Computational efficiencies of TS strategy.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8896",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Mobility",title:"Sustainable Mobility",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The concept of sustainability is already applied in all industrial sectors. The fight against climate change therefore forces us to look for alternatives in the way we move. Different alternative fuels are discussed in this book: from liquid and gaseous biofuels to electricity. Moreover, waste to fuel processes are another option to produce a significant amount of fuels. In the spirit of this book, there is not only collecting different alternatives, but creativity is also promoted in the readers of this book, so that they take an active part of the solution necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.",isbn:"978-1-78984-563-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-562-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78984-620-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82169",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"sustainable-mobility",numberOfPages:186,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"c5b28b438521dcd383df9b6e797ec462",bookSignature:"Bernardo Llamas, Marcelo F. Ortega Romero and Eugenia Sillero",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8896.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7363,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:24,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:40,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 30th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 20th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 27th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 4th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 27th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!0,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"169368",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernardo",middleName:null,surname:"Llamas",slug:"bernardo-llamas",fullName:"Bernardo Llamas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169368/images/system/169368.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Llamas is a professor in the area of project management at the Polytechnic University of Madrid. His specialization and participation in research projects has been related to the energy and resources of the subsoil. Specifically, in the area of production of microalgae for energy purposes, the geological storage of CO2 and, recently in the production of biomethane. There are several scientific articles and international patents that relate the indicated research.",institutionString:"Universidad Politécnica de Madrid",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Technical University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"281674",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"F. Ortega Romero",slug:"marcelo-f.-ortega-romero",fullName:"Marcelo F. Ortega Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/281674/images/system/281674.jpg",biography:"Marcelo F. Ortega has been a professor at the Technical University of Madrid for 7 year. He is the coordinator and professor of process engineering in Department of Energy and Fuels and the author of 22 scientific publications indexed with relative quality index in the Journal of Citation Report (more than half are located in the first quartile) and researcher in some projects. His specialization and participation in research projects has been related to the energy, biofuels and environmental pollution.",institutionString:"Universidad Politécnica de Madrid",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Technical University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"281672",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"Sillero",slug:"eugenia-sillero",fullName:"Eugenia Sillero",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/281672/images/system/281672.jpeg",biography:"Eugenia Sillero holds a master\\'s degree in fuel and energy engineering from the Polytechnic University of Madrid, she has done business studies in IESE business school (Navarra University), and she holds a PhD in journalism and communication from the CEU San Pablo University.\r\nNowadays she is the general secretary of Gasnam, the Spanish and Portuguese association that promotes the use of natural and renewable gas as fuel in maritime and road mobility. Gasnam has 125 members from different sectors: energy, automotive, shipping, universities.\r\nHer professional career started in the automotive components industry, at Grupo Antolín. For more than ten years, until she joined Gasnam, she held various responsibilities in the maritime administration (ministry of transport)",institutionString:"Asociación Ibérica de Gas Natural para la Movilidad, GASNAM",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"770",title:"Renewable Energy",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-renewable-energy"}],chapters:[{id:"70589",title:"The Pathway to Sustainable Transport",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90219",slug:"the-pathway-to-sustainable-transport",totalDownloads:689,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In 2015 the 17 United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 195 countries were developed and agreed. The target is to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all. Sustainable mobility and transport can be considered one of the main topics within this ambitious plan, considering its transversal influence in many of the 17 goals. In a world driven by global trends like climate change, local emissions, population growth, urbanization, emerging markets, digitalization, etc., a quick proactiveness to shift the mobility and transport to a sustainable way is mandatory. Taking all these drivers into a more practical level directly linked to mobility and transport, we can summarize them into four: congestion, local emissions, climate change, and energy security. There are many technologies and services to work on these areas. We consider three pillars as the umbrella to reach sustainable transport: energy efficiency, alternative fuels, and smart transport. In this chapter we will develop these three main pillars about what we can do already today without waiting some decades (probably will be too late in that case) but also looking into the future to give a neutral and realistic view. Why not begin already with the rolling fleet? If we train the drivers of a transport fleet reducing, for example, a 7% of fuel consumption, the carbon footprint will be reduced with 7% as well. Why wait 20 years until a new technology is developed? There are many opportunities in alternative fuels as well, already with competitive costs. Probably not all of them will be the solution everywhere, but they cannot be rejected. Some other alternatives like biomethane are a global solution for a circular economy with a huge potential to reduce local emissions and climate change and solve problems due to urbanization growth. We will try to explain why biofuels together with electrification are needed and why only electrification is not enough. Smart transport will be also covered speaking about which possibilities are available to make more efficient and safety transport and mobility, like bigger trucks or busses, or the introduction of advance driver assistance system (ADAS) in a new scenario.",signatures:"Pedro Cotera and Manuel Arias",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70589",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70589",authors:[{id:"310308",title:"Mr.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Cotera",slug:"pedro-cotera",fullName:"Pedro Cotera"},{id:"310511",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Arias",slug:"manuel-arias",fullName:"Manuel Arias"}],corrections:null},{id:"70092",title:"Evolution towards a Sustainable Public Transport in the City of Madrid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90102",slug:"evolution-towards-a-sustainable-public-transport-in-the-city-of-madrid",totalDownloads:664,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter is a vision of the path followed by EMT of Madrid, during 25 years, towards the sustainability, efficiency, and contribution to the air quality in the city, starting from a diesel fleet, until getting a fleet 100% of clean vehicles, mostly GNC, which is already a reality. It shows the evolution and the use, from the practical perspective of an operator, of all the technologies available at each moment (biodiesel, bioethanol, hydrogen, electricity, natural gas, hybridization, dualisation, start-stop, catalysis, etc.) in Madrid, in a fleet of more than 2000 buses, more than 200 lines, and more than 400 million passengers per year, which makes this case an international benchmark. In addition, EMT is currently at the end of the transition to gas vehicles (CNG) and the implementation of urban electric mobility from the double perspective of the mobile material and the associated infrastructure needed, an essential case study towards sustainable public transport.",signatures:"Gonzalo Fernández-Sánchez, Juan Ángel Terrón and Álvaro Fernández-Heredia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70092",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70092",authors:[{id:"297996",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonzalo",surname:"Fernandez-Sanchez",slug:"gonzalo-fernandez-sanchez",fullName:"Gonzalo Fernandez-Sanchez"}],corrections:null},{id:"70860",title:"Feedstocks for Advanced Biofuels",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91006",slug:"feedstocks-for-advanced-biofuels",totalDownloads:886,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Advanced (also known as second-generation and third-generation) biofuels must comply with sustainability criteria related to the feedstock used (not competing directly or indirectly with food or feed crops) and to their greenhouse gases emission reduction. These fuels must reach at least 0.2% of transport energy used in Europe in 2022, 1% in 2025, and 3.5% by 2030. In this chapter, sustainable feedstocks that could be used for producing advanced biofuels are reviewed: energy crops grown on marginal land; wastes and residues—agricultural, forestry, food, municipal solid waste, and other organic wastes and residues; and novel feedstocks—such as aquatic biomass (macroalgae and microalgae).",signatures:"Enrique Espí, Íñigo Ribas, Carlos Díaz and Óscar Sastrón",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70860",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70860",authors:[{id:"292559",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Enrique",surname:"Espi",slug:"enrique-espi",fullName:"Enrique Espi"},{id:"314951",title:"Mr.",name:"Iñigo",surname:"Ribas",slug:"inigo-ribas",fullName:"Iñigo Ribas"},{id:"314952",title:"Mr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Diaz",slug:"carlos-diaz",fullName:"Carlos Diaz"},{id:"314953",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",surname:"Sastron",slug:"oscar-sastron",fullName:"Oscar Sastron"}],corrections:null},{id:"69792",title:"Valorization of Microalgae and Energy Resources",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90072",slug:"valorization-of-microalgae-and-energy-resources",totalDownloads:514,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Microalgae biotechnology has grown very rapidly in the last few decades due to the multiple applications that these microorganisms have from pharmaceuticals and cosmetics to foods/feeds and biofuels. One of the main challenges in expanding this industry is to enlarge the single use of the biomass produced in addition to reducing the high biomass production cost of the current technologies. To overcome this bottleneck, the development of microalgae-based biorefineries has been proposed. The issue is to obtain as many bioproducts as possible from the cultivated biomass, including biofuels. Consequently, biodiesel production (from the lipid fraction), bioethanol (from carbohydrate fraction), and biogas or bio-oil (from the whole biomass) have been posited. In this book chapter, we review the current state of the art in the production of sustainable biofuels from microalgae and analyze the potential of microalgae to contribute to the biofuel sector.",signatures:"Cynthia V. González-López, Francisco García-Cuadra, Natalia Jawiarczyk, José M. Fernández-Sevilla and Francisco G. Acién-Fernández",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69792",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69792",authors:[{id:"196375",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco G.",surname:"Acién-Fernández",slug:"francisco-g.-acien-fernandez",fullName:"Francisco G. Acién-Fernández"},{id:"304584",title:"Dr.",name:"Cynthia V.",surname:"González-López",slug:"cynthia-v.-gonzalez-lopez",fullName:"Cynthia V. González-López"},{id:"305109",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose M.",surname:"Fernández-Sevilla",slug:"jose-m.-fernandez-sevilla",fullName:"Jose M. Fernández-Sevilla"},{id:"305110",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",surname:"Jawiarczyk",slug:"natalia-jawiarczyk",fullName:"Natalia Jawiarczyk"},{id:"305111",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"García Cuadra",slug:"francisco-garcia-cuadra",fullName:"Francisco García Cuadra"}],corrections:null},{id:"70583",title:"Recycling of Waste Plastics into Pyrolytic Fuels and Their Use in IC Engines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90639",slug:"recycling-of-waste-plastics-into-pyrolytic-fuels-and-their-use-in-ic-engines",totalDownloads:2022,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The energy crisis and environmental destruction are the principal problems in the present day due to the rapid industrialization and growing population. Degradation of solid waste such as plastic bottles, grocery bags, etc. in nature takes many years. Besides, plastic disposing methods like landfill, reusing, and burning can create severe risks to the human health and environment. Therefore, plastic must be kept under control from damaging the environment. One of the most favorable and effective disposing methods is pyrolysis, which is an environmentally friendly and efficient way. Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of solid wastes at high temperatures to produce pyrolytic oil. The pyrolytic oil produced is converted into pyrolytic fuel very similar to diesel or gasoline by upgrading. The calorific value of the pyrolytic fuel is similar to that of diesel and gasoline. Pyrolytic fuel can be used in internal combustion engines without significant loss in engine performance. Besides, some engine emissions, especially smoke opacity and CO and HC emissions, improve when used with additives or when the engine’s operating conditions such as compression ratio and ignition timing are changed. However, NOx emission is very similar to diesel fuel, too.",signatures:"Sinan Erdogan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70583",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70583",authors:[{id:"298608",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinan",surname:"Erdogan",slug:"sinan-erdogan",fullName:"Sinan Erdogan"}],corrections:null},{id:"71008",title:"Gaseous Biofuels to Sustainable Mobility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90944",slug:"gaseous-biofuels-to-sustainable-mobility",totalDownloads:615,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In an energy transition scenario, setting the target date for the year 2050, during which the master lines are established to achieve a 100% renewable energy generation system (both stationary, thermal and mobility and transportation), all studies indicate that this will be based on the so-called renewable energy mix. In relation to energy sources for transport, in this scenario, everything is foreseen the coexistence of fossil energies (natural gas and propane or autogas) to the detriment in favour of other fuels and energies from renewable sources, such as electricity (batteries) and gases of renewable origin (biomethane, hydrogen, and synthesis gas). That renewable gases have, beyond the significant reductions in pollutant emissions, is the complementarity they have with renewable energy sources such as solar and biogas, as will be seen later in the sections dedicated to the generation and production technologies of each of these fuels, where renewable energy sources play a fundamental role.",signatures:"Carlos Repáraz Martín, Ignacio de Godos Crespo, Marcelo F. Ortega Romero and Bernardo Llamas Moya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71008",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71008",authors:[{id:"295707",title:"Mr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Repáraz",slug:"carlos-reparaz",fullName:"Carlos Repáraz"}],corrections:null},{id:"71242",title:"Natural Gas as a Gateway for Renewable Gas in Transport",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91344",slug:"natural-gas-as-a-gateway-for-renewable-gas-in-transport",totalDownloads:640,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Mobility with biomethane is already a reality in many countries in Europe, while in others it is just the beginning. Biomethane is a green and clean fuel which is obtained from the biogas produced by the anaerobic decomposition of the organic matter present in urban waste, sewage water and agricultural, livestock and forest residues. To generate biomethane, the biogas undergoes a process called upgrading. It is a process of elimination of different components such as CO2, which can be used to obtain synthetic natural gas. Biomethane is perfectly compatible with natural gas; it can be injected in the pipeline grid or used directly as fuel in a vehicle, generating a null CO2 balance or even negative depending on the type of residue it originated from. Biomethane represents a real solution to decarbonise transport. However, applying this solution depends mainly on public policies and the commitment at national and European level. This chapter will analyse the impulse models for the production of biomethane and its use as fuel for the transport sector. In addition, it will assess whether the development of this market would be possible without public support by creating a product ruled exclusively by the market.",signatures:"Eugenia Sillero Maté, Carla García, Paloma Martínez Ramos and Elena Martínez Calvo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71242",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71242",authors:[{id:"281672",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia",surname:"Sillero",slug:"eugenia-sillero",fullName:"Eugenia Sillero"},{id:"303764",title:"Dr.",name:"Paloma",surname:"Martinez",slug:"paloma-martinez",fullName:"Paloma Martinez"},{id:"303765",title:"Dr.",name:"Carla",surname:"Garcia",slug:"carla-garcia",fullName:"Carla Garcia"},{id:"314230",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Martínez",slug:"elena-martinez",fullName:"Elena Martínez"}],corrections:null},{id:"70641",title:"Sustainability Analyses for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90675",slug:"sustainability-analyses-for-hydrogen-fuel-cell-electric-vehicles",totalDownloads:700,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"One of the most important energy sources for well and availability is undoubtedly hydrogen. Both the production capacity and the usability of hydrogen in various industrial sections are continuing to increase significantly and sustainable. With this high trend, it is unthinkable that hydrogen is not a part of the automotive industry. The aim of this book chapter is giving info on the hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles potential which have developing e-motor, charging capabilities and battery capacities; and illustrate the upgrade their stars on industry. Basic fundamentals, structural features, merits & demerits and energy efficiency analyzes will be done. In addition, for the future of sustainable mobility, the future milestones will be discussed and the current economical manner will be discussed in terms of life cycle assessment and environmental perspective. As a result, a comprehensible hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle potential will be examined in both the automotive industry and all stakeholders. FCEVs on availability of autonomous vehicles will also be discussed, too.",signatures:"Hüseyin Turan Arat, Bahattin Tanç and Nevzat Özaslan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70641",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70641",authors:[{id:"201245",title:"Dr.",name:"Hüseyin Turan",surname:"Arat",slug:"huseyin-turan-arat",fullName:"Hüseyin Turan Arat"},{id:"202901",title:"Dr.",name:"Bahattin",surname:"Tanç",slug:"bahattin-tanc",fullName:"Bahattin Tanç"},{id:"313014",title:"Mr.",name:"Nevzat",surname:"Özaslan",slug:"nevzat-ozaslan",fullName:"Nevzat Özaslan"}],corrections:null},{id:"70648",title:"Management of Innovation Performance on the Example of the Automotive Supply Chains",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90638",slug:"management-of-innovation-performance-on-the-example-of-the-automotive-supply-chains",totalDownloads:633,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter presents original research showing the relationship between expenditures on developing systems (including IT) supporting innovation management of supply chains of three international automotive companies and their innovation performance. A novelty in comparison to previous (cited) studies is that the calculated correlation coefficients show the significance of the link between the expenditures on components of the suppliers? innovation management system, that is, expenditure on the improvement of innovative competences of suppliers, and the expenditure on ICT, and innovation performance of automotive companies. By establishing data interdependence, elements of the management system that contributed the most to improving the innovation performance of three international auto motive companies over the past years were selected. Analyses of data may facilitate the management of expenditure on: internal R&D activities and support for external innovators. In this chapter, the author used the results of her previous studies. To collect additional data, the following methods were used: review of documents and diagnostic survey (technique: survey, tool: questionnaire). To analyse the data obtained, a statistical method and computer simulation methods were used. The research was based on quantitative secondary data\n1\n and estimates (given by respondents from the automotive companies as a percentage of a specific value contained in official documents). The data for the analysis came from publications and surveys.",signatures:"Ewa Stawiarska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70648",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70648",authors:[{id:"296907",title:"Dr.",name:"Ewa",surname:"Stawiarska",slug:"ewa-stawiarska",fullName:"Ewa Stawiarska"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4697",title:"Greenhouse Gases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a571ed811b623e82680d1ade5b4feb98",slug:"greenhouse-gases",bookSignature:"Bernardo Llamas Moya and Juan Pous",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4697.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169368",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernardo",surname:"Llamas",slug:"bernardo-llamas",fullName:"Bernardo Llamas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6027",title:"Case Study of Innovative Projects",subtitle:"Successful Real Cases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3121d02b853882157d8762e04b3b82b3",slug:"case-study-of-innovative-projects-successful-real-cases",bookSignature:"Bernardo Llamas Moya, M. 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Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11495",leadTitle:null,title:"Fundamentals and Application of Femtosecond Optics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tSince the introduction of the first sub-picosecond lasers in the 1990s, the interest in femtosecond optics has grown rapidly. A femtosecond pulse is an electromagnetic pulse with a time duration of one femtosecond (10-15 seconds) or less. Understanding the behavior of the ultrashort light pulses makes it possible to develop ultra-fast lasers with a wide range of applications in such areas as micro-machining, chemical analysis, material processing, spectroscopy, and medical imaging.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book will be a compilation of works presenting recent advances and progress in femtosecond optics. It aims to focus on developing femtosecond laser systems, the study of the interaction of femtosecond light pulses with the matter, application of ultrafast nonlinear optics, and manipulation of ultrashort pulses to fill the need for a thorough and detailed account of femtosecond optics. We hope this book will be useful for engineers and managers, for professors and students, and for those who are interested in laser science and technologies. The rise of robotic technology continues in the new century, taking firm steps towards becoming a part of humanity day by day. Robots have become a part of both industrial production and human life, increasingly taking their place in factories, hospitals, schools, the military system, streets, and homes. As a result of this rapid involvement of robotic structures in modern life, scientists are accelerating both theoretical and applied studies on robotic manipulators. This book focuses on the latest developments in kinematics, dynamics, control, simulation tools, optimization, and structural design of serial, parallel, and hybrid robot manipulators. I would like to thank all the authors who will contribute to the book with their novel ideas in advance. During the last years, there was intense research on Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) and related disorders, which were found to have a strong association with the HLA-B27 allele. Further studies showed that 92% of the population variance is due to genetic factors, and only a fraction of AS genetics can be explained by the influence of HLA-B27. Updated information on the genomic and auto-immune knowledge on AS is an important component of this book, calling attention to markers of disease activity, possible pathways, and the interaction with the gut microbiome, which are a step forward in the knowledge of the pathophysiology of AS, providing markers which are targets for the more recent biologic therapies.
\r\n\r\n\tAn update on clinical manifestations, their assessment, monitoring, and imagiology, including peripheral arthritis, enthesopathy, and extra-articular findings, and, the differential diagnosis with other diseases which evolves with axial and peripheral calcifications will be provided.
\r\n\tAn important component of this book must be dedicated to the more recent treatments namely with biologic therapies but focusing also on new small molecule inhibitors and experimental therapies.
Tabu search is a meta heuristic problem solving approach used to solve combinatorial optimization problems. It was first proposed by Glover [1] and further developed by Hansen [2]. TS has now become an established search procedure and has been successfully applied to solve a wide spectrum of optimization problems [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].
TS uses a memory which allows it to remember the current best solution and also enables it to explore the previous solutions and to direct the search moves. The features of memory adaptation and exploration facilitate TS to find better solutions and discover new potential regions in the search space. The memory adaptation feature helps to realize its course of action to exploit the search space efficiently. The ability of TS to explore good solutions enables it to assimilate the intelligent search mechanisms to search for good solutions and to discover new potential regions. The use of adaptive memory helps TS to learn and creates a more flexible and effective search strategy compared with memory less methods, such as simulated annealing (SA) and genetic algorithms (GA).
The components of TS are explained as follows.
To optimize the function
The tabu list in TS maintains the data of the previously visited solutions. The list is included with the latest moves and it is altered dynamically as the search proceeds. The data in the tabu list helps to direct the move from the present solution to the next solution. At each iteration, the search process is maintained by updating the tabu list. The tabu list also avoids re-visiting of recent neighbors recorded in the list and thus save computational time.
The information is stored in tabu list as recency-based short-term memory (RSM) and a frequency-based long-term memory (FRM). When the search proceeds, the nearly better solution to the present solution is sorted as tabu, and added to the recency-based tabu list. As fresh solutions enter the list, older solutions are removed from the bottom. Long-term memory relies on the frequency of a solution that is visited. When the tabu list is filled with the highest number of elements in the frequency based tabu list, the solution with the smallest frequency index will be replaced.
These strategies are used to create neighbors that have higher likelihood of finding optimal solutions based on the data in the tabu list. Intensification strategies are used to search potential areas in detail around the areas that are found good in the past. Intensification strategies are generally employed based on long term memory whose components are used to create neighbors for search intensification [4, 6, 10]. Diversification strategies are used to search the complete viable region, thus restricting the search getting trapped in local optima. These strategies promote probing unvisited regions by creating solutions radically different from those searched earlier [4]. A frequency-based tabu list is used to keep track of the search area.
During the generation of neighbor solutions, the difference between the present and fresh neighbor solution is managed by using a coefficient,
Here
The TS conditions at times prevent moves leading to unvisited solutions. Aspiration criterion is a condition that can override the tabu status of a certain move. To avoid certain missing solutions during the search, the aspiration criterion in certain cases may invalidate the tabu property and maintains an appropriate balance between diversification and intensification [4, 10, 11].
An aspiration criterion that is designed based on a sigmoid function as given by
where
A stopping criterion is needed to terminate the search when the optimum is reached. The stopping criterion can be in the form of fixing the number of iterations or specifying a threshold for convergence of solution. The criteria like the maximum time termination [6] and termination-on convergence criteria [10] are also used as stopping criteria for the search process. The termination-on-convergence criteria is expressed by Lin and Miller [10] as.
where
The flow chart of TS algorithm is shown in Figure 1. Tabu Search begins with an initial solution
Flow chart of the TS algorithm.
TS is implemented using the following steps.
Starts with an initial solution xo
Find the best solution, x* and define tabu list
Neighbor’s generations and neighborhood search
Define a neighborhood structure with respect to the solution space
Change the present solution to form a neighborhood of possible solutions
TS explore neighbor solution at each iteration
Searches entire neighborhood and select enhanced solution
Tabu list
Majority of the recent solutions are in tabu list
Older solutions are discarded
Short-term memory and long-term memory
Recency-based short-term memory (RSM)
Frequency-based long-term memory (FRM)
Intensification and Diversification
To search potential areas
To search whole feasible region
Aspiration criterion
To explore unvisited solutions
To evade feasible missing solutions
Stopping criteria
According iterations
Stopping on convergence
The determination of open-loop time varying control policies that maximize or minimize a given performance index is referred as optimal control. The optimal control policies that guarantee the product property requirements and the operational constraints can be computed off-line, and are executed on-line in such a way that the process is operated in accordance with these control policies. Achievement of product quality is a major issue in polymerization processes since the molecular or morphological properties of a polymer product majorly influences its physical, chemical, thermal, rheological and mechanical properties as well as polymer applications. In a free radical copolymerization, composition drifts caused by variations in reactivities of comonomers can be mitigated by continuous addition of more reactive monomer while maintaining a constant mole ratio. The end use properties of the polymer product such as flexibility, strength and glass transition temperature are affected by the copolymer composition. Further, the molecular weight (
In the past, various methods have been reported for optimal control of polymerization reactors [12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. Most of the studies are based on classical methods of optimization such as Pontryagin’s maximum principle [17], which has been applied to solve the optimal control problems of different polymerization reactors [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. However, the classical methods have certain limitations for optimal control of polymerization reactors and these drawbacks have been discussed in literature [24]. The stochastic and evolutionary optimization methods are found beneficial over the conventional gradient-based search techniques because of their ability in locating the global optimum of multi-modal functions and searching design spaces with disjoint feasible regions.
The general open-loop optimal control problem of a lumped parameter batch/semi-batch process with fixed terminal time can be stated as follows. Find a control vector
Subject to
In the above,
A multistage optimization results due to the natural extension of a single stage optimization. In a system involving multiple stages, the output from one stage becomes the input to the subsequent stage. The multistage dynamic optimization procedure can be referred elsewhere [24]. This type of optimization needs special techniques to split the problem into computationally manageable units. In multistage dynamic optimization, the optimal control problem of the entire batch duration is divided into finite number of time instants referred to as discrete stages. The control variables and the corresponding state variables that satisfy the objective function are evaluated in stage wise manner.
In this work, a multistage dynamic optimization strategy with sequential implementation procedure is presented for optimal control of polymerization reactors. The procedure for solving the optimal control problem is similar to that of the dynamic programming based on the principle of optimality [25]. The meta heuristic features of tabu search (TS) are exploited by implementing this strategy on a semi-batch styrene–acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymerization reactor. The procedure involves in discretizing the process into
1. The optimum value of the objective function,
2. The value of the objective function,
3. Recursive generalization of the above procedure for the
In this procedure,
The solution copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile taking place in a semi-batch reactor is considered as a test bed for sequential implementation of the dynamic optimization strategy. The xylene is the solvent and AIBN is the initiator for the reaction. The feed which is a mixture of monomers, solvent, and initiator enters the reactor in semi-batch mode. The reactor initial volume is 1.01 L. The initially set design parameters are the solvent mole fraction
Initiation:
Propagation:
Combination termination:
Disproportionation termination:
Chain Transfer:
where
The molecular weight (
where
More details on modeling equations, reaction kinetics and numerical data pertaining to this system can be referred elsewhere [24].
The polymerization process model [24] is in the form of the general expression in Eq. (5). The set of state variables,
and
In the above,
The desired values of copolymer composition (
Here
These constraints on operating variables are selected by taking into consideration of reaction rate, heat transfer limitation and reactor safety. Determination of temperature policy,
The design and implementation of tabu search for optimal control of copolymerization reactor is explained as follows. The total span of reaction time in SAN copolymerization reactor is split into finite number of time instants referred to discrete stages. The total time of reaction is fixed at 300 min. The duration of reaction time is divided into 19 stages with 20 time points, each stage having a duration of 15 min. Thus the discrete control sequences of feed flow rate,
The control sequences are located at equal distances. Initially, the control vector is specified as constant value at each of the discrete stages. The control input at the beginning of the first stage is chosen as the lower bound of the input space. The elements of tabu search for computing the optimal control policies are specified as follows. The sizes of both recency and frequency based tabu lists are set as 50. The sizes of these lists are chosen such that they prohibit revisiting of un-prosperous solutions in the search process. An intensification procedure in the form of a sine function is used. The oscillation period
Multistage dynamic optimization of copolymerization reactor using tabu search.
Tabu search (TS) is designed and applied to compute the optimal control policies that meet the single and multiple objectives of SAN copolymerization reactor. The dual control policies of
Dual control policies and objectives: (a) Temperature policy, (b) Feed rate policy, (c) Molecular weight as an objective, and (d) Copolymer composition as an objective.
Strategy | Control Policy | Computational efficiency | Normalized absolute error | Memory storage, k | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Convergence time (sec) | Implementation time (sec) | ||||
TS | T | 1.89 | 16.83 | 0.000566 | 2224 |
U | 2.19 | 13.81 | 0.01379 | 2076 | |
T & u | 4.25 | 19.21 | 0.007535 | 3084 |
Computational efficiencies of TS strategy.
Tabu search is applied to determine the parameters of kinetic and film thickness models through the validation of the mathematical models of the process with the help of measured data acquired from an experimental fixed bed anaerobic biofilm reactor used in the treatment of pharmaceutical industry wastewater.
The schematic of a laboratory scale fixed bed biofilm reactor setup used for industry waste water treatment is shown in Figure 4. The description of the experimental unit, its auxiliary items and the packing specifications are given as follows.
Experimental biofilm reactor setup.
The reactor consists of a QVF glass column of 1 m height and 0.1016 m internal diameter. A Teflon perforated plate of thickness 3 mm is provided at the base of the column to support the packing material. Two openings fitted with valves made of Teflon are provided at the bottom of the reactor so that one valve is used to control the flow rate of influent pumped into the reactor and the other valve is used to discharge the excess sludge accumulated. The top of the column has a provision to place a thermometer to measure the temperature. Three sampling ports are placed at equal distances along the side of the column to withdraw samples. The temperature of the column is maintained by varying the voltage through the 0.2 kW heating tape connected to a dimmer-stat. The column is insulated with 1.0 in. asbestos rope. The entire setup is supported by a 1.0 in. M.S. pipeline structure. The column and the packing specifications are given elsewhere [27].
The experimental setup shown in Figure 4 is used to conduct experiments for anaerobic treatment of pharmaceutical industry wastewater involving different packing materials with varying organic loading rates and feed rates, and different hydraulic retention times. The influent kept in a 2
The wastewater procured from a typical pharmaceutical industry is a complex medium and its composition is reported elsewhere [28]. Substrates of varying COD concentrations are prepared using the wastewater in order to use them as feed solutions for biofilm reactor experiments. Once the biological activity of the bed is detected, the diluted industry wastewater solution equivalent to three bed volumes is sent to the reactor by an electronic dosing pump. NaHCO3 is added to maintain the pH of the feeding solution at 7.2. Different experiments are conducted for treating the pharmaceutical industry wastewater using the feed solutions having the COD concentrations of 4,980 mg/l, 11,860 mg/l, 23,460 mg/l and 40,720 mg/l. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) of each experiment is varied from 2 to 12 days based on the substrate concentration of the feed solution. Each experimental run subsequent to attainment of its HRT is allowed to continue for 13 days so as the operation reaches stable state condition by that time.
Thirteen experiments are conducted using the different feed solutions prepared from the pharmaceutical industry wastewater. The reactor is provided with the sampling ports to withdraw samples at bed heights of 0.25 m, 0.5 m and 0.75 m from the bottom. Samples collected from the three sampling ports of the column as well as from the effluent water are analyzed for COD, BOD, TVA, TA, pH etc. The stable state condition of each experiment is observed with respect to the minimal variation in reactor effluent pH, alkalinity and COD concentrations. Thus 13 experiments are conducted under different feed stream conditions. The data corresponding to the influent and effluent COD concentrations, HRT and OLR of all experiments are given elsewhere [28].
The application of mathematical models to biofilm reactors suffers due to lack of availability accurate kinetic models and uncertainty in model parameters. Therefore, appropriate selection of kinetic model and accurate determination of its parameters is required for successful modeling of biofilm reactors. The biological reaction rates are generally represented by Monod kinetics and also occasionally by Contois and Haldane models. In the past, efforts have been made to determine the parameters of kinetic models of biofilm reactors, mostly experimentally [29, 30, 31]. Various researchers [32, 33, 34, 35] have reported that numerical evaluation of kinetic parameters is an attractive alternative to the experimental methods for biofilm processes. By numerical approach, the parameters of the kinetic models of biofilm processes are determined as a consequence of the validation of their mathematical models with the aid of measured data. The approach of determining the model parameters such that the behavior of the process model approximates the observed process behavior is known as inverse modeling.
Mathematical models of varying complexities involving different types of kinetic and film thickness models are used to represent the wastewater treatment process in the biofilm reactor.
This model accounts the rate of mass transfer to be proportional to the concentration difference between the interface and the bulk fluid. This model assumes no accumulation of the component at the interface under steady state condition. The differential equation governing the fluid phase is given by.
with the boundary condition:
In this model, the substrate concentration in the bulk fluid varies only in the axial direction.
The differential equation governing the solid phase is given by.
with the boundary conditions:
The superscript ‘
This model considers the variation of the substrate concentration in bulk fluid in both the axial and radial directions. The substrate transfer occurring through the biofilm is characterized by physical diffusion and reaction, and this process is described by second order differential equation. Pressure losses along the length of the reactor are neglected. The differential equation governing the bulk fluid phase is given by.
where
The substrate mass transport occurring from the bulk fluid to the biofilm surface across the diffusion layer is defined by
where Sc is Schmidt number (
where
Various kinetic models can be used to represent the bioprocess kinetics [28], of which the Haldane and Edward models are given as follows.
This rate expression is generally valid when the substrate concentration is high. According to this model, the substrate consumption rate,
where
This model considers substrate inhibition, according to which the substrate consumption rate,
The biofilm thickness (
where
To facilitate the solution of mathematical models, the height of the column (1 m) is divided into 50 equal steps, each step representing 0.02 m. In one dimensional model, the fluid phase equation (Eq. (27)) along with its boundary condition (Eq. (28)) is solved for each height step in the axial direction by using Runge–Kutta (RK) 4th order method. The solid phase equation for the biofilm (Eq. (29)) is solved for each segment using orthogonal collocation on finite elements (OCFE) [36]. Two finite elements, each with four internal collocation points are considered for OCFE implementation. In two dimensional model, the fluid phase equation (Eq. (31)) is transformed to ODE by finite difference technique and the resulting equation along with its boundary condition is solved by using 4th order RK method for each height step of the axial direction. The solution for solid phase equation of this model is same as in one dimensional model.
The implementation procedure of tabu search is given in Section 1.3. In this work, tabu search is used to determine the parameters of kinetic and film thickness models in association with the validation of the mathematical models using the data of measurements obtained from an experimental fixed bed anaerobic biofilm reactor. The parameter estimation via inverse modeling is carried out by defining an objective function,
where
Parameter estimation by tabu search is performed by devising different modeling configurations to represent the biofilm reactor. These configurations involve the Edward kinetics and Haldane kinetics with substrate inhibition along with the two and three parameter film thickness expressions. The modeling configuration that is formed by 1D model along with Haldane kinetics and two parameter film thickness expression is referred to 1D-Haldane-2film. Other modeling configurations are formed and abbreviated in the same manner. The effectiveness of these modeling configurations are assessed by comparing the model predictions with experimental data and further by means of performance measures such as cost function (CF) and model efficiency (ME) [28]. A conventional optimization method called Nelder–Mead optimization (NMO) [37, 38] is also employed for comparison with the tabu search. The results are analyzed to find the better suitability of mathematical models using the quantitative performance measures (CF and ME). These results evaluated for 1D and 2D models with Haldane and Edward kinetics involving two film and three film expressions indicate the better suitability of 2D model over 1D model. When the results are analyzed to assess the better suitability optimization algorithm, the analysis of results of different modeling configurations indicate the effectiveness of TS over NMO. The results evaluated to find the usefulness of kinetic models indicate the better suitability of Edward kinetics over Haldane kinetics. The results analyzed to assess the film thickness expressions indicate the appropriateness of the three parameter film thickness expression over two parameter expression. The iterative convergence of parameters estimated by TS and NMO are shown in Figure 5. The comparison of the prediction results of 2D model with Edward kinetics and three parameter film thickness expression evaluated using TS and NMO with those of experimental results are shown in Figure 6. The analysis of the results show the better performance of TS over NMO for inverse modeling of biofilm reactor. From these results, it is found that the TS involving 2D model, Edward kinetics and three parameter film thickness expression better represents the fixed bed biofilm reactor involved in the treatment of pharmaceutical industry wastewater.
Iterative convergence of parameter estimates by TS and NMO: (a) kinetic parameters, (b) film thickness parameters.
Comparison of experimental results with model predicted substrate conversions of 2D model with Edward kinetics.
Tabu search is a stochastic optimization method used to solve global optimization problems. The effectiveness of tabu search for modeling and optimization is explored with the applications concerning to chemical and environmental systems of varying complexities. The meta heuristic Tabu search (TS) is designed and applied to determine the optimal control policies of a SAN copolymerization reactor and inverse modeling of a biofilm reactor. The computational efficiencies of TS are evaluated in terms of execution times, normalized absolute error values and memory storage requirements. The results of polymerization reactor show the usefulness of TS in determining the optimal temperature and feed rate policies to maintain the objectives
IntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. An Author, one must:
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
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Lignocellulosic residues are mixed and burnt with coal to generate electricity. Presently, crude oil is replaced by bioethanol and biodiesel produced from biomass substrate. Some special class of chemicals can be derived from biomass that can subsequently replace the usage of non‐renewable resources of oil and coal. Pyrolysis of woody biomass to obtain pyroliginous acid was started hundreds of years ago, which has versatile applications. The range of products that can be derived from biomass is huge, prompting extent of research using different types of thermal conversion technologies, including pyrolysis, gasification, torrefaction, anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal processing. This chapter provides insights about the stages of reaction during pyrolysis and the outcome of reaction conditions on the products. Technical development and adjustment of process condition can offer a suitable environmentally benign scheme to increase the energy density of the lignocellulosic residues.",book:{id:"5758",slug:"pyrolysis",title:"Pyrolysis",fullTitle:"Pyrolysis"},signatures:"Chowdhury Zaira Zaman, Kaushik Pal, Wageeh A. 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Lignocellulosic residues are mixed and burnt with coal to generate electricity. Presently, crude oil is replaced by bioethanol and biodiesel produced from biomass substrate. Some special class of chemicals can be derived from biomass that can subsequently replace the usage of non‐renewable resources of oil and coal. Pyrolysis of woody biomass to obtain pyroliginous acid was started hundreds of years ago, which has versatile applications. The range of products that can be derived from biomass is huge, prompting extent of research using different types of thermal conversion technologies, including pyrolysis, gasification, torrefaction, anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal processing. This chapter provides insights about the stages of reaction during pyrolysis and the outcome of reaction conditions on the products. Technical development and adjustment of process condition can offer a suitable environmentally benign scheme to increase the energy density of the lignocellulosic residues.",book:{id:"5758",slug:"pyrolysis",title:"Pyrolysis",fullTitle:"Pyrolysis"},signatures:"Chowdhury Zaira Zaman, Kaushik Pal, Wageeh A. 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Hence, this chapter presents an overview of different EOR techniques currently applied in oil fields, the opportunities associated with these techniques, key technological advancements to guide the decision‐making process for optimum applicability and productivity and a brief review of field applications.",book:{id:"5143",slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",fullTitle:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR) - a Practical Overview"},signatures:"Lezorgia Nekabari Nwidee, Stephen Theophilus, Ahmed Barifcani,\nMohammad Sarmadivaleh and Stefan Iglauer",authors:[{id:"37799",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Iglauer",slug:"stefan-iglauer",fullName:"Stefan Iglauer"},{id:"179076",title:"Dr.",name:"Lezorgia",middleName:"Nekabari",surname:"Nwidee",slug:"lezorgia-nwidee",fullName:"Lezorgia Nwidee"},{id:"179077",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Barifcani",slug:"ahmed-barifcani",fullName:"Ahmed Barifcani"},{id:"179078",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Theophilus",slug:"stephen-theophilus",fullName:"Stephen Theophilus"},{id:"189371",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarmadivaleh",slug:"mohammad-sarmadivaleh",fullName:"Mohammad Sarmadivaleh"}]},{id:"57510",title:"Solvents for Carbon Dioxide Capture",slug:"solvents-for-carbon-dioxide-capture",totalDownloads:4051,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:"Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are considered the major contributor of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. The mitigation of this kind of CO2 emissions relies on a portfolio of alternatives where CO2 absorption appears as the nearest approach to be applied at industrial scale. Researchers have been focused on developing new formulations of solvents to make more competitive CO2 absorption as a carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. In this sense, this chapter summarizes both the conventional solvents and the most recent investigations on this field. Chemical absorption is more suitable for a lot of industrial process due to the flue gas conditions: ambient pressure, low CO2 concentration and large volume. Therefore numerous novel solvents came up in recent years and they are further discussed in this chapter. The most recent solvents, their mechanisms and kinetics and the advantages and disadvantages are also included. Finally, physical solvents are adequate in high CO2 partial pressure applications and they are reported in the last section. Although physical absorption field is constrained to high-pressure flue gas, physical solvents provided higher performance in CO2 separation process and their characteristics are also summarized.",book:{id:"6186",slug:"carbon-dioxide-chemistry-capture-and-oil-recovery",title:"Carbon Dioxide Chemistry, Capture and Oil Recovery",fullTitle:"Carbon Dioxide Chemistry, Capture and Oil Recovery"},signatures:"Fernando Vega, Mercedes Cano, Sara Camino, Luz M. 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His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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