Potential Adverse Impacts of Hydropower.
\r\n\tThe purpose of this book is to provide the readers with an understanding of the characteristics of the crisis itself, recognize the wide range and multi-layer of the crisis from a real situation, give ideas on how to minimize the damage, and find ways to increase resilience in the future. To adapt to the rapidly and diversely changing world, the necessary experience and appropriate management for all kinds of crisis issues will be discussed as well. At the same time, it is intended to suggest elements such as verified scientific and empirical knowledge and applicable technologies; more effective risk management operation; modeling of the risks, manuals, management plans, and strategies.
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The overwhelming global effects of climate change and its implications subtle changes in the earth’s orbit belongs long term and immediate impacts. The impacts on atmosphere, ecosystem and sea as a consequences of human activities, warming globe, raising air and sea temperature dropping by 0.01 °C every 100 years for the last 7,000 years and since 1970 the temperature has been rising at an alarming rate of 1.7 °C per century. Consequently, IPCC efforts recommended limit global temperatures below 1.5 °C to avoid the more severe impacts of global warming [1]. The warmer temperature due to climate change increases frequency of ground level ozone, lethal air pollutants, and smog components [2]. Both the immediate impacts of climate change regards extreme weather, heat waves, storms, and flooding, forest fire, compromised safety, economic challenges and long-term effects likewise on human health, ecosystem, threats on water and food resources, altitudinal and tree line shifting are the consequences of climatic change issues today. The pragmatic climate change effects sensed on environment globally comprises shrinking glaciers, shifted plants and animals ranges and sooner tree flowering, loss of sea ice, enhanced sea level rise, penetrating heat waves affecting our dependency upon water, energy, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, agriculture, and human health. The future prediction of climate change has great challenge to preserve existing ecosystem and biodiversity. The projections showed 10% approximate species to be an increasingly high risk of extinction for every 1 °C rise in global mean temperature, within the range of future scenarios modelled in impacts assessments (typically <5 °C global temperature rise) as per IPCC AR4. The vulnerable ecosystems are freshwater habitat and wetlands, arctic and alpine ecosystems, cloud forests, mangroves, coral reefs to the impacts of climate change.
\nThe impacts of climate change has extremely affected human societies and the natural environment. The most vulnerable to climate change impacts on an ecosystems area associated with the shifting alpine ecosystem to higher elevations and shrink in area, modification on tropical and subtropical rainforests, affected coastal wetlands by sea-level rise and saline intrusion, affected inland ecosystems by changed rainfall patterns and affected tropical savannahs by changes in the frequency and severity of bushfires. According to Dolling et al. [3]; Giambelluca et al. [4]; Frazier et al. [5]; increased drought stress of native plants and fire occurrence is due to decreasing rainfall and increasing temperatures. According to the IPCC 5th Assessment (IPCC 2013) [6], ocean surface temperature and combined land and warming globally was around 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, over the period 1880 to 2012. The issue of climate change have created by human activities is about 1 °C of global warming above pre-industrial levels with range of 0.8° to 1.2 °C [7]. The large influence on forest and agricultural systems due to increases in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns, and changes in the occurrence of floods and droughts has predicted by the Álvaro-Fuentes et al. [8]; Anaya-Romero et al. [9]; Conant et al. [10]; Lal [11]; Muñoz-Rojas et al. [12].
\nAs an important environmental factor, climate influence ecosystems and biodiversity several ways whereas climate change affects habitats of species and existing food chain interacting other human stressors like development. The stressors cause minor and major affects including dramatic ecological changes some of their cumulative impacts [13]. Due to changes in the timing of seasonal life cycle, many species influences their migration, blooming and reproduction including reduced their growth and survival [14, 15]. The habitat range of the species both terrestrial and aquatic environment shift to higher elevations due to increased temperatures including changes in vegetative biomes [16] and expanding into areas of river and streams previously inhabited by Coldwater species [17]. Similarly, particular species can ripple through a food web and affect a wide range of other organisms as the loss of sea ice affected entire food web, from algae and plankton to fish to mammals [18]. The extreme events like wildfires, flooding, and drought serves ecosystems as natural buffers and human modification restrict ecosystems’ aptitude to temper the impacts of extreme conditions which increases vulnerability to damage. Likewise, the main stressors of climate change like habitat destruction and pollution subsidize to species extinction and spread of pathogens, parasites, and diseases, with potentially serious effects on human health, agriculture, and fisheries. Thus, the species extinction rate globally is exceeding the observed natural rate of extinction [19].
\nIn Nepal, the major driving force to degrade biodiversity and ecosystem is development of infrastructures such as construction of road, hydropower, irrigation canal, railway, transmission line, tourism industry and airport. The accelerated impacts of these activities allies with deforestation and degradation of natural forests, habitat fragmentation, infrastructure development on protected areas, encroachment of forest and forest land, destruction of natural habitats both terrestrial and aquatic species. The urbanization and population growth leads to unplanned infrastructure development ultimately has increased demand of natural products, and pressure on biological resources threatening natural ecosystem and biodiversity.
\nThe rainfall patterns and temperature regimes altered by the climate change and its impacts on water, agriculture and biological resources are crucial issues in Nepal. The policy of the government in biodiversity conservation and economic development is ineffective for implementation integrating the development actions. An effective implementation of regulatory framework and strategy to protect biological resources including protected, endangered, threatened, rare and endemic species can support to conserve the biodiversity and ecosystem. Thus, the chapter assisted overall climate change scenario describing impacts and implications, focusing on ecosystem and biodiversity, including impacts of developmental projects, adoption of national mitigation strategy and use of assessment tools with Nepal’s perspective.
\nA landlocked country Nepal situated between 80°and 88° E longitude and from 26° to 31° N latitude which covers an area of 147,181 Sq.km measuring 880 kilometers (547 mi) along its Himalayan axis by 150 to 250 kilometers (93 to 155 mi) across. The new map showing Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh as Nepali territories, Government of Nepal has further declared as an extended area of 147, 516km2 (56,956 sq. mi) [20]. Nepal resembles five physiographic zones and seven bio-climatic zones identified by Dobremez [21] extending from East to West, including the High Himal, High Mountains, Middle Mountains (or Middle Hills), Siwalik (or Chure), and Terai [22] (Figure 1). The genetic, species and ecosystem level biodiversity of Nepal spreads over tropical forests from Terai (67-1000 masl), mid hill (1000-2000 masl) subtropical and temperate regions (2000–3000 masl) to Himalayas sub-alpine and alpine pastures and snow-covered peaks of the Himalayas (> 3000 masl). As shown in Figure 1, land cover in Nepal includes different types of forests (broadleaf, needle leaf, mixed), agriculture, shrub lands, grasslands, bare lands, river and lakes, and glacier/snow [23, 24].
\nLanduse pattern of Nepal.
Relevant literatures reviewed, summarized current estimates of the impacts of climate change as per IPCC and The World Bank data, and explained how those estimates assembled in order to identify the main sources of uncertainty and approximately affecting them. In addition, discussed scenarios of development actions and impacts, uncertainty influences and mitigation measures adopted through legal instruments and policymaker’s decisions. The reviewed national and international policies, plan, strategies, Act and regulations were incorporated with the relevancy and implications in ecosystem and biodiversity and other thematic areas. AcrGIS_10.4.1 was used to delineate land use pattern and forest cover together with identification of Physio geographic zones of Nepal with reference of GoN/MoFSC, 2018 [25] and national scale forest resource assessment carried out over the period of 2010–2014 [26]. In the decision making process, EIA legislation and its process subjected to an environmental assessment during preparation, and before adoption. Similarly, integration of EbA approach into policies and plans for facilitating EbA technology, synthesis and packaging of information and planning tools was carried out to found alternative scenario for climate change adaption with resilience ecosystem. Impacts and implication of developmental projects, legal provisions to conduct environmental assessments and mitigation strategy were identified through review pertinent documents and study of infrastructure projects such as hydropower, roads and other sectoral projects.
\nThe increasing impacts of climate change on biodiversity become a progressively more significant threat in the coming decades as projected. The pressure of ocean acidification, resulting from higher concentrations atmospheric CO2 and loss of Arctic sea ice threatens biodiversity across an entire biome and beyond. The frequent extreme weather events with changing pattern of rainfall and drought, warming temperatures as projected there are significant impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem [27]. According to IPBES the three major challenges like land degradation, biodiversity loss and climate change increasingly dangerous impact on the health of our natural environment degrading land, pollution and overexploitation to land-use change and habitat loss threat to wildlife globally. As per the IPCC [28] AR4 projection 10% of species assessed approximately are in high risk of extinction for every 1 °C rise in global mean temperature, within the range of future scenarios modelled in impacts assessments (typically <5 °C global temperature rise). In particular, aquatic freshwater habitats and wetlands, mangroves, coral reefs, arctic and alpine ecosystems, and cloud forests are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.
\nNepal is rich for globally significant biodiversity with 118 major ecosystems and 75 vegetation types harboring important flora and fauna occupying 39.6% (5,830,360 ha) forest area. Currently, out of total area of the country, 44.74% (6.61 million ha) is covered by the forests land including 17.32% Protected Areas (PAs) and 82.68% by other forest management regimes [29]. Nepal has established 20 protected areas with the goal of nature conservation covering 23.39% (34419.75 sq.km.) land area with2 12 National Parks, 1 Wildlife Reserve, 1 Hunting Reserve, 6 Conservation Areas, and 13 Buffer Zones extending from lowlands of Terai to high mountains.
\nGlobally, Nepal occupies about 0.1% of global landmass harboring 3.2% flora and 1.1% fauna of the world’s biodiversity including 5.2% of mammals, 9.5% birds, 5.1% gymnosperms and 8.2% bryophytes [30]. Similarly, Nepal government has declared 27 mammals, nine birds, 3 reptiles [31] under protection category. Among 208 mammal species recorded in Nepal, regionally 8 of them critically Endangered, 26 Endangered, 14 Vulnerable and 7 species nearly Threatened. Out of 886 bird species found in Nepal, 42 of them are globally threatened [32]. The species of flora and flora of Nepal listed in CITIES includes, 50 mammals, 108 birds, 29 Reptiles, 2 amphibians and 476 species of plants [33]. The updated checklist of CITES flora after CoP 17 includes, 154 species with 1 species in Appendix I, 149 species in Appendix II and 4 species in Appendix III [34].
\nThe use of resources like grazing, fodder and fuelwood collection, timber extraction, collection of herbs, medicinal and aromatic plants, poaching, hunting and fishing are major threats for conserve biodiversity conservation. Among the 700 species medicinal plants in Nepal, more than hundred species exploited for commercial purposes. Loss and fragmentation of natural terrestrial and aquatic habitats and restricted mobility of migrant species due to habitat fragmentation is crucial problem. Poaching of rare species such as the tiger, rhino, bear (
The loss of biodiversity and vegetation leads to the changing pattern of natural environmental conditions occurring from numerous fundamental systems and decreasing number of species biodiversity due to modified environment and increased pressure on forest and vegetation [36]. The major impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems are loss of habitat due to encroachment of forest areas, expansion of agriculture and settlement in forest area, development of infrastructure within the forest area, planned priority projects within forestland to uplift economic development. Other major problem also leads to degradation of habitat due to overharvesting of biological resources, overgrazing and uncontrolled forest fire. Similarly, poaching and illegal wildlife trade, human-wildlife conflict, invasion by alien plant species, stone, gravel and sand mining threats ecosystem and biodiversity of the country. Nepal lost forest area by 2.1 percent and 1.4 percent during 1990–2000 and 2000–2005, respectively [37]. Nepal’s forest area heavily degraded with loss of important biodiversity imposing landslides, and soil erosion, felling of trees for building materials and over lopping for fodder and fuel wood [38]. The unplanned infrastructure development such as schools, hospitals, temples, water storage tanks and other infrastructure within the forest area, particularly in the Tarai and Siwalik, 82,934 hectares forestland was reported under illegal occupation [39].
\nThe major identified climate change impacts on forest and biodiversity in Nepal resembles; (a) increased temperature and rainfall variability, (b) changes in phenological cycles of tree species and shifting of tree line in the Himalaya, (c) shifts in agro-ecological zones, prolonged dry spells, and higher incidences of pests and diseases, (d) increased emergence and quickened spread of invasive alien plant species, (e) increased incidence of forest fire in recent years, (f) depletion of wetlands [40, 41]. The large scale development is a hallmark of the modern world, providing society with things humans’ value but at an environmental cost [42, 43]. The major impacts on terrestrial or aquatic ecosystem associated with the developmental projects are:
habitat degradation through overgrazing practices wetland drainage for agricultural, industrial or urban development practices;
habitat loss, with attendant consequences on fish and wildlife because of excessive deforestation practices;
changes in habitat and associated fish and wildlife species due to the construction and operation of hydropower projects;
loss of critical habitat for endangered or threatened species as result or timber harvesting, recreational developments, and or military training activities;
multiple aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem effects from acid rain formed as a consequence of SO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants; and
potential toxic effects to plants and or animals as a result of air-or water pollutant discharges or of waste disposal activities of industries and municipalities.
The major infrastructures like road, hydropower, irrigation, water supply, housing, tourism and communication are associated with socioeconomic development of the developing country. Monsoon floods, landslides, and siltation-damaged infrastructures impede the developmental activities and affects transportation facility, electricity supply, industry, business, markets, and other allied activities. Furthermore, more extreme events associated with climate change forebodes great threat on infrastructures with increased instances of drainage congestion, scouring, inundation, slope instability, land subsidence, erosion, and collapse of structures. The existing roads, bridges, water supply and sanitation, settlement, hydropower and irrigation are affecting seasonally due to flooding, landslides, and debris deposits cause large impacts on socioeconomic development of the country. The degradation of key natural resources land, water, and forests and impacts on agriculture and livestock farming, agricultural production, transportation, infrastructure, forest-based industries, and hydropower, are associated with intensifies disasters such as landslides, floods, soil erosion drought and storms.
\nNepal is rich for water resources comprising 6,000 rivers with 220 billion cum annually run off spreading length of over 45,000 km. [44]. An estimated potential for hydropower to be around 83,000 MW whereas 4300 MW to be technically feasible [45]. The major river basins in Nepal are Sapta Koshi, Karnali, Sapta Gandaki, Mahakali, and the Southern rivers [46]. In Nepal, with total installed capacity of 1,332,858 KW, 14 major hydropower stations, 17 small hydropower plants, 23 Small Hydropower Plant (isolated), Two Thermal Plants and Solar plants are currently in operation generating 56315KW, 577394KW, 4536KW, 53410 KW, and 1350KW energy respectively. Similarly, eight Hydroelectricity Project (HEP) with installed capacity of 943100KW are under construction and nine with installed capacity of 3219200KW are planned and proposed. Hydropower construction is growing development in Nepal due to rapid increment demand of electricity by about 10% every year (NEA) and projected demand for year 2020/2021 to be around 2,203 MW [47]. The hydropower development considerably cause high impacts on construction phase rather than its operation along with cumulative and long-term impacts can harass to sustain ecosystem and biodiversity. As location of the project, size and type of the project, socioeconomic condition the environmental situation, beneficial and harmful impacts of hydropower are considered manifold [48, 49].
\nNepal in progress of installation of renewable source of energy such as mini and micro hydropower, solar energy, biomass energy and biogas targeting access public to provide clean, reliable and affordable renewable energy solutions by 2030. As different Nations agreed in Paris in 2015, limit the global average temperature rise to as close as possible to a maximum 2 °C reducing energy-related CO2 emissions by more than 70% by 2050 which can only be achieved with the massive deployment of renewable forms of energy such as wind, solar and hydro, combined with energy efficiency [50]. NEA is responsible to generate electricity, transmission, and distribution but inadequate planning, policy, regulation and inadequate capacity with poor governance leading to underinvestment and difficulty in sustaining the growth of the Hydropower and Economic Growth in Nepal [51].
\nTo institutionalize hydropower sector, Government of Nepal endorsed Water Resources Act, 1992, Water Resources Regulation, 1993, Electricity Act, 1992, Electricity Regulation, 1993 and Hydropower Development Policy, 1992, Hydropower Development Policy, 2001, Water Resources Strategy, 2002 and National Water Plan, 2005. GoN has also prioritized development of hydropower including contemplation of Environment Protection Act, 2019 and Environment Protection Rules, 2020. The perennial nature of Nepalese rivers and the steep gradient flows from Himalayas and high mountains towards the plain of the Terai has largest hydropower potential for hydroelectric projects in Nepal whereas challenges remaining to protection towards ongoing potential impacts on natural environment. Although, hydropower plants provide cost efficient and environment friendly power supply to improve energy services a displacing imported fossil fuels but most of the hydropower constructing in Mountains, Mid hills and Siwalik regions of the country are great threats to biodiversity and ecosystems of the region. Landslide dam outburst floods (LDOFs) is one of the major challenges for hydropower development in Nepal due to its rugged topography, susceptible to landslides, very high relief, and intense precipitation during the monsoon period. Thus, there is a high need to protect the ecosystem together with the hydropower development by improving resilient hydropower infrastructure through good planning, design and sitting, construction, operation and maintenance, contingency planning, and restoring ecofriendly environment [52]. As per nature, extent, magnitude and duration of all observed adverse environmental issues/impacts on cultural and physical, chemical, biological and socio-economic during construction and operation phases of hydropower projects are highlighted in the Table 1 below.
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Potential Adverse Impacts of Hydropower.
The climate change impacts significantly higher to water resources and hydropower sector like rising temperatures retreat glacier that in turn causes greater variability (and eventual reduction) in streamflow, and glacial lake outburst floods posing significant risk to hydropower facilities, infrastructure and human settlements. The climate induced risks to water resources and hydropower facilities related to flooding, landslides, and sedimentation, intense precipitation events, flow variation in dry season. Resiliency of hydropower assets is essential to face of increased frequency of extreme weather events and rapid changes in hydrological patterns to reduce the risk of climate-related disruptions as hydropower contributes significant reduction of GHG emissions. Hydropower plants prevents the emission of about 3 GT CO2 per year (9% of global emissions) compared with conventional coal power plants [53].
\nThe majority of the population in Nepal does not have reliable and adequate access on transportation services (Figure 2). Thus, the development of physical infrastructure services like roadways, railways, waterways, subways, flyovers and ropeways, transport (Air Transport) and transit management and its operation and implementation are rapidly growing. As per data, about 29031 km of roads (53 percent paved roads) and 1952 bridges in the country are in operation [54].
\nTemporary Means for Access on Mahakali River, Darchula Nepal.
The availability of road infrastructure as per road density, Nepal stands at 139 km per 1000 km2 [55], where 60% or more road network are concentrated in the lowland (Terai) areas. However, Nepal’s 20% population residing in urban areas but Nepal considered fastest urbanizing country with annual growth rate of 5% on an average since 1970s [56]. The Global Competitiveness Report 2016 ranks, Nepal 130 of 138 in infrastructure [57]. Government of Nepal step-up to capital expenditure in infrastructure, in particular, sectors like water, communication, transportation and electricity from 2009 to 2016 received greater priorities [58].
\nAn immense facility and services provides by the infrastructure development accessing agriculture, market, commerce, industry, and social sectors including education, health, communication, livelihood and quality of life but construction and maintenance works adversely affects natural environment. Nepal’s young and fragile geology, poverty, vulnerable communities, construction of infrastructures brings significant impacts to the local and regional environmental settings. The major impacts associated with such developmental activities comprises; slop instability and slope failures, landslides and soil erosion, impacts on national parks, conservation areas and wildlife reserves, national forests and agricultural lands and interference with water courses, loss of terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity, river regime change, extraction of sand/gravel, irrigation facilities, run off and sedimentation, occupational health and safety, land acquisition, damages on cultural properties and effects on the unique life of ethnic and minorities communities.
\nThe water, food, health, land, environment, infrastructures are vulnerable affecting by severe consequences of global climate change with irreversible loss of many species around the world. The increasing in extreme weather events damages infrastructures by natural disasters, storms and flooding. According to IPCC 2007, climate has been getting warmer since 1960 and this will continue. Global temperature will be increased at the end of the 21st Century in relative to the end of the 20th Century ranges from 0.6 to 4 °C and 3.3 °C in South Asia with the min-max range as 2.7–4.7 °C. Climate change projections for 1961–1990, in East Asia shows relative to the average for mean temperatures will be 1.9°–2.6 °C higher across the region in 2050, and 3.8°–5.2 ° C higher in 2090 [59]. The increasing pressure on natural resources in Asia associated with the rapid urbanization, industrialization, and economic development bringing challenges to protect the degrading environment. Asia comprises 51 countries/regions with land and territories, divided into six sub regions based on geographical position and coastal peripheries. Forest carbon pools affected by the Climate change in some countries of the region and observed annual mean temperatures over South Asia in the past is increasing significantly about 0.75 °C per century. The physiology, phenology and distribution of plant and animal affecting by the climate change and also increase the risk of mortality and injury from wind storms, flash floods, coastal flooding and expected numbers of vector-borne diseases in the near future.
\nAccording to the 2020 edition of Germanwatch’s Climate Risk Index, Nepal is ninth hardest-hit nation by climate calamities during the period 1999 to 2018, as one of the most vulnerable countries to the climate change effects [60]. The average annual maximum temperature has been increasing by 0.056 °C per year from 1971 to 2014 [61] and extremely increasing precipitation [62]. Similarly, more than 80% property had lost due to water disasters like floods, landslides and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) [63].
\nBiodiversity is essential for Earths functioning ecosystem but growing human population, habitat loss and over exploitation of resources is the main factors to loss of biodiversity. According to IPBES, more than 1 million IUCN red list threatened species are risk of disappearing which includes 41% of amphibians, 25% of mammals, 34% of conifers, 13% of birds, 31% of sharks and rays, 33% of reef-building corals, and 27% of crustaceans [64]. The issue of global warming is concerned with the raising temperature by trapping earth’s emissions in the atmosphere due to exposure of greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and water vapor and burning of fossil fuels. Increased lake and stream temperatures have significant implications affecting frequencies of disease in fish species and their altered growth, increased energy expenditures, thermal barriers on adult and juvenile migration, delayed and reduced spawner survival, altered egg and juvenile development, changes in biological productivity and altered species distribution [65].
\nThe living components of ecosystems like plants, herbivores, carnivores, and soil organisms influences by the climate change in their functional ecosystem and characteristics in regards of energy and chemicals flow altering ecosystems properties and species distributions. The major resilience biodiversity in its ecosystems with variation of life on the earth interdepending webs of living organisms and physical environment provides us clean air, fresh water, food, resources and medicine. The humankind activities like air and water pollution, habitat destruction and fragmentation, and the introduction of invasive species likely to be exacerbated ecosystems. The valuable goods and services provided to the human societies by the ecosystem threaten to jeopardize the numerous economic and social values due to climate change effects [66]. The detrimental effects can be mitigated through preserving and maintaining habitat and species to maintaining overall ecosystem structure and species composition together with adapting biodiversity conservation strategy by reducing fragmentation and degradation of habitats, increasing connectivity among habitat blocks and fragments, and reducing external anthropogenic environmental stresses.
\nNepal’s water resources, public health and terrestrial ecosystems are most vulnerable sectors [67] with associated issues of food security, poverty reduction and environmental degradation. Adaptation of appropriate technology for changing cropping patterns, enhancing mitigation for emerging pests and disease and protection of changing landscapes of Nepal can cope with changing climatic pattern. Nepal’s changing climatic pattern as experienced in temperature and mean precipitation, data on temperature trends from 1975 to 2005 showed 0.060 C rise in temperature annually with significantly decrease in mean rainfall on an average of 3.7 mm (−3.2%) per month per decade. The mean annual temperatures under various climate change scenarios for Nepal has projected to increase between 1.3–3.8 °C by the 2060s and 1.8–5.8 °C by the 2090s with reduction of annual precipitation to be in a range of 10 to 20% across the country [68]. The increased number of glacial lakes in Nepal exceeds by 11% on an average by 38 km2 per year and 29% about 129 km3 ice reserve has estimated between the period of 1977 and 2010. Nepal is one of the most vulnerable countries to disasters and warming trends of Nepal is increasing as country’s averaged mean temperature increases of 1.2 °C and 3 °C projected by 2050 and 2100 [69]. Glacier retreat and significant increases in the size and volume of glacial lakes of Nepal Himalayas making them more prone to Glacial Lake Outburst Flooding (GLOF). Climate change enhance more disaster’s like landslides and soil erosion on excavation slopes, drainage disruption, flooding in roads, bridges and airport runways, drinking water sources and infrastructures of lowland areas so that roads, bridges, tunnels and other infrastructures are vulnerable to increased precipitation, groundwater levels, temperatures and winds. Transportation sector is affected by climate change and it contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. The mountain ecosystem and topography is highly affected by the climate events like high rainfall, accelerate surface run-off, increase flows in gullies, drainage channels, streams and rivers expose landslides and flooding, which instable road sections, bridges, and other infrastructures as well as inundations in lowland areas. Design and construction of climate resilient and environmental friendly infrastructures can support to reduce climate change impacts. Local microclimate can adapt through rod site plantation, bioengineering and climate resilient transportation system to reduce GHG level in atmosphere. The GHG emission of Nepal is around 0.027% of total global emissions and increasing GHG trend is from energy sector [70]. As Nepal is a party of UNFCCC supporting to limit temperature rise to well below 2 °C leading to 1.5 °C above pre- industrial levels in order to reduce the risks and adverse impacts of climate change.
\nClimate change and risks associated towards adverse impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity, water resources, food production, and infrastructure with global warming correlates to adapt reducing or avoiding adverse impacts and maximize positive consequences towards the risks. The adaptation process is complex towards risks posed by climate change and variability as Moser & Ekstrom 2010, stated adaptation process is constant of awareness and understanding, planning, implementation and monitoring and review [71]. To mitigate or avoid the projected impacts of climate change, adaptation urgently needed towards extreme changes and impacts that may occur [72]. According to Article of UNFCCC, evaluation of risk associate with climate change refers “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”.
\nAlthough, Climate change affects biodiversity and ecosystem services that are not all negative, with some species either thriving or adapting. Climate change and associate impacts is an integrated and integral portion of the major developmental sectors of the nation that can be mitigated through effective implementation of mitigation tools. Environmental assessment a planning application for the development activities mainly propose mitigation measures as obligations within the legal framework for implementation but not fulfilled legal requirement seriously for monitor and implementation. Hence, the assessment strategy to address the likely environmental impacts of the planned sectoral projects is limited on fulfillment of the legal requirement.
\nSince 1980, Nepal has integrated environmental management related policies and strategies to address major consequences of developmental projects enunciating environment conservation related policies in the seventh plan [73]. In order to enforce policy and legal instruments for environmental protection from the project formulation stages for development strategy has considered avoiding or minimizing adverse effects on the ecological system. For this, EIA as a tool has adopted emphasizing emerging environmental and ecological issues envisioned from developmental projects such as industry, tourism, water resources, transportation, agriculture, forest and other developmental projects. To institutionalize EIA system in Nepal, eighth plan period [74] has remarkable contribution adopting and implementation of National EIA Guidelines of 1993 [75] and enforcement of Environment Protection Act, 1997 and the Environment Protection Rules, 1997 [76]. Nepal has enacted a number of regulatory measures for the consideration of the environmental aspects in the development project and programme, however still inadequate mainstreaming of biodiversity into national development plan and programmes. Generally, EIA implementation in developing countries appears to work best if legal and institutional arrangements have evolved gradually through an “organic” process, rather than one “imposed” from the outside [77]. The main Plan, Policy, Act, and Regulations related to sectoral projects, those addressed major environmental issues are outlined below:
National Environment Policy 2019 aims to control pollution, manage wastes and promote greenery so as to ensure citizens‟ right to live in a fair and healthy environment. The policy was framed to guide the implementation of environment related laws and other thematic laws, realize international commitment and enable collaboration between all concerned government agencies and other sectors on environmental management actions. This policy aims to lessen and prevent all types of environment pollutions, manage wastes emanated from all sectors including home, industry and service, expand parks and greenery in urban area and ensure environment justice to the pollution-affected population. In order to meet the policy goals and objectives, the policy has specified special measures, including setup of effective systems for checking and reducing pollution of all types, encouragement for the use of environment-friendly technology in industry, hospital and vehicles, regulation of harmful pesticides in production and protection of human health from unauthorized food intake.
Government of Nepal enacted Environmental Protection Act 2019 replacing previous EPA 1997 new amendments. The EPA 2019 empowers environmental protections; preserve right to clean and healthy environment of the society, maintain adaptation between environment and development, reduce adverse impacts on natural environment and biodiversity and climate change adaptation. According to the act, permission will be granted to such projects to use part of national forest if there are no other alternatives and it does not cause significant adverse impact on the environment. As such, it calls for such projects to go through environmental assessment procedure adhering with the prevailing act to ensure that it has clear provisions for compensating the forestland acquired and trees felled by such projects. Provisions relating to forest conservation area and its management, ecosystem service and payment for ecosystem service and establishment of forest development fund are some new highlights of this act. This act provides for establishment of a forest development fund to implement the objectives of this act, conserve and enhance forest. The provisions relating to management of forest as government managed, community, leasehold and religious forest are retained in this act.
Considering previous Environment Protection Regulation (EPR), 1997 and its amendments, EPR endorsed EPR 2020 under the provisions of the EPA 2020. The EPR adopts the environmental assessment criteria mentioned in the National Impact Assessment Guideline 1993. However, the EPR establishes the administrative framework for assessing, exhibition and determination of EIA/IEE, in terms of issues needing to be addressed and the format/layout of the EIA/IEE document. Schedule 1, 2 and 3 listed proposal to be conducted Brief Environmental Study, Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of sectoral projects respectively. The criteria for screening sectoral projects to conduct environmental studies before commencement of the projects has included Forest Sector, Industrial, Mine and Minerals, Road, Residential, Buildings, settlement development and Urban development areas, Water Resource and industry, Tourism, Drinking Water, Solid Waste Management, Agriculture, Health and Education Sectors. Besides these provisions, Section 4 Climate Change, Rule 25 has defined preparation of National Report by the Ministry regarding climate change situation, impacts and risks in every 5 years period. Rule 26 of same section provisioned Ministry should prepare National Adaptation Plan for each 10 years period and Rule 27 provisioned implementation of Mitigation Plan. The detailed framework of EPR 2020 shown in the Figure 3.
The Nepal Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2014–2020 envision a conserved biodiversity contributing for sound and resilient ecosystems and national prosperity.
The Forest Rules 1995, enforced as per the Forest Act 1993, has categorized number of medicinal herbs and non-timber plants or the timber species with timber use parts for legal trade. Forty-three species are listed to be licensed for their root collection; 20 species for bark; 31 species for leaves; 24 species for flower and fruits; 65 species for fruit and seeds; 12 species for whole plants; 10 species for resin, gums and lac; and other 29 herbs for whole or parts of the plants.
Nepal became a contracting party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITIES) 1973 on June 18, 1975. That aims to control the trade of certain wildlife species to prevent further endangered species of their survival. CITIES classified species according to the following three criteria-Species threatened with extinction; Species, which could become endangered, and Species that are protected. As Nepal is a signatory to the convention related to species conservation, attention should be given to evaluate the impacts of the project activities on meeting their obligation. It is relevant to environmental assessment studies that species protection list could also be used to evaluate the significance of the identified and predicted impacts for practical mitigation. Plant and species of wildlife under legal protection provides a basis to purpose EMPs for their conservation and for least damaging them during project implementation.
National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) 2019 underlined thematic areas towards developing a resilient society by reducing the risk of climate change impacts. The policy has integrated sectoral polices and strategies on agriculture and food security, forest, biodiversity and watershed conservation, water resource and energy, rural and urban habitants, industry, transport and physical infrastructure, tourism and natural and cultural heritage, health, drinking water and sanitation, disaster risk reduction and management, gender equality and social inclusion, livelihoods and good governance, awareness raising and capacity development, research, technology development and expansion and climate finance management.
Hydropower Development Policy 2001 outlines the overall objectives and strategies for hydropower development in Nepal. In addition, National Transport Policy 2001/2002 highlights transport infrastructure development through environment-friendly green road.
National Forest Policy 2018 defines Nepal’s economic, social, and cultural prosperity through a well-managed forest and a balanced environment including production and value addition of forest-based products and services and equitable distribution of the benefits from sustainable and participatory management of the forest, protected areas, watershed, biodiversity and wildlife.
Legislative framework for environmental assessment process, EPR 2020.
Climate change and risks associated towards adverse impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity, water resources, food production and infrastructure with global warming correlates to adapt reducing or avoiding adverse impacts and maximize positive consequences towards the risks. The adaptation process is complex towards risks posed by climate change and variability as Moser & Ekstrom 2010, stated adaptation process is constant of awareness and understanding, planning, implementation, and monitoring and review [71]. The main services provided by the forests is carbon removal from the atmosphere (carbon sequestration) and the long-term storage of this carbon in biomass, dead organic matter, and soil carbon pools. An estimated 55% (471 Pg C) stored in tropical forests out of the global forest carbon stocks of which more than half is stored in biomass [78]. To mitigate or avoid the projected impacts of climate change adaptation, urgently needed towards extreme changes and impacts that may occur [72].
\nAccording to Article of UNFCCC, evaluation of risk associate with climate change refers “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system” [79]. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has defined ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in 2009 as use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall strategy to help people adapt to the adverse effects of climate change and EbA projects have proliferated in 2015. As the EBA uses a range of opportunities for the sustainable management, conservation, and restoration of ecosystems to provide services that enable people to adapt to the impacts of climate change, Nepal had adopted Ecosystem-Based Approach (EBA) for priority ecosystems of major ecological regions. To build resilience using an ecosystem management approach in vulnerable developing countries by increasing institutional capacity, mobilizing knowledge and transferring appropriate best-practice adaptation technologies (Figure 4).
\nSchematic diagram of ecosystem based adaptation.
The developmental activities are the main drivers of biodiversity loss, proper implementation of appropriate sustainable mitigation measure against adverse impacts can support to maintain ecosystems and biodiversity loss. Although, Climate change influences on biodiversity and ecosystem services but not all are negative, with some species either thriving or adapting. Although, environmental assessment a planning application for the development activities generally propose mitigation measures as obligations within the legal framework for implementation. However, the assess¬ment strategy to address the likely environmental impacts and mitigation of the planned sectoral projects is limited including an effective implementation of EMP. The major mitigation measures for developmental projects are presented in the Table 2.
\nLikely impacts | \nMitigation measures | \n
---|---|
\n | \n|
Depletion of ozone layer and climatic change due to emission of some gases (SO2, CO2, NO2, Fluoride, CO, CFCS etc.) to the Atmosphere | \n\n
| \n
Reduction of air quality due to dust | \n\n
| \n
\n | \n|
Loss of flora and fauna | \n\n
| \n
Habitat Fragmentation -stability and health of an ecosystem | \n\n
| \n
Direct killing of animals like collisions with vehicles | \n\n
| \n
Disturbance of ecosystem because of extraction of sand, boulders, gravel or rock | \n\n
| \n
Exploitation of natural resources (flora and fauna) because of immigrants to project area | \n\n
| \n
Flora and fauna in wetlands are affected | \n\n
| \n
Introduction of new species or change of cultivation may cause for development of pests, diseases, or weeds. | \n\n
| \n
Direct or indirect killing of aquatic and terrestrial animals spreading of pesticide/insecticide for different purposes. | \n\n
| \n
Contamination or use of polluted water may affect wild life and nearby communities to the project area. | \n\n
| \n
Improper use of modern biotechnology or introduction of genetically modified varieties to the region may lead to genetic erosion | \n\n
| \n
Change of the living condition of fish when its migration route is blocked by constructions e.g. dams/reservoirs | \n\n
| \n
Water logging may affect the flora (especially deep-rooted plants) and fauna of the area | \n\n
| \n
Exhaustion of resources | \n\n
| \n
\n | \n|
Flooding, channel modification, river canal siltation | \n\n
| \n
Reduction/lowering of surface or groundwater table | \n\n
| \n
Excess increment of nutrients in water bodies (eutrophication). | \n\n
| \n
Pollution of surface and groundwater through direct or indirect addition of toxic chemicals. | \n\n
| \n
Increment of suspended solids (turbidity) in water bodies through soil erosion or direct release of waste from different activities. | \n\n
| \n
Increment of the amount of silt/sediment in downstream area including agricultural land, reservoirs, etc. | \n\n
| \n
\n | \n|
Soil erosion and loss of nutrients due to different activities | \n\n
| \n
Soil compaction due to mechanization and machineries. | \n\n
| \n
Salinization due to irrigation with saline water | \n\n
| \n
Soil acidity | \n\n
| \n
Imbalance of biological activities as a result of contamination of soil with toxic chemicals and loss of organic nutrients due to soil erosion | \n\n
| \n
Productive topsoil covered by proposed activities or removal of productive top soil for temporary or permanent purposes | \n\n
| \n
\n | \n|
Transmission of disease between human and from plants/animals to humans | \n\n
| \n
Fire, explosions, emission of toxic gases, vapors, dust, emission of toxic liquid, radiation and their cumulative effects badly affect human health in and around the project | \n\n
| \n
Health effects on workers due to fugitive dust, material handling, and noise, mechanical or chemical contact can be occurred. | \n\n
| \n
Noise and congestion may be created and pedestrian hazards could be aggravated by heavy trucks | \n\n
| \n
Death and injuries to human beings and damages to property could be happened in factories, roads etc. | \n\n
| \n
Extraction of sand or gravel may from unnecessary pond, which creates suitable condition for malaria and water vector borne disease | \n\n
| \n
In mining activities workers are injured when rocks/soils are collapsed | \n\n
| \n
Mitigation measures for some of the environmental impacts.
The dimensional impacts of climate change threaten species biodiversity and its functional characteristics influencing the ecosystems. This can be mitigated through implementation of mitigation and adaptation plan for actions minimizing climate change induced risks targeting to support biodiversity and entire ecosystem services. Mitigation of greenhouse gases emission through reduction in use of fossil fuel, promotion of clean energy and increase in the rate of carbon uptake through natural ecosystems is the solution. Similarly, implementation of strategic action plans, afforestation/reforestation, agroforestry, land use management, promotion of renewable energy (hydropower, biomass, wind power, solar power etc.) as well as effective implementation of plan, policy and conventions can contribute to address the global climate issue and its impacts. Likewise, minimizing negative consequences and enhancing opportunities adjusting or accommodating to climate change induced impacts can also increase the adaptive capacity of species and ecosystems. This can lead plummeting non-climatic stresses, such as pollution, over-exploitation, habitat loss and fragmentation and invasive alien species, wider adoption of conservation and sustainable use practices including through the strengthening of protected area networks and facilitating adaptive management through strengthening monitoring and evaluation systems.
\nNepal has adopted several policies, strategies and EIA tool to address emerging environmental and ecological issues envisioned from developmental projects but threats on ecosystem and biodiversity and degrading rate of natural environment is constant in an alarming rate. The emerging agenda of the country like promotion of renewable energy, enhance capacity of local communities’ adaptation and resilience, widen carbon storage through sustainable forest management, and reduce carbon emissions can support to the consequences of climate change issues.
\nTo conserve biodiversity including terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems, restoration of degraded ecosystems, potential impacts of developmental projects can be avoided, reduced and compensate together with pollution control. This can support restore biodiversity and sustain utilization of ecosystem services however, magnitude of climate change effect difficult to adapt all dimension of ecosystems.
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Hoag",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5220.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91738",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Hoag",slug:"jeffrey-hoag",fullName:"Jeffrey Hoag"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"52089",doi:"10.5772/64372",title:"Infections in Cancer Patients",slug:"infections-in-cancer-patients",totalDownloads:2556,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Cancer therapy is a dynamically evolving field. Chemotherapy and biologic agents impact the magnitude and duration of immunosuppression in the already-immunocompromised cancer hosts who are then susceptible to a broad spectrum of infectious complications ranging from mild opportunistic infections to severe, fatal neutropenic sepsis. Numerous bacterial, fungal, and viral organisms have been implicated dictating varied preventative approaches. Rapid assessment and risk stratification of febrile patients identify individuals requiring hospital admission. Timely delivery of antimicrobials reduces the risk of complications and death. Herein, we summarize the current “state of art” in the management of infection in the cancer patient. We detail the advances in antibacterial and antifungal therapy.",book:{id:"5220",slug:"oncology-critical-care",title:"Oncology Critical Care",fullTitle:"Oncology Critical Care"},signatures:"Deepjot Singh and Robert A. Bonomo",authors:[{id:"181936",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepjot",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"deepjot-singh",fullName:"Deepjot Singh"},{id:"187145",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Bonomo",slug:"robert-bonomo",fullName:"Robert Bonomo"}]},{id:"55443",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68630",title:"Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage",slug:"aneurysmal-subarachnoid-hemorrhage",totalDownloads:2919,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating neurological syndrome, which occurs at a rate of 3–25 per 100,000 population. Smoking and hypertension are the most important risk factors of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Rupture of cerebral aneurysm leads to rapid spread of blood into cerebrospinal fluid and subsequently leads to sudden increase of intracranial pressure and severe headache. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with neurological (such as re‐bleeding and vasospasm) and systemic (such as myocardial injury and hyponatremia) complications that are causes of high mortality and morbidity. Although patients with poor‐grade subarachnoid hemorrhage are at higher risk of neurological and systemic complications, the early and aggressive management of this group of patient has decreased overall mortality by 17% in last 40 years. Early aneurysm repair, close monitoring in dedicated neurological intensive care unit, prevention, and aggressive management of medical and neurological complications are the most important strategies to improve outcome.",book:{id:"5756",slug:"intensive-care",title:"Intensive Care",fullTitle:"Intensive Care"},signatures:"Adel E. Ahmed Ganaw, Abdulgafoor M. Tharayil, Ali O. Mohamed\nBel Khair, Saher Tahseen, Jazib Hassan, Mohammad Faisal Abdullah\nMalmstrom and Sohel Mohamed Gamal Ahmed",authors:[{id:"198979",title:"Dr.",name:"Saher",middleName:null,surname:"Tahseen",slug:"saher-tahseen",fullName:"Saher Tahseen"},{id:"199923",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel. E. Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Ganaw",slug:"adel.-e.-ahmad-ganaw",fullName:"Adel. E. Ahmad Ganaw"},{id:"200584",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulgafoor",middleName:null,surname:"Tharayil",slug:"abdulgafoor-tharayil",fullName:"Abdulgafoor Tharayil"},{id:"205193",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"O Mohamed",surname:"Bel Khair",slug:"ali-bel-khair",fullName:"Ali Bel Khair"},{id:"205194",title:"Dr.",name:"Jazib",middleName:null,surname:"Hassan",slug:"jazib-hassan",fullName:"Jazib Hassan"},{id:"205195",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Faisal",middleName:null,surname:"Malmstrom",slug:"m.-faisal-malmstrom",fullName:"M. Faisal Malmstrom"},{id:"205787",title:"Dr.",name:"Sohel Mohamed Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"sohel-mohamed-gamal-ahmed",fullName:"Sohel Mohamed Gamal Ahmed"}]},{id:"56878",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70498",title:"Lumbar Puncture of the Newborn",slug:"lumbar-puncture-of-the-newborn",totalDownloads:1445,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Heinrich Irenäus Quincke was the first person in medical history to perform lumbar puncture (LP). Indications of lumbar puncture include suspected meningitis, suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage, administration of chemotherapeutic agents, instillation of contrast media for imaging of the spinal cord, and the evaluation of various neurologic conditions including normal pressure hydrocephalus and Guillain-Barré syndrome, and the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Contraindications of lumbar puncture include findings of increased intracranial pressure, bleeding diathesis, cardiopulmonary instability, soft tissue infection at the puncture site, shock, respiratory insufficiency, and suspected meningococcal septicemia with extensive or spreading purpura. Altered mental status, focal neurologic signs, papilledema, focal seizure, and risk for brain abscess are indications for cranial imaging before performing LP. Lack of local anesthetic use and advancement of the spinal needle with the stylet in place were most prominent risk factors for a traumatic LP. Ultrasound may minimize the number of LP attempts and decrease patient and parent anxiety by easily identifying an insertion site. Infection, spinal hematoma, epidermoid tumor, and cerebral herniation are the main complications of LP. When LP is traumatic, the wisest approach is to assume the patient is having meningitis and start empirical therapy.",book:{id:"5970",slug:"bedside-procedures",title:"Bedside Procedures",fullTitle:"Bedside Procedures"},signatures:"Selim Öncel",authors:[{id:"200133",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Öncel",slug:"selim-oncel",fullName:"Selim Öncel"}]},{id:"54793",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68308",title:"Intensive Care Unit Workforce: Occupational Health and Safety",slug:"intensive-care-unit-workforce-occupational-health-and-safety",totalDownloads:2198,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"There are many different work tasks and workplace hazards related to the ICU setting. The workplace hazards include the physical environment of the ICU, working conditions, psychosocial factors, ergonomic factors, biological factors and chemical factors that cause ICU workers to have health problems. The occurrence of occupational health problems in ICU workers not only leads to decreased job satisfaction and productivity but also increases absenteeism and burnout. Moreover, this situation adversely affects patient care and increases the cost of treatment. Recognising occupational hazards and risks arising from the work environment will assist in planning strategies to protect and promote health programmes for ICU workers. Understanding the importance of occupational health and safety practices by all institutions is a key factor to improve quality of life, work efficiency and work satisfaction of ICU workers.",book:{id:"5756",slug:"intensive-care",title:"Intensive Care",fullTitle:"Intensive Care"},signatures:"Melek Nihal Esin and Duygu Sezgin",authors:[{id:"183522",title:"Prof.",name:"Melek Nihal",middleName:null,surname:"Esin",slug:"melek-nihal-esin",fullName:"Melek Nihal Esin"},{id:"197030",title:"Dr.",name:"Duygu",middleName:null,surname:"Sezgin",slug:"duygu-sezgin",fullName:"Duygu Sezgin"}]},{id:"54955",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68348",title:"Acute Kidney Injury in the Intensive Care Unit",slug:"acute-kidney-injury-in-the-intensive-care-unit",totalDownloads:2434,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as an abrupt decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Incidence varies from 20% to as high as 70% in critically ill patients. Classically, AKI has been divided into three broad pathophysiologic categories: prerenal AKI, intrinsic AKI, and postrenal (obstructive) AKI. The clinical manifestations of AKI vary among a wide range of symptoms and metabolic abnormalities. A sudden decrease in GFR will result in rising concentrations of solutes in the blood, which are normally excreted by the kidneys. Recently, new urinary and serum biomarkers have gained a place in the diagnosis, classification, and prognosis prediction of AKI. The best treatment for AKI is prevention. Patients with prerenal azotemia should have intravascular volume deficits corrected and cardiac function optimized. Obstructive (postrenal) kidney disease is treated by mechanical relief of the block. The primary management of acute interstitial nephritis is discontinuation of the inciting agent. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) has emerged as a supportive mechanism rather than just as a lifesaving measure. Continuous techniques are preferable in treating critically ill patients, although every modality has its benefits, indications, and contraindications.",book:{id:"5756",slug:"intensive-care",title:"Intensive Care",fullTitle:"Intensive Care"},signatures:"Jose J. Zaragoza and Faustino J. Renteria",authors:[{id:"181646",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:"Jesus",surname:"Zaragoza",slug:"jose-zaragoza",fullName:"Jose Zaragoza"},{id:"200843",title:"Dr.",name:"Faustino",middleName:null,surname:"Renteria",slug:"faustino-renteria",fullName:"Faustino Renteria"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55736",title:"Haemodynamic Monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit",slug:"haemodynamic-monitoring-in-the-intensive-care-unit",totalDownloads:3316,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Monitoring is a cognitive aid that allows clinicians to detect the nature and extent of pathology and helps assessment of response to therapy. The cardiovascular system is the most commonly monitored organ system in the critical care setting. It helps identify the presence and nature of shock and guides response to resuscitation by detection of cardiac rate and rhythm, evaluation of volume state, cardiac contractility and systemic vascular resistance. Newer technologies allow greater assessment of oxygen delivery to vulnerable tissues. We discuss the nature, history, modalities and interpretation of the most commonly available haemodynamic monitoring methods in clinical use currently.",book:{id:"5756",slug:"intensive-care",title:"Intensive Care",fullTitle:"Intensive Care"},signatures:"Mainak Majumdar",authors:[{id:"86678",title:"Dr.",name:"Mainak",middleName:null,surname:"Majumdar",slug:"mainak-majumdar",fullName:"Mainak Majumdar"}]},{id:"56744",title:"Endotracheal Intubation in Children: Practice Recommendations, Insights, and Future Directions",slug:"endotracheal-intubation-in-children-practice-recommendations-insights-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:2416,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Management of airway is mandatory in a critically ill child with severe trauma or any other situation that threatens his or her life. It is important, that clinicians who attend critically ill pediatric patients requiring airway management know the rapid sequence intubation (RSI) procedure, identify a patient with difficult airway, know the devices and techniques for the management of difficult airway, and look for receiving a formal training in endotracheal intubation (ETI). Future strategies for teaching and/or training clinicians in pediatric and neonatal ETI should be evaluated through conducting controlled clinical trials to identify which type will be the most effective by considering the less number of attempts and complications.",book:{id:"5970",slug:"bedside-procedures",title:"Bedside Procedures",fullTitle:"Bedside Procedures"},signatures:"Maribel Ibarra-Sarlat, Eduardo Terrones-Vargas, Lizett Romero-\nEspinoza, Graciela Castañeda-Muciño, Alejandro Herrera-Landero\nand Juan Carlos Núñez-Enríquez",authors:[{id:"166303",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:"Carlos",surname:"Nuñez-Enriquez",slug:"juan-nunez-enriquez",fullName:"Juan Nuñez-Enriquez"},{id:"206296",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Terrones-Vargas",slug:"eduardo-terrones-vargas",fullName:"Eduardo Terrones-Vargas"},{id:"206297",title:"Dr.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Ibarra-Sarlat",slug:"maribel-ibarra-sarlat",fullName:"Maribel Ibarra-Sarlat"},{id:"206298",title:"Dr.",name:"Lizett",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Espinoza",slug:"lizett-romero-espinoza",fullName:"Lizett Romero-Espinoza"},{id:"206299",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Herrera-Landero",slug:"alejandro-herrera-landero",fullName:"Alejandro Herrera-Landero"},{id:"213723",title:"Dr.",name:"Graciela",middleName:null,surname:"Castañeda-Muciño",slug:"graciela-castaneda-mucino",fullName:"Graciela Castañeda-Muciño"}]},{id:"55848",title:"Airway Management in ICU Settings",slug:"airway-management-in-icu-settings",totalDownloads:2830,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Maintenance of patent airway, adequate ventilation, and pulmonary gas exchange is very important in critically ill patients. Airway management in intensive care patients differs significantly from routine surgical procedures in the operating room. The airway competence in intensive care unit (ICU) should be coping with the rapidly evolving advances in airway management. Therefore, efforts should be focused on the three pillars of airway master: airway providers as intensivists or critical care physicians, equipment, and operational plans. Not all institutions can afford all airway equipment in the market; however, they should make sure that critical care providers have a full access to the available tools and they are comfortable using it. Educational sessions and refresher courses should be tailored to meet the competence level of the ICU providers and equipment availability. Operational plan includes developing institutional airway protocols and implementing difficult airway guidelines. The protocols should consider different staffing models of ICU and make sure all the time at least one member of the team with the highest experience in airway should be always available. The aim of writing this chapter is to enable the intensivist to optimize their use of airway equipment and managing high‐risk patients in ICU.",book:{id:"5756",slug:"intensive-care",title:"Intensive Care",fullTitle:"Intensive Care"},signatures:"Nabil Abdelhamid Shallik, Mamdouh Almustafa, Ahmed Zaghw\nand Abbas Moustafa",authors:[{id:"202782",title:"Dr.",name:"Nabil A.",middleName:null,surname:"Shallik",slug:"nabil-a.-shallik",fullName:"Nabil A. Shallik"},{id:"206965",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamdouh",middleName:null,surname:"Almustafa",slug:"mamdouh-almustafa",fullName:"Mamdouh Almustafa"},{id:"206966",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Zaghw",slug:"ahmed-zaghw",fullName:"Ahmed Zaghw"},{id:"206967",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa"}]},{id:"56878",title:"Lumbar Puncture of the Newborn",slug:"lumbar-puncture-of-the-newborn",totalDownloads:1444,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Heinrich Irenäus Quincke was the first person in medical history to perform lumbar puncture (LP). Indications of lumbar puncture include suspected meningitis, suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage, administration of chemotherapeutic agents, instillation of contrast media for imaging of the spinal cord, and the evaluation of various neurologic conditions including normal pressure hydrocephalus and Guillain-Barré syndrome, and the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Contraindications of lumbar puncture include findings of increased intracranial pressure, bleeding diathesis, cardiopulmonary instability, soft tissue infection at the puncture site, shock, respiratory insufficiency, and suspected meningococcal septicemia with extensive or spreading purpura. Altered mental status, focal neurologic signs, papilledema, focal seizure, and risk for brain abscess are indications for cranial imaging before performing LP. Lack of local anesthetic use and advancement of the spinal needle with the stylet in place were most prominent risk factors for a traumatic LP. Ultrasound may minimize the number of LP attempts and decrease patient and parent anxiety by easily identifying an insertion site. Infection, spinal hematoma, epidermoid tumor, and cerebral herniation are the main complications of LP. When LP is traumatic, the wisest approach is to assume the patient is having meningitis and start empirical therapy.",book:{id:"5970",slug:"bedside-procedures",title:"Bedside Procedures",fullTitle:"Bedside Procedures"},signatures:"Selim Öncel",authors:[{id:"200133",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Öncel",slug:"selim-oncel",fullName:"Selim Öncel"}]},{id:"55443",title:"Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage",slug:"aneurysmal-subarachnoid-hemorrhage",totalDownloads:2916,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating neurological syndrome, which occurs at a rate of 3–25 per 100,000 population. Smoking and hypertension are the most important risk factors of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Rupture of cerebral aneurysm leads to rapid spread of blood into cerebrospinal fluid and subsequently leads to sudden increase of intracranial pressure and severe headache. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with neurological (such as re‐bleeding and vasospasm) and systemic (such as myocardial injury and hyponatremia) complications that are causes of high mortality and morbidity. Although patients with poor‐grade subarachnoid hemorrhage are at higher risk of neurological and systemic complications, the early and aggressive management of this group of patient has decreased overall mortality by 17% in last 40 years. Early aneurysm repair, close monitoring in dedicated neurological intensive care unit, prevention, and aggressive management of medical and neurological complications are the most important strategies to improve outcome.",book:{id:"5756",slug:"intensive-care",title:"Intensive Care",fullTitle:"Intensive Care"},signatures:"Adel E. Ahmed Ganaw, Abdulgafoor M. Tharayil, Ali O. Mohamed\nBel Khair, Saher Tahseen, Jazib Hassan, Mohammad Faisal Abdullah\nMalmstrom and Sohel Mohamed Gamal Ahmed",authors:[{id:"198979",title:"Dr.",name:"Saher",middleName:null,surname:"Tahseen",slug:"saher-tahseen",fullName:"Saher Tahseen"},{id:"199923",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel. E. Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Ganaw",slug:"adel.-e.-ahmad-ganaw",fullName:"Adel. E. 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Faisal Malmstrom"},{id:"205787",title:"Dr.",name:"Sohel Mohamed Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"sohel-mohamed-gamal-ahmed",fullName:"Sohel Mohamed Gamal Ahmed"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"993",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. 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