Sample characteristics (N = 208).
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"25",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Thermodynamics",title:"Thermodynamics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Progress of thermodynamics has been stimulated by the findings of a variety of fields of science and technology. 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He was born in Osaka, Japan in 1957. He received a Doctor of Engineering degree from Kyoto University. He joined Toyota Central Research Laboratories, Inc., in 1986. After research and education in Tottori University and Kyoto University, he moved to Doshisha University in 2003. He has conducted experimental research on synthetic receptors, synthesis and supramolecular chemistry of tetrapyrrolic dyes, synthesis of clay minerals, nanoscience of organic-inorganic interfacial structures, and organic-inorganic hybrid materials. 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The effectiveness of these intervention programs has been amply demonstrated as a way of improving the entrepreneurial intention among their participants [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11].
Particularly, and, as far as the university sphere is concerned, it has been confirmed that higher education centers are a potential source of future entrepreneurs [8, 12, 13]. Indeed, entrepreneurship has become an increasingly important work option that is highly valued by students [14, 15, 16, 17].
Within the programs related to promoting entrepreneurial intention, in the current socioeconomic context, the specific area of social entrepreneurship has been gaining importance [18, 19, 20]. In this sense, according to Kaya et al. [21], students who can be described as social lead users, whose social vision is beyond the existing market for providing solutions to social problems, are more likely to be entrepreneurs than those who cannot be described as social lead users. Thus, analyzing the cognitive schemes associated with social entrepreneurship is an important academic challenge [22, 23, 24].
Aware of this need and taking into account that altruism and volunteer activities can be a key explanatory element when characterizing social entrepreneurship [25, 26, 27, 28, 29], the present work aims to measure the effect participating in volunteer activities has on the intention to carry out social entrepreneurship projects. In this sense, the model of planned behavior [30, 31] is the relationship framework that is most popular for introducing personal and contextual variables, and has rigorous theoretical support [32, 33].
Therefore, and starting from the Theory of Planned Behavior, we compare the entrepreneurial intention towards social projects based on attitudes towards this behavior, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control of a group of students with experience in volunteering with another group that lacks this experience.
The paper begins with a brief review of the theoretical background of social entrepreneurship, and then reflects on the possible relationships between personal factors and social concerns. The proposed model is presented below, the methodology of the study is described and the main results are detailed. Finally, the main conclusions are highlighted.
Kao [34] already pointed out that entrepreneurship, in general terms, can be defined as the process linked to ‘doing something new and something different’ with the aim of adding value, both to the individual and to society. Social entrepreneurship is framed within this conceptual field, in fact, “social entrepreneurs share many of the same qualities that regular entrepreneurs share: their ventures are typically of high risk, they are characteristically skilled at stretching resources more efficiently, and typically they have a new idea that fills a niche in the market” ([35]; p. 9).
The concept of “social enterprise” started to gain popularity between the 1980s and 1990s, promoted by Bill Drayton, founder of Ashoka, a non-profit organization based in the United States, which develops activities focused on social entrepreneurship. However, there is still no clear academic consensus regarding its meaning [36]. Despite the diversity of nuances that shape this concept, there are three common ideas that are repeated in all their meanings [18, 20, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40]:
Social entrepreneurship has the aim of creating
This value creation is developed through
Social projects become the driving force that stimulates
Martin and Osberg [40] differentiate between traditional organizations that provide social services and firms of a social nature. In fact, the term
In short, following Guzmán and Trujillo [47] and Sastre-Castillo et al. [45], we understand that social entrepreneurship is a specific type of entrepreneurship that seeks to solve social problems through the construction, evaluation and pursuit of opportunities that allow the generation of sustainable social value, reaching new and stable equilibriums in relation to social conditions.
This central objective of obtaining a social benefit does not mean that social entrepreneurship projects should be developed under the legal umbrella of nonprofit associations only. In this sense, there is a significant trend of nonprofit entities to be created with non-traditional legal forms. Eikenberry and Kluver [48] explain this change by the budget cuts suffered by some social programs and the decrease in donations received by the private sector.
Along these lines, some authors [39, 42] recommend the creation of hybrid business models or new forms of social entrepreneurship that bring together elements of both traditional social and commercial enterprises.
According to Guo and Bielefeld [35], the main differentiating element of social entrepreneurs compared to regular entrepreneurs is that the former “are not merely trying to make the best out of the current situation, but instead create a wholly new situation in which to operate. They have a business and social mission, and through that mission change the way the system functions”. Along these lines, following Austin et al. [42] and Dorado [49], we could categorize the main differences that exist between a commercial or business enterprise and a social enterprise in four groups:
Definition of opportunity: A problem for the commercial entrepreneur is an opportunity for the social entrepreneur. In this sense, while opportunities are abundant for social entrepreneurs, the same does not occur for commercial entrepreneurs.
Mission: The fundamental purpose of social entrepreneurship is the creation of social value, while commercial entrepreneurs seek the creation of profitable operations from an economic point of view.
Mobilization of resources: The way to capture resources, both human and financial, in both types of enterprises is different. The majority of social projects are not able to adequately reward highly qualified and competitive personnel, and the greatest effort of social enterprises is in the search for financial resources, due to their lack of cash flows and assets [49].
Measurement of performance: Social enterprises face great difficulties in evaluating performance due to the impossibility of measuring social impacts, while economic ones are easier to quantify.
Indeed, the existence of organizations whose objectives are generating benefits for the community is not something new; rather it has been a concern from the very first civilizations. What is new is the growing interest that this type of activity has awakened in recent years, in both academic and government institutions [22]. Much of this interest is due to the fact that, in many cases, social entrepreneurs provide innovative social solutions that are more sustainable and effective than those provided by the public sector [37, 50, 51]. In fact, Bargsted [52] recognizes in social entrepreneurship an alternative path towards social and economic progress.
However, and despite this interest, empirical approaches are scarce [45] and there is still a considerable scientific vacuum in terms of the dynamics and processes that favor the generation of social entrepreneurship projects [27, 29, 53, 54, 55, 56]. In this sense, Certo and Miller [22] highlight the importance of determining the personal characteristics and cognitive schemes of social entrepreneurs, in order to promote these types of initiatives.
Entrepreneurial activity, like any process, requires some planning until it materializes in the creation of a business, with the intention of entrepreneurship being the step prior to its effective implementation and, therefore, its best predictor [31, 57, 58, 59].
However, there is still a significant gap in understanding how the antecedents of this intention and how its conditioning factors are formed [60]. With regard to social entrepreneurship, following North [61, 62] the start-up of this type of projects responds, fundamentally, to two kinds of motives: formal, such as reasons for public spending and access to financing and informal ones of governmental efficiency, such as social needs, social attitudes and education [63].
Urbano et al. [64] recognize that reasons of an informal nature, and linked to personal aspects, exert a greater influence on the generation of new social entrepreneurship projects. Similarly, Hemingway [65] considers that personal factors determine the propensity of an individual to create social ventures.
Entrepreneurial intention, in the general field of entrepreneurship and by extension to the case of social entrepreneurship, depends fundamentally on a combination of personal and social factors [66, 67, 68]. According to this argument, among all the models that try to explain entrepreneurial intention, that of the Theory of Planned Action [31, 57] has become the one that best reflects the entrepreneurial process, insofar as it explains entrepreneurial intention based on the interaction between personal and social factors.
This theory proposes that entrepreneurial intention depends on the influence that three variables have on it: attitude towards behavior, the subjective norm and the perceived behavioral control. The attitude towards entrepreneurial behavior will depend on the beliefs that a certain person has about certain behaviors. Moreover, these beliefs will depend on the consequences that the subject perceives could be triggered by such behavior and its evaluation. The subjective norm can be defined as the perception of social pressure to carry out or not a particular behavior [31]. Scores of subjective norm are obtained from the analysis of two variables: the beliefs about how other significant persons think that the individual should behave (normative beliefs), and the motivation that refers to the general tendency that exists in complying with the norms of a group taken as a reference [68]. Finally, perceived behavioral control refers to the greater or lesser difficulty that the person perceives to perform the behavior [57]. Regarding this variable, Ajzen [57] breaks it down into two dimensions: self-efficacy (belief in one’s own abilities to organize and execute behavior) and controllability (belief about the control one has over one’s own behavior).
Although in the field of entrepreneurship the Theory of Planned Action (TPA, hereafter) has been widely applied, in the specific case of social entrepreneurship the development of the model has been rather scarce [54, 69, 70]. This means that the field in general is still in the process of configuration and development, especially in terms of the explanatory background of social entrepreneurial intention [29, 45, 55, 66].
For Osorio [71], the training of altruistic people, as a vehicle to enhance pro-social behavior, is one of the great challenges faced by current educators. In this sense, this same author, suggests that empathy is one of the main engines of altruism, in the sense that if ‘one learns to suffer with the suffering of others, and to be happy and alleviated with the joy and relief of others, you will find a certain pleasure in altruistic actions, and you will be, therefore, more prone to carry out such actions’.
Likewise, the capacities of an entrepreneur are not fixed or immovable traits or characteristics, but can be modified over time and, therefore, developed and learned through experience [72]. Bird and Romanelli [73] identified a strong relationship between experience and the trajectory of founders of enterprises and the type of business entrepreneurship they generated. Moreover, Zahra et al. [74] affirm that the linking of potential social entrepreneurs with activities related to the social sector fosters the capacity to become more altruistic citizens and, therefore, a greater capacity to identify new social opportunities. In this sense, several researches coincide in demonstrating that prior social experience is a relevant aspect in the generation of social entrepreneurship projects [22, 42]. These findings can be explained on the basis that volunteer work [75] and service learning [25] enhance a sense of social responsibility among participants.
In this sense, in an exploratory study by Scheiber [29], conducted in Brazil, it is pointed out that participation in volunteer work can be one of the explanatory factors, even the essential motivation, for the subsequent implementation of social entrepreneurship projects. This can be explained because volunteers often obtain a more intimate awareness and understanding of those most affected by social problems through volunteer work. However, following Scheiber [29], it is necessary to develop quantitative studies in other territorial areas, aimed at other populations, especially younger people to explain this relationship. This is framed in the need to improve the explanatory factors of social entrepreneurship [67] and to consolidate a general theory for this field [76].
Under these premises, and aware of the role of universities as promoters of capabilities linked to entrepreneurship and more specifically to social entrepreneurship [69, 77] it is necessary to determine the antecedents of social entrepreneurship, comparing it to business entrepreneurship and the importance of having carried out previous volunteer activities.
A total of 208 university students participated in this research, 96 of them volunteers and 112 non-volunteers. Of the total sample, 67.1% were women and the rest men. The mean age was 32.59 (SD = 15.05). Table 1 shows a summary of the characteristics of the sample.
Variable | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
32.9 | ||
67.1 | ||
Experience of volunteering | ||
96 | 16.2 | |
112 | 16.2 | |
Educational level | ||
41 | 19.7 | |
45 | 22 | |
84 | 40.2 | |
31 | 15 |
Sample characteristics (N = 208).
For this study, a questionnaire was developed that included 37 questions (see Appendix). The confidentiality of the data collected was guaranteed, as well as the anonymity of the participants. The questionnaire included the following sections:
1.
The questionnaire contains a first block of questions aimed at measuring personal attitude towards entrepreneurship, through two scales of seven items each, which gather the beliefs and assess the consequences of entrepreneurship. In the adaptation carried out for this research, an item has been included in the attitude block related to the desire to achieve social improvement, and another item to measure its assessment.
A second block of the questionnaire measures subjective norms, by means of two scales of three items each, which measure the normative beliefs and participants’ motivation to adjust to these norms perceived by the influence of direct family, close friends, co-workers or colleagues.
The third block of the questionnaire includes the controllability scale, with 5 items, since two new items were included in relation to the questionnaire proposed by Moriano et al. [68]: “
Finally, the fourth block of the questionnaire measures the entrepreneurial intention through 3 items “Have
2.
This questionnaire was delivered to and completed by participants at a Conference on Solidarity organized by a medium-size European university and the Volunteer Office of the
First, with the sample as a whole, the mean scores and standard deviations of the dimensions were calculated. In addition, the reliability of each dimension was calculated through Cronbach’s Alpha, and an analysis of the existing correlations between Entrepreneurial Intention, Social Entrepreneurship and the dimensions of the TPA model was carried out. Table 2 presents a summary of the results obtained.
Mean (SD) | α | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Entrepreneurial Intention | 4.57 (2.11) | — | — | ||||
2. Social Entrepreneurship | 3.96 (1.68) | .878 | .418** | — | |||
3. Attitude | 30.73 (8.97) | .828 | .330** | .401** | — | ||
4. Subjective Norm | 12.95 (5.04) | .819 | .163* | .255** | .559** | — | |
5. Controllability | 3.68 (1.31) | .858 | .375** | .706** | .437** | .160* | — |
Matrix of correlations between the variables studied.
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
A moderately high correlation was observed between Entrepreneurial Intention and Social Entrepreneurship (r = .418; p < .01), which indicates that these are two independent constructs, although they are related. Social entrepreneurship showed a very high correlation with controllability (r = .706, p < 0.01) and personal attitude (r = .401; p < 0.01).
To check if there are differences in the dimensions studied between voluntary and non-voluntary participants, comparisons of means were carried out, the results of which are presented in Table 3.
Mean Volunteers | Mean Non-Volunteers | t (gl) | Sign. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Entrepreneurial Intention | 4.50 | 4.62 | −0.366 (171) | .715 |
Social Entrepreneurship | 4.39 | 3.63 | 3.037 (172) | .003 |
Attitude | 31.40 | 30.25 | 0.849 (177) | .397 |
Subjective Norm | 12.80 | 13.07 | −0.358 (171) | .721 |
Controllability | 3.98 | 3.45 | 2.722 (172) | .007 |
T-tests for the variables of the TPA model and social entrepreneurship depending on experience or no experience of voluntary actions.
These results indicate that there are statistically significant differences between the groups of volunteers and non-volunteers in the intention to carry out social entrepreneurship, as well as in the perception of controllability. In both measures, the group of volunteers presents scores higher than that of non-volunteers.
To determine if similar or different predictive models are produced for the criteria of entrepreneurial intention and social entrepreneurship, a multiple linear regression analysis was carried out for each of these dimensions, including the prediction variables Attitude, Subjective norm and Controllability. The results obtained are presented in Table 4.
Regression Coefficient | |||
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 1.401 | 2.404 | .017 |
Attitude | .203 | 2.180 | .031 |
Subjective Norm | .004 | 0.050 | .960 |
Controllability | .286 | 3.662 | <.001 |
Intercept | .052 | 0.148 | .883 |
Attitude | .039 | 0.544 | .587 |
Subjective Norm | .126 | 1.943 | .054 |
Controllability | .669 | 11.231 | <.001 |
Results of the regression analysis for the criterion variables entrepreneurial intention and social entrepreneurship.
The results obtained show that the predictive capacity of the model is greater for social entrepreneurship, with 51% of the variance of the criterion variable explained, compared to entrepreneurial intention (R2adj = .160). In the predictive model of entrepreneurial intention, Attitude and Controllability are statistically significant. Specifically, for each unit increase in Controllability, entrepreneurial intention increases 0.29, and for each unit increment in attitude, entrepreneurial intention increases by 0.20. When the regression model is applied to social entrepreneurship, the subjective norm and controllability are the two predictor variables that are statistically significant in the model. Specifically, for each unit increase in controllability, the intention of social entrepreneurship increases by 0.67, and for each unit increase in subjective norm, the intention of social entrepreneurship rises by 0.13.
Finally, in order to compare the groups of volunteers and non-volunteers, multiple linear regression analyzes were carried out separately for each group, for the social entrepreneurship criterion variable, including as predictor variables Attitude, Subjective norm and Controllability. The results obtained are presented in Table 5.
Regression coefficient | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | .077 | 0.127 | .899 |
Attitude | .102 | 0.942 | .349 |
Subjective Norm | .283 | 2.820 | .006 |
Controllability | .490 | 5.133 | <.001 |
Intercept | −.265 | 0.646 | .520 |
Attitude | .015 | 0.159 | .874 |
Subjective Norm | .005 | 0.056 | .955 |
Controllability | .765 | 10.212 | <.001 |
Results of the regression analysis for the criterion variable social entrepreneurship in volunteers and non-volunteers.
In the case of the volunteer sample, the predictive model explains 44% of the variance of the criterion variable. In this case, controllability and subjective norm are the variables with predictive power. Specifically, for each unit increase in controllability, Social Entrepreneurship increases by 0.49, and for each unit increase in subjective norm, there is a 0.28 increase in Social Entrepreneurship.
This paper analyzes the possible relationship between entrepreneurial intention in projects of a social nature and participation in volunteer activities. From the results obtained some preliminary conclusions can be drawn that confirm the value of expanding our knowledge of social entrepreneurship and its explanatory factors, especially the role that volunteering plays.
On the one hand, the results reveal that entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship are different dimensions which, although they are related, maintain a clear independence of each other. In this sense, it is noteworthy that experience as a volunteer increases the intention to carry out social entrepreneurship projects, but does not produce differential effects on entrepreneurial intention in general. This positive relation between volunteer work and social entrepreneurship confirms previous exploratory work, such as that of Sheiber [29] or Kaya et al. [21], emphasizing the importance of social lead user to recognize the social problems and to launch startups for providing solutions in a more efficient way than public sector institutions. It encourages further progress to analyze this relationship in other geographical areas and with other population samples.
Moreover, the sample highlights the predictive capacity of the dimensions studied in relation to social entrepreneurship. This allows us to conclude that the model of planned behavior [30, 31] constitutes a valid approach to social entrepreneurship, as is the case of regular entrepreneurship. Among these variables, for the group of volunteers, controllability and subjective norm are the most relevant. In the case of non-volunteers, perceived control over social entrepreneurship is the only explanatory variable. These data indicate that for volunteers, the opinion of family and friends regarding the intention to carry out social projects in order to consider social entrepreneurship is more important than for non-volunteers.
With regard to the comparative analysis between the volunteers and non-volunteers, it is observed that the experience as a volunteer seems to increase the desire to undertake projects of a social nature. In addition, the group of volunteers perceives a greater level of control over launching a social project, in comparison with people who have not taken part in voluntary actions. Possibly, this difference in controllability is due to the knowledge accumulated through experience, related to the having worked with institutions and groups, etc., which ultimately translates into an increase in confidence.
The results are very useful for organizations that must work with generation Z intrapreneurs in order to face challenges they have to cope with, in the sense indicated by Singh Ghura [78]. It seems that promoting volunteer activities could aid to create the organizational supportive environment needed to facilitate an intrapreneurial culture in the organization and therefore to increase corporate entrepreneurship and product innovation [79].
From the point of view of entrepreneurial university education, it seems, therefore, that the promotion of volunteer activities, the dissemination of inspiring examples of people with experience as volunteers, among other actions, could constitute good methodological tools to promote social entrepreneurship, although not business entrepreneurship. Therefore, the results confirm the potential of the university as a promoter of capabilities linked to social entrepreneurship, as pointed out in some previous works like those by García-Morales et al. [19], Co and Cooper [69] or by Richomme-Huet and Freyman [77]. It also seems to confirm the suitability of the methodologies linked to service learning [2, 25] to increase the social entrepreneurship intention in the university educational context. Finally, it should be noted these social projects can serve university students not only as vehicles to produce social improvements in their environment, but also as tools for their own future labor insertion.
To what extent do you agree that starting a social project (non-governmental organization, non-profit association, volunteer ...) for you would mean: | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not at all | Moderately | Completely | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ||
Facing new challenges | ||||||||
Creating employment for other people | ||||||||
Achieving social improvement | ||||||||
Being creative and innovative | ||||||||
Having sufficient income | ||||||||
Taking calculated risks | ||||||||
Being independent (your own boss, making your own decisions) |
To what extent are the following aspects desirable for you, in your life in general? | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not at all | Moderately | Completely | |||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
Facing new challenges | |||||||
Creating employment for other people | |||||||
Achieving social improvement | |||||||
Being creative and innovative | |||||||
Having sufficient income | |||||||
Taking calculated risks | |||||||
Being independent (your own boss, making your own decisions) |
Think now of your closest family and friends. To what extent would they agree with you if you decided to start a social project (non-governmental organization, non-profit association, volunteer ...)? | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not at all | Moderately | Completely | |||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
My direct family (mother, father, siblings) | |||||||
My close friends | |||||||
My co-workers or colleagues |
How much do you value the opinion of these people in this regard? | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not at all | Moderately | Completely | |||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
My direct family (mother, father, siblings) | |||||||
My close friends | |||||||
My co-workers or colleagues |
Please indicate to what extent you agree with the following statements: | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not at all | Moderately | Completely | |||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
If I wanted, I could easily start a social project | |||||||
I am ready to start a social project | |||||||
If I started a social project, I would have total control over the situation | |||||||
I know how to develop a social project | |||||||
There are few circumstances outside my control that would prevent me from developing a social project |
Indicate to what extent you agree with the following statements: | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not at all | Moderately | Completely | |||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
Have you ever considered starting a social project? | |||||||
Do you think that in the future you will create a social project? | |||||||
How likely do you think it is that you will create your own social project in five years? |
Gender | Age | Indicate if you are a: | If you are a university student specify the university degree you are studying | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Man | 1 | years | University student | 1 | ||
Woman | 2 | University staff (Admin or Teaching) | 2 | |||
Collaborator with some association | 3 | |||||
Other | 4 |
Do you have experience as a volunteer? | Yes | 1 | No | 2 | If yes, for how long? | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Less tan 1 year | 1 | ||||||
Between 1 and 5 years | 2 | ||||||
More than 5 years | 3 | ||||||
I have no experience but I would like to participate in volunteer activities | |||||||
I do not intend to participate in volunteer activities |
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The goals of non-pharmacological interventions are to decrease fear, distress and anxiety, and to reduce pain and provide patients with a sense of control. When deciding the most effective non-pharmacological technique, take into consideration the patient’s age, developmental level, medical history and prior experiences, current degree of pain and/or anticipated pain. The advantage of non-pharmacological treatments is that they are relatively inexpensive and safe.",book:{id:"7289",slug:"pain-management-in-special-circumstances",title:"Pain Management in Special Circumstances",fullTitle:"Pain Management in Special Circumstances"},signatures:"Ahmed El Geziry, Yasser Toble, Fathi Al Kadhi, Muhammad Pervaiz\nand Mohammad Al Nobani",authors:null},{id:"73348",title:"The Role of Cupping Therapy in Pain Management: A Literature Review",slug:"the-role-of-cupping-therapy-in-pain-management-a-literature-review",totalDownloads:967,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Cupping therapy is an ancient method which has been used for centuries for various painful conditions. It is performed by applying cups to selected skin points most commonly in the back aiming to create areas of sub-atmospheric pressure. It has been classified as either dry or wet type of therapy. Its mechanism of action is not well understood but several proposed mechanisms are described in the literature. It is relatively safe with a few reported side effects which include scar formation and skin infection. In this paper, a review of the literature will be presented to determine its potential benefits in pain management particularly in musculo-skeletal conditions such as low back and neck pain.",book:{id:"9483",slug:"pain-management-practices-novel-therapies-and-bioactives",title:"Pain Management",fullTitle:"Pain Management - Practices, Novel Therapies and Bioactives"},signatures:"Asma Al-Shidhani and Abdulaziz Al-Mahrezi",authors:[{id:"248467",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulaziz",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Mahrezi",slug:"abdulaziz-al-mahrezi",fullName:"Abdulaziz Al-Mahrezi"},{id:"322652",title:"Dr.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shidhani",slug:"asma-al-shidhani",fullName:"Asma Al-Shidhani"}]},{id:"63560",title:"Pain Management for the Sickle Cell Patient",slug:"pain-management-for-the-sickle-cell-patient",totalDownloads:1131,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a condition very common in the United States of America and its most common presenting symptom is pain related to vaso-occlusive events (VOE). The cost associated with healthcare for the sickle cell population exceeds 1 billion $USD yearly, and the majority of this cost is associated with admission related to vaso-occlusive events. With the increase longevity of patients with SCD, due to new therapies and vaccination against common infection related to SCD, the prevalence of older individuals experiencing VOE will likely increase. The psychological impact inflicted on patients with SCD can further complicate adequate care of patients experiencing acute or chronic pain and the latter must be taken into consideration when planning an optimal treatment regimen. This chapter reviews the short- and long-term management options of pain related to VOE, their limitations as well proposed regimen that could pave the way for the future of pain management of SCD.",book:{id:"7289",slug:"pain-management-in-special-circumstances",title:"Pain Management in Special Circumstances",fullTitle:"Pain Management in Special Circumstances"},signatures:"Thomas Zouki, Armen Haroutunian and Tennison Malcolm",authors:null},{id:"62009",title:"Acute Pain Management in Intensive Care Patients: Facts and Figures",slug:"acute-pain-management-in-intensive-care-patients-facts-and-figures",totalDownloads:1718,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Pain is an unpleasant experience for all patients including intensive care patients; if it is not treated properly, it has deleterious effects on patients’ acute and chronic well-beings. In ICU patients, it causes sympathetic stimulation leading to adverse hemodynamic effects and after discharge, these patients are at the higher risk for developing chronic pain and post-traumatic stress disorders. Apart from racial and regional factors, sleep deprivation, anxiety, and delirium increase the pain perceptions. Pain assessment is a prerequisite for adequate pain management. The ICU patients are sedated and ventilated, and assessment scales differ depending on whether the patient is able to communicate. There are different pain assessment scales for both groups of patients. The preferred mode of delivery of analgesic medication is intravenous route as intramuscular and subcutaneous route are not reliable for drug delivery in these patients. Patient and nurse controlled analgesia gives better sense of pain control. In the treatment of pain, opioids are the commonly used medications, but paracetamol, dexmedetomidine, and gabapentin are increasingly used. Newer trends are multimodal analgesia, where the combinations of analgesic medications with different mechanism of action are used. Another trend is increasing use of analgosedation; they not only control the pain but also relieve anxiety.",book:{id:"7289",slug:"pain-management-in-special-circumstances",title:"Pain Management in Special Circumstances",fullTitle:"Pain Management in Special Circumstances"},signatures:"Nissar Shaikh, Saher Tahseen, Qazi Zeesan Ul Haq, Gamal Al-Ameri,\nAdel Ganaw, Arshed Chanda, Muhammed Zubair Labathkhan and\nTariq Kazi",authors:[{id:"107703",title:"Dr.",name:"Nissar",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"nissar-shaikh",fullName:"Nissar Shaikh"}]},{id:"66349",title:"Food-Derived Opioids: Production and the Effects of Opioids on Human Health",slug:"food-derived-opioids-production-and-the-effects-of-opioids-on-human-health",totalDownloads:1363,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Traditional opioids have been used for the people who suffer from cancer, burns, surgery, HIV/AIDS, and other serious illness pains for years. However, numerous side effects like dizziness, apnea, physical dependence, tolerance, addiction, nausea, and vomiting push the researchers to look forward to the new opioid options. The opioid peptides which derived from foods provide significant advantages as the safe and natural alternative. The researchers reported that it is also promising a new functional food and nutraceutical. 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Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 19th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. 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He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). 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Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. 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