable nature of the distributed ledger, thereby practically eliminating the possibility for identity breaches and potential theft.
Blockchain-based federated identity frameworks can be configured on both public and private blockchain implementations and make use of smart contracts to react to potential rule changes that may occur while governing identity management within the system. Additionally, these frameworks enable users to audit and control how their identities are used while also providing the network business entities the ability to monitor how their services are being used, enabling process improvement and a better overall user experience.
Zero-knowledge proofs enable ease of access to identity and other important data while maintaining privacy and property control for individuals. Zero-knowledge proofs are cryptographic methods whereby a user or “prover” can convince someone, or a “verifier” that something about them is true without providing, revealing or sharing that information. A common example is a customer attempting to order an alcoholic beverage from a bartender who demands to know that the patron is 21 of age or older. Providing a driver’s license reveals the patron’s full birth date as well as height, eye color, and home address—information that could be misused or stolen.
Zero-knowledge proofs use cryptographic algorithms that enable a prover to mathematically demonstrate to a verifier that a statement is correct without revealing any data. When the state issues a 21-and-over driver’s license, it asks the driver to type in a secret nickname, unknown to the licensing bureau. This nickname could then be hashed together with the driver’s license number, and stored in a public list representing valid drivers over 21. At the bar, you could type your nickname and license number into a hash generator, and if the resulting hash matched one on the list, the bartender would know that you were of legal age [12].
There are two types of zero knowledge proofs, interactive and non-interactive. Most commonly, zero knowledge protocols are interactive whereby the prover (an individual or more likely a computer) and the verifier participate in a back and forth set of questions or challenges that, when answered correctly a given number of times, enables the prover to convince the verifier, with very high probability, that the statement they are making is true.
An example of an interactive zero knowledge proof could involve two colored balls that are identical in every way accept their color. One is red and one green. Let’s assume the verifier is completely color blind and cannot tell the color of either ball. You want to prove to the verifier that the balls do in fact differ in color. The verifier puts the balls behind their back and shows one. The prover indicates the color. The verifier then does this again and asks if they switched the ball. Since you can see the different colors you can say with certainty that the ball was either switched or not. After several rounds of this, it becomes more statistically true that there are in fact two different balls as the probability that you could guess correctly over and over goes down to almost zero [13].
Non-interactive proof is more like the example above of the patron proving their age to a bartender with a proof statement that reveals age but not additional information that might be revealed if the prover were to show their photo. Proving which point Value a card in a deck of 52 cards, without identifying its suit, can provide an example of this type of proof. The prover states that the card they are holding is a king but does not want to reveal which king—the king of hearts, diamonds, spades or clubs. If the cryptographic string also contains information that reveals the other 48 cards, none of which are kings, we can know for certain that the prover does in fact hold a king of some kind.
Zero knowledge proofs are powerful tools for maintaining privacy and property control for individuals that may need to provide a bit of personal information but no more than absolutely necessary.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a broad field that includes machine learning and cognitive computing where computers are programed to mimic human cognitive functions such as learning and problem solving but many times, much faster and in more accurate ways [14]. The use of AI is expanding into a plethora of areas including speech recognition, facial recognition, medical diagnosis, financial predictions, tracking of disease outbreaks etc. AI algorithms enable computing systems to rationalize and take actions aimed at achieving a specific goal or set of goals.
User and stakeholder security can be enhanced through AI tools, which can take advantage of blockchain to open up new avenues for accessing and learning from data without taking ownership or control of that data. This can reduce risk for the organization and the stakeholders who provide the data. Both individual blockchain members and the organization or group in charge of setting governance rules and processes can benefit from building in privacy-related AI functionality (as early as possible) in the design of blockchain networks and processes.
Companies have implemented AI to create holistic views of customers by piecing together transactions from all customer touchpoints. Blockchain participants will have incentives to pull together integrated datasets by combining transactions for a single customer across all blockchain partners. This creates potential benefits for blockchain partners, but can also negatively affect the privacy of customers and other stakeholders for which this integration is possible.
In combination with options for identity protection through decentralization, AI can be used to combine personal data from blockchain participants and their stakeholders in a way that maintains information security and personal data privacy. Through these processes, user and stakeholder security can be enhanced and data sets and AI models can be improved.
We can identify four categories of stakeholders that can be affected by an organization’s data transparency and privacy processes: (1) participants, whose data—both direct and indirect—are gathered; (2) victims, who are affected by decisions made using participant data; (3) users, who use participant data in their work; and (4) custodians, who manage and secure data. When AI can be used to manage access to data and to develop analytical models using that data, all stakeholders can benefit [15].
Table 1 summarizes a number of ways AI can be used in a blockchain setting to protect or increase privacy of user’s personal data. This AI/Blockchain combination can increase system security by helping to detect attacks by bad actors, user security by sharing permissions and smart contracts, enable privacy-enhanced use of datasets through improved identity management and better data, and it can improve AI models through more varied, valid, and ethically-sourced data and better hypotheses. Each item in Table 1 is described briefly below, followed by examples of use cases using this combination of technologies.
System Security |
|
User Security |
|
Datasets |
|
AI Models |
|
The role of AI in blockchain user privacy.
Computational intelligence (CI), a subset of AI can improve the Blockchain’s attack resilience thus improving security of the system and ultimately the privacy of the data residing on the system. AI is rooted in hard computing techniques whereas computational intelligence is based on soft computing methods, which enable adaptation to a range of changing variables [16].
Computational intelligence, when combined with blockchain systems, can create more robust cryptographic functionality and ciphers thereby making it more difficult for cyber hackers to compromise systems even as computing power and efforts to hack these systems over time increases. Quite appropriately, [14] refer to the intersection of blockchain and AI as “blockchain intelligence”. Additionally, AI algorithms can be built on blockchains to detect when a blockchain is under attack by continually monitoring blocks and activity on the chain. This technology increases trust in the system beyond what the native architecture provides [17, 18].
When blockchain participants have increased control over their own data, they have the potential to decide with which parties and for what purposes their data are shared. In order to collect participant data for use in an AI dataset, participant permissions will need to be obtained. This provides users with ‘opt-in’ control, rather than ‘opt-out’ and helps to ensure that personal data is used in ways that are consistent with the intentions of the owner. In some cases, which may become increasingly common if decentralized identity solutions are adopted, users can be compensated for providing their data to organizations seeking to utilize this data in traditional and AI decision models.
Smart contracts can also protect privacy. Permissions granted by users can be subject to complex rules embodied in smart contracts, which can enforce rules regarding the use of the data and can govern the granting and rescinding of participant data. AI can be used to scan contracts to identify participants who have or are likely to possess or provide data for desired uses.
The size and nature of datasets available in blockchain networks can also have implications for effective AI. Because many different organizations and stakeholders contribute to shared ledgers, the quantity and variability of data available for analysis can be much larger than for single-company databases. Larger datasets could enable more sophisticated identity-masking procedures, and metadata may be richer and more informative.
Because of the validation, security, timestamping and the append-only nature of blockchain ledgers, the data obtained are likely to be much cleaner and more accurate than when data are captured and maintained by many organizations in databases that are not immutable.
The ethical quality of data obtained will also be higher, and model developers and users can have increased confidence that they are following regulations. Because multi-dimensional user permissions can be granted and documented—and in some cases, enforced through smart contracts—organizations can use this data with less risk of privacy breaches. In addition, because user data can be collected using zero-knowledge proofs, complex analyses requiring specific user data can be performed and the necessary information captured and used without the need for accessing or possessing PII.
The use of blockchain data and artifacts can also result in higher quality analyses and outcomes. When data are clean and associated with clear metadata, the validity of the data is increased. Because each item in a data set is more trusted, error can be reduced and insights can be obtained through smaller data sets. When clean data are used to train AI models, those models will be more accurate, and the predictions and decisions made by those models will also be improved. Clean-training data can also be useful in validating non-blockchain data for use in AI models.
Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the hypotheses upon which AI models are built can improve, for several reasons. First, because participant permission must be obtained and possibly paid for, AI designers will need to develop clear designs that define the analyses to be performed and determine the type and amount of data needed for these analyses. This will require designers to be more aware of the universe of data that could inform these analyses and what is and is not available in distributed ledgers and personal-data files. This could help identify problems such as the lack of black faces in photo-categorizing algorithms before or during data collection.
PII may never be collected, and when it is, its use may be more intentional and usage agreements may be enforced by smart contracts. This enables more ethical approaches to gathering and managing data. AI models built using ethically-sourced and governed data can generate results that are actionable within predefined ethical and regulatory limits.
The 2019–2020 Covid 19 pandemic has prompted medical researchers and technologists to research ways to quickly gather intelligence around virus exposure and transmission as a way to combat the spread of the disease while maintaining personal privacy of users. Point-of-care diagnostics, which rely on rapid testing of patients that may have been exposed to the virus is proving to be an effective way of tracking the spread and reducing the impact of the disease. German based Pharmact AG has developed a rapid Covid 19 test that delivers results in roughly 20 minutes. This test can be used in point-of-care systems and combined with blockchain and AI to increase the speed of diagnosis and provide statistics on positive and negative results while maintaining security of personally-identifiable data. Data can be collected on blockchain infrastructure while taking advantage of the speed that AI affords to create an integrated platform that enables data from disparate sources to be analyzed. Information drawn from these systems can provide communities a powerful tool for combatting the spread of disease, reducing the burden of health care facilities and saving lives [19].
Many cities are working toward becoming “smart cities” by integrating AI and blockchain with other web 3.0 technologies such as internet of things (IoT) sensors and edge devices. Intelligent transportation systems are enabled by these technologies. Self-driving cars make use of IoT sensors to continuously monitor surrounding situations and even anticipate developments by using artificial intelligence. These cars can incorporate blockchain wallets that enable passengers to pay for rides, rentals, tolls, etc. without revealing personal data. By adding blockchain as an underlying architecture, cities and private companies can reduce the friction of renting or sharing autonomous vehicles by streamlining the process of procuring a ride. The peer to peer nature of blockchain reduces the number of people or businesses involved in the process, taking out expensive intermediaries, and reducing costs. These systems can also provide audit trails for both owners and renters, and enable rating and payment systems that maintain privacy for both parties. Data gathered by the vehicles can contribute to learning algorithms on the blockchain for increased security, scalability and efficiencies as well as improved transportation and sustainability for the city [20].
Smart home systems that preserve user privacy while contributing usage data for analysis can likewise benefit from the integration of blockchain and AI. Smart home systems are becoming popular and manufacturers increasingly enable connectivity between devices. These systems are valuable sources of consumer usage data. AI-enabled blockchain systems can be used to push machine learning and training processes to consumer’s mobile devices and edge computing servers. Users can then submit locally-trained models for analysis, in some cases with option of adding noise that makes it very difficult to trace shared data back to individual consumers. Decentralized technologies enable analysis of locally generated data without this data being submitted to a centralized server [21].
These use cases exemplify some of the ways blockchain and AI are being used to accomplish objectives while maintaining personal data privacy. New use cases continue to be developed as technologists and user communities recognize the possibilities for systems that provide both functionality and privacy.
Blockchain and AI technologies are improving at a rapid pace and enabling possibilities for sharing and combining data in ways not previously envisioned. At the same time, advances in these technologies provide new possibilities for the ethical use of data. Personal data, when shared, present a conundrum for firms and individuals, which can provide valuable benefits but can also create great risks and costs for both the individual and the organizations with which individual data are shared. Blockchain provides new mechanisms, such as decentralized identities and zero-knowledge proofs, that enable data to be shared in ways that maintain the privacy of the individual and allow users to maintain control over their own data. These advances can provide both increased cybersecurity and more ethical use of personal data. Blockchain participants can realize these outcomes through careful development of governance frameworks and mechanisms.
Publication of this chapter in an open access book was funded by the Portland State University Library’s Open Access Fund.
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The literature source was Web of Science and SSCI, SCI-EXPANDED, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, and ESCI indexes. Fifty-two articles were reviewed; however, 14 of them were not been included in the study. As a result, 38 articles were examined. Level of education, field of education, and material types of AR used in education and reported educational advantages of AR have been investigated. All articles are categorized according to target groups, which are early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, high school education, graduate education, and others. AR technology has been mostly carried out in primary and graduate education. “Science education” is the most explored field of education. Mobile applications and marker-based materials on paper have been mostly preferred. 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The more active a lesson, the more students tend to engage intellectually and emotionally in the learning activities. Cooperative learning is the foundation on which many of the active learning procedures are based. Cooperative learning is the instructional use of small groups so that students work together to maximize their own and each other’s learning. Most of the active learning procedures, such as problem-based learning, team-learning, collaborative learning, and PALS, require that students work cooperatively in small groups to achieve joint learning goals. Cooperative learning is based on two theories: Structure-Process-Outcome theory and Social Interdependence theory. Four types of cooperative learning have been derived: formal cooperative learning, informal cooperative learning, cooperative base groups, and constructive controversy. There is considerable research confirming the effectiveness of cooperative learning. 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The importance of VR/AR for the mental health field comes from three main concepts: (1) VR/AR as an imaginal technology, people can feel “as if they are” in a reality that does not exist in external world; (2) VR/AR as an embodied technology, the experience to feel user’s body inside the virtual environment; and (3) VR/AR as connectivity technology, the “end of geography’. In this chapter, we explore the opportunities provided by VR/AR as technologies to improve people’s quality of life and to discuss new frontiers for their application in mental health and psychological well-being promotion.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Sara Ventura, Rosa M. Baños and Cristina Botella",authors:[{id:"106036",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Baños",slug:"rosa-maria-banos",fullName:"Rosa Maria Baños"},{id:"227763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura",slug:"sara-ventura",fullName:"Sara Ventura"},{id:"229056",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Botella",slug:"cristina-botella",fullName:"Cristina Botella"}]},{id:"58060",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72341",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:8762,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"In the twenty-first century, significant changes are occurring related to new scientific discoveries, informatization, globalization, the development of astronautics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. This century is called the age of digital technologies and knowledge. How is the school changing in the new century? How does learning theory change? Currently, you can hear a lot of criticism that the classroom has not changed significantly compared to the last century or even like two centuries ago. Do the teachers succeed in modern changes? The purpose of the chapter is to summarize the current changes in didactics for the use of innovative teaching methods and study the understanding of changes by teachers. In this chapter, we consider four areas: the expansion of the subject of pedagogy, environmental approach to teaching, the digital generation and the changes taking place, and innovation in teaching. The theory of education, figuratively speaking, has two levels. At the macro-level, in the “education-society” relationship, decentralization and diversification, internationalization of education, and the introduction of digital technologies occur. At the micro-level in the “teacher-learner” relationship, there is an active mix of traditional and innovative methods, combination of an activity approach with an energy-informational environment approach, cognition with constructivism and connectivism.",book:{id:"5980",slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"64583",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81714",title:"Evaluating a Course for Teaching Advanced Programming Concepts with Scratch to Preservice Kindergarten Teachers: A Case Study in Greece",slug:"evaluating-a-course-for-teaching-advanced-programming-concepts-with-scratch-to-preservice-kindergart",totalDownloads:1409,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Coding is a new literacy for the twenty-first century, and as a literacy, coding enables new ways of thinking and new ways of communicating and expressing ideas, as well as new ways of civic participation. A growing number of countries, in Europe and beyond, have established clear policies and frameworks for introducing computational thinking (CT) and computer programming to young children. In this chapter, we discuss a game-based approach to coding education for preservice kindergarten teachers using Scratch. The aim of using Scratch was to excite students’ interest and familiarize them with the basics of programming in an open-ended, project-based, and personally meaningful environment for a semester course in the Department of Preschool Education in the University of Crete. For 13 weeks, students were introduced to the main Scratch concepts and, afterward, were asked to prepare their projects. For the projects, they were required to design their own interactive stories to teach certain concepts about mathematics or physical science to preschool-age students. The results we obtained were more satisfactory than expected and, in some regards, encouraging if one considers the fact that the research participants had no prior experiences with computational thinking.",book:{id:"6936",slug:"early-childhood-education",title:"Early Childhood Education",fullTitle:"Early Childhood Education"},signatures:"Stamatios Papadakis and Michail Kalogiannakis",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58060",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:8743,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"In the twenty-first century, significant changes are occurring related to new scientific discoveries, informatization, globalization, the development of astronautics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. This century is called the age of digital technologies and knowledge. How is the school changing in the new century? How does learning theory change? Currently, you can hear a lot of criticism that the classroom has not changed significantly compared to the last century or even like two centuries ago. Do the teachers succeed in modern changes? The purpose of the chapter is to summarize the current changes in didactics for the use of innovative teaching methods and study the understanding of changes by teachers. In this chapter, we consider four areas: the expansion of the subject of pedagogy, environmental approach to teaching, the digital generation and the changes taking place, and innovation in teaching. The theory of education, figuratively speaking, has two levels. At the macro-level, in the “education-society” relationship, decentralization and diversification, internationalization of education, and the introduction of digital technologies occur. At the micro-level in the “teacher-learner” relationship, there is an active mix of traditional and innovative methods, combination of an activity approach with an energy-informational environment approach, cognition with constructivism and connectivism.",book:{id:"5980",slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"61746",title:"Facilitation of Teachers’ Professional Development through Principals’ Instructional Supervision and Teachers’ Knowledge- Management Behaviors",slug:"facilitation-of-teachers-professional-development-through-principals-instructional-supervision-and-t",totalDownloads:3349,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"With the rise of global competition and the focus on teacher quality, teacher professional development is becoming increasingly crucial, and the stress and challenges for principals are more severe than ever. Teachers can improve their professional abilities through principals’ instructional supervision and their own knowledge-management (KM) behaviors to benefit students. Thus, this chapter analyzes the relationship among principals’ instructional supervision, teachers’ KM, and teachers’ professional development. The author believes that principals’ instructional supervision and effective KM can facilitate the professional development of teachers. The author also believes the readers can know the relationships among them, and teachers’ professional development can be improved through principal’s instructional supervision and teachers’ KM behaviors.",book:{id:"6674",slug:"contemporary-pedagogies-in-teacher-education-and-development",title:"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development",fullTitle:"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development"},signatures:"Chien-Chin Chen",authors:[{id:"232569",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Chien Chih",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chien-chih-chen",fullName:"Chien Chih Chen"}]},{id:"75908",title:"From the Classroom into Virtual Learning Environments: Essential Knowledge, Competences, Skills and Pedagogical Strategies for the 21st Century Teacher Education in Kenya",slug:"from-the-classroom-into-virtual-learning-environments-essential-knowledge-competences-skills-and-ped",totalDownloads:501,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"As teachers in Kenya begin to migrate from the classroom to virtual learning spaces following COVID 19 pandemic, there is pressing need to realign Teacher Education to requisite Knowledge, competences, skills, and attitudes that will support online teaching. This chapter explores these needs using a combination of lived experiences and literature review that captured a meta-analysis of research trends on e-learning. While trends in Teacher Education indicate progression towards adoption of technology, there are disparities between the theory and practice. Evidence from recent research and reports; and the recollected experiences confirmed knowledge, competence, skills and pedagogical gaps in the implementation of online learning, that have been exacerbated by COVID-19. The researcher recommends that teacher education should sensitize and train teacher trainees on how to access, analyze and use new knowledge emerging with technology; they also should be coached on how learners learn with technology and on fundamentals of the communication process. Particularly the course on educational technology, should focus on how to create and manage online courses. The 5-stage E-Moderator Model and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) are recommended as effective pedagogical scaffold for online teaching.",book:{id:"10229",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Catherine Adhiambo Amimo",authors:[{id:"333482",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine Adhiambo",middleName:null,surname:"Amimo",slug:"catherine-adhiambo-amimo",fullName:"Catherine Adhiambo Amimo"}]},{id:"75224",title:"Decoding the Digital Gap in Teacher Education: Three Perspectives across the Globe",slug:"decoding-the-digital-gap-in-teacher-education-three-perspectives-across-the-globe",totalDownloads:552,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Educational use of technology is regularly assessed, and results often show a gap between educational policies and what is actually practiced. This chapter will help clarify how teacher educators experience the changing educational contexts due to the digital revolution, how their meaning-making shifts, and how outside forces influence those processes. The results are based on comparative international studies. Central for this study is practitioners’ professional digital competence, their attitudes towards digital technology and the use of digital technology in education. We found that the influence and contribution of digital practice is carried out quite differently across the globe. Our research questions were: How do practitioners experience teaching in a rapidly changing context? How do attitudes change due to top-down governing of education? and What motivates teacher educators to implement digital technology?",book:{id:"10229",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Steinar Thorvaldsen and Siri Sollied Madsen",authors:[{id:"332624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Siri Sollied",middleName:null,surname:"Madsen",slug:"siri-sollied-madsen",fullName:"Siri Sollied Madsen"},{id:"332626",title:"Prof.",name:"Steinar",middleName:null,surname:"Thorvaldsen",slug:"steinar-thorvaldsen",fullName:"Steinar Thorvaldsen"}]},{id:"75416",title:"Self-Study Research: Challenges and Opportunities in Teacher Education",slug:"self-study-research-challenges-and-opportunities-in-teacher-education",totalDownloads:724,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This article aims to describe what self-study research is, why self-study can be a good approach to teacher educators’ professional development and improvements in practice and highlight some challenges and opportunities in this research approach. In addition, the article will shed light on some methodological aspects related to self-study. Self-study refers to teacher educators who in an intentionally and systematically way examine their practice to improve it, based on a deeper understanding of practice, as well as the context practice takes place. In the article, I argue that engaging in self-study is a learning and development process and an approach to developing personal professionalism, collective professionalism and improvements in practice.",book:{id:"10229",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Kåre Hauge",authors:[{id:"332053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kåre",middleName:null,surname:"Hauge",slug:"kare-hauge",fullName:"Kåre Hauge"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"265",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81937",title:"Socialization Experiences among Undergraduate Students in Higher Learning Institutions (HLI)",slug:"socialization-experiences-among-undergraduate-students-in-higher-learning-institutions-hli-",totalDownloads:20,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99007",abstract:"This work portrays the problems of socialization among undergraduate students in higher learning institutions. The socialization processes in higher learning institution are significant for the successful navigation of students in the academic programs and university environment in preparing the next generation of professional practitioners and scholars. But the undergraduate student socialization experiences of students at university environment are overlooked. To navigate in the higher learning institutions, students should be socialized effectively to the normative contexts of the higher learning institutions. The normative contexts of the higher learning institutions are generally categorized into social and academic contexts, because these context academic and social context integration have been linked to student retention and success. Social integration involves interpersonal relationships, support, interactions with others, and a sense of belonging at a university, which stems from extracurricular activities, informal dealings with peer groups, and interactions with faculty and staff, whereas academic integration is described through grade performance and intellectual development that reflects an ability to meet the standards of the academic system; intellectual development involves a student valuing their education as a process of development in which they gain knowledge and ideas. Students’ background is also the contributing factor for students’ socialization in the University.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Mulusew Birhanu Ayalew"},{id:"80280",title:"Adoption of Online Learning during the Covid19 Pandemic Lockdown by Universities in Garowe",slug:"adoption-of-online-learning-during-the-covid19-pandemic-lockdown-by-universities-in-garowe",totalDownloads:89,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99941",abstract:"In response to the Covid-19 outbreak the world closed and therefore countries like Somalia have not been exceptional. The government of Somalia and all higher education institutions adopted crisis intervention measures on implementation of blended learning approaches like online teaching and learning. In this chapter we explore the process and challenges of adopting online learning in response to the world wide lockdown due to the pandemic. Given that this was an abrupt requirement, the survey was interested in finding out whether universities adopted and adapted easily. Researchers compared findings from previous studies and theoretical inclinations on online learning. Results indicate that the adoption of online learning among universities in Garowe was as a matter of crisis management whereby administration, lecturers and students were all not ready and had no prior grounding in this pedagogical learning platform. Just like previous studies online learning implementers have continued to encounter several challenges like intermittent internet network, cost of gadgets and facilities, inadequate skills of both the instructors and students, aspects of communication and satisfaction from stakeholders. With the research survey in Garowe, results show that this is still pervading and therefore need for more rigorous contextualised research on this subject.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Tumwebaze Alicon Auf and Omer Abdi Hamdi"},{id:"78597",title:"Public-Private Participation in Funding University Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Nigerian Case-Study for Sustainable Development",slug:"public-private-participation-in-funding-university-education-in-sub-saharan-africa-a-nigerian-case-s",totalDownloads:134,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99940",abstract:"The developing countries in Africa still cannot withstand the pressure of the highly competitive global education market. Together with the large numbers of people who make a living in various innovative companies, these countries have solved key contemporary issues affecting global education. For this reason, it is necessary to actively respond to current technological innovation and educational challenges and to eliminate new technology graduates who can effectively interact with students through the responsive expansion of education and training. Expansion of education can produce effective expansion that promotes educational development, but due to budget constraints, most African governments cannot successfully and sustainably implement such educational programs. This is difficult. However, public-private partnership efforts provide a way out of this financial dilemma. The Sub-Saharan Africa initiative has achieved important educational objectives, such as: ensuring relevance for quality; secure funding for sustainability and establish resource mobilization partnerships and connections; and promote international cooperation. This discussion is relevant to the basic conditions for a successful public-private partnership with educational institutions and extended education and sheds light on the impact, lessons, and challenges. The public is increasingly concerned about the importance of higher education in the 21st century. This chapter explores some of the key functions of an innovative education system that supports the development of education in Nigeria and enhances people’s ability to use information. Nigeria’s education system re-emphasizes the importance of public and private universities, but the country does not have a sustainable education system and well-equipped educational institutions to support people’s ability to use information, learning, education, and research activities.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Lawrence Jones-Esan"},{id:"79197",title:"University Teachers’ Conceptions of What University Is: Implications for the Future of Higher Education",slug:"university-teachers-conceptions-of-what-university-is-implications-for-the-future-of-higher-educatio",totalDownloads:107,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100813",abstract:"This chapter presents the perception of university teachers about the university, the most recent changes and how they have influenced their activity. The phenomenographic study was conducted with 10 university teachers, nine females and one male with more than 15 years of professional activity. The perception of the university emerges, in the teachers’ voice, focused on the description of its mission, namely as a context for the production and diffusion of knowledge to society, as a space for creative and critical thinking about the world, as an interdisciplinary space and as a system focused on teaching and research. It also includes characteristics related to its structure and functioning, such as the level of hierarchization, bureaucratization, competitiveness, dehumanization and bibliometrics overvaluation. Regarding the perceived changes, they are related to the structural reforms resulting from the Bologna Process, diverse student populations, research and internationalization, new technologies, institutional cooperation, bureaucratization and relationship with the community. Teachers also revealed some dissatisfaction in the way they are experiencing university life due to the overwork resulting from the multiple tasks required in the four activity strands (teaching, research, management and extension) with an impact on quality and innovation, but in line with what the institution demands.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Elisa Chaleta"},{id:"78595",title:"Globalization and Education: Trends towards Sustainability",slug:"globalization-and-education-trends-towards-sustainability",totalDownloads:58,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99974",abstract:"Higher Education Institutions (IES) have a very relevant role in the path towards sustainability. The problem of the implementation of curricular sustainability is the disparity of solutions that can be adopted depending on the political and economic situation of each country. The study of a practical case in the south of Honduras allows the student to approach key decisions in a real scenario to bring improvements to a very disadvantaged population, lacking basic services, such as water and electricity, under the premise of sustainability, facing aspects as relevant such as sustainable mobility, water resources management, energy and construction models, in a context where globalization and technological innovation play a very important role. It is essential to know in depth the real context where structural changes will be applied to understand that there is no single reality, that actions are built adapting to specific situations and that the effectiveness of the measures that can be adopted to establish models that prioritize that part of sustainability that best weighs the balance between the environment, society and the economy for each case.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Maria Olga Bernaldo and Gonzalo Fernandez-Sanchez"},{id:"79255",title:"Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Africa Embracing the “New Normal” for Knowledge Production and Innovation: Barriers, Realities, and Possibilities",slug:"higher-education-institutions-heis-in-africa-embracing-the-new-normal-for-knowledge-production-and-i",totalDownloads:128,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101063",abstract:"If Africa is to remain relevant and competitive in today’s knowledge-based economy, it has to rely on higher education institutions (HEIs) as centers of excellence for knowledge production. HEIs nurture and sustain the production of highly-skilled individuals to support Africa’s growing economies. Among all possible ways, this could be achievable through strategic curricula innovation driven by emerging mobile technologies. Consequently, Africa’s HEIs need to embrace the ‘New Normal’ by optimizing online teaching and learning in their pursuit to expand information and communications technology (ICT) literacy as a means to increase students’ opportunities in higher education (HE). However, Africa’s ability to embrace the ‘New Normal’ has been marred by inadequate ICT infrastructures, low connectivity, unreliable power supply, and national budget constraints that may undermine Africa’s HEIs’ potential to augment knowledge production and innovation.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Christopher B. Mugimu"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:17},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. 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He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. from Integral University, Lucknow, India, with his work titled ‘Development and evaluation of silymarin nanoformulation for hepatic carcinoma’. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics, at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. He has been teaching PharmD, BPharm, and MPharm students and conducting research in the novel drug delivery domain. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than twenty-four original journal articles, two edited books, four book chapters, and several scientific articles to his credit. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333824",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Farouk",middleName:null,surname:"Musa",slug:"ahmad-farouk-musa",fullName:"Ahmad Farouk Musa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333824/images/22684_n.jpg",biography:"Dato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa\nMD, MMED (Surgery) (Mal), Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery (Monash Health, Aust), Graduate Certificate in Higher Education (Aust), Academy of Medicine (Mal)\n\n\n\nDato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa obtained his Doctor of Medicine from USM in 1992. He then obtained his Master of Medicine in Surgery from the same university in the year 2000 before subspecialising in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Institut Jantung Negara (IJN), Kuala Lumpur from 2002 until 2005. He then completed his Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia in 2008. He has served in the Malaysian army as a Medical Officer with the rank of Captain upon completing his Internship before joining USM as a trainee lecturer. He is now serving as an academic and researcher at Monash University Malaysia. He is a life-member of the Malaysian Association of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery (MATCVS) and a committee member of the MATCVS Database. He is also a life-member of the College of Surgeons, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia; a life-member of Malaysian Medical Association (MMA), and a life-member of Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia (IMAM). Recently he was appointed as an Interim Chairperson of Examination & Assessment Subcommittee of the UiTM-IJN Cardiothoracic Surgery Postgraduate Program. As an academic, he has published numerous research papers and book chapters. He has also been appointed to review many scientific manuscripts by established journals such as the British Medical Journal (BMJ). He has presented his research works at numerous local and international conferences such as the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (ESCVS), to name a few. He has also won many awards for his research presentations at meetings and conferences like the prestigious International Invention, Innovation & Technology Exhibition (ITEX); Design, Research and Innovation Exhibition, the National Conference on Medical Sciences and the Annual Scientific Meetings of the Malaysian Association for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. He was awarded the Darjah Setia Pangkuan Negeri (DSPN) by the Governor of Penang in July, 2015.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Monash University Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"19",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Science",keywords:"Animal Science, Animal Biology, Wildlife Species, Domesticated Animals",scope:"The Animal Science topic welcomes research on captive and wildlife species, including domesticated animals. The research resented can consist of primary studies on various animal biology fields such as genetics, nutrition, behavior, welfare, and animal production, to name a few. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. 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