Respondents’ demographic information by country, age, and gender.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3623",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies Semiconductor Devices Circuits and Systems",title:"Advanced Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies",subtitle:"Semiconductor Devices Circuits and Systems",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is planned to publish with an objective to provide a state-of-the-art reference\r\nbook in the areas of advanced microwave, MM-Wave and THz devices, antennas and\r\nsystemtechnologies for microwave communication engineers, Scientists and post-graduate\r\nstudents of electrical and electronics engineering, applied physicists. This reference book\r\nis a collection of 30 Chapters characterized in 3 parts: Advanced Microwave and MM-wave\r\ndevices, integrated microwave and MM-wave circuits and Antennas and advanced microwave\r\ncomputer techniques, focusing on simulation, theories and applications. This book provides a\r\ncomprehensive overview of the components and devices used in microwave and MM-Wave\r\ncircuits, including microwave transmission lines, resonators, filters, ferrite devices, solid state devices, transistor oscillators and amplifiers, directional couplers, microstripeline components,\r\nmicrowave detectors, mixers, converters and harmonic generators, and microwave solid-state\r\nswitches, phase shifters and attenuators. Several applications area also discusses here, like\r\nconsumer, industrial, biomedical, and chemical applications of microwave technology. It also\r\ncovers microwave instrumentation and measurement, thermodynamics, and applications in\r\nnavigation and radio communication.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-031-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5885-1",doi:"10.5772/197",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"advanced-microwave-and-millimeter-wave-technologies-semiconductor-devices-circuits-and-systems",numberOfPages:654,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:null,bookSignature:"Moumita Mukherjee",publishedDate:"March 1st 2010",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3623.jpg",numberOfDownloads:132296,numberOfWosCitations:50,numberOfCrossrefCitations:34,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:54,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:7,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:138,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:null,dateEndSecondStepPublish:null,dateEndThirdStepPublish:null,dateEndFourthStepPublish:null,dateEndFifthStepPublish:null,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"24251",title:"Dr.",name:"Moumita",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"moumita-mukherjee",fullName:"Moumita Mukherjee",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24251/images/1920_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Moumita Mukherjee completed higher-education from Presidency College, Calcutta, India and University of Calcutta, India. She received M.Sc. degree in Physics with specialization in Electronics and Communication and Ph.D. (Tech) in Radio Physics and Electronics from University of Calcutta, India. She worked as a Senior Research Fellow (SRF) of Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India, under Visva Bharati University, India, Advanced Technology Centre, Jadavpur University, India and Centre for Millimeter-wave Semiconductor Devices & Systems (CMSDS), India. She is presently working as a ‘DRDO- Research Associate’ at CMSDS, IRPE, University of Calcutta. \nHer research interest is focused on the modeling/simulation and fabrication of Millimeter and Sub-millimeter (Terahertz) wave high power homo-junction/hetero-junction devices based on wide-band-gap semiconductors, photo-irradiation effects on the high power Terahertz IMPATT oscillators, nano-scale THz devices and Microwave photonics. She published more than 85 peer-reviewed research papers on semiconductor devices in reputed International refereed journals and reviewed IEEE-Proceedings. She is the author of a book on “Fundamentals of Engineering Physics”, a number of international book-chapters and worked as a Chief Editor and editor in a number of reputed international journals and publications in India and abroad. \nDr. Mukherjee obtained “National Merit Scholarship’, from Govt. of India, received “Top 100 Scientists-2009” award, “Woman of the Year-2010” award by ABI, Cambridge, UK and her biography is included in the “2000 outstanding Intellectuals of the 21st Century- 5th Edition – 2009-2010. Her biography is also published in the 26th and 27th editions of “Marquis Who’s Who in the World” -2009 and 2010 (NJ: USA) and “Marquis Who’s Who in Science & Engineering-2011”. She received “IEEE Best Paper Award” two times in 2009 and 2010 and is a member of IEEE (USA), IEEE-ED society (USA), IEEE-MTTs (USA) and Indian Science Congress.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Calcutta",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"750",title:"Microwave Engineering",slug:"microwave-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"9966",title:"The Present and Future Trends in High Power Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies",doi:"10.5772/8749",slug:"the-present-and-future-trends-in-high-power-microwave-and-millimeter-wave-technologies",totalDownloads:8869,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"S. Azam and Q. 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We advocate for the need to consider parenting through an anthropological, cross-cultural, asset-based lens. Based on first-hand accounts of individuals in the Middle East, Europe, and the United States, this chapter explores how parent/caregiver circumstances and well-being impact their ability to parent in emergency settings and the factors and strategies that reduce negative impact and foster resilience. We highlight the voices of parents navigating challenging circumstances in three contexts: refugees within their own country, refugee camps outside of their country, and refugees who have resettled in a host country. While similarities exist across the three groups, it is important to understand how their experiences and challenges differ if order to best meet their needs. The recommendations provided are relevant to policy makers, nonprofit organizations, aid agencies, mental health professionals, educators and educational institutions who can help families foster resilience at various stages of the refugee and/or resettlement process.
\nApproximately 28 million children are displaced by armed conflicts and violence around the world [1]. Where violent conflicts and unpredictable circumstances and situations are the norm, the lives of young children and their families are significantly disrupted and parents and caregivers report struggling to offer the sensitive and consistent care that young children need for their healthy development [1]. Only about 3% of humanitarian crisis funding goes toward education and a fraction of that to early childhood needs, parenting skills and protective factors [2]. The challenges refugees face before, during, and after displacement have serious consequences for families. Families with children between the ages of 0 and 8 are the largest group affected by today’s global emergencies (war, conflict, natural disasters) and often face the most dire consequences [3]. Apart from death and injury, consequences include displacement, malnutrition, increased prenatal and infant mortality, family separation, sexual exploitation and abuse, trafficking, impoverished living conditions, contagious diseases, reduced life expectancy, and adverse psychological, social, and economic impact. Distinguishing between the effects of emergencies, pre-migration stress, separation from family, displacement stress, socio economic hardships, and acculturation difficulties during resettlement is challenging [4]. Adverse prenatal impacts include exposure to prolonged stress, environmental toxins, nutritional deficits, boredom, and depression. These experiences can chemically alter the epigenetics and the genes in the fetus or young child, which may shape the individual temporarily or permanently [5, 6]. Violence and maternal depression can impair child development and mental health [7]. Prolonged stress during pregnancy and/or early childhood can have even greater toxic stress impact and, in the absence of protective parental and caregiving relationships, may result in permanent genetic changes in developing brain cells. Research shows that toxins and stress from pregnant mothers cross the placenta into the umbilical cord [8], leading to premature and low birth weight babies [9] which increases the stress of parents and caregivers with additional parenting requirements. The severity of the impact depends on diverse factors including previous life experiences, coping ability, severity of the trauma, age, gender, poverty, education and support from family, friends, and professionals [10, 11, 12, 13]. These negative impacts undermine the physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development of young children. Apart from physical injury, the loss of family, friends, and neighbors can severely disorient parents and caregivers and the loss of home and possessions disrupts daily routines, further undermining the foundation for a healthy and productive life [14, 15]. According to the Palestinian Counseling Centre, Save the Children [16], even 6 months after the demolition of their homes, young Palestinian children suffered from withdrawal, somatic complaints, depression/anxiety, unexplained pain, breathing problems, attention difficulties and violent behavior [16]. Parents and caregivers experience loss of loved ones that can not only cause trauma, but also result in lost caregiver support. Adverse early experiences often stem from inequity between and within populations. The impacts of poverty, inadequate cognitive stimulation, stunting, iodine deficiency, and iron-deficiency anemia prevent millions of young children from attaining their developmental potential. Though Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and wellness data has become more prevalent, much of the research samples populations from high-income countries. ACEs can and do affect
Research increasingly focuses on strengths and protective factors that bolster resilience in life [22, 23]. Not all children with emergency situations such as conflict and natural disaster exposure develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Dempsey, [10]) and reactions may vary over the first days or weeks following a crisis; mainly dependent on the parents or caregiver’s emotional state and availability to their children. Consistent, predictable, quality care can alleviate the psychosocial impact of conflict and disasters by giving children a sense of normalcy, stability, structure and hope for the future. However, emergency and conflict situations often lack quality services and resources. In most conflicts, care and education infrastructure are often targets of violence because of the stability and support it provides. Pre-schools and schools are often destroyed or closed due to hazardous conditions, depriving families and children the opportunity to learn and socialize in a safe place with a sense of routine [24, 25]. An affectionate family, positive shared emotional interactions, social support, shared ideology/religion, and a sense of community during adversity contribute to the development of family and child coping skills, mental health, and academic achievement, [26]. Zahr [27] found a relationship between the availability of parents and the development of secure attachment in Lebanese kindergarten children exposed to war. Barber [28, 29, 30] showed that young Palestinian and Balkan children’s emotional well-being and development were protected from the negative impact of military violence by positive and protective relationships with caregivers. Palestinian children whose parents used positive styles of comforting were found to be resilient, and those who had loving, non-rejecting parents were more creative and efficient [31, 32, 33]. When exposed to frightening events, resilient children can regain their secure base by bonding and being with loving, protective, and responsive caregivers. Massad et al. [34] studied mental health of young children in Gaza and found that resilience in children was associated with the parents’ or caregivers’ health and a higher maternal level of formal education. Studies show that children who are supported by a caring and responsive parent and/or caregiver at a young age, cope with stress more effectively [35]. A supportive relationship can reduce a child’s reaction to stress and help to build the foundational resilience fundamental to long-term health development [36].
\nIt is essential to understand protective factors to promote strategies and supports that foster resilience and reduce negative consequences. With an increasing number of refugees around the globe, and an ever-deepening understanding of neuroscience of early childhood adverse influences, we argue that more research is needed so policy makers, nonprofit organizations, aid agencies, mental health professionals, educators and educational institutions can make informed and culturally relevant decisions/policies that truly help families be resilient at various stages of the refugee and/or resettlement process. While there may be some aspects of the refugee experience that are universal, we include three populations with different socio-political histories because their challenges and needs can differ. As very few studies have specifically examined parenting in refugee contexts, this exploratory study highlights the voices of parents navigating difficult circumstances in three contexts: refugees within their own country, refugee camps outside of their country, and refugees who have resettled in a host country.
\nParenting beliefs and practices vary with roles, familial relationships and expectations influenced by political, social, cultural, economic, religious, and community situations and cosmologies. Constructs that very across cultures include: the way moral context for parenting is negotiated in families and passed down to the children, definitions of good parenting, reproductive rights and resources, the relationship between intimate family life and the wider culture, and roles for parenting and work outside the home.
\n“Scholarly” definitions of parenting can differ from that of experienced parents with multi-generational knowledge and skills. In the Western World over the last century, the importance of expert recommendations for parenting practices has been elevated [37]. For example, TV shows and commercials in the 1930s promoted “expert”-informed mothering as a methodological occupation that should be learned [38] whereas previous generations of new mothers learned parenting skills through informal networks within community, and family members. Although current North American parenting discourse elevates experts who prescribe parenting practice, we must critically examine this notion of “expertise” devoid of contextual and cultural considerations.
\nAnthropological perspectives of parenting see cultural variability as historically and socially situated. As Mead [39, 40] states the tasks of bearing children and parenting have similarities the world over; babies are born and require warmth, nourishment, protection from predators, and an induction into social mores and systems. Yet
Infants everywhere have the same biological needs and must succeed at many of the same developmental tasks. Parents/caregivers guide them in developing their first social bonds, learning to express and read human emotions, and making sense of the physical world. The amount of interaction between parents and offspring is greatest in infancy, a time when we are especially susceptible to the influences of experience, i.e. culture, language, and trauma [43]. Almost all young infants’ worldly knowledge is acquired from interactions they have with their parents/caregivers. Social competence in children has origins in specific socioemotional characteristics of the parent–infant relationship [44]. Refugee children carry these socio-cultural influences long after they leave their country of origin. Factors such as conflict, migration, relocation, and the loss of kinship relationships and community stability have a direct impact on child development. Most contemporary parenting literature originates from Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic countries and the fields of Education, Early Childhood and Human Development sorely lack a global perspective on parenting.
\nIn the US, many parenting practices align with how children will succeed according to the standards held by public schools and other state institutions. The standards typically reify a Caucasian, middle-class values and ways of life. U.S. Media, schools, and public institutions reinforce these norms of child behaviors. When parents resettle in the US, many enrichment programs are provided for parents, with an underlying agenda to reprogram families’ childrearing practices. Such programs can alienate refugee families if they are pressured to adopt different parenting norms for discipline and guidance and different cultural norms regarding ethnic identity and individualism.
\nWhen these external forces (rather than familial, community and historical practices) shape parenting expectations, a mismatch and/or tension can arise. Parents may resist these influences that will change their parenting practices and strive to keep their values, beliefs and cultural and linguistic identities alive. Cultural bias and discrimination can occur, which adds to social alienation However, some families adopt new modes of parenting and readily apply new knowledge in their home lives. This often requires a shift in childrearing priorities and poses challenges for families. Our understanding of enculturation and acculturation as a multidimensional family and community-level construct is key to understanding the diversity of refugee and immigrant groups.
\nA global perspective of parenting recognizes the impact of globalization and global power inequities. As people migrate around the world, localized constructs reveal great diversity in what is considered “good parenting”. As refugees navigate new realities, they do so within the context of a host country with greater global dominance. Thus, parents’ ideas of values, priorities, belief systems, kinship and the roles of kinship, are challenged. Evidence suggests that parenting is becoming more child-centered, resource intensive, and focused on the maximization of individual achievement potential in countries with rising or strong capitalist economies such as Chile [45], Brasil [46], the US, Canada, Europe, and Australia. Schooling in these contexts often focuses on cultivating workforce readiness, citizens who embody individualism, and economic social mobility [47]. As parents/caregivers remake themselves and their families through processes of crossing borders, they contend with the hegemony of national and state visions of “best parenting practices” that can position them as deficient and “at risk” of not succeeding.
\nThe authors (the term authors and interviewers are used interchangeably in this section) used purposeful sampling, selecting parents from refugee populations where they lived. Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling method when the respondents are limited. The respondents were from a homogeneous sample, and shared a refugee status, similar context (same camp or relocation community), and shared language. The respondents volunteered to be interviewed and freely agreed to share their stories and opinions. Purposeful sampling was used to select parents who were knowledgeable about and experienced in parenting in a refugee context. The criteria for respondents was that they were parents, refugees, and have moved from the home or origin.
\nAn unstructured focused interview was used as the data collection format. Interviews were used to collect the data and parents were encouraged to reflect on their experiences and offer their opinions. The authors first jointly developed guiding interview questions, taking care to phrase the questions to reduce the feeling of intrusion and to recognize the resilience families have.
\nThe interviews started by the author reading a confidentiality statement. Not all respondents were literate so oral agreement was taken. Due to the sensitive nature of the settings, no names were ever used in the notes. The interviews were conversational and respondents were able to express in their own way and pace, with minimal interruptions from the interviewers. Interviewers respectfully listened to respondents and if respondent deviated from the main topic, the interviewer gently refocused the respondent through the use of probing questions. Interviewers were experienced professionals well versed in contingent follow-up during the interview. By using guiding questions, interviewers at each site had flexibility to be responsive to the various contexts and to avoid interview fatigue. People living in adverse conditions are often asked to share their stories which can be re-traumatizing and does not provide them with any particular benefit.
\nThe guiding questions included topics of: family makeup and structures in the place people left, shifts required due to family movement or relocation, major influences in parenting practices, parenting experiences in place of origin compared to the new place, willingness to ask for help, coping mechanisms, persistence, and attitudes. An asset-based lens was used to center resilience and parents were asked about what parenting support or resources would be beneficial. Parents were also invited to share their feelings about their decisions to make a move.
\nInterviewers took short field notes that were shared with the interviewees who had opportunities to expand their notes within 24 hours of the interviews. We did not record the interviews, as the respondents in all three contexts had concerns abound safety and local authorities. Stories were collected in the respondents first language and in the case of Colorado, interpreters from the parent group and chosen by the parent respondents themselves were used. The use of semi-structured interviews allowed us to collect stories and expand our understanding of parenting in three different refugee settings. The authors wanted to glean insights to increase refugee service providers’ (NGOs, INGOs, policy makers, community resource services, educators) knowledge and efficacy. \nTable 1\n outlines the demographic data for the interviewees.
\nCountry | \nGender | \nAge range of interviewees | \n|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | \nMale | \nAge 15–23 | \nAge 24–44 | \nAge 45–60 | \n|
Palestine | \n7 | \n4 | \n\n | 3 = F | 1 MM | \n4 = F | 3 = M | \n
Greece (16 families) | \n42 | \n16 | \n22 16 = F | 6 = M | \n20 14 = F | 6 = M | \n16 12 = F | 4 = M | \n
Colorado | \n66 | \n8 | \n8 = F | \n46 = F | 4 = M | \n12 = F | 4 = M | \n
Respondents’ demographic information by country, age, and gender.
The interviewers knew the respondents and lived in or near the same geographical areas as the respondents. In Palestine, the interviewers had known the respondents through previous work or through friends of friends. A number of respondents also sent out a request to parents in their community to include other community members. In Greece, the interviewer worked with the refugees in the camps. The interviewer asked for volunteers and 16 families agreed to share their stories. The 16 families interviewed had at least 3 family members in each family. The families were also asylum seekers living in the camps. The parents and children were involved in the conversation, with the parents responding over 80% of the questions. In Colorado, the interviewers were working with a group of 85 refugee parents, and 74 parents volunteered to share their stories. There were eight males and sixty-six females. The age range was from 27 to 52. All interviews were conducted in an informal setting, interviewers went to the respondent location.
\nThe interviewers were the authors of the chapter. The interview data were first compiled and coded by the in-country authors, going line by line of the interview notes. They created and inductively assigned codes to categorize the data from their county. They then categorized the codes. Subsequently, all the authors met to discuss the codes and categories and agreed upon three major themes based on the patterns that emerged. Authors outside of the country depended on cultural interpretation from in-country authors for clarification when needed by the.
\nAuthors noted similarities and differences in the stories of individuals in the three contexts with some themes cutting across cultural and contextual variations and others being unique. In the case of Colorado there were three groups with different countries of origin. The authors in Colorado returned to the respondents to reflect on their understanding and interpretation of the data sets to ensure their stories were represented correctly. At the end of the interviews in Colorado, representatives from each of the three groups came together to discuss the similarities and differences found in their stories. The respondents shared (using interpreters) that even though there were great cultural differences between the three countries of origin, that their experiences in resettling in Colorado were quite similar.
\nThough not the specific focus of this chapter, we believe that from a social justice and human rights stance, the multiple reasons people are forced to or choose to leave their homes must be named. It is highly problematic to only center narratives of the refugee experience and
In Palestine the refugee population continues to grow, and some families have lived in a refugee camp for over 70 years. There are 58 Palestinian refugee camps in the West Bank, Gaza, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon. Palestinian refugee children and families are especially at risk with most living in refugee camps rife with ongoing conflict, violence, and discrimination. Palestinian families lack representation of their rights, experience overcrowding and lack resources and basic services such as education and health care [49]. UNHCR estimates that the average length of major protracted refugee situations has increased from 9 years in 1993 to 17 years at the end of 2003 to [50]. Until the recent Syrian crisis, one in three refugees in the world are Palestinian. The Syrian refugee situation echoes much of the Palestinian plight. Identifying both successes and gaps can provide information to better support the unique needs of families living in refugee camps throughout the world.
\nMany of the camps were created in 1948. More were added after the wars in 1967 and 1973 and more recently after the war in Syria for Syrian Palestinians. Palestinians are in a unique situation as United Nations Relief and Works agency for Palestinian refugees [49] was created just for refugees from Palestine. They define a refugee from Palestine as “persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine during the period of June 1st 1946, to May 15th 1948, and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict [49].” The descendants of Palestinian refugee males, including adopted children, are also eligible for registration. The Agency began operations in 1950 to address the needs of about 750,000 Palestine refugees. Today, some 5 million Palestinian refugees are eligible for UNRWA services. The 1951 Convention for Refugees focused on people who had lost their homes and livelihoods because of World War II. The revised 1967 Protocol eliminated time limits and geographical boundaries. Though the definition of a Palestinian refugee was originally a stopgap measures for a temporary problem, laws have not been changed in this protracted situation.
\nThe stories in this section come from camps in the West Bank, where about 775,000 refugees live. The camps are overcrowded, lack basic infrastructures such as roads or sanitation, and often during times of crisis, can go months without electricity. Even when electricity is available, it is inconsistent. Unemployment and under employment levels are high and typically half of a family’s income goes just to food. Many families depend on the income of family and friends working in Israel. The frequent raids on Palestinian towns, refugee camps, and villages result in no predictability or security for people in the West Bank and Gaza. Despite the lack of infrastructure, trained teachers, and access to school, the Palestinians in Palestine have one of the highest literacy rates in the Middle East [51]. This resilience is even more remarkable considering that Israeli Military can block children from attending school at any time and have entered schools and taken children to prison. UNRWA provides educational resources for half a million children in the various Palestinian refugee camps. The insufficiency of international donations became starkly clear when the US cut $300 million from UNRWA’s budget and many schools in the camps were closed, classes were combined and teachers were laid off [52].
\nGreece has been struggling to deal with the massive influx of migrants from war-torn nations of the Middle East and Africa who are experiencing deplorable conditions in detention centers [53, 54]. Greece currently hosts approximately 60,000 refugees with about 40,000 on the mainland and 20,000 on the islands of Lesbos, Chios, Kos, Samos and Leros. Since 2015, people fleeing conflict in the Middle East and South and Central Asia viewed Greece as a possible entry point to safety and Europe. Today, Greece has become a place to hold people seeking asylum. The European Union currently has adopted border restrictions and other edicts that prevent people seeking sanctuary from entering Europe. For various political and COVID-related reasons, the refugees in Greece can no longer legally travel to other parts of Europe. Therefore, many of the refugees are likely to remain in the country resulting in Greece shouldering much of the responsibility for those seeking refuge and safety.
\nThe camps are overcrowded conditions and lack basic amenities. In cold months, refugees have built fires in their tents which lead to fatalities as well as health conditions. Moria camp on Lesbos was built for 2200 people, however, until the fire in September 2020, 18,300 people were living in the camp. In addition, unaccompanied minors, women traveling with young children are especially vulnerated and need protection from discrimination, inadequate medical care, violence, gender-based violence, and trafficking.
\nThose seeking asylum and not living in camps are held in detention centers or have moved to urban areas. Those in the urban areas rarely find work to support their families [55, 56]. Integration is key to ensuring refugees and asylees build successful lives in their new home. This is a big challenge in any country and exacerbated in Greece because of its ongoing economic difficulties. The detention centers are overcrowded and lack sanitary conditions, “all significantly below international and national standards and may amount to inhuman or degrading treatment” according to the 2021 Amnesty International Greece 2020 report. Almost all the refugees have witnessed or directly experienced violence, have been traumatized and require psychosocial support, medical aid and other human services. Greece and Italy cannot be expected to bear this responsibility on their own.
\nResettlement is not a decision that families make lightly, as a refugee typically cannot return to their home country for years, or sometimes forever. Resettlement often entails permanent separation from friends and relatives. Parents make tremendous sacrifices to escape war and violence, and to seek a safe place to raise their family. More than 3 million refugees have been resettled in the United States since 1975 [57]. Refugees arriving in a new country face a multitude of changes. Often highly educated professionals such as doctors end up driving taxis, or professors work in retail. Working these temporary, low-paying jobs adversely impacts individuals’ professional identity. Being resettled, people come with hope and perhaps dreams, but loss of family, friends, and homes bring challenges even among that hope. Refugee families have often survived atrocities beyond imagination and their oppression does not end with the initial flight.
\nFamily adjustment in a country of resettlement can be quite difficult. Family members are often reluctant to discuss assaults and other harmful acts, as they can face ostracism from their family, other refugees, and host communities.
\nTo survive and ‘fit in’, parents/caregivers who are resettling may adopt and adapt superficially to the messages of institutional and state agents, but at the same time remake these messages and transform them into ideas that are more culturally comfortable [58]. Due to the economic stress refugees and asylees face, women report finding themselves in a particularly stressful position. The families typically need both parents to work outside the home to pay for their bills.
\nRefugees who resettle in the U.S. have a wide range of experiences. No matter where refugees land, it is best if they are met at the airport when they arrive and are oriented and welcomed to their new home. Families must start over where life is completely different. They have left their family and friends behind, and many families have witnessed and/or experienced violence, war, unsanitary conditions, and food insecurity. Unfortunately, many people in the U.S. see refugees as people who pose a threat to: national security, jobs and economic stability, their children’s exposure to diversity. Additionally, negative media portrayal of immigrants contribute to deficit stereotypes and religion discrimination toward Muslims was fomented in the US’s last administration [59].
\nSome refugees have special immigrant visas, such as offered to Afghans and Iraqis who assisted the U.S. military forces in their home countries and who now face retribution. Refugees without special immigrant visas are subject to intense scrutiny, including multiple interviews, ongoing background checks and biometric checks run through Interpol’s international police databases. Refugees must do interviews with U.S. Homeland Security agents who often apply arbitrary criteria. (For example, if the agent does not like the way you talk or the way you dress, you can be denied entry) [60]. Each refugee receives a one-time payment of $1125 to set up their new life in a new country and aid agencies provide acclimation support for the first 90 days in the country. Employment assistance lasts 180 days, or until a refugee is offered the first available job. Refugees are required to pay back the airfare for the flight to the United States, and few airlines provide discounts.
\nWe hope our findings will inform future research on how to best meet the needs of refugees. Considered. The authors first coded the data individually and then worked together to reconcile differences. From that phase of data reduction, three main themes emerged.
\nEach of the three themes were a type of stressor for which there were subthemes. The first theme, infrastructure, refers to the external factors such as the dearth of or limited access to services. Second, cultural differences emerged as a theme and encompasses factors such as language, discrimination, values, norms, and roles. The third theme of mental health consists of the different intra and interpersonal socio-emotional stressors of various refugee and resettlement experiences. \nTable 2\n provides an overview of findings for which kinds of stressors impacted each context.
\nMental Health | \nContext | \nCultural Differences | \nContext | \nInfrastructure | \nContext | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACES | \nP, C | \nDifferences in acceptable behavioral norms | \nP, G, C | \nAccessing education | \nP, G, C | \n
Boredom | \nP, G, C | \nKnowing cultural norms for accessing services | \nP, G, C | \nAccessing health services | \nP, G, C | \n
Camp conditions | \nP, G | \nChild rearing challenges | \nP, G, C | \nNo or few basic services | \nP, G | \n
Chronic pain/somatic complaints | \nP, G, C | \nGender role shifts | \nP, G, C | \nNo or few education services | \nP, G | \n
Coping strategies | \nP, G, C | \nHealth practices unfamiliarity | \nP, G, C | \nNo or few health, dental, mental health services | \nP, G | \n
Depression | \nP, G, C | \nEducation levels | \nP, G, C | \nNoises | \nP, G, C | \n
Discrimination | \nP, G, C | \nHost country animosity | \nG, C, | \nOccupation - soldiers and settler | \nP | \n
Economic instability | \nP, G, C | \nLanguage barriers | \nP, G, C | \nOvercrowding | \nP, G, C | \n
Fatigue | \nP, G, C | \nLoss of respect for elders | \nP, G, C | \nSafety | \nP, G, C | \n
Fear (Occupation and raids) | \nP | \nReligious differences | \nG, C | \nSanitation | \nP, G | \n
Isolation | \nP, G, C | \nSocial Networking | \nP, G, C | \n— | \n— | \n
Lack of purpose | \nP, G, C | \n— | \n— | \n— | \n— | \n
Not enough time to complete daily tasks | \nP, G, C | \n— | \n— | \n— | \n— | \n
Unpredictability/uncertainty | \nP, G, C | \n— | \n— | \n— | \n— | \n
Major themes, patterns within the theme, identified within country, P = Palestine, G = Greece, C = Colorado.
Through interviews with 11 parents (seven females and four males aged 24–60 years) the patterns that emerged included some overlap with the other two field sites and some that were unique to Palestine. Regarding the infrastructure theme, all parents mentioned overcrowded conditions. As for cultural differences, respondents reported that their children were losing respect for their parents as they did not obey them as they obeyed their parents when growing up. In terms of the mental health theme, six of the seven women felt isolated as their husbands worked all day and many times outside the camp. All parents reported that their situation felt uncontrollable, they were fatigued and struggled to be patient with their children. Nine of the 11 parents reported that they faced boredom and lack of meaningful ways to spend time. All three respondent groups reported the need for social and mental health support.
\nThe unique pattern that emerged from all in Palestine was the impact of occupation. They expressed daily fear of not knowing if everyone in the family would return home from work or school, or if they would be woken in the middle of the night by soldiers and family members taken. Ongoing uncertainty of daily life and dwindling hope of returning to their homes permeated the stories. All parents in the Palestine groups believe that education is the most important thing in the lives of the children. One of the respondents was from a family that has lived in the camp for five generations, still holding the keys from their home as a sign of hope. He stated:
\n\n
A different parent reported what provided them the resilience to continue to move forward. “My life inside the camp is special, safe, and warm. I had never thought that my life out of it would be better than it is, I have nice neighbors and relations that make me very privileged and lucky woman … .my life inside the camps gave me an evidence that the good people are being good regardless where they live. I learned a lot from my friends in the women’s center, who taught me how to spend my time doing useful things that make life valuable.”
\nWhen asked to share more about this response, the respondent stated it was very important to do purposeful things. From this response, the interviewers ask other parents about how they filled their time. People who felt they had purposeful work showed more ability to adapt to adversity and increased resilience. In addition, having at least 2 close friends outside the family was positively correlated to increase resilience. Three women reported how their attitude toward more conventional gender roles had changed due to the challenges of the occupation, and had helped in terms of their ability to address the adverse situation they live in One woman reported
\n\n
Another woman responded joining a women’s center activities positively impacted their physical and mental health and helped them overcome challenges. We see changes in terms of gender roles, and also the impact of having purposeful work to reduce the fears that align with occupation.
\nIn Greece, the interviewer worked with the refugees in the camps. The camps are a temporary holding place until the families have been provided permission to move on. People typically stay in the camps anywhere from one to 3 years. The interviewer spoke with 16 asylum-seeking families. The parents and children were involved in the conversation, with the parents responding over 80% of the questions. The theme of infrastructure issues was prevalent in the Greece context with lack of basic services exacerbating mental health issues.
\nOne parent reported:
\n\n
All the respondents reported they wanted their children to have educational experiences, yet in the camp there were very few educational opportunities and most of those were informal. All reported unsanitary conditions, overcrowding, and lack of health care. Currently, food is being withheld with children comprising 40% of the camp population. This lack of infrastructure exacerbates mental health challenges [61, 62].
\nIn terms of the theme of cultural differences, one pattern unique to Greece was how the conflict the families tried to escape seemed to follow them in the camps. There are people from other areas of conflict, many fled the same conflict, but on different sides, continuing the violence and fear from which they fled. Additionally, respondents reported high hostility between local Greeks and the refugees. Accessing benefits and sustaining hope of resettlement is challenging. Changes in gender roles due to the loss of family members and deteriorating respect for elders and parents contributed to familial stress. Over 90% of the adults reported that the children do not obey and listen to parents as was expected of them when they were young. Few social networks exist in the camps in Greece, leaving families feeling isolated and lacking a sense of belonging.
\nAs for the mental health theme, the main patterns that emerged included parents being tired and worn out from being on the move and the uncertainty of their future. There is nothing to do in the camp, the children were very bored and the adults did not have the ability to engage and have patience with the children and were worried about the long-term impact on their children. One family reported:
\n\n
\n
A family from the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported:
\n\n
All families reported they wanted mental health and parenting support and felt a lack of safety. One woman reported that “Children and women are afraid of going to the toilet at night, it is dangerous here.”
\n\n
Unsurprisingly, the theme of infrastructure in resettlement pertains less to the existence of resources and services and more to the ability to navigate systems and
The theme of cultural differences appeared frequently, provoking and/or interacting with mental health stressors. Parents and children face language barriers that impact their occupational and educational opportunities and experiences. Families’ religious beliefs and values differ from those of these new societal and educational contexts. Children face bullying in schools and must navigate the mismatch between their home country’s values and beliefs and the new cultural norms of schools. As one father stated, “The children begin to learn new ideas from being part of the community around them. We try and make meaning of what they are learning with our own ideas of how to be parents and what children should or should not do. It is so hard, as what they learn is not always what we believe is good.”
\nOne parent from Myanmar shared, “Our kids are learning things from kids born in the US and are not showing respect to us. This is important in our culture. They begin acting like American kids and calling people by their name rather than their title. They say they cannot share their food, when we always share our food together. They start doing things like other kids and rejecting us. Our language is being lost”. An Arab Muslim parent commented,
\n\n
These quotes exemplify a common conflict for refugee and immigrant parents raising children in a new country. Refugee and immigrant families show resilience and adaptability as they bridge two cultures and languages while often facing racial and/or religious discrimination. Balancing traditional and new ways of being in healthy ways requires tremendous navigational capital [63].
\nThat U.S. culture values independence over interdependence impacts families. As one parent stated, “When children learn to take care of themselves, that is good. But when it undermines the parents’ authority it is not good. We are not used to having a family separated. We lived close together. Now when children are grown, they think about where to move, move away. How will our language and culture be remembered? In our culture, decisions are made based on what will happen to everyone, not just one person. We believe we take care of children and when we get old, they take care of us. That is not what happens here in the US”. An Afghani parent stated, “Many times children talk back to their parents, that would not happen back home”.
\nMany parents reflected upon differences in how children are disciplined and supported in their learning. As with the other two contexts, parents lament not being able to control their children and the lack of respect and honor toward elders. Many have previously used corporal punishment to teach children right and wrong yet in the US that is viewed as wrong and ineffective. Families shared that they see advantages and disadvantages of raising children in a new culture. One example includes the shift in gender roles. Roles within the family change as women go out to work for the first time while men assume tasks such as chores in the home, child rearing and greater involvement in children’s education. While the expanded options for women could be seen as a beneficial change, one challenge is the negative impact it can have on men’s identity. This shift results in men feeling alienated and depressed as these shifts cause them to question their self-worth. About 60% of the women reported their husbands resent their employment. “My husband cannot find a good paying job, so I bring the money home into the family. He is depressed and cannot get out of it, so he drinks. He is always drunk and abusive. But if I leave him, I think he will not make it.” Women working outside of the home face time constraints in fulfilling their traditional roles of caring for the home and child rearing expectations.
\nAnother cultural difference is the accelerated pace of life in the U.S. which alters priorities of how families spend their time. “When we come here – we have so much to do and no time. We do not get to sit with our families and talk and tell stories. Our values are being lost as our stories are lost. We lose ourselves when we cannot take care of our family as we want. My children have to help with the cooking, sons and daughters, but back home sons do not cook.”
\nParents also reported concerns that their children are moving away from traditional religious beliefs. Many children try to keep their religious identity private due to discrimination. Palestinian refugees reported the negative impacts that discrimination had on their mental health [64]. Discrimination is not only religious as refugees and asylees systemically face inequities in housing, education, and health care. Parents reported that the laws and rules are not clear. One parent reported fear of taking their child who has special needs to the doctors, as they thought the doctor would report them for child abuse. Several families reported not seeking mental health services for fear of being accused of child abuse and losing custody of their children.
\nIn schools, parents report that language is associated with intelligence. Parents feel ignored or treated in an ‘unfriendly’ manner. One mother reported, “The teacher calls me almost every day to say my 4 year-old is hitting others in her preschool/kindergarten class. Last year in her preschool she was loved, cared for, and she was happy and played with all the children. They spoke Arabic in her other preschool. Now the teachers only speak English, and they think she is a bad girl. I do not know what to do.” The teacher also stated that she did not have the time nor the knowledge to address the needs of the girl and suggested the girl change schools. Schools can be spaces where racial, ethnic, religious, gender, socio-economic and language discrimination and xenophobia intersect. School personnel who hold these biases tend to view refugees’ parenting through a deficit lens.
\nAdditionally, the sense of belonging and identity impact resettlement. As one Arab Muslim father shared, “My family and I often feel like outsiders growing up in the US. We struggle to find balance between our Arab Muslim, identity and our US American identities. Some of our children still struggle even thought they were born and raised here. They should not have to struggle with their identity in school but unfortunately, they do. It is very sad as a parent to watch your child try to be something someone else wants them to be…When we find other families from our home country, we tend to stay together. At least there is an understanding of what we are going through, as we try to make Colorado our new home. Now we live in a community that is very limited in access, resources, services, and our children are many times blamed for mistakes or inappropriate behavior at school. Our families and children continue to live under stress, this makes parenting so difficult as we do not always have patience with our children when we cannot afford to pay our rent or we lost our jobs due to COVID. Many of us are the first to go when it comes to being laid off at work. Then the children feel bad about themselves. This is not what we want. We want to be proud of our culture, our history and we want to make our home good in the US. We live between two worlds, and it is very hard”.
\nFinally, several refugees discussed the significant trauma women and children experienced due to assault in transit, and in their country of asylum. Even in refugee camps, they are sometimes forced to provide sexual favors just to obtain the aid to which they are entitled.
\nIn all three contexts, individuals face the chronic stress that comes with great daily uncertainty. Lack of resources and capacity to earn a living were challenges in all three contexts. One difference is that in Palestine, there is a constant imminent threat of violence, mostly from the Israeli armed forces. This leads to extremely high stress levels and challenges to parenting.
\nSimilar in all contexts are parents’ desire to make the best choices for their children and their families along with seeing the importance of education. Parents want their children to learn and have greater opportunities in the future. Resettled individuals face unique challenges, yet often have more choices about how to lead their lives than those in the camps. For individuals in the camps in Greece, they are in a state of perpetual limbo, not knowing their prospects for relocation. This poses unique challenges to parenting as it is extremely difficult to sustain a future orientation/vision. In Palestine, the camps have been established for such a long time, that it can be difficult to have much hope for their circumstances to change. Greece and Palestine respondents are still living in camps whereas the U.S context is one of final resettlement.
\nIn the US, parents shared stories of how they had to contend with the hegemony of what best parenting is. The refugees resettled in the US shared feelings about being seen as deficient and having to hide their parenting values. Societal hidden agendas wield power in determining what is “best” for their children and felt pressure to assimilate to US culture. In all the field sites, reports that children did not obey their parents as the parents obeyed their parents were reported. However, in the US, children felt pressure to be accepted by school and society. Parents reported their children came home with ideas contradictory to their home culture (regarding things such as tattoos, piercings, talking about reproductive health and displays of intimate relationships in public).
\nA common theme in the Greece and Palestine camps is boredom and lack of purposeful play or work. Children do not have spaces to play and run and be children and camps lack infrastructure to provide enriching childhood experiences. Families resettled in the US sometimes, but not always had more opportunity to find purposeful work. Unemployment and underemployment were common themes in all three sites. The camps however, pose a greater challenge to establishing and maintaining the predictable routines that can be a protective factor in child development. In contrast, resettled individuals can establish routines, but feel the fast pace of U.S. life does not leave time for more traditional familial activities.
\nIn Greece and the U.S. individuals carry a greater sense of guilt as they have left loved ones behind. Additionally, many individuals in the Greece camps expressed a sense of self-doubt and guilt, wondering if they had made the right choice for their family. As their lives are in limbo, it becomes impossible to determine whether the sacrifices they made were worth it. A unique challenge parents in Greek camps discussed is the tension with host countries and local resentment of resource allocation. In the US, refugees feel social isolation and National reports suggest that 50% of the people in the US are resentful and empathetic at the same time [65]. In all three cases, the feelings of social isolation, the need for mental health, parenting support, and purposeful work were reported as strong patterns.
\nWhile ample literature documenting refugee experiences exists, work explicitly focusing on parenting in refugee contexts is scarce. Our work is an initial contribution to the fields of Early Childhood Education and Parenting. By understanding the nuances of different refugee experiences, we can develop evidence-based policies and procedures to foster resilience in future generations.
\nMarope and Kaga [66] assert that disadvantaged families generally require multi sectoral support to cope with sudden changes in their circumstances. Such support is made possible through the collaboration of various agencies addressing inequities which cause diverse vulnerated situations related to housing, health, welfare, family support, employment, and education. Key supports include: overcoming language and communication barriers, mental health, access to education, purposeful work, access to professional development, and learning English. In the US, a main recommendation is providing pathways to education and career advancement that is not contingent on immediate mastery of English. For example, bridging opportunities in the U.S where access to higher education is scaffolded to include the use of the parents’ home language have shown to be extremely beneficial. To make a more significant impact, agencies must provide more opportunities and pathways for purposeful work.
\n“Having the opportunity from the Pamoja program has given me the chance to make friends with other refugees from the Arab world. Also to enter education where I can learn in my own language. I feel like no one understands me and thinks I do not know anything because I do not speak English well. But now I am learning how to take care of children as a teacher and learning English. I can now work in a job that my husband thinks is okay and can bring some money home to pay our bills.” (Mother resettled in the U.S.) Ideally refugees’ short-term and long-term outcomes are achieved in solidarity, free from discrimination, and with support of language access and justice.
\nHealing-focused interventions help children and parents develop the ability to express and regulate their emotions, improve self-control and self-esteem, recover and build resilience so that they are ready to learn. Building parent and caregiver capacity to assist children appropriately during the early stages of crisis response and emotional recovery is essential. Refugee families often need support to implement positive parenting practices because they are also managing their
Classes in camps that provide purposeful active learning and engagement for both the children and the parents are beneficial. For example, holding classes outdoors where young children and parents can work and learn together in activities such as weaving, gardening, and storytelling, connect families and strengthen the connections between parents and children. Parents and caregivers benefit from learning about positive child interaction, ‘shared and sustained thinking’ [68], ‘serve and return’ [69], and ‘sensitive responsiveness’ [70]. These strategies nurture self-worth and wellbeing and promote successful learning and socialization. Parents and caregivers affected by emergencies and conflicts, can recover and thrive when supported in offering routine, structure, a sense of normality and a safe space to express feelings. We must acknowledge and value how parents/caregivers are children’s first educators and constitute a major influence on the family and child’s development.
\nBritto and Engle, [71] refer to five, interdependent domains of parenting: caregiving (health, hygiene and nutrition-related practice), stimulation (interactions, learning activities, modeling), support and responsiveness (trust, attachment, sense of security), structure (discipline, supervision, protection from harm) and socialization. Importantly, research shows that the quality of parenting and home environment is predictive of later social emotional health, academic achievement, and overall life success. Informal education, adult literacy, primary healthcare, and wellbeing structures are key. Welcoming, culturally sensitive programs that value parents/caregivers are essential to build positive family relationships. In the authors’ experience, these are the kinds of services are the least likely to be funded/prioritized despite their immense potential for impact.
\nParents and caregivers impacted by war, conflict, and disaster require support systems specifically targeting parenting and caregiving as a public good. This requires public investment, commitment, and leadership. Appropriate policy and program designs informed by refugee parents/caregivers voices are crucial to ensure their unique needs are addressed. Consistent, predictable, quality education can alleviate the psychosocial impact of conflict and disasters, but emergency situations undermine the quality of educational services available to refugees. Shortages of materials, resources, and personnel limit families’ access to quality education. In most conflicts, education infrastructure is typically a target for destruction because of the stability and support it provides. Pre-schools and schools are often destroyed or closed due to hazardous conditions, depriving families and children of the opportunity to learn and socialize in a safe place with a sense of routine [1, 25]. “The programs offered in the camp are not enough. They help but we need more. My children and I are bored. The teachers who give classes here do not teach like they do at home, but at least there is somewhere my children go. I also learn ways to help myself and how to take care of my own stress. This means I can be a better parent.” (Mother in camp in Greece)
\nIndividuals working in the camps described the extensive efforts of all stakeholders (charities, athletic clubs, social and cultural centers, public figures) to eradicate negative phenomena, and apply reforms. While these stakeholders are typically under-resourced, one aid worker stated, “We couldn’t see the impact yet, but we hope the next generations will. We believe that psychological support for all population segments should always be on the top of the list for any support provided to refugees. We must not underestimate this type of support and its role in supporting our efforts to combat negative phenomena in the camp, and try to overcome the bad demographic, socio-economic reality inside the camp”.
\nOur final recommendation shifts the focus away from the refugees and toward those working alongside refugee population. Teachers must be trained to be culturally responsive and implement culturally sustaining pedagogy [72, 73, 74]. Culturally-responsive programs that enact a culturally humble approach can support resilience, cultivate bi-multicultural, bi-multilingual communities and reduce the negative impacts of discrimination and invisibility. Service providers, (health, education, social services etc.) must approach their work with genuine curiosity, humility, and reciprocity if they wish to support healthy family structures where parents impacted by violence, war, and conflict can heal and thrive. As one teacher in Greece stated, “I really like being a teacher in the camp, but the parents want me to teach like they were taught. This makes it hard for me. I need to learn more, I need more support of how to teach, I want to be able to go to school so when I leave the camp, I can teach somewhere else.” In resettlement contexts, there is a great need to provide professional development to educators to understand diverse cultures and the lived experiences of immigrants. There is also a tremendous need for highly qualified providers and educators from
The authors recognize the limitations of purposive sampling and interviews as they are susceptible to interviewer judgment errors, low levels of reliability and limited generalizability of findings. The interviews are subject to bias as they are subjective in nature and do not provide an exhaustive view of the families’ experiences. Another limit of using semi-structured interviews, is they are time consuming and thus the sample size is smaller but do allow for more in-depth sharing/understanding of lived experiences which can provide a strong baseline for further study.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
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\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
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\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Transcriptome sequencing or RNA-seq using next-generation sequencing (short and long reads) is the most widely deployed technology for accurate quantification of gene expression. According to the biological aim of the experiment, replications, platform, and chemistries, propelling improvement has been demonstrated and documented using RNA-seq in plants, humans, animals, and clinical sciences with respect to gene expression of mRNA, small non-coding, long non-coding RNAs, alternative splice variations, isoform variations, gene fusions, single-nucleotide variants. Integrating transcriptome sequencing with other techniques such as chromatin immunoprecipitation, methylation, genome-wide association studies, manifests insights into genetic and epigenetic regulation. Epi-transcriptome including RNA methylation, modification, and alternative polyadenylation events can also be explored through long-read sequencing. In this chapter, we have presented an account of the basics of gene expression methods, transcriptome sequencing, and the various methodologies involved in the downstream analysis.",book:{id:"11349",title:"Gene Expression",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11349.jpg"},signatures:"Yogesh Shukla, Amol Phule, Harshvardhan Zala, Nakul D. Magar, Priya Shah, K. Harish, Tejas C. Bosamia, Kalyani M. Barbadikar, Maganti Sheshu Madhav, Satendra Kumar Mangrauthia, Chirravuri Naga Neeraja and Raman Meenakshi Sundaram"},{id:"83067",title:"Multiplicity in the Genes of Carbon Metabolism in Antibiotic-Producing Streptomycetes",slug:"multiplicity-in-the-genes-of-carbon-metabolism-in-antibiotic-producing-streptomycetes",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106525",abstract:"Streptomycetes exhibit genetic multiplicity, like many other microorganisms, and redundancy occurs in many of the genes involved in carbon metabolism. The enzymes of the glycolytic pathway presenting the greatest multiplicity were phosphofructokinase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase. The genes that encode citrate synthase and subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase complex are the ones that show the greatest multiplicity, while in the phosphoenolpyruvate-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node, only malic enzymes and pyruvate phosphate dikinase present two copies in some Streptomyces. The extra DNA from these multiple gene copies can be more than 50 kb, and the question arises whether all of these genes are transcribed and translated. As far as we know, there is few information about the transcription of these genes in any of this Streptomyces, nor if any of the activities that are encoded by a single gene could be limiting both for growth and for the formation of precursors of the antibiotics produced by these microorganisms. Therefore, it is important to study the transcription and translation of genes involved in carbon metabolism in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces growing on various sugars.",book:{id:"10893",title:"Actinobacteria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10893.jpg"},signatures:"Toshiko Takahashi, Jonathan Alanís, Polonia Hernández and María Elena Flores"},{id:"82757",title:"Seed Dormancy: Induction, Maintenance and Seed Technology Approaches to Break Dormancy",slug:"seed-dormancy-induction-maintenance-and-seed-technology-approaches-to-break-dormancy",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106153",abstract:"Dormancy is the major cause of erratic germination, patchy emergence and uneven seedling establishment in the field. These traits are exceedingly undesirable in crop production as future phases of growth and development are strongly linked to uniform seedling development at early growth phases. Variations in maturation time, and difficulty in managing abiotic and biotic stresses during pre- and postharvest are common consequences of uneven germination and seedling emergence. Minimizing this negative impact of dormancy in a seed lot is the major concern of all seed production companies. Generally, mature seeds show some considerable dormancy during which embryo growth is halted momentarily because one or more internal and external stimuli for growth resumption is/are absent. If the inhibition of seed germination is solely due to insufficient or complete absence of external signals, then the seed is in a state of quiescence. Otherwise, if linked to internal factors, then the seed is in a state of dormancy. Induction, maintenance, and release of dormancy are therefore related to Seed-dependent factors such as morphology, hormones, state of embryo maturity at seed dispersal and chemical inhibitors. This chapter focuses on species-dependent methods currently used to break dormancy, reduce germination time and improve emergence and seedling establishment.",book:{id:"11322",title:"Seed Biology Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11322.jpg"},signatures:"Tabi Kingsley Mbi, Ntsomboh Godswill Ntsefong and Tatah Eugene Lenzemo"},{id:"79168",title:"Pulses: A Potential Source of Valuable Protein for Human Diet",slug:"pulses-a-potential-source-of-valuable-protein-for-human-diet",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99980",abstract:"Nutritional profile of pulses has significant importance in human diet with respect to protein and mineral quality and bioavailability. Protein energy malnutrition is widespread throughout the world especially among the developing countries. Pulses being rich in macronutrients such as protein from 20 to 26% and low in calories are most suitable for product development for target-oriented population. During last decade, the demand for pulse-based products with high protein and fiber, low glycemic index, and gluten free with more antioxidant showed increasing trend by the consumers. Drift of end-use application of pulses generated interest for research in all disciplines such as breeding, agronomy, food, and nutrition, etc. A great share of plant protein in human diet may be a critical step for reducing dependence on animal origin protein source. This chapter will review contribution or choice of plant-based protein from legumes or pulses with good-quality protein based on amino acid composition. Additionally, this overview can give insight into the development of new product with balanced nutritional quality and high protein contents as a potential protein supply for malnourished population.",book:{id:"12236",title:"Legumes Research- Volume 2",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12236.jpg"},signatures:"Saima Parveen, Amina Jamil, Imran Pasha and Farah Ahmad"},{id:"83043",title:"Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 for Selective Sequencing and Clinical Diagnostics",slug:"applications-of-crispr-cas9-for-selective-sequencing-and-clinical-diagnostics",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106548",abstract:"In this chapter, we will discuss the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in the context of clinical diagnostics. We will provide an overview of existing methods and their use cases in the diagnostic field. Special attention will be given to selective sequencing approaches using third-generation sequencing and PAM-site requirements. As target sequences in an AT-rich environment cannot easily be accessed by the commercially available SpCas9 due to rarity of NGG PAM-sites, new enzymes such as ScCas9 with PAM-site requirements of NNG will be highlighted. Original research on CRISPR/Cas9 systems to determine molecular glioma markers by enriching regions of interest will be discussed in the context of potential future applications in clinical diagnostics.",book:{id:"11804",title:"CRISPR Technology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11804.jpg"},signatures:"Maximilian Evers, Björn Brändl, Franz-Josef Müller, Sönke Friedrichsen and Stephan Kolkenbrock"},{id:"83012",title:"Cotton Based Cellulose Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Application",slug:"cotton-based-cellulose-nanocomposites-synthesis-and-application",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106473",abstract:"Nanocellulose is a renewable natural biomaterial which has risen to prominence due to its biodegradability and physiochemical properties making it a promising candidate to replace non-biodegradable synthetic fibers. Due to its profound qualities, nanocellulose extracted from cotton fibers have tremendous application potential and have been intensively studied particularly in the generation of nanofillers and as reinforcement components in polymer matrixes. Deposition of inorganic nanoparticles on cotton fabric result in antimicrobial textiles with multifunctional use particularly in manufacture of PPE and as filtration devices against environmental pollutants and pathogens. This chapter compiles three main sections. The first section gives an overview of the extent of work done in the creation and application potential of cotton-based nanocomposites. The second section describes the in situ and ex situ methods of nanoparticle deposition and self assembly on cotton fabrics to generate multifunctional cotton-based nanocomposites with antimicrobial potential while the final section describes the incorporation of cotton nanofibers in polymer matrices, their reinforcing properties, as well as surface modification to assist their incorporation. Finally in the conclusion, a summary of the up-to-date challenges and progresses is presented postulating the undiscovered arenas and future undertakings of this venture.",book:{id:"11362",title:"Cotton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11362.jpg"},signatures:"Patricia Jayshree Samuel Jacob"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:606},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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