Some characteristics of the 8 children.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5863",leadTitle:"Recent Studies in",fullTitle:"Recent Studies in Perturbation Theory",title:"Perturbation Theory",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The book contains seven chapters written by noted experts and young researchers who present their recent studies of both pure mathematical problems of perturbation theories and application of perturbation methods to the study of the important topic in physics, for example, renormalization group theory and applications to basic models in theoretical physics (Y. Takashi), the quantum gravity and its detection and measurement (F. Bulnes), atom-photon interactions (E. G. Thrapsaniotis), treatment of spectra and radiation characteristics by relativistic perturbation theory (A. V. Glushkov et al), and Green's function theory and some applications (Jing Huang). The pure mathematical issues are related to the problem of generalization of the boundary layer function method for bisingularly perturbed differential equations (K. Alymkulov and D. A. Torsunov) and to the development of new homotopy asymptotic methods and some of their applications (Baojian Hong).",isbn:"978-953-51-3262-2",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3261-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4789-3",doi:"10.5772/65624",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-studies-in-perturbation-theory",numberOfPages:200,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"7f1d380a454c57294007f2bf95298130",bookSignature:"Dimo I. Uzunov",publishedDate:"June 14th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5863.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9503,numberOfWosCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:23,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:46,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 13th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 3rd 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 30th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 30th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 29th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"146187",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimo",middleName:"I.",surname:"Uzunov",slug:"dimo-uzunov",fullName:"Dimo Uzunov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/146187/images/system/146187.jpg",biography:"Dimo I. Uzunov was born in 1950, in Zlatograd, Bulgaria. He graduated from the Physics Faculty of St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia in 1974. He received his Ph.D. degree in Physics in 1981 and the Doctor of Physical Sciences degree in 1988. For many years he worked as a Research Fellow and Professor at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Sofia). His research is in the broad area of condensed matter theory, statistical physics, superconductivity, magnetism, phase transitions, and critical phenomena. Professor Uzunov was a teacher and research adviser of a number of under- and post-graduate students, and young researchers. He has carried out a great number of remarkable international collaborations.",institutionString:"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"752",title:"Nuclear Engineering",slug:"nuclear-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"54848",title:"Perturbed Differential Equations with Singular Points",doi:"10.5772/67856",slug:"perturbed-differential-equations-with-singular-points",totalDownloads:1471,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Here, we generalize the boundary layer functions method (or composite asymptotic expansion) for bisingular perturbed differential equations (BPDE that is perturbed differential equations with singular point). We will construct a uniform valid asymptotic solution of the singularly perturbed first-order equation with a turning point, for BPDE of the Airy type and for BPDE of the second-order with a regularly singular point, and for the boundary value problem of Cole equation with a weak singularity.A uniform valid expansion of solution of Lighthill model equation by the method of uniformization and the explicit solution—this one by the generalization method of the boundary layer function—is constructed. Furthermore, we construct a uniformly convergent solution of the Lagerstrom model equation by the method of fictitious parameter.",signatures:"Keldibay Alymkulov and Dilmurat Adbillajanovich Tursunov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54848",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54848",authors:[{id:"200572",title:"Dr.",name:"Keldibay",surname:"Alymkulov",slug:"keldibay-alymkulov",fullName:"Keldibay Alymkulov"},{id:"205100",title:"Dr.",name:"Dilmurat",surname:"Tursunov",slug:"dilmurat-tursunov",fullName:"Dilmurat Tursunov"}],corrections:null},{id:"54679",title:"Homotopy Asymptotic Method and Its Application",doi:"10.5772/67876",slug:"homotopy-asymptotic-method-and-its-application",totalDownloads:1422,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"As we all know, perturbation theory is closely related to methods used in the numerical analysis fields. In this chapter, we focus on introducing two homotopy asymptotic methods and their applications. In order to search for analytical approximate solutions of two types of typical nonlinear partial differential equations by using the famous homotopy analysis method (HAM) and the homotopy perturbation method (HPM), we consider these two systems including the generalized perturbed Kortewerg-de Vries-Burgers equation and the generalized perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation (GPNLS). The approximate solution with arbitrary degree of accuracy for these two equations is researched, and the efficiency, accuracy and convergence of the approximate solution are also discussed.",signatures:"Baojian Hong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54679",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54679",authors:[{id:"201107",title:"Dr.",name:"Baojian",surname:"Hong",slug:"baojian-hong",fullName:"Baojian Hong"}],corrections:null},{id:"55074",title:"Green Function",doi:"10.5772/68028",slug:"green-function",totalDownloads:1638,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Both the scalar Green function and the dyadic Green function of an electromagnetic field and the transform from the scalar to dyadic Green function are introduced. The Green function of a transmission line and the propagators are also presented in this chapter.",signatures:"Jing Huang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55074",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55074",authors:[{id:"198550",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jing",surname:"Huang",slug:"jing-huang",fullName:"Jing Huang"}],corrections:null},{id:"54864",title:"Renormalization Group Theory of Effective Field Theory Models in Low Dimensions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68214",slug:"renormalization-group-theory-of-effective-field-theory-models-in-low-dimensions",totalDownloads:1304,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We discuss the renormalization group approach to fundamental field theoretic models in low dimensions. We consider the models that are universal and frequently appear in physics, both in high-energy physics and condensed matter physics. They are the non-linear sigma model, the ϕ4 model and the sine-Gordon model. We use the dimensional regularization method to regularize the divergence and derive renormalization group equations called the beta functions. The dimensional method is described in detail.",signatures:"Takashi Yanagisawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54864",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54864",authors:[{id:"199967",title:"Prof.",name:"Takashi",surname:"Yanagisawa",slug:"takashi-yanagisawa",fullName:"Takashi Yanagisawa"}],corrections:null},{id:"55671",title:"Relativistic Perturbation Theory Formalism to Computing Spectra and Radiation Characteristics: Application to Heavy Elements",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69102",slug:"relativistic-perturbation-theory-formalism-to-computing-spectra-and-radiation-characteristics-applic",totalDownloads:1298,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fundamentals of gauge-invariant relativistic many-body perturbation theory (PT) with optimized ab initio zeroth approximation in theory of relativistic multi-electron systems are presented. The problem of construction of optimal one-electron representation is directly linked with a problem of the correct accounting for multielectron exchange-correlation effects and gauge-invariance principle fulfilling in atomic calculations. New approach to construction of optimal PT zeroth approximation is based on accurate treating the lowest order multielectron effects, in particular, the gauge-dependent radiative contribution for the certain class of photon propagator (for instance, the Coulomb, Feynman, Babushkin ones) gauge. This value is considered to be a typical representative of important multielectron exchange-correlation effects, whose minimization is a reasonable criteria in the searching for optimal PT one-electron orbital basis. This procedure derives an undoubted profit in the routine many-body calculations as it provides the way of refinement of the atomic characteristics calculations, based on the “first principles”. The relativistic density-functional approximation is taken as the zeroth one. There have taken into account all exchange-correlation corrections of the second order and dominated classes of the higher orders diagrams (polarization interaction, quasiparticles screening, etc.). New form of multi-electron polarization functional is used. As illustration, the results of computing energies, transition probabilities for some heavy ions are presented.",signatures:"Alexander V. Glushkov, Olga Yu. Khetselius, Andrey A. Svinarenko,\nVasily V. Buyadzhi, Valentin B. Ternovsky, Anna A. Kuznetsova and\nPetr G. Bashkarev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55671",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55671",authors:[{id:"13795",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Glushkov",slug:"alexander-glushkov",fullName:"Alexander Glushkov"},{id:"48675",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Prepelitsa",slug:"george-prepelitsa",fullName:"George Prepelitsa"},{id:"201182",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Svinarenko",slug:"andrey-svinarenko",fullName:"Andrey Svinarenko"},{id:"207215",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga",surname:"Khetselius",slug:"olga-khetselius",fullName:"Olga Khetselius"},{id:"207216",title:"Mr.",name:"Vasily",surname:"Buyadzhi",slug:"vasily-buyadzhi",fullName:"Vasily Buyadzhi"},{id:"207217",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentin",surname:"Ternovsky",slug:"valentin-ternovsky",fullName:"Valentin Ternovsky"},{id:"207218",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",surname:"Bashkarev",slug:"petr-bashkarev",fullName:"Petr Bashkarev"}],corrections:null},{id:"54845",title:"Atoms-Photonic Field Interaction: Influence Functional and Perturbation Theory",doi:"10.5772/67774",slug:"atoms-photonic-field-interaction-influence-functional-and-perturbation-theory",totalDownloads:1088,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We study the dynamics of one-electron atoms interacting with a pulsed, elliptically polarized, ultrashort, and coherent state. We use path integral methods. We path integrate the photonic part and extract the corresponding influence functional describing the interaction of the pulse with the atomic electron. Then we angularly decompose it. We keep the first-order angular terms in all but the last factor as otherwise their angular integration would contribute infinites as the number of time slices tends to infinity. Further we use the perturbative expansion of the last factor in powers of the inverse volume and integrate on time. Finally, we obtain a closed angularly decomposed expression of the whole path integral. As an application we develop a scattering theory and study the two-photon ionization of hydrogen.",signatures:"Emmanouil G. Thrapsaniotis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54845",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54845",authors:[{id:"198288",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanouil",surname:"Thrapsaniotis",slug:"emmanouil-thrapsaniotis",fullName:"Emmanouil Thrapsaniotis"}],corrections:null},{id:"54948",title:"Detection and Measurement of Quantum Gravity by a Curvature Energy Sensor: H-States of Curvature Energy",doi:"10.5772/68026",slug:"detection-and-measurement-of-quantum-gravity-by-a-curvature-energy-sensor-h-states-of-curvature-ener",totalDownloads:1284,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The curvature energy as spectra of a field observable that is resulted of the variation of energy due to the speed of direction change in the space, is measured and detected by a sensor designed and developed through H-fields of energy that are superposes, obtaining strong variations in the fermion state to the H-torsion (second curvature energy) of the space-time via the gravitational covariant derivative having that the actions can be consigned to these H-fields as Majorana states with a corresponding action of gauge field. Likewise, in this chapter, some geometrical models of these H-states and their spectra of curvature are generated and discussed, which are extrapolated to the design of curvature energy sensors to quantum gravity.",signatures:"Francisco Bulnes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54948",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54948",authors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6303",title:"Uranium",subtitle:"Safety, Resources, Separation and Thermodynamic Calculation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4812c0bc91279bd79f03418aca6d17c5",slug:"uranium-safety-resources-separation-and-thermodynamic-calculation",bookSignature:"Nasser S. 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Recent Advances",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tSolid waste management has been a wide area of research that has attracted the attention of many scientists over the past few decades. Municipal solid waste, which has traditionally been studied the most, is a stream that, by weight, is at relatively low percentages compared to the total amounts of solid wastes generated worldwide. Emphasis is lately given on special solid waste streams that may, or may not, have hazardous properties. The aspect of sustainability has been particularly introduced into solid waste management during the past two decades. For example, “sustainable landfilling” was a term introduced during the nineties to suggest the use of stabilization techniques before landfilling to reduce landfill emissions.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book, therefore, intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current trends of research that aims to focus on this diverse nature of sustainable solid waste management: from valorization techniques to legal, economic, and behavioral aspects and from LCA to quality assessment methods.
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An autism diagnosis is usually impressively stable [1, 2], but recent randomized controlled trials suggest that the trajectory of infants and young children may be more modifiable than has long been thought (see French and Kennedy 2017 [3] for a systematic review). As Ozonoff (2013) [4] has written, “By demonstrating that there is solid science behind hope, we can add fuel to the urgency for very early diagnosis and intensive treatment of ASD.”
Kanner (1971) [5] emphasized how widely the later fate of his original cohort of children varied, although they had earlier been so similar as to warrant the idea of an identifiable syndrome. Of 11 children, two (and a third to some extent) were employed as adults and respected by the community; most of the others were permanently institutionalized. Kanner was clear that autism stemmed from inborn difficulties in relating, but he also described the “wisdom” of a foster couple who helped the child to channel his obsessions in socially productive ways. He stressed however how little was known, and that no one intervention worked for all children.
Much more recently, Fein et al. (2013) [6] identified a group of so-called “optimal responders” whose performance on various measures came to be indistinguishable from that of controls in spite of a previous reliable autism diagnosis. Again, no shared characteristics could be identified. Moulton et al. (2016) [2] reported that 9% of 200 diagnosed two year olds were “optimal responders” at 4, while some 83% retained the diagnosis. Ozonoff et al. (2015) [1] have similarly found the stability of a diagnosis to be 82% at 24 months (93% at 18 months), while Lord et al. (2012) [7] have identified differing trajectories within a group of at-risk children who were repeatedly assessed between 18 and 36 months. These findings point up both the usual impressive stability of the diagnosis and the fact that a surprising degree of improvement may sometimes be possible: Even suboptimal improvement can make an incalculable difference to the lives of the children and their families [4].
At the same time, the traditional dichotomy between biological and interactional approaches to autism is beginning to narrow. Singletary [8] has proposed an integrated model of autism that brings together findings on brain structure and function, on the effects of hormones and stress, and on social and emotional interaction in attempting to trace how autistic behaviors may be established and perpetuated; he links these formulations with those derived from psychodynamic treatment approaches. Like the overwhelming majority of contemporary workers from all disciplines, Singletary subscribes to Kanner’s view that autism stems from congenital factors, but adds that atypical experiences arising from these may lead the child to construct unrealistic pictures of significant adults (see also [9]). For example, the child’s atypical sensory endowment may lead it to experience the shared world as a frightening place and to misattribute this to its carers.
Conversely, intensive early intervention of various kinds, including the Early Start Denver Model [10, 11] and pivotal response therapy [12], leads to demonstrable brain changes that can be demonstrated at 2-year follow-up [13]. After a parent-delivered intervention, infant siblings of diagnosed children, who therefore had a heightened risk of ASD, showed measures related to brain systems concerned with social attention that came closer to those in controls [14]. Equally, levels of oxytocin, the “bonding” hormone, which are significantly lower in young children with autism, normalize following 20 minutes of satisfying social interaction with caregivers, but quickly fall off again [15]. These findings illustrate on a biological level that at least one characteristic atypicality in ASD can temporarily be corrected through satisfying experiences of relatedness. They also suggest that ongoing, repeated input will be necessary for consolidation.
In a particularly interesting study, Wan et al. (2013) [16] compared infant siblings of children diagnosed with ASD to a control cohort. The AOSI (a screen for behavioral precursors of autism) was administered at 6–10 months and again at 12–15 months; films of infants playing with their mothers were rated on the Manchester Assessment of Infant-Caregiver Interaction (MACI). Parental non-directiveness and sensitive responsiveness were lower in the high-risk infants at both ages: the authors suggested that the parents might have adopted a more directive style as a consequence of atypical interactions with their older, diagnosed child (a suggestion that agrees with our clinical experience). Another, compatible, explanation was that the parents were responding to the at–risk babies’ lower levels of vitality and engagement.
Most interestingly in relation to the possibility of early intervention, an ASD diagnosis at 3 years was not predicted by the siblings’ characteristically autistic behaviors as shown on the AOSI (though other studies had suggested that AOSI scores were stable over time). What did predict a diagnosis at 3 years was the at-risk siblings’ interactional style with their caregivers as assessed on the MACI, more particularly the caregivers’ scores for directiveness and sensitivity (see also [17]). At 12 months, though not earlier, dyadic mutuality, infant positive affect and infant attentiveness to the caregiver predicted an ASD diagnosis at 3 years. It seemed that features suggestive of autism, as assessed on the AOSI, might be modified by helpful infant-caregiver relationship patterns. Importantly, however, most of this group of at-risk siblings, who were not given a diagnosis in spite of difficulties picked up by the AOSI, did show problems when compared to the low-risk siblings: the authors called them the “other concerns” group. The findings were conceptualized on the basis of a transactional model, in which problems in the infants contributed to their carers’ sub-optimal interactional style (see also [18]); this in turn reduced the infants’ opportunities for social learning. The authors concluded [16] that “intervention efforts to optimize social functioning may need to start early in infancy before interaction patterns become embedded in emerging social atypicality.”
In a case series of 8 at-risk infant siblings [19], Green reported definite improvements on a number of measures in comparison with controls after the parents had been offered video interaction feedback, while Bradshaw et al. (2015) [20] and French & Kennedy (2017) [3] have reviewed RCTs of early intervention for infants and young children at risk of ASD. Until 2015, the Early Start Denver Model [10, 11], which provides intensive input over 2 years, was the only intervention after which social communication was significantly better than for Treatment As Usual, though interventions of fewer than 2 hours per week did achieve some improvements. However, Green et al. [21] in 2017 published the follow-up of an RCT of low-intensity video-feedback intervention to promote positive parenting (Modified iBASIS VIPP), conducted with 9–14 month-old at-risk siblings and their parents and first reported in 2015 [22]. Statistically significant improvements were obtained in ‘autism prodromal symptoms’ over the course of the follow-up, while at the end of the intervention itself the improvements had merely been suggestive (a sleeper effect implying that more rewarding interaction patterns had been internalized). Parental directiveness also decreased significantly, alongside increases in attentiveness to the parent and initiation of interaction by the child. However, no difference could be seen in the rate at which children were given a diagnosis.
The present Child & Adolescent Mental Health (CAMHS) intervention was informed by work in France, where Houzel [23] had developed outreach provision for infants and toddlers suffering from various serious problems. Families were offered a modified version of infant observation (originally introduced by Bick [24] as a training module for child psychotherapists and soon adopted in other mental health trainings). Trainee observers learn to position themselves so as to be receptive to whatever is happening without presenting themselves as experts. Fortuitously, mothers who were distressed by the lack of adult company often felt supported by the presence of an interested, non-judgmental person who was there to learn rather than to instruct. Reports began to be published of “participant”, or “therapeutic”, infant observations where observers took a more active role but where the main emphasis was still on their sensitive, receptive function (for an overview, see [25]). “Therapeutic” observation now forms part of the clinical repertoire of child psychotherapists in many different settings, and has become part of child psychiatry services in a number of French regions; an increasing number of publications report encouraging outcomes of single case studies [26, 27, 28, 29].
Houzel stresses that many new mothers can doubt their own competence compared to professionals: the observer’s receptive stance can go a long way towards supporting mothers’ confidence and self-respect. This emphasis on the observer’s sensitive receptivity converges with the later research findings already mentioned [16, 21] on the central role of parental sensitivity and non-directiveness: the observer’s modeling of these qualities may support the parents in developing them.
The present case series was originally framed as a pilot research project 1 to investigate the practicality of offering weekly outreach participant observation with parent support for a year to families with toddlers who had been screened with the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) for the risk of a later ASD diagnosis. The CHAT [30, 31, 32] is designed for use in primary care and is administered twice, at a week’s interval, when the child is between 18 and 24 months. It includes parent reports and direct observation, and addresses the child’s capacity for symbolic play and joint attention. Based on standardization on some 16,000 toddlers [31], children who fail in all areas fall in the High Risk category, with an 83% likelihood of an ASD diagnosis at 3 ½. All parents in the pilot gave written informed consent for publication2. The two children who could be recruited were later assessed for ASD by clinicians (a child psychiatrist and a multidisciplinary specialist team respectively) who were independent of and blind to the intervention; in the first case, when the child was 3 ½ and the observation had been completed, and, in the second, when the child was just over 2 and had had 4 months of a 1-year observation. The first child was not given an autism diagnosis, while the second was.
This pilot proved impractical due to problems with recruitment and with the geographical matching of observers and families. Fortuitously and over a long period, appropriately-aged at-risk toddlers were referred to the clinic, where one of us (MR) offered participant observation to them and their mothers (and fathers where possible). The only instrument now used was the CHAT at baseline, administered independently of the clinician except in 2 cases (where the issue of bias is not relevant as these children subsequently received a diagnosis). Parents welcomed the CHAT within a clinical context, as they were all concerned about the possibility of autism: it was emphasized that this was a screen, not a diagnosis. Parents knew that their child was part of a case series that would be audited, and subsequently gave consent for the publication of anonymised data. The later diagnostic assessment (by a psychiatrist, a pediatrician, or an interdisciplinary team) was independent of the clinical intervention. In 3 of the 4 cases who did not receive a diagnosis, the assessors were blind to the treatment; the fourth child was not assessed, as he was obviously not autistic. In all, 2 appropriately-aged children completed the pilot project, while the intervention was delivered at the clinic to a further 6; in each group, the same proportion (50%) received a diagnosis.
The intervention was distinct from child psychotherapy3 (though 2 children made the transition to psychotherapy after a year, when the parents had become concerned about emotional issues). Clinicians inevitably saw the process through an emotional lens, but comments were not insight-based and did not address the parents’ past unless they raised such issues themselves. Any problems between parents and clinicians were dealt with on a realistic basis in the present rather than in terms of past relationships. The main aims initially were to try to engage the child, to make links between family members, to draw the parents’ attention to capacities of the child that they might not have noticed, and to think together about what seemed to trigger the child’s engagement or to work against it. This was in fact not unlike the aim of VIPP, though no video was involved and the clinician pointed out events to the parents in real time rather than retrospectively. The observational focus, and the emphasis on supporting the parents in observing their child and thinking about him, are features shared with “Watch, Wait and Wonder” [33], though the clinician was more active: toddlers at risk of ASD generally need help to be able to engage, and prolonged “waiting” could be counterproductive. Sharing the emotional experience of all members of the family is central to this approach: this follows naturally from the clinician’s receptive attitude. Many parents particularly valued the opportunity to process their own feelings about their child’s possible autism and about the many assessments and interventions being offered.
In general terms, the clinician aimed to
Help the child to engage (for instance, by mirroring their actions or affects, a strategy used in many different autism interventions)
Respond to parents’ anxieties and concerns, and provide a place to process their experience
Describe the child’s actions, and consider possible meanings, so as to encourage communication between parents and child
Remind the parents of their importance to the child, and foster their sense of competence
Validate and support the parents’ own observational capacities
Validate satisfying interactions and reflect on the possible meaning of difficulties; accept negative feelings
Some parents responded skeptically to the idea that their child’s behavior might be meaningful or communicative: parents of toddlers with autistic features have had to endure their profoundly invalidating lack of response. Some say that they do not exist for their child except perhaps as a source of food. Observation may convince the clinician of just how essential the parents are for the child; but any worker who has experienced the impact of a toddler who completely ignores them is well placed to empathize with the parents’ experience. This means that parents and child may both wish for contact, but that mistiming and the expectation of not being responded to can block this.
For example, an 18-month-old girl (not part of the case series as she was at Medium Risk only) unusually tried to make eye contact with her parents, who happened not to be looking at her at that moment. She turned away and remained impossible to engage for the rest of the hour. The worker shared her observations with the parents, who then realized that the child’s behavior was a meaningful example of (unrealistic) disappointment rather than yet another instance of lack of interest or incapacity to respond. They began to hope that there could be a point to paying careful attention to the details of their child’s behavior. Over time, this can lead to a virtuous circle of mutual encouragement instead of the vicious circle of discouragement between parents and child [25] in which repeated experiences of invalidation lead the parents to expect nothing else and not to notice the often faint indications that the child might be more open to contact. Again, clinicians are familiar with the experience of suddenly realizing that a child has just done something subtly different that has nearly gone unnoticed. This has potentially far-reaching consequences: what does not get noticed cannot get built on.
In some cases (including that of the little girl in this vignette), it may take a long time for parents to risk believing that their child’s behavior could be meaningful. These particular parents told the clinician repeatedly that she must be mad to suggest such a thing. Over time, however, they began to take turns to notice and report what their child had done between sessions, though they might add that this did not mean anything. At length, both parents began to risk being hopeful at the same time, to share pleasure at their little girl’s development and to encourage each other when there was a temporary plateau.
We will conclude this section with some further examples of how the clinician might approach specific issues.
We have already stated that a central aim is to strengthen the links between parents and child. Sometimes the clinician will engage the child first and then point out to the parents what the child has been able to do, or else comment in a way that emphasizes the child’s meaningful approach to the parent. For instance, a little boy of 20 months was described as being preoccupied with moving toy cars back and forth repetitiously. He drove a car repeatedly up the arm of the sofa his mother was sitting on, and immediately let it fall to the ground. The therapist commented, “Oh dear, falling down!” (said with a falling vocal inflection). “The car went to see mummy, and then it fell down!” This mother was surprised and delighted to think that her child’s play might not be merely repetitious and meangingless, and soon began to engage with him by saying “hello” to the car; while the little boy regularly made eye contact with the therapist whenever he repeated this play, which was the first instance of social referencing that anyone had seen from him. A vital implication of this interaction was that the mother mattered to the child and that he wanted to connect with her.
Other parents may be actively engaged with their toddler: sometimes directively, but often scaffolding his or her activity very sensitively. The clinician may spend considerable time as a benign witness, sometimes putting into words what is happening but often without a clear role. (Again, the implicit message is that it is the parents who matter). The clinician might comment: “yes, I see,“or “Mummy saw [what you did]” when the child engages in social referencing. When there has been an instance of satisfying communication between mother and toddler, the therapist might say, “Mummy understood what you wanted/what you were showing her”; or, if the parent has reported an example of progress, “Mummy was very happy when you pointed to the picture/showed her what you wanted/liked playing with the other children.” In an intervention that is going well, mother and child may end up playing together for long stretches while the therapist shares and validates the mother’s pleasure. In psychoanalytic terms, this could be conceptualized as what Stern calls the “good grandmother transference” [34].
Imitation is central in establishing contact with toddlers at risk of autism. The clinician may mirror the child’s actions and gestures, sometimes in a different mode, as in the first example, where the therapists’s falling vocal inflection mirrored the falling of the toy car (see Stern, 1985 [35], on cross-modal attunement). The little boy in that example often banged on the radiator to make a sound: the therapist similarly banged on a metal rubbish bin, and this turned into a “conversation” that could be varied by introducing different rhythms.
Where a child’s actions become repetitive and meaningless, the therapist will need to intervene. This may be by removing a toy car whose wheels the child is spinning, while explaining that it is stopping the therapist and child from being together. The therapist may also introduce a more meaningful context, for instance by placing a doll in the car or by using another car to approach the first and pretending to speak to it.
For example, the same little boy already mentioned, like many children with autistic features, was preoccupied with opening and closing doors, and on one occasion hunched himself over the dolls’ house, repetitiously opening and shutting its door in such a way as to exclude the adults. After commenting that she could not see what he was doing, the therapist approached the dolls’ house with a toy animal, who popped his head out of different windows, saying “hello” to the boy as though teasing him by appearing in a different place each time. He smiled, returned to contact and produced a stream of lively babbling.
The therapist may model ways of overcoming negative patterns of interaction, or remind the parents of times when they had themselves been able to do this. For example, when a child climbed onto the therapist’s lap and repeatedly tugged at her hair, she said that she could see that he was cross, but hair-pulling was not allowed as it hurt her, and she removed his hand from her hair while maintaining eye contact and keeping him on her lap. He focused on looking at her and began to babble, which she mirrored. Later in that hour, he pinched his mother, and she too said that she could see that he was cross; she picked him up and rocked him, and he settled down. In a later session he persistently pinched and strangled his mother in a way that was very difficult to tolerate, and she became increasingly upset. The therapist reminded the mother of how well she had previously managed by rocking him when he had pinched her: the mother tried picking him up and rocking him, and again this was successful in helping him to settle.
The children were a heterogeneous group, recruited largely by word of mouth in the absence of pathways for this age [36]. While most research studies we have mentioned concern infants whose older siblings have an autism diagnosis, this was true of only 2 of our 8 toddlers. Factors well-known to be associated with autism - extreme prematurity; a metabolic abnormality; and a congenital condition together with a neonatal infection – each with a 20% risk of autism – were present in 3 of the children; the other 5 children showed autistic features without these associated factors. Of the 2 children with older diagnosed siblings, one received a diagnosis while the other did not.
Table 1 summarizes the information on the 8 children in the High Risk category of the CHAT with regard to gender, to their later diagnostic status, and to whether or not they had regressed, were born prematurely, or were the younger sibling of a child diagnosed with autism. The small number of children means that no associations can be identified between any of these factors and a subsequent diagnosis.
3 | 4 | 1 | ||
3 | 4 | 1 | ||
1 | ||||
2 | 4 | 1 | ||
3 | 3 | |||
1 | 1 | |||
2 | 3 | 1 | ||
1 | 1 | |||
2 | 4 | 1 | ||
1 |
Some characteristics of the 8 children.
Table 2 concerns age at referral, at the beginning of treatment4 and at diagnostic assessment, as well as prematurity status and the presence of an older diagnosed sibling. Of 8 children in the High Risk category, 4 (or 50%) received an autism diagnosis at a range of ages. According to the CHAT, this figure might have been expected to be 83% (p = 0.033, Fisher Exact Test [37]).
Sibling? | Prem? | Mean | N | Minimum | Maximum | Range | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | No | Referral age in months | 18.60 | 5 | 13 | 23 | 10 |
began Rx age m months | 21.20 | 5 | 16 | 24 | 8 | ||
Age at assessment in months | 30.60 | 5 | 22 | 42 | 20 | ||
Yes | Referral age in months | 24.00 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 0 | |
began Rx age m months | 28.00 | 1 | 28 | 28 | 0 | ||
Age at assessment in months | 55.00 | 1 | 55 | 55 | 0 | ||
Yes | NO | Referral age in months | 15.00 | 2 | 12 | 18 | 6 |
began Rx age m months | 19.50 | 2 | 15 | 24 | 9 | ||
Age at assessment in months | 34.50 | 2 | 27 | 42 | 15 |
Age of children at referral, beginning of treatment and diagnostic assessment.
These were routinely collected in line with clinical practice, but are not available for the child who was seen before they were introduced at the clinic or for the two children seen in their homes. The two measures collected, as shown in Table 3, were the PIR-GAS, (where the clinician rates the parent–child relationship) and the Goal Based Measure, where the parent rates how far the child has progressed towards 3 desired goals on a scale of 0 to 10. (Child G moved away before any measures except GAS-1 could be obtained). As is usual, the parents appeared to rate progress more highly than the clinician; the big jump in the GAS score for Child A coincided with his beginning to call his parents Mummy and Daddy, which made an enormous difference to their relationship with him. It will be seen that all parents judged their child to have improved on the agreed goals, whether or not they later attracted a diagnosis.
CHILD | Goal-based measure T1 | Goal-based measure T2 | GAS-1 | GAS-2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
4;6;4 | 6;7;6 | 21 | 53 | |
2;1;2 | 7;5;8 | 50 | 50 | |
2;1;0 | 3;5;2 | 32 | 40 | |
1;1;2 | 2;6;8 | 55 | 58 | |
21 | ||||
1;1;0 | 2;8;4 | 32 | 44 |
Children’s scores on routine CAMHS outcome measures (Goal-Based Measure and PIR-GAS).
Table 4 shows some of the children’s developmental achievements. Reliable patterns would not be expected with so few children, though some tendencies were unexpected. The children’s characteristics at the beginning of the intervention did not predict their diagnosis [16]. All but 2 of the children had sleeping problems. Perhaps unsurprisingly, only 1 made eye contact, and was subsequently not diagnosed; on the other hand, the one child who initially showed social referencing later was.
Diagnosis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | (‘Pending’) | ||
Sleeping problems | Y (mild) | 1 | ||
Y | 3 | 3 | ||
N | 1 | 1 | ||
Eye Contact (initial) | Y | 1 | ||
N | 3 | 4 | 1 | |
Social Referencing (initial) | Y | 1 | ||
N | 4 | 3 | 1 | |
Turn taking | Y (variable) | 2 | ||
Y | 4 | 1 | 1 | |
N | 1 | |||
Reciprocity | Y (variable) | 1 | ||
Y | 4 | 2 | 1 | |
N | 1 | |||
Play: responds | Y (variable) | 1 | ||
Y | 4 | 3 | 1 | |
Play: initiates | Y (variable) | 1 | ||
Y | 4 | 1 | 1 | |
N | 2 | |||
Play: symbolic | Y (fleeting) | 1 | ||
Y | 4 | 1 | 1 | |
N | 2 |
Developmental achievements.
In the course of the intervention, all but 1 of the children developed turn taking and reciprocity: the one who did not received a diagnosis. All (4) of the children who were later undiagnosed developed play, whether in response to an adult, initiated by themselves, or symbolic; of the diagnosed children, 3 played in response to an adult, but only 1 initiated play themselves or played symbolically. This underlines the importance of the adult taking the initiative where necessary.
Table 5 concerns the use of words and of two-word and three-word sentences, as well as of capacities such as playing peek-a-boo games, which clinically is often a promising sign, and engaging in joint attention and following and producing a point, all of which are targeted by the CHAT. Participating in triadic situations is also encouraging clinically, as is the display of a sense of humor. Again, the small number of children rules out meaningful distinctions between those with and those without a subsequent diagnosis. However, there appear to be some trends that are at least suggestive in respect of initiating play (Table 4), producing symbolic play (Table 4), producing sentences of 2 words or more (Table 5), showing the capacity for humor (Table 5), and (not surprisingly as this is a component of the CHAT) producing or following a point (Table 5).
Diagnosis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | (‘Pending’) | ||
Words: produces | Y | 4 | 3 | 1 |
proto-words | 1 | |||
Sentences | Y | 3 | ||
N | 4 | 1 | ||
3-w | 1 | |||
Peek-a-boo: moves Mother’s hands | Y | 3 | 3 | 1 |
N | 1 | 1 | ||
Peek-a-boo by child | Y | 4 | 4 | 1 |
N | ||||
Joint attention | Y (fleeting) | 1 | ||
Y | 4 | 3 | 1 | |
Humor | Y++ | 1 | ||
Y | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
N | 3 | |||
Follows a point | Y (fleeting) | 1 | ||
Y | 4 | 2 | 1 | |
N | 1 | |||
Uses a point | Y (fleeting) | 1 | ||
Y | 4 | 1 | ||
N | 3 | |||
Participates in triadic situations | Y | 4 | 2 | 1 |
Y (fleeting) | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Further developmental capacities.
Of the 4 children who were diagnosed, 1 was assessed at just under 27 months and one at 23 months. In both cases, the diagnoses relied on the presence of typically autistic behaviors, even though the children were well under 3 (see [16]), and did not involve observation of the child playing with the mother (or even with a clinician as in the ADOS). This point seems important in view of the studies by Wan et al. [16] and by Moulton et al. [2] and we will return to it in the discussion.
The trajectory of the child whose diagnosis is described as “pending” was particularly interesting. At 31 months, he received a diagnosis based on his withdrawn and sensory-seeking behavior after a pediatric appointment in which his mother described his difficulties while he remained withdrawn. At 34 months, his atypical behaviors were confirmed by professionals in a different country (with a high prevailing standard of expertise in autism); but they thought that a diagnosis would be premature in view of his high degree of reciprocal engagement and mutual enjoyment during play with his mother. Both of these positions seemed to us to be understandable in view of this child’s behavior in the clinical context. He came to be highly engaged with his mother and responsive to her; showed evidence of Theory of Mind in everyday interactions with his parents; engaged in triadic situations; produced words and two-word sentences, and imitated animal sounds on request; followed and produced a point; and sustained humorous ‘proto-conversations’ with the therapist as well as with his parents. However, if his mother and therapist spoke together and he was receiving no adult attention, his gaze went blank and he reverted to spinning the wheels on a truck that he had previously been playing with appropriately. It was not until some months after the original diagnosis that he became able to remain present and engaged even when adults did not focus on him for a brief time.
Finally, a possibly suggestive trend concerns the presence or absence of “associated factors”. As we have stated, these were having an older diagnosed sibling; extreme prematurity; a metabolic abnormality; and a congenital condition and neonatal infection (each with a 20% risk of autism). In each of the diagnosed and undiagnosed groups, one child was a younger sibling. Otherwise, the undiagnosed group contained 3 instances of the “other factors”, while none were present in the diagnosed group. It is conceivable that autistic behaviors may be more persistent where they are not associated with such other risk factors.
Like iVIPP-Auti, this intervention involves the parents in identifying interactions that promote or inhibit the toddlers’ engagement. In addition, the therapist models receptivity, and aims to empower the parents and support their capacity to observe. Perhaps the most significant distinguishing characteristic of this psychoanalytically-informed kind of therapeutic observation is that the main focus of the clinician’s thinking concerns the possible meaning of what is taking place – indeed, the belief that the child’s behavior is meaningful – even though the meaning is not necessarily articulated (see Britton, [38]). It remains mysterious how receptive attention promotes development (see [39] for a psychoanalytic perspective) or grows the social brain (to think biologically). In any case, findings such as those of Wan et al. [16] attest that it does so, as does the association, repeatedly documented from Ainsworth et al. [40] onwards, between maternal sensitivity and secure attachment (see [41]).
The parents involved in this pilot all valued the opportunity to focus on their child and to discuss their own feelings about the process the family was going through. To some extent they were a self-selected group, as they were largely referred by word of mouth in the absence of established pathways. The intervention does not suit all families: One couple, for instance, felt unable to take time off work to attend, and instead wanted very intensive input for their son. Matching interventions to families is an important issue for future exploration. So is the issue of even earlier intervention, concerning which promising case reports exist [42, 43] and for which neurological markers at 6 months could serve as a baseline [44, 45].
The trajectory of one particular High Risk toddler illustrates the degree to which improvement can be mediated by the parents. Initially this boy made no contact with the parents, screamed uninterruptedly to the point of making himself sick, and often had to be taken out of the room. The parents’ lives were seriously restricted by his fear of other children and by his other major difficulties. After some 5 meetings, the therapist went on sick leave for 3 months: She returned to find that the child had begun to speak. Clearly, this was not the consequence of any direct input from her; but the parents had felt listened to and were able to maintain a different mind-set while interacting with their child. This boy remains somewhat delayed, but is doing well with support at a mainstream school. He enjoys a wide range of activities and friendships, though his behavior could have justified an autism diagnosis for some 18 months after work began: an example of how much change can take place between 2 and 4 years, a period during which a diagnosis is usually stable [1, 2].
The case of the child whose diagnosis is “pending” (p. 11) illustrates how important it is that a diagnosis should take account of how the child plays with the mother, not just the presence of autistic features which, as Wan et al. have shown, do not predict a diagnosis at the age of 3 [16]. Two of our children who were given a diagnosis received it very early (at 23 months and before 27 months respectively), on the basis of a checklist of symptoms. These families did not continue with the intervention: in one case, because they moved away and, in the other, because the diagnosis gave them access to excellent local services.
All 8 of the present children, whether or not they received a diagnosis, improved considerably in terms of pleasurable engagement with their parents and other markers of relatedness, as summarized earlier (the fact that this is a preliminary audit rather than a research study means that unfortunately there is no control group to compare them with in this respect). However, unlike “optimal responders”, all showed residual difficulties to a greater or lesser degree; some of these appeared to be emotional, and, with 2 children, were subsequently addressed in psychotherapy. This links with Wan et al.’s [16] description of their “Other Concerns” group: High-Risk siblings who showed early autistic features on the AOSI but whose parents demonstrated high receptivity and low directiveness, and who, at 3 years of age, did not receive a diagnosis, but still had problems compared to low-risk siblings.
Despite all the recent research demonstrating that autistic features in early childhood are far from immutable and can be ameliorated through parent-mediated interventions, professionals (as well as parents) still often think of “having autism” as though it were something concrete and fixed. This can understandably make them reluctant to intervene early for fear of prematurely labelling a child. Many parents tell a painful story of being advised that their child “will grow out of it”, which can leave them feeling unheard and invalidated. If the findings of studies such as those of Dawson [10, 11] and Green [21] were fully taken on board, professionals might feel more able to act early and with a realistic degree of hopefulness.
A diagnosis is often needed to access essential services, but it should be emphasized to parents that children are heterogeneous in respect of their trajectory [7, 46] and that, with intervention, there may be considerable scope for review between the ages of 2 and 4. Such uncertainty can be difficult for parents – and professionals – to sustain [47], but doing so may be central to being able to remain receptive and non-directive – the factors that predict a diagnosis at 3 years in the way that early autistic features do not [16]. The present intervention could help parents to manage the wait for a definite diagnosis as well as to foster receptivity, non-directiveness and the capacity to trust their own feelings and observations. The intervention is low-key, and could potentially be delivered by well-supported mental health workers at a far lower intensity than an effective intervention such as ESDM, as it is in France; it could also work well in conjunction with iVIPP-Auti. As the American Academy of Pediatrics has stated [48], listening to parents and early screening are both essential.
The rate of diagnosis of the toddlers in this case series, unlike the rate in many studies of other interventions, was markedly lower than might be expected on the basis of the CHAT (p = 0.033), suggesting that a larger study is warranted. The results illustrate the heterogeneity of a clinical sample and the changes that can take place in very young children with autistic behaviors, as documented in recent research. The key features of the present intervention are parental involvement; the clinician’s sharing of the family’s emotional experience, privileging of meaning, and support of the parents; and the promotion of receptive behavior.
We wish to thank the children’s families; the colleagues involved in the original pilot project; colleagues at the Tavistock Lifespan Team and at Camden MOSAIC; and the Winnicott Trust (for financial support).
The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.
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The purpose of this chapter is to assess physical and chemical variables and the role of algal abundance to determine the water quality in the freshwater ecosystems.",book:{id:"5128",slug:"algae-organisms-for-imminent-biotechnology",title:"Algae",fullTitle:"Algae - Organisms for Imminent Biotechnology"},signatures:"Didem Gökçe",authors:[{id:"178260",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Didem",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce",slug:"didem-gokce",fullName:"Didem Gokce"}]},{id:"50534",doi:"10.5772/63069",title:"Considerations for Photobioreactor Design and Operation for Mass Cultivation of Microalgae",slug:"considerations-for-photobioreactor-design-and-operation-for-mass-cultivation-of-microalgae",totalDownloads:5994,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Microalgae have great biotechnological potential for production of substances through photosynthesis. Light capture process and electron transportation imply energy losses due to reflection, fluorescence emission, and energy dissipation as heat, giving a maximum theoretical value of 8‐9% for microalgae energy capture efficiency and conversion to biomass. For development of full potential of microalgae the knowledge of the light capture process is required. High yields can only be obtained linking photobioreactor design with biological process taking place inside. In massive microalgae cultures, light gradients are generated and this depends on the biomass concentration, cellular types, cells sizes, and pigment content, and also on geometry, hydrodynamic, and light conditions inside the photobioreactor. In the present chapter we explain the relationship between light energy capture process and photobioreactor design and operation conditions, like turbulence, gas exchange, and nutrient requirements. Finally, the productivity and costs are discussed, and the parameters that determine the economic viability of any microalgae culture.",book:{id:"5128",slug:"algae-organisms-for-imminent-biotechnology",title:"Algae",fullTitle:"Algae - Organisms for Imminent Biotechnology"},signatures:"Juan Cristóbal García Cañedo and Gema Lorena López Lizárraga",authors:[{id:"185868",title:"Dr.",name:"Gema Lorena",middleName:null,surname:"López-Lizárraga",slug:"gema-lorena-lopez-lizarraga",fullName:"Gema Lorena López-Lizárraga"},{id:"293413",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Cristóbal",middleName:null,surname:"García Cañedo",slug:"juan-cristobal-garcia-canedo",fullName:"Juan Cristóbal García Cañedo"}]},{id:"69201",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89324",title:"Drying and Quality of Microalgal Powders for Human Alimentation",slug:"drying-and-quality-of-microalgal-powders-for-human-alimentation",totalDownloads:1263,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"The demand for natural foods with high protein content and functional properties is constantly growing in the last years. In this context, microalgae as Spirulina (Arthrospira spp.), Chlorella spp., Haematococcus pluvialis, Dunaliella salina, and others, assume a key role to diversify the offer of nutritious and functional ingredients and supplements. Microalgae are commercialized, mostly, as dried powders to facilitate their use as food ingredients and to allow easy transportation and long-term stability. Microalgal powder quality and storage stability depend mainly on drying method, packaging, and storage conditions. Most of the studies that approach the subject of microalgal drying evaluate the efficiency of the process and suitability for this raw material. However, studies that assess the effect of traditional and innovative drying methods on quality of microalgal powder for human consumption are rare in literature. In this chapter, the state of the art of drying processing technology for microalgae was reviewed, discussing the effect of dehydration on quality and stability of microalgal powders with potential use in human alimentation.",book:{id:"9354",slug:"microalgae-from-physiology-to-application",title:"Microalgae",fullTitle:"Microalgae - From Physiology to Application"},signatures:"Fábio de Farias Neves, Mariana Demarco and Giustino Tribuzi",authors:null},{id:"50671",doi:"10.5772/63272",title:"Challenges and Opportunities in the Present Era of Marine Algal Applications",slug:"challenges-and-opportunities-in-the-present-era-of-marine-algal-applications",totalDownloads:2747,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"Marine algae are of high importance in their natural habitats and even more now in the world of green technology. The sprouting interest of the scientific community and industries in these organisms is driven by the fast-growing world of modern biotechnology. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and their integration collectively termed here as ‘marine algal-omics’ have broadened the research horizon in view of enhancing human’s life by addressing environmental problems and encouraging novelty in the field of pharmaceuticals among so many more. Their use in the human society dates back to 500 B. C. in China and later across the globe; they are still being used for similar purposes and more today. There is a hiking interest in marine algae and their derivatives—from phycoremediation, food supplements, pharmaceuticals to dyes. Marine algae are currently considered as an emerging panacea for the society. They are being studied in a multitude of arenas. The multi-use of marine algae is enticing and promises to be a boon for industrial applications. Yet, most marine algae face challenges that might variably constrain their commercialisation. This chapter gives an overview of marine algae including all the ‘omics’ technologies involved in studying marine algae and it explores their multitude applications. It also draws the various successful industries budded around them and presents some of the challenges and opportunities along with future directions.",book:{id:"5128",slug:"algae-organisms-for-imminent-biotechnology",title:"Algae",fullTitle:"Algae - Organisms for Imminent Biotechnology"},signatures:"Keshini Beetul, Arvind Gopeechund, Deepeeka Kaullysing, Sushma\nMattan-Moorgawa, Daneshwar Puchooa and Ranjeet Bhagooli",authors:[{id:"178209",title:"Ms.",name:"Keshini",middleName:null,surname:"Beetul",slug:"keshini-beetul",fullName:"Keshini Beetul"},{id:"184390",title:"Mr.",name:"Arvind",middleName:null,surname:"Gopeechund",slug:"arvind-gopeechund",fullName:"Arvind Gopeechund"},{id:"184391",title:"Ms.",name:"Deepeeka",middleName:null,surname:"Kaullysing",slug:"deepeeka-kaullysing",fullName:"Deepeeka Kaullysing"},{id:"184392",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sushma",middleName:null,surname:"Mattan-Moorgawa",slug:"sushma-mattan-moorgawa",fullName:"Sushma Mattan-Moorgawa"},{id:"184393",title:"Prof.",name:"Daneshwar",middleName:null,surname:"Puchooa",slug:"daneshwar-puchooa",fullName:"Daneshwar Puchooa"},{id:"184394",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjeet",middleName:null,surname:"Bhagooli",slug:"ranjeet-bhagooli",fullName:"Ranjeet Bhagooli"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64156",title:"Cyanobacteria Growth Kinetics",slug:"cyanobacteria-growth-kinetics",totalDownloads:1799,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are a global problem for freshwater ecosystems used for drinking water supply and recreational purposes. Cyanobacteria also produce a wide variety of toxic secondary metabolites, called cyanotoxins. High water temperatures have been known to lead to cyanobacterial bloom development in temperate and semiarid regions. Increased temperatures as a result of climate change could therefore favor the growth of cyanobacteria, thus augmenting the risks associated with the blooms. Though temperature is the main factor affecting the growth kinetics of bacteria, the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus also plays a significant role. This chapter studies the growth kinetics of toxin-producing Microcystis aeruginosa and evaluates potential risks to the population in scenarios of climate change and the presence of nutrients. The most suitable control methods for mitigation are also evaluated.",book:{id:"6889",slug:"algae",title:"Algae",fullTitle:"Algae"},signatures:"Leda Giannuzzi",authors:[{id:"252117",title:"Dr.",name:"Leda",middleName:null,surname:"Giannuzzi",slug:"leda-giannuzzi",fullName:"Leda Giannuzzi"}]},{id:"65952",title:"CO2 Capture for Industries by Algae",slug:"co-sub-2-sub-capture-for-industries-by-algae",totalDownloads:2102,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"The increased usage of fossil fuels has led to increase in the concentration of CO2, which is a greenhouse gas responsible for global warming. Algae-based CO2 conversion is a cost-effective option for reducing carbon footprint. In addition, algae-based CO2 mitigation strategy has the potential to obtain valuable products at the end of the process. In the present study, freshwater algal species were isolated and identified for CO2 capture, such as Hydrodictyon, Spirogyra, Oscillatoria, Oedogonium, and Chlorella. The algal strains were screened based on different parameters like fast growth rate, high rate of photosynthesis, strong tolerance to the trace constituents of other gases (gaseous hydrocarbons, NOx, SOx, etc.), high temperature tolerance, and possibility to produce high value products, etc. The study involves integrated methods for utilizing 90–99% CO2 from a natural gas processing industry (GAIL India, Ltd.) as well as 13–15% of CO2 from flue gas of thermal power plants (Chandrapura and Santaldih Thermal Power Station) as carbon nutrient source along with the additional nutritional supplements. A 400-ml and 25-l flat panel photo-bioreactor (PSI Photo-bioreactors) was used for CO2 capture. After CO2 capture, the algal biomass was used to extract value-added products such as amino acid rich feed, algal oil, algal pellets, etc.",book:{id:"6889",slug:"algae",title:"Algae",fullTitle:"Algae"},signatures:"Vetrivel Anguselvi, Reginald Ebhin Masto, Ashis Mukherjee and Pradeep Kumar Singh",authors:[{id:"255851",title:"Dr.",name:"Vetrivel",middleName:null,surname:"Anguselvi",slug:"vetrivel-anguselvi",fullName:"Vetrivel Anguselvi"},{id:"269996",title:"Dr.",name:"R E",middleName:null,surname:"Masto",slug:"r-e-masto",fullName:"R E Masto"},{id:"269997",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashis",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"ashis-mukherjee",fullName:"Ashis Mukherjee"},{id:"270059",title:"Dr.",name:"P K",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"p-k-singh",fullName:"P K Singh"}]},{id:"51074",title:"Algae as an Indicator of Water Quality",slug:"algae-as-an-indicator-of-water-quality",totalDownloads:5034,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"The formation of plankton/algae under natural conditions is related to tolerance class (ecological optimum) due to abiotic limiting factors of ecosystem, as well as the biotic interactions among algae. In the ecological niche, the appearance of organisms is affected by anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic environmental factors. Algae composition and temporal variation in abundances are important in determining the trophic level of lakes. Algal communities are sensitive to changes in their habitat, and thus, total biomass of algae and many algae species are used as indicators of water quality. Algae communities give more knowledge on variations in water quality than nutrient or chlorophyll-a values. Water quality is a canonical group of physical, chemical, and biological properties of the given water. Consequently, eutrophication of freshwater is regarded as a water quality which results in the degeneration of the aquatic ecosystem and affects water utilisation. Cyanobacteria has been accepted as a major indicator of eutrophication in freshwater as their blooms are common in waters affected by nutrient concentration. The purpose of this chapter is to assess physical and chemical variables and the role of algal abundance to determine the water quality in the freshwater ecosystems.",book:{id:"5128",slug:"algae-organisms-for-imminent-biotechnology",title:"Algae",fullTitle:"Algae - Organisms for Imminent Biotechnology"},signatures:"Didem Gökçe",authors:[{id:"178260",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Didem",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce",slug:"didem-gokce",fullName:"Didem Gokce"}]},{id:"64455",title:"Cyanobacteria for PHB Bioplastics Production: A Review",slug:"cyanobacteria-for-phb-bioplastics-production-a-review",totalDownloads:2186,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, can be used as host to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), which are promising bioplastic raw materials. The most important material thereof is polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), which can replace the commodity polymer polypropylene (PP) in many applications, yielding a bio-based, biodegradable alternative solution. The advantage from using cyanobacteria to make PHB over the standard fermentation processes, with sugar or other organic (waste) materials as feedstock, is that the sustainability is better (compare first-generation biofuels with the feed vs. fuel debate), with CO2 being the only carbon source and sunlight being the sole energy source. In this review article, the state of the art of cyanobacterial PHB production and its outlook is discussed. Thirty-seven percent of dry cell weight of PHB could be obtained in 2018, which is getting close to up to 78% of PHB dry cell weight in heterotrophic microorganisms in fermentation reactors. A good potential for cyanobacterial PHB is seen throughout the literature.",book:{id:"6889",slug:"algae",title:"Algae",fullTitle:"Algae"},signatures:"Erich Markl, Hannes Grünbichler and Maximilian Lackner",authors:[{id:"251081",title:"Dr.",name:"Maximilian",middleName:null,surname:"Lackner",slug:"maximilian-lackner",fullName:"Maximilian Lackner"},{id:"255232",title:"Prof.",name:"Erich",middleName:null,surname:"Markl",slug:"erich-markl",fullName:"Erich Markl"},{id:"277237",title:"Dr.",name:"Hannes",middleName:null,surname:"Grünbichler",slug:"hannes-grunbichler",fullName:"Hannes Grünbichler"}]},{id:"50544",title:"Algal Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Biotechnological Potentials",slug:"algal-nanoparticles-synthesis-and-biotechnological-potentials",totalDownloads:5784,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:67,abstract:"A nanoparticle can be defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport and properties. Nanoparticles are sized between 1 and 100 nm in diameter. Nanoparticles can act against the microbes in multiple ways, and the microbes are less likely to develop resistance against nanoparticles because it requires multiple gene mutations. The large surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles, their ability to easily interact with other particles, and several other features make them attractive tools in various fields. Nanoparticles are widely used various fields such as electronics, cosmetics, biomedical, and biotechnology. Nanoparticles can be synthesized by physical methods such as attrition, pyrolysis, and using some wet chemical methods. The physical and chemical methods have various drawbacks such as high cost of production, require high energy input and generation of toxic by-products. To overcome this, several biological methods are employed in the synthesis of nanoparticles. The biological methods are generally cost effective, nontoxic, and ecofriendly. This chapter focuses on the methods involved in algal-synthesized nanoparticles and its applications.",book:{id:"5128",slug:"algae-organisms-for-imminent-biotechnology",title:"Algae",fullTitle:"Algae - Organisms for Imminent Biotechnology"},signatures:"Felix LewisOscar, Sasikumar Vismaya, Manivel Arunkumar,\nNooruddin Thajuddin, Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran and Chari\nNithya",authors:[{id:"183668",title:"Dr.",name:"Nithya",middleName:null,surname:"Chari",slug:"nithya-chari",fullName:"Nithya Chari"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"424",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 19th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:9}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:3}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. 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