Comparison of the separation techniques.
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3216",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Operations Management",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Operations Management is an area of business concerned with managing the process that converts inputs into outputs, in the form of goods and/or services. Increasingly complex environments together with the recent economic swings and substantially squeezed industrial margins put extra pressure on companies, and decision makers are pushed to increase operations efficiency and effectiveness. This book presents the contributions of a selected group of researchers, reporting new ideas, original results and practical experiences as well as systematizing some fundamental topics in Operations Management. Although it represents only a small sample of the research activity on Operations Management, people from diverse backgrounds, academia, industry and research as well as engineering students can take advantage of this volume.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1013-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6318-3",doi:"10.5772/45775",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"operations-management",numberOfPages:250,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"36030d013037e8d86323ddd323644874",bookSignature:"Massimiliano M. Schiraldi",publishedDate:"March 13th 2013",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3216.jpg",numberOfDownloads:76300,numberOfWosCitations:47,numberOfCrossrefCitations:49,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:116,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:212,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 17th 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 26th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 24th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 12th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 29th 2013",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"168845",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimiliano",middleName:"M.",surname:"Schiraldi",slug:"massimiliano-schiraldi",fullName:"Massimiliano Schiraldi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/168845/images/4253_n.jpg",biography:"Associate Professor in Manufacturing Systems Engineering, PhD in Engineering and Management, MBA, he teaches courses of Operations Management since 2001. At “Tor Vergata” University in Rome lectures courses of Design of Manufacturing Systems and of Production Management at the School of Engineering; lectures Lean Manufacturing at the Master in Enterprise Engineering. Since May 2013, charged of the Quality of the Didactical and Research Activities of the Department of Enterprise Engineering. Instructor in several Master programs, including the MBA of Stoà Institute, the Lean Manufacturing Master of the University of Trieste, the iMBA of Argosy University (USA) and Università Marconi (Italy), the EMBA of Luiss “Guido Carli” University. Guest Professor at the Guizhou University of Finance & Economics in Guiyang, China. Founder and President of the Scientific Committee of Operations Management Team s.r.l., an Academic Spinoff operating in consultancy sector. Every year teaches more than 200 students in the Engineering School, and organizes an average of 15 students internships in various industrial companies. To date, has supervised more than 200 students in their thesis work. Author of more than 80 scientific publications related to Operations Management.\nHe participated in more than 25 projects with industrial companies at national or international level and was nominated as technical advisor (CTU) in two arbitration procedures on trials for over 20 M€ each, related to manufacturing and process industry.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Rome Tor Vergata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"800",title:"Management Science",slug:"management-science"}],chapters:[{id:"43383",title:"Improving Operations Performance with World Class Manufacturing Technique: A Case in Automotive Industry",doi:"10.5772/54450",slug:"improving-operations-performance-with-world-class-manufacturing-technique-a-case-in-automotive-indus",totalDownloads:26540,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:23,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fabio De Felice, Antonella Petrillo and Stanislao Monfreda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43383",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43383",authors:[{id:"161682",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",surname:"De Felice",slug:"fabio-de-felice",fullName:"Fabio De Felice"},{id:"167280",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislao",surname:"Monfreda",slug:"stanislao-monfreda",fullName:"Stanislao Monfreda"},{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],corrections:null},{id:"42996",title:"Managing OEE to Optimize Factory Performance",doi:"10.5772/55322",slug:"managing-oee-to-optimize-factory-performance",totalDownloads:8226,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:20,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Raffaele Iannone and Maria Elena Nenni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42996",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42996",authors:[{id:"162242",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Maria Elena",surname:"Nenni",slug:"maria-elena-nenni",fullName:"Maria Elena Nenni"},{id:"162902",title:"Prof.",name:"Raffaele",surname:"Iannone",slug:"raffaele-iannone",fullName:"Raffaele Iannone"}],corrections:null},{id:"43657",title:"Using Overall Equipment Effectiveness for Manufacturing System Design",doi:"10.5772/56089",slug:"using-overall-equipment-effectiveness-for-manufacturing-system-design",totalDownloads:4355,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vittorio Cesarotti, Alessio Giuiusa and Vito Introna",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43657",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43657",authors:[{id:"98408",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Introna",slug:"vito-introna",fullName:"Vito Introna"},{id:"163892",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessio",surname:"Giuiusa",slug:"alessio-giuiusa",fullName:"Alessio Giuiusa"}],corrections:null},{id:"41421",title:"Reliability and Maintainability in Operations Management",doi:"10.5772/54161",slug:"reliability-and-maintainability-in-operations-management",totalDownloads:8860,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Filippo De Carlo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41421",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41421",authors:[{id:"161657",title:"Dr.",name:"Filippo",surname:"De Carlo",slug:"filippo-de-carlo",fullName:"Filippo De Carlo"}],corrections:null},{id:"43001",title:"Production Scheduling Approaches for Operations Management",doi:"10.5772/55431",slug:"production-scheduling-approaches-for-operations-management",totalDownloads:6803,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marcello Fera, Fabio Fruggiero, Alfredo Lambiase, Giada Martino and Maria Elena Nenni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43001",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43001",authors:[{id:"163046",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Fruggiero",slug:"fabio-fruggiero",fullName:"Fabio Fruggiero"}],corrections:null},{id:"43013",title:"On Just-In-Time Production Leveling",doi:"10.5772/54994",slug:"on-just-in-time-production-leveling",totalDownloads:5995,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Francesco Giordano and Massimiliano M. Schiraldi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43013",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43013",authors:[{id:"167672",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Giordano",slug:"francesco-giordano",fullName:"Francesco Giordano"}],corrections:null},{id:"43022",title:"Enterprise Risk Management to Drive Operations Performances",doi:"10.5772/54442",slug:"enterprise-risk-management-to-drive-operations-performances",totalDownloads:3036,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Giulio Di Gravio, Francesco Costantino and Massimo Tronci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43022",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43022",authors:[{id:"73417",title:"Prof.",name:"Giulio",surname:"Di Gravio",slug:"giulio-di-gravio",fullName:"Giulio Di Gravio"}],corrections:null},{id:"43436",title:"The Important Role of Packaging in Operations Management",doi:"10.5772/54073",slug:"the-important-role-of-packaging-in-operations-management",totalDownloads:7493,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alberto Regattieri and Giulia Santarelli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43436",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43436",authors:[{id:"72034",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Regattieri",slug:"alberto-regattieri",fullName:"Alberto Regattieri"}],corrections:null},{id:"41903",title:"An Overview of Human Reliability Analysis Techniques in Manufacturing Operations",doi:"10.5772/55065",slug:"an-overview-of-human-reliability-analysis-techniques-in-manufacturing-operations",totalDownloads:5001,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:40,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Valentina Di Pasquale, Raffaele Iannone, Salvatore Miranda and Stefano Riemma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41903",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41903",authors:[{id:"162902",title:"Prof.",name:"Raffaele",surname:"Iannone",slug:"raffaele-iannone",fullName:"Raffaele Iannone"},{id:"163160",title:"Prof.",name:"Salvatore",surname:"Miranda",slug:"salvatore-miranda",fullName:"Salvatore Miranda"},{id:"163161",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",surname:"Riemma",slug:"stefano-riemma",fullName:"Stefano Riemma"},{id:"163162",title:"Ms.",name:"Valentina",surname:"Di Pasquale",slug:"valentina-di-pasquale",fullName:"Valentina Di Pasquale"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"106",title:"Supply Chain Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9e8cec79b6ffe25eefcb7ec35083cc",slug:"supply-chain-management",bookSignature:"Pengzhong Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/106.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19636",title:"Prof.",name:"Pengzhong",surname:"Li",slug:"pengzhong-li",fullName:"Pengzhong Li"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2970",title:"Multivariate Analysis in Management, Engineering and the Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d13255e68a6785d72c2c75d35096282",slug:"multivariate-analysis-in-management-engineering-and-the-sciences",bookSignature:"Leandro Valim de Freitas and Ana Paula Barbosa Rodrigues de Freitas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2970.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131093",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Leandro",surname:"Freitas",slug:"leandro-freitas",fullName:"Leandro Freitas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"452",title:"Risk Management in Environment, Production and Economy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d0b84f810e63a853c8ff21d9f195ab6e",slug:"risk-management-in-environment-production-and-economy",bookSignature:"Matteo Savino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/452.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61794",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",surname:"Savino",slug:"matteo-savino",fullName:"Matteo Savino"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3603",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"supply_chain",bookSignature:"Vedran Kordic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3603.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3695",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"the Way to Flat Organisation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"supply_chain_the_way_to_flat_organisation",bookSignature:"Yanfang Huo and Fu Jia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3695.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yanfang",surname:"Huo",slug:"yanfang-huo",fullName:"Yanfang Huo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3646",title:"Process Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"process-management",bookSignature:"Maria Pomffyova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3646.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7712",title:"Ing., PhD.",name:"Maria",surname:"Pomffyova",slug:"maria-pomffyova",fullName:"Maria Pomffyova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1672",title:"Emergency Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05b30e511c7c19857b8e5ca6ed75478f",slug:"emergency-management",bookSignature:"Burak Eksioglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1672.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"124187",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",surname:"Eksioglu",slug:"burak-eksioglu",fullName:"Burak Eksioglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3197",title:"Engineering Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"52723a3454f918817d45845dde4e8458",slug:"engineering-management",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez and Benjamin Lev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3197.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79597",slug:"corrigendum-to-dry-hydrogen-peroxide-for-viral-inactivation",title:"Corrigendum to: Dry Hydrogen Peroxide for Viral Inactivation",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79597.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79597",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79597",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79597",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79597",chapter:{id:"78994",slug:"dry-hydrogen-peroxide-for-viral-inactivation",signatures:"Chris Lee and John R. Henneman",dateSubmitted:"August 18th 2021",dateReviewed:"September 14th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 21st 2021",datePublished:"May 18th 2022",book:{id:"11006",title:"Disinfection of Viruses",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Disinfection of Viruses",slug:"disinfection-of-viruses",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",bookSignature:"Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11006.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104702",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond W.",middleName:null,surname:"Nims",slug:"raymond-w.-nims",fullName:"Raymond W. Nims"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"414666",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Chris Lee",slug:"chris-lee",email:"chris96lee@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"415444",title:"MSc.",name:"John R.",middleName:null,surname:"Henneman",fullName:"John R. Henneman",slug:"john-r.-henneman",email:"jrh78@bri.ksu.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"Kansas State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"78994",slug:"dry-hydrogen-peroxide-for-viral-inactivation",signatures:"Chris Lee and John R. Henneman",dateSubmitted:"August 18th 2021",dateReviewed:"September 14th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 21st 2021",datePublished:"May 18th 2022",book:{id:"11006",title:"Disinfection of Viruses",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Disinfection of Viruses",slug:"disinfection-of-viruses",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",bookSignature:"Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11006.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104702",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond W.",middleName:null,surname:"Nims",slug:"raymond-w.-nims",fullName:"Raymond W. Nims"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"414666",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Chris Lee",slug:"chris-lee",email:"chris96lee@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"415444",title:"MSc.",name:"John R.",middleName:null,surname:"Henneman",fullName:"John R. Henneman",slug:"john-r.-henneman",email:"jrh78@bri.ksu.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"Kansas State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},book:{id:"11006",title:"Disinfection of Viruses",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Disinfection of Viruses",slug:"disinfection-of-viruses",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",bookSignature:"Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11006.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104702",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond W.",middleName:null,surname:"Nims",slug:"raymond-w.-nims",fullName:"Raymond W. Nims"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12356",leadTitle:null,title:"Thymus - Function and Significance",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"17dc47d82dd4d0832fa70e74edb80ab9",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12356.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 10th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 31st 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 30th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 18th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 17th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"30625",title:"Development, Differentiation and Derivatives of the Wolffian and Müllerian Ducts",doi:"10.5772/34351",slug:"development-differentiation-and-derivatives-of-the-wolffian-and-m-llerian-ducts",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/30625.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30625",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30625",totalDownloads:8875,totalViews:195,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:9,impactScorePercentile:97,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 30th 2011",dateReviewed:"September 29th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 2nd 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/30625",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/30625",book:{id:"700",slug:"the-human-embryo"},signatures:"Monika Jacob, Faisal Yusuf and Heinz Jürgen Jacob",authors:[{id:"99750",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:null,surname:"Jacob",fullName:"Monika Jacob",slug:"monika-jacob",email:"monika.jacob@rub.de",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Ruhr University Bochum",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"700",type:"book",title:"The Human Embryo",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"The Human Embryo",slug:"the-human-embryo",publishedDate:"March 2nd 2012",bookSignature:"Shigehito Yamada and Tetsuya Takakuwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/700.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0124-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6835-5",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:32,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"114031",title:"Dr.",name:"Shigehito",middleName:null,surname:"Yamada",slug:"shigehito-yamada",fullName:"Shigehito Yamada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"90205",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Takakuwa",slug:"tetsuya-takakuwa",fullName:"Tetsuya Takakuwa"},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1065"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"30617",type:"chapter",title:"Introduction – Developmental Overview of the Human Embryo",slug:"introduction-overview-of-development-in-human-embryos",totalDownloads:6821,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Shigehito Yamada, and Tetsuya Takakuwa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"90205",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Takakuwa",fullName:"Tetsuya Takakuwa",slug:"tetsuya-takakuwa"},{id:"49486",title:"Prof.",name:"Shigehito",middleName:null,surname:"Yamada",fullName:"Shigehito Yamada",slug:"shigehito-yamada"}]},{id:"30618",type:"chapter",title:"Presenting Human Embryology in an International Open-Access Reference Centre (HERC)",slug:"presenting-human-embryology-in-an-international-open-access-reference-centre-herc-",totalDownloads:2909,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Beate Brand-Saberi, Edgar Wingender, Otto Rienhoff and Christoph Viebahn",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"119248",title:"Prof.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Viebahn",fullName:"Christoph Viebahn",slug:"christoph-viebahn"},{id:"119684",title:"Prof.",name:"Beate",middleName:null,surname:"Brand-Saberi",fullName:"Beate Brand-Saberi",slug:"beate-brand-saberi"},{id:"119685",title:"Prof.",name:"Edgar",middleName:null,surname:"Wingender",fullName:"Edgar Wingender",slug:"edgar-wingender"},{id:"119686",title:"Prof.",name:"Otto",middleName:null,surname:"Rienhoff",fullName:"Otto Rienhoff",slug:"otto-rienhoff"}]},{id:"30619",type:"chapter",title:"Optimal Environment for the Implantation of Human Embryo",slug:"optimal-environment-for-the-implantation-of-human-embryo-",totalDownloads:14395,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Paweł Kuć",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"88772",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Kuc",fullName:"Pawel Kuc",slug:"pawel-kuc"}]},{id:"30620",type:"chapter",title:"Immune Regulation of Human Embryo Implantation by Circulating Blood Cells",slug:"immune-regulation-of-human-embryo-implantation-by-circulating-blood-cells",totalDownloads:2853,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hiroshi Fujiwara, Yukiyasu Sato, Atsushi Ideta, Yoshito Aoyagi, Yoshihiko Araki and Kazuhiko Imakawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"91187",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujiwara",fullName:"Hiroshi Fujiwara",slug:"hiroshi-fujiwara"},{id:"132576",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukiyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",fullName:"Yukiyasu Sato",slug:"yukiyasu-sato"},{id:"132577",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Ideta",fullName:"Atsushi Ideta",slug:"atsushi-ideta"},{id:"132578",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshito",middleName:null,surname:"Aoyagi",fullName:"Yoshito Aoyagi",slug:"yoshito-aoyagi"},{id:"132580",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihiko",middleName:null,surname:"Araki",fullName:"Yoshihiko Araki",slug:"yoshihiko-araki"},{id:"132581",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuhiko",middleName:null,surname:"Imakawa",fullName:"Kazuhiko Imakawa",slug:"kazuhiko-imakawa"}]},{id:"30621",type:"chapter",title:"The Future of Human Embryo Culture Media – Or Have We Reached the Ceiling?",slug:"the-future-of-embryo-culture-media-or-have-we-reached-the-ceiling-",totalDownloads:4536,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Deirdre Zander-Fox and Michelle Lane",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"94336",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle",middleName:null,surname:"Lane",fullName:"Michelle Lane",slug:"michelle-lane"},{id:"99347",title:"Dr.",name:"Deirdre",middleName:null,surname:"Zander-Fox",fullName:"Deirdre Zander-Fox",slug:"deirdre-zander-fox"}]},{id:"30622",type:"chapter",title:"Benzo[a]pyrene and Human Embryo",slug:"benzo-a-pyrene-and-human-embryo",totalDownloads:1924,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Shi Jiao, Bingci Liu and Meng Ye",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"91480",title:"Dr.",name:"Shi",middleName:null,surname:"Jiao",fullName:"Shi Jiao",slug:"shi-jiao"},{id:"96719",title:"Prof.",name:"Bingci",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Bingci Liu",slug:"bingci-liu"},{id:"98201",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Ye",fullName:"Meng Ye",slug:"meng-ye"}]},{id:"30623",type:"chapter",title:"Developmental Anatomy of the Human Embryo – 3D-Imaging and Analytical Techniques",slug:"developmental-anatomy-of-the-human-embryo-3d-imaging-and-analytical-techniques",totalDownloads:4727,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Shigehito Yamada, Takashi Nakashima, Ayumi Hirose, Akio Yoneyama, Tohoru Takeda and Tetsuya Takakuwa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"90205",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Takakuwa",fullName:"Tetsuya Takakuwa",slug:"tetsuya-takakuwa"},{id:"49486",title:"Prof.",name:"Shigehito",middleName:null,surname:"Yamada",fullName:"Shigehito Yamada",slug:"shigehito-yamada"},{id:"39027",title:"Dr.",name:"Akio",middleName:null,surname:"Yoneyama",fullName:"Akio Yoneyama",slug:"akio-yoneyama"},{id:"49485",title:"Dr.",name:"Tohoru",middleName:null,surname:"Takeda",fullName:"Tohoru Takeda",slug:"tohoru-takeda"},{id:"129988",title:"MSc.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakashima",fullName:"Takashi Nakashima",slug:"takashi-nakashima"},{id:"130193",title:"MSc.",name:"Ayumi",middleName:null,surname:"Hirose",fullName:"Ayumi Hirose",slug:"ayumi-hirose"}]},{id:"30624",type:"chapter",title:"Cardiovascular Development in the First Trimester",slug:"-cardiovascular-development-in-the-first-trimester-",totalDownloads:2796,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Preeta Dhanantwari, Linda Leatherbury and Cecilia W. Lo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114769",title:"Dr.",name:"Preeta",middleName:null,surname:"Dhanantwari",fullName:"Preeta Dhanantwari",slug:"preeta-dhanantwari"}]},{id:"30625",type:"chapter",title:"Development, Differentiation and Derivatives of the Wolffian and Müllerian Ducts",slug:"development-differentiation-and-derivatives-of-the-wolffian-and-m-llerian-ducts",totalDownloads:8875,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Monika Jacob, Faisal Yusuf and Heinz Jürgen Jacob",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99750",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:null,surname:"Jacob",fullName:"Monika Jacob",slug:"monika-jacob"}]},{id:"30626",type:"chapter",title:"Cytogenetic Analysis of Spontaneous Miscarriage",slug:"cytogenetic-analysis-of-spontaneous-miscarriages",totalDownloads:4506,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nobuaki Ozawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"121224",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobuaki",middleName:null,surname:"Ozawa",fullName:"Nobuaki Ozawa",slug:"nobuaki-ozawa"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"702",title:"Recent Advances in Research on the Human Placenta",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2ec960f95ad477086c54b65993d58c49",slug:"recent-advances-in-research-on-the-human-placenta",bookSignature:"Jing Zheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/702.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89898",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",surname:"Zheng",slug:"jing-zheng",fullName:"Jing Zheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"31270",title:"Early Pregnancy Screening for Complications of Pregnancy: Proteomic Profiling Approaches",slug:"the-development-of-new-screening-tests-for-early-detection-of-complications-of-pregnancy-proteomic-p",signatures:"Murray D. Mitchell and Gregory E. Rice",authors:[{id:"45733",title:"Prof.",name:"Gregory",middleName:"Edward",surname:"Rice",fullName:"Gregory Rice",slug:"gregory-rice"},{id:"91918",title:"Dr.",name:"Murray",middleName:"D",surname:"Mitchell",fullName:"Murray Mitchell",slug:"murray-mitchell"}]},{id:"31271",title:"Human Placenta as a Biomarker of Environmental Toxins Exposure – Long-Term Morphochemical Monitoring",slug:"human-placenta-as-a-biomarker-for-monitoring-maternal-and-fetal-environment",signatures:"Monika Zadrożna, Barbara Nowak, Maria Żołnierek, Lucyna Zamorska and Józef Niweliński",authors:[{id:"93207",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:null,surname:"Zadrozna",fullName:"Monika Zadrozna",slug:"monika-zadrozna"}]},{id:"31272",title:"Exploring the Human Term Placenta as a Novel Source for Stem Cells and their Application in the Clinic",slug:"exploring-the-human-term-placenta-as-a-novel-niche-for-stem-cells-and-their-application-in-the-clini",signatures:"Celena Heazlewood, Matthew Cook, Nina Ilic and Kerry Atkinson",authors:[{id:"98119",title:"Ms.",name:"Celena",middleName:null,surname:"Heazlewood",fullName:"Celena Heazlewood",slug:"celena-heazlewood"},{id:"98120",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:null,surname:"Cook",fullName:"Matthew Cook",slug:"matthew-cook"},{id:"98121",title:"Ms.",name:"Nina",middleName:null,surname:"Ilic",fullName:"Nina Ilic",slug:"nina-ilic"},{id:"98122",title:"Prof.",name:"Kerry",middleName:null,surname:"Atkinson",fullName:"Kerry Atkinson",slug:"kerry-atkinson"}]},{id:"31273",title:"Aqueous Extract of Human Placenta",slug:"aqueous-extract-of-human-placenta-as-a-therapeutic-agent",signatures:"Piyali Datta Chakraborty and Debasish Bhattacharyya",authors:[{id:"88185",title:"Prof.",name:"Debasish",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharyya",fullName:"Debasish Bhattacharyya",slug:"debasish-bhattacharyya"},{id:"127848",title:"Dr.",name:"Piyali Datta",middleName:null,surname:"Chakraborty",fullName:"Piyali Datta Chakraborty",slug:"piyali-datta-chakraborty"}]},{id:"31274",title:"Placental Toxicology of Pesticides",slug:"placental-toxicology-of-pesticides",signatures:"Gladis Magnarelli and Natalia Guiñazú",authors:[{id:"90090",title:"Dr.",name:"Gladis",middleName:null,surname:"Magnarelli",fullName:"Gladis Magnarelli",slug:"gladis-magnarelli"},{id:"94923",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Guiñazú",fullName:"Natalia Guiñazú",slug:"natalia-guinazu"}]},{id:"31275",title:"Protein Expression of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors in Human Placentas from Mild Preeclamptic and Early Pregnancies",slug:"protein-expression-of-aryl-hydrocarbon-receptors-in-human-placentas-from-mild-preeclamptic-and-early",signatures:"Ke-hong Hao, Qian Zhou, Qi-zhi He, Jing Zheng and Kai Wang",authors:[{id:"89898",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",fullName:"Jing Zheng",slug:"jing-zheng"},{id:"89925",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Kai Wang",slug:"kai-wang"},{id:"128491",title:"MSc.",name:"Ke-Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Hao",fullName:"Ke-Hong Hao",slug:"ke-hong-hao"},{id:"128493",title:"Dr.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Qian Zhou",slug:"qian-zhou"},{id:"128495",title:"MSc.",name:"Qi-Zhi",middleName:null,surname:"He",fullName:"Qi-Zhi He",slug:"qi-zhi-he"}]},{id:"31276",title:"Placental Infection by Trypanosome Cruzi, the Causal Agent of Congenital Chagas´ Disease",slug:"placental-infection-by-trypanosome-cruzi-the-causal-agent-of-congenital-chagas-disease-",signatures:"Cintia Diaz-Luján, Maria Fernanda Triquell, Luciana Mezzano and Ricardo E. Fretes",authors:[{id:"96158",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Fretes",fullName:"Fretes",slug:"fretes"},{id:"98690",title:"BSc.",name:"Maria",middleName:"Fernanda",surname:"Triquell",fullName:"Maria Triquell",slug:"maria-triquell"},{id:"98691",title:"MSc.",name:"Cintia",middleName:null,surname:"Diaz-Luján",fullName:"Cintia Diaz-Luján",slug:"cintia-diaz-lujan"},{id:"136598",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mezzano",fullName:"Luciana Mezzano",slug:"luciana-mezzano"}]},{id:"31277",title:"Mechanism of Congenital Chagas Disease: Effective Infection Depends on the Interplay Between Trypanosoma cruzi and the Different Tissue Compartments in the Chorionic Villi of the Human Placenta",slug:"mechanism-of-congenital-chagas-disease-effective-infection-depends-on-the-interplay-between-trypanos",signatures:"Juan Duaso, Christian Castillo and Ulrike Kemmerling",authors:[{id:"92753",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulrike",middleName:null,surname:"Kemmerling",fullName:"Ulrike Kemmerling",slug:"ulrike-kemmerling"},{id:"97567",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:"Gabriel",surname:"Duaso",fullName:"Juan Duaso",slug:"juan-duaso"},{id:"97568",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Castillo",fullName:"Christian Castillo",slug:"christian-castillo"}]},{id:"31278",title:"Expression of Estrogen Receptors in Placentas Originating from Premature Deliveries Induced by Arterial Hypertension",slug:"expression-of-estrogen-receptors-in-placentas-originating-from-premature-deliveries-induced-by-arter",signatures:"Andrzej Plewka, Danuta Plewka and Grażyna Nowaczyk",authors:[{id:"91075",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Plewka",fullName:"Andrzej Plewka",slug:"andrzej-plewka"},{id:"95337",title:"Dr.",name:"Danuta",middleName:null,surname:"Plewka",fullName:"Danuta Plewka",slug:"danuta-plewka"},{id:"95338",title:"Dr.",name:"Grazyna",middleName:null,surname:"Nowaczyk",fullName:"Grazyna Nowaczyk",slug:"grazyna-nowaczyk"}]},{id:"31279",title:"Cytokines and the Innate Immune Response at the Materno-Fetal Interface",slug:"immunological-responsiveness-of-the-human-placenta",signatures:"Aled H. Bryant and Catherine A. Thornton",authors:[{id:"94522",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"Thornton",fullName:"Catherine Thornton",slug:"catherine-thornton"},{id:"97902",title:"Mr.",name:"Aled",middleName:"H",surname:"Bryant",fullName:"Aled Bryant",slug:"aled-bryant"}]},{id:"31280",title:"Mechanisms of Maternal Immune Tolerance During Pregnancy",slug:"mechanisms-of-maternal-immune-tolerance-during-pregnancy",signatures:"John E. Schjenken, Jorge M. Tolosa, Jonathan W. Paul, Vicki L. Clifton and Roger Smith",authors:[{id:"96061",title:"Prof.",name:"Roger",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",fullName:"Roger Smith",slug:"roger-smith"},{id:"96235",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Tolosa",fullName:"Jorge Tolosa",slug:"jorge-tolosa"},{id:"96238",title:"Prof.",name:"Vicki",middleName:null,surname:"Clifton",fullName:"Vicki Clifton",slug:"vicki-clifton"},{id:"96241",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Schjenken",fullName:"John Schjenken",slug:"john-schjenken"},{id:"147665",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",fullName:"Jonathan Paul",slug:"jonathan-paul"}]},{id:"31281",title:"Placenta-Derived Exosomes and Their Role in the Immune Protection of the Fetus",slug:"placental-exosomes-in-human-pregnancy-and-their-role-in-immune-protection-of-the-fetus",signatures:"Lucia Mincheva-Nilsson and Vladimir Baranov",authors:[{id:"91562",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Mincheva-Nilsson",fullName:"Lucia Mincheva-Nilsson",slug:"lucia-mincheva-nilsson"},{id:"106880",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Baranov",fullName:"Vladimir Baranov",slug:"vladimir-baranov"}]},{id:"31282",title:"The Morphology of Villous Capillary Bed in Normal and Diabetic Placenta",slug:"the-morphology-of-villous-capillary-bed-in-normal-and-diabetic-placenta",signatures:"Marie Jirkovská",authors:[{id:"90383",title:"Prof.",name:"Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Jirkovská",fullName:"Marie Jirkovská",slug:"marie-jirkovska"}]},{id:"31283",title:"Role of EG-VEGF in Human Placentation: Physiological and Pathological Implications",slug:"role-of-eg-vegf-in-human-placentation-physiological-and-pthological-implications",signatures:"P. Hoffmann, S. Brouillet, M. Benharouga, J.J. Feige and N. Alfaidy",authors:[{id:"89240",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Alfaidy",fullName:"Nadia Alfaidy",slug:"nadia-alfaidy"},{id:"97929",title:"MSc.",name:"Sophie",middleName:null,surname:"Brouillet",fullName:"Sophie Brouillet",slug:"sophie-brouillet"},{id:"97944",title:"Prof.",name:"Pascale",middleName:null,surname:"Hoffmann",fullName:"Pascale Hoffmann",slug:"pascale-hoffmann"},{id:"97946",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Jacques",middleName:null,surname:"Feige",fullName:"Jean-Jacques Feige",slug:"jean-jacques-feige"},{id:"97952",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Benharouga",fullName:"Mohamed Benharouga",slug:"mohamed-benharouga"}]},{id:"31284",title:"Placental Transport of Thyroid Hormone and Iodide",slug:"placental-transport-of-thyroid-hormone-and-iodide",signatures:"Kerry Richard, Huika Li, Kelly A. Landers, Jatin Patel and Robin H. Mortimer",authors:[{id:"89090",title:"Dr.",name:"Kerry",middleName:null,surname:"Richard",fullName:"Kerry Richard",slug:"kerry-richard"},{id:"94386",title:"Prof.",name:"Robin",middleName:null,surname:"Mortimer",fullName:"Robin Mortimer",slug:"robin-mortimer"},{id:"94388",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelly",middleName:null,surname:"Landers",fullName:"Kelly Landers",slug:"kelly-landers"},{id:"94389",title:"Ms.",name:"Huika",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Huika Li",slug:"huika-li"},{id:"94390",title:"Mr.",name:"Jatin",middleName:null,surname:"Patel",fullName:"Jatin Patel",slug:"jatin-patel"}]},{id:"31285",title:"ABC Transporters in Human Placenta and Their Role in Maternal-Fetal Cholesterol Transfer: ABCA1 Candidate Target",slug:"abc-transporters-in-human-placenta-and-their-role-in-maternal-fetal-cholesterol-transfer-abca1-candi",signatures:"Jayonta Bhattacharjee, Francesca Ietta, Roberta Romagnoli, Nicoletta Bechi, Isabella Caniggia and Luana Paulesu",authors:[{id:"100359",title:"Prof.",name:"Luana",middleName:null,surname:"Paulesu",fullName:"Luana Paulesu",slug:"luana-paulesu"}]},{id:"31286",title:"Genomic Imprinting in Human Placenta",slug:"genomic-imprinting-in-human-placenta",signatures:"Luca Lambertini, Men-Jean Lee, Carmen J. Marsit and Jia Chen",authors:[{id:"91105",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Lambertini",fullName:"Luca Lambertini",slug:"luca-lambertini"},{id:"98497",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Marsit",fullName:"Carmen Marsit",slug:"carmen-marsit"},{id:"98499",title:"Dr.",name:"Men-Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Men-Jean Lee",slug:"men-jean-lee"},{id:"98502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jia",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jia Chen",slug:"jia-chen"}]},{id:"31287",title:"Role of Nuclear Receptors Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and Liver X Receptors (LXRs) in the Human Placental Pathophysiology",slug:"role-of-nuclear-receptors-peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptors-and-liver-x-receptors-in-the-p",signatures:"Geoffroy Marceau, Loïc Blanchon, Jean-Marc Lobaccaro and Vincent Sapin",authors:[{id:"100695",title:"Dr.",name:"Geoffroy",middleName:null,surname:"Marceau",fullName:"Geoffroy Marceau",slug:"geoffroy-marceau"},{id:"100730",title:"Dr.",name:"Loic",middleName:null,surname:"Blanchon",fullName:"Loic Blanchon",slug:"loic-blanchon"},{id:"100733",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Sapin",fullName:"Vincent Sapin",slug:"vincent-sapin"},{id:"100736",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Lobaccaro",fullName:"Jean-Marc Lobaccaro",slug:"jean-marc-lobaccaro"}]},{id:"31288",title:"The Role of Mitochondria in Syncytiotrophoblast Cells: Bioenergetics and Steroidogenesis",slug:"the-role-of-mitochondria-in-syncytiotrophoblast-cells-bioenergetics-and-steroidogenesis",signatures:"Federico Martinez, Rebeca Milan, Oscar Flores-Herrera, Sofia Olvera-Sanchez, Erika Gomez-Chang and Maria Teresa Espinosa-Garcia",authors:[{id:"93288",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez",fullName:"Federico Martinez",slug:"federico-martinez"},{id:"98083",title:"MSc.",name:"Rebeca",middleName:null,surname:"Milan",fullName:"Rebeca Milan",slug:"rebeca-milan"},{id:"98084",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Herrera",fullName:"Oscar Flores-Herrera",slug:"oscar-flores-herrera"},{id:"98085",title:"BSc.",name:"Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Olvera-Sanchez",fullName:"Sofia Olvera-Sanchez",slug:"sofia-olvera-sanchez"},{id:"98086",title:"BSc.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Chang",fullName:"Erika Gomez-Chang",slug:"erika-gomez-chang"},{id:"98087",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Espinosa-Garcia",fullName:"Maria Espinosa-Garcia",slug:"maria-espinosa-garcia"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"700",title:"The Human Embryo",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86474f84fc2e891369f79e859bd84d44",slug:"the-human-embryo",bookSignature:"Shigehito Yamada and Tetsuya Takakuwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/700.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"114031",title:"Dr.",name:"Shigehito",surname:"Yamada",slug:"shigehito-yamada",fullName:"Shigehito Yamada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"702",title:"Recent Advances in Research on the Human Placenta",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2ec960f95ad477086c54b65993d58c49",slug:"recent-advances-in-research-on-the-human-placenta",bookSignature:"Jing Zheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/702.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89898",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",surname:"Zheng",slug:"jing-zheng",fullName:"Jing Zheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2586",title:"Skeletal Muscle",subtitle:"From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39cac55a7eca71b41c2a28933c1e2d4d",slug:"skeletal-muscle-from-myogenesis-to-clinical-relations",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2586.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7175",title:"Placenta",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"447d49d62164c5437461f3b0aae7a67f",slug:"placenta",bookSignature:"Ahmed R. G.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7175.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138555",title:"Prof.",name:"R.G.",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"r.g.-ahmed",fullName:"R.G. Ahmed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6191",title:"Selected Topics in Breastfeeding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3334b831761ffa52e78de6fc681e33b3",slug:"selected-topics-in-breastfeeding",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría P.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6191.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"700",title:"The Human Embryo",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86474f84fc2e891369f79e859bd84d44",slug:"the-human-embryo",bookSignature:"Shigehito Yamada and Tetsuya Takakuwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/700.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"114031",title:"Dr.",name:"Shigehito",surname:"Yamada",slug:"shigehito-yamada",fullName:"Shigehito Yamada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"72671",title:"Oil–Water Separation Techniques for Bilge Water Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91409",slug:"oil-water-separation-techniques-for-bilge-water-treatment",body:'\n
Shipping has a vital role in developing human society over the years, at which the shipping activities have linked the widely separated parts of the world through commercial relationships. In fact, the shipping industry is still developing from time to time with rapid industrial and digital economy growth. In Canada, the shipping industry has been established since 1840 and now undergone significant technological advances, where the size of ships that carry containers for international use continues to increase [1]. Even in Malaysia, the government has launched an initiative, namely, Malaysia Shipping Master Plan, that ensures the shipping industry is focused on developing itself and has a guide for future development. This initiative takes place from 2017 until 2022 with a “Revitalizing Shipping for a Stronger Economy” theme [2].
\nGenerally, there are three main classifications for the global cargo shipping industry, which are:
Wet bulk: Transportation of crude oil and other petroleum products
Dry bulk: Shipment of bulk goods
Liners: Small shipments of general commercial goods
Each of wet bulk, dry bulk, and liner shipping needs their specialized vessels, which are tankers, bulkers, and container ships, respectively [3].
\nFirstly, for wet bulk shipping, approximately a quarter of the goods transported by sea is dominated by crude oil [4]. The oils are transported from its production point to the purchasers by the wet bulk shipping or known as tankers. Majority of the crude oil is moved from the most significant oil-producing region, which is the Middle East, to the dominant importers like the European Union, Japan and the United States of America. Other than that, North America imports oil from the Caribbean and West America meanwhile West and North Africa export their oils to Europe [4].
\nNext, the largest group out of these three classifications is dry bulk shipping, where more than 50% of all loaded goods are handled by the bulkers, while 30 and 16% are for tankers and containers, respectively [5]. There is a vast range of solid cargoes transported by containers. Generally, there are five primary crucial bulk goods, which are coal, grain, iron ore, bauxite, and phosphates, in which iron ore and coal are the two goods that are transported the most [4]. Meanwhile, chemical packages and steel products are the example of the shipped minor bulk goods [6]. The main routes for iron ore transportation are from Australia and Brazil to Japan as well as from Brazil to Western Europe. While for coal, which is commonly used as steam coal in power stations to generate electricity, the leading exporters are from South Africa, Australia, Colombia, the East and West Coast of the United States, as well as Indonesia. Moreover, Australia, South Africa, Colombia, and the East Coast of the United States export their coal to Western Europe, whereas Japan receives the coal from the West Coast of the United States, Australia, and South Africa [4].
\nLiner shipping, also known as container shipping, provides services by transporting goods in containers with scheduled sailings. The variety of goods transported by liner shipping are packed in a smaller unit. One of the contributors to the continuation and development of liner shipping is the increment of the digital economy. According to Ref. [7], companies that produce and process raw materials, commodities, and manufacturing goods are the previous world’s fastest-growing and biggest corporations. However, currently, Internet-related service and technology-based manufacturers, such as Alibaba, Amazon, Apple, and Microsoft, have become the world’s most valuable and most prominent companies, where e-commerce, online communication and cashless Business to Business (B2B) and Business to Consumer (B2C) transactions are practiced [7]. This development has contributed more to the growth of the shipping industry, where it is considered as a catalyst for economic development by facilitating world trade, due to the cheaper mode of transportation.
\nHowever, aside from on-the-ground activities such as lubricants, refineries, and petrochemical industries, it is undeniable that shipping activities have contributed to marine pollution, especially in this twentieth century where carriage of the cargoes by the ships is increasing. According to [8], millions of tons of oily wastes and waste oils are generated as the by-products of the ships, every year. One of the contributors to water pollution by the operating marine vessels is the discharging of oily bilge water. Typically for marine vessels, the oily wastes and waste oil that come from various sources accumulate in the bilge space, which is the lowest part of the vessel.
\nRoutinely, the accumulated oily bilge water must be discharged out of the bilge spaces to maintain the stability of the vessel, hence eliminating the possibility of the ship to be in the conditions that can cause a hazard to it [9]. The wastes discharged can eventually cause water pollution, which leads to many negative impacts on the human, environment, and marine populations. Oily bilge water may poison marine organisms because it might cover plants and tiny animals when it floated on the surface of the water and is carried into the shoreline, causing life cycles of the plant and the respiration of the animals be interfered [10].
\nHence, many governments and international industries are working on the marine pollution issue, mainly originated from the shipping industry, such as the Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC), the International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), and the Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia. In order to solve the problem, oily wastewater separator is essential and needs to be installed and operated effectively to prevent the pollution as well as to ensure that the water discharged overboard is within legal limits.
\nThe lowest compartment of the vessels and directly above the keel is known as bilge, where water that drains off from various sources is captured. The water might be originated from rain, interior spillage, rough seas, or minor leakage in other main parts of the vessel. Depending on a few factors such as ship size, design of engine room, and components’ age, the amount of accumulated bilge water onboard varies from one to another. In order to maintain the stability of the vessel and to avoid conditions that can cause hazard (such as vessel’s propulsion systems and ancillary machinery damage and fire hazard) due to too much of bilge waste accumulation, it is crucial to remove the bilge water into a holding tank, periodically [9]. There are two options to manage the bilge water, which are whether installing bilge separator to treat it onboard or holding it in a tank on the vessel before discharging it to the shore’s treatment facility. Somehow, treating it onboard has an advantage where a smaller volume of oily bilge water has to be stored in the vessel. Meanwhile, the treated wastewater can be removed according to the related regulations and standards.
\nThe composition of bilge water depends on the design and function of the ship. The wastewater is commonly comprised of water, oily fluids, cleaning fluids, lubricant, and grease as well as other wastes that originated from piping, engines, and other operational and mechanical sources in the vessel’s machinery spaces [9] as well as urine and chemicals. Other than that, extra waste streams in massive vessels contain sludge, waste oil, and oily water mixtures. Sludge is formed from the continuous fuel purification to remove contaminants in order to enhance low-quality fuels as well as to avoid ship’s engines and highly machined components from being damaged.
\nThe regulation stipulated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) highlighted on the oil content of the bilge water discharged to the sea. The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) has set the maximum limit of 15 mg/L for the oil content in the wastewater to be discharged to the sea. According to the US EPA (2008), passenger ships produce the highest amount of bilge water with huge difference as compared to the other types of ships. This is due to their more complex constructions and support for crowds of passengers [9].
\nTypically, the small volumes of treated bilge water are released above the water line and instantly diluted in the sea water. Hence, the obvious effects of oil spill is most likely not going to occur. However, a long-term effect might happen to the marine living organisms around the shipping lanes. The negative consequences that will take place may be due to the excessive concentration of biodegradable compounds, including oil, as well as continuous increment of nondegradable compound concentration such as metals [11].
\nOther than that, surfactant is one of the significant chemicals contained in the bilge water. The mixtures of oil and surfactants may cause higher toxicity since the oil and surfactants alone are toxic themselves. This may be due to the synergistic effects or the crude oil that has been dissolved, causing it to be consumable for the exposed organisms [12, 13, 14, 15].
\nTypically, OWS is made up of three segments, which are separator unit, filter unit, and oil content monitor and control unit. The separator and filter units are included as treatment units, where many designs and different principles are applied. The gravity and centrifugal separators are commonly used as the first stage of the treatment, followed by other separation techniques, which is called as polishing treatment. The examples of the polishing unit are flotation, coagulation and flocculation, filtration, biological treatment, as well as absorption and adsorption [16]. Normal techniques, such as gravitational and centrifugation, are used for oily wastewater that has two distinct phases; meanwhile, addition of chemical or biological de-emulsification is required for separation of emulsified oily bilge water [17].
\nTypically, oily bilge water treatment onboard starts with a gravitational method in order to remove heavy fractions and lighter fractions based on density difference. In this method, coalescing materials made of oleophilic polymer in the form of loose-packed media or parallel plate are used to attract the oil droplets to adhere to the plate [16]. Examples of oleophilic polymer used as the coalescing plate separators are polyethylene, fiberglass, and nylon [18].
\nThe free-moving dispersed oil droplets continue to adhere to the plate or media until it can break from the coalescing material and float up to the surface of the tank. The presence of the oil detected by the sensors then automatically triggers the OWS to remove the collected oil to a waste oil tank. However, this method can only be effective when the phase of the oil and water is separated distinctively [19]. In other words, in some instances, the gravitational method is not suitable since the bilge water typically consists of emulsified oil formed due to the chemical emulsifiers (solvents and cleaning agents) as well as mechanical means such as ship’s motion and transfer system pump [16]. Figure 1 shows the gravitational separator process.
\nGravitational separator [
As can be seen from the figure above, as the oily bilge water flows through the parallel plate, oil globules are formed and float up to the surface to form oil layer. Oil skimmer is used to skim off the oil layer. Then, oil discharge valve and purge water valve are opened, where the oil is removed from the unit by the purge water.
\nCentrifugal separators are the alternative option for the gravity separators. The same principle is applied, in which the oil is separated based on the different density of oil and water as well as coalescence of the oil droplets. Somehow, the centrifugal acceleration causes the gravity to increase more, and the coagulation and flocculation processes are enhanced in order to separate the emulsified oil. This type of separator has many advantages as compared to gravity OWS. Since it can separate more oil from the bilge water, including emulsified oil, less oil content is loaded to the next treatment step, which is usually called a polishing unit. Thus, the polisher’s service life might last long, reducing the cost of maintenance and repair. Centrifugal separators are also more compact and require smaller bilge water holding tanks [16]. However, high capital cost is needed for the centrifuges, and regular maintenance must be done since large horsepower motors are used during the process.
\n\nFigure 2 shows an example of manufactured separator (PureBilge by Alfa Laval).
\nPatented Alfa Laval XLrator [
In the inlet stream of the unit, the bilge water is accelerated by the XLrator with less shearing and foaming in order to prevent the oil drops from separating and further emulsion formation. Then, it flows into the separator, in which coalescence occurs due to high centrifugal force. Flocculation of small oil drops takes place and flocculants is added to promote bigger flocs for easier separation [21].
\nSeparation of oil by flotation occurs due to the difference in density of oil and water, where water is denser than oil, forming a scum layer on top of the water. Floatation technique can be divided into many different techniques, including electroflotation, froth flotation [22], and dissolved air flotation (DAF). Electroflotation separates oil from water through electrochemical reactions by electrolysis, where tiny bubbles produced from electrolysis will cause the pollutants to float to the water body surface [23]. In froth flotation, the separation takes place when the oil adheres onto the fine bubbles generated when air is introduced into the system. Surfactant is added to adsorb the air or water interface of the bubbles of air with the head groups (hydrophilic) in the water and the tail groups (hydrophobic) in the air. Hence, when the bubbles rise through the solution, the oil will concentrate on the bubble surfaces and foam is formed [24].
\nMeanwhile, dissolved air flotation (DAF) introduces micro gas bubbles into the flotation chamber that has been formed when water is saturated with gas under pressure [25]. The oil droplet will spread around the gas, and conglomerate will continue to rise to the surface of the solution. The advantages of flotation treatment are the following: less investment needed, low energy consumption, and easy to maintain [26]. However, the statement contradicts with Yu et al. [27] who stated that flotation requires high energy consumption and has repairing and maintenance problem as well as issue in manufacturing of the device.
\nAccording to Yu et al. [27], coagulation process is a robust oil–water separation technology because it is able to separate dissolved and emulsified oil; hence, it is vastly applied in the latest oily wastewater treatment method [28]. In the coagulation process, coagulant, a chemical substance, is added to the wastewater to destabilize the charge of colloidal particles in the solution [29] which is too tiny for gravitational settling. When the particles are destabilized, larger flocs are formed making it easier to settle and then are skimmed off to the clarifier or sludge thickener.
\nAnyhow, many experiments might be needed if the coagulation method is going to be used in treating oily wastewater. This is because of the complexity of oily wastewater, making it hard to choose the most suitable coagulants for effective separation of oil and water to take place [27]. In a study done by Zeng et al. [30], oil removal efficiency is improved up to 99% when aggregation of poly-zinc silicate (PZSS) with anionic polyacrylamide (A-PAM) is used as the coagulating and flocculating chemicals. Somehow, higher costs are needed, and it could cause water bodies’ secondary pollution and difficulties to the next process [27].
\nSome bilge water treatment units include biological treatment, which is called as a bioreactor. In this method, microorganisms are used to eliminate or reduce the organic and inorganic compounds before the treated wastewater being discharged to the sea or to a collection system [29]. The microorganisms convert the dissolved and particulate carbonaceous organic matter, including oil, in the bilge water into simple end products through the oxidation process. The equation below is representing the aerobic biological oxidation of organic matter [29].
\nAs can be seen from Eq. 1 above, the oxidation process needs oxygen (O2) and nutrients, which are nitrate (NH3) and phosphate (PO4\n3−), in order to convert the organic matter to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Other than that, the new cells generated are referring to the biomass produced after the oxidation of organic matter takes place.
\nThere are two principals of biological processes used to treat wastewater, which are suspended growth and attached growth, or also known as biofilm, processes. Suspended growth process maintains the microorganisms in liquid suspension by proper mixing methods. Meanwhile, attached growth attach the microorganisms to an inert packing material, where the wastewater will flow past the biofilm to remove the organic materials [29]. For OWS onboard, biofilm is used, in which the bacteria are attached to a synthetic support media. In this bioreactor, aerators are installed under the media to supply oxygen to the bacteria for bacterial growth as well as for oxidation of the organic contaminants to take place. Other than that, a clarifier is needed in order to remove the biomass formed at the end of the processes [16].
\nBiological treatment, with flexible operation, simple maintenance and management, as well as stable effluent quality [26], is indeed a suitable method since no waste oil is produced by the process [16]. Small oil droplets of emulsified oil, which are hardly removed by physical and chemical treatment, can be degraded easily by the bacteria [31]. However, CO2 will be produced from the process, resulting in increment in greenhouse gases. Even though the operating cost is low, the capital cost needed is high and skillful personnel to be in charge is required to ensure the treatment functioned well.
\nBasically, there are three stages involved in the process [32]. The first stage is heavy phase separation, where separated oils and solids are removed. In the second stage, the bacteria are used to convert the emulsified oil into non-harmful end products. This stage is known as emulsified oil degradation stage. Then, the third stage contains clarifier in order to remove the remaining solids and water.
\nPhysicochemical sorption involved in absorption and adsorption processes can eventually separate the oil from the bilge water. Absorption occurs when two discrete physical states of substances are fused together. Meanwhile, in adsorption, molecules adhere onto the surface of different phase [16]. Both absorption and adsorption involved absorbent sorption media and adsorbent, respectively. The oil is separated by pumping the bilge water through these media until their maximum sorption capacity is achieved, which then the oil is removed. Certain used media are possible to be regenerated onboard; meanwhile, some are regenerated or disposed of onshore. Somehow, the regenerated media is replaced once it is exhausted, where it can no longer absorb or adsorb the oil molecules. Having a few advantages which include low capital and operating cost as well as compact treatment unit, these two sorption techniques are suitable for vessels with less than 400 gross tonnages [16]. Table 1 summarizes the comparison of the oil–water separation techniques.
\nTechniques | \nAdvantages | \nDisadvantages | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|---|
Gravitational | \nEffective for discrete phases of oil and water | \nNot effective to separate emulsified oils from water | \n[16, 19] | \n
Centrifugation | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[16] | \n
Flotation | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[26, 27] | \n
Coagulation and flocculation | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[16, 27, 28, 33] | \n
Biological | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[16, 27] | \n
Absorption and adsorption | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[16] | \n
Comparison of the separation techniques.
Currently, many types of OWS for bilge from different manufacturers are available in the market. The separators consist of a number of separator units that use different separation techniques. Table 2 shows examples of companies that produced commercially available bilge water separators.
\nNo. | \nManufacturers | \nName of the products | \nSeparation techniques applied | \n
---|---|---|---|
1 | \nAlfa Laval | \nPureBilge | \nCentrifugation | \n
2 | \nEnSolve Biosystems, Inc. | \nPetroLiminator OWS | \nBiological | \n
3 | \nVillage Marine Tec. | \nVillage Marine Tec. Oily Water Separator (VMT OWS) | \nAdsorption | \n
4 | \nSeparator Spares & Equipment, LLC. | \nULTRA-SEP Bilge Water Separator | \nUltrafiltration (membrane) | \n
5 | \nCompass Water Solutions | \nCRP-SEP | \n\n
| \n
ULTRA-SEP | \n\n
| \n||
VG-SEP | \n\n
| \n||
6 | \nRecovery Energy, Inc. | \nBOSS Oily Water Separators | \n\n
| \n
Examples of commercially available bilge water separator.
Different techniques are available and being used in the oil–water separation techniques for bilge water treatment. Typically, more than one unit of separators is needed to meet the minimum allowable discharge limit value set by the regulatory bodies. Gravitational and centrifugal methods are said to be the first technique before undergoing further polishing separation. Polishing treatment unit caters smaller droplet of oil, or emulsified oil, which cannot be treated by gravitational and centrifugal methods. To conclude, oily bilge water can be treated with proper separation techniques so that the treated bilge water discharged to the sea comply with the limit and marine pollution can be minimized and prevented. Any other treatment techniques can as well be tested and introduced to enhance the oil–water separation process in treating bilge water.
\nThe authors would like to acknowledge the Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR) and Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS for the support.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen books are published online and are accessible for free.
\r\n\r\nHowever, if you are interested in ordering your hardcover copy, you can do so by contacting our Print Sales Department at orders@intechopen.com. All IntechOpen books are printed on demand in full-colour and delivered in signature packaging through FREE DHL Express delivery.
\r\n\r\nFor a quote or assistance please contact us directly at orders@intechopen.com The quote will be sent to you within 1-2 business days.
\r\n\r\nOur entire portfolio of over 5,500 books is also available through Amazon.
',metaTitle:"Order and delivery",metaDescription:"Our books are published online and are accessible for free. However, if you are interested in ordering your hardcover copy, you can do so by contacting our Print Sales Department at orders@intechopen.com. All IntechOpen books are printed on demand in full-colour and delivered in signature packaging through free DHL Express delivery. A selection of our books in soft cover is also available through Amazon.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Our books are available hardcover, printed in full colour and produced to the highest standards on PEFC™ and FSC certified paper, complying with principles of responsible forestry worldwide. The paper size is 180 x 260 mm (7 x 10.2 inches).
\\n\\nIntechOpen works with award winning print-houses and we hold to the fact that all of our printed products are of the highest quality.
\\n\\nIntechOpen books retail price range is:
\\n\\n100 - 159 GBP ex. VAT (available in USD and EUR)
\\n\\nDiscounts available:
\\n\\nBulk discounts are granted for orders of 10 copies and more.
\\n\\nThere is no minimum or maximum threshold on the quantity of book orders.
\\n\\nOrders have to be paid in advance and before printing. We accept payment in GBP, EUR and USD.
\\n\\nWe currently accept the following payment options:
\\n\\nWhen paying with a credit card, you will be redirected to the PayPal.com online payment portal.
\\n\\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\nIn accordance with the best security practice, we do not accept card orders via email.
\\n\\nThe combined printing and delivery time for orders vary from 7-15 business days, depending on the printed quantity and destination. This period does not include any customs clearance difficulties that may arise and that are beyond our control. Once your order has been printed and shipped, you will receive a confirmation email that includes your DHL tracking number. You can then track your order at www.dhl.com.
\\n\\nIf you do not receive your order within 30 days from the date your order is shipped, please contact us to inquire about the shipping status at orders@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nTax: Residents of European Union countries need to add a Book Value-Added Tax Rate based on their country of residence. Institutions and companies, registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state, will not pay VAT by providing IntechOpen with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nCustoms: free shipping does not include any duties, taxes or clearing charges levied by the destination country. These charges are the responsibility of the customer and will vary from country to country.
\\n\\nP.O. Boxes cannot be used as a Ship-To Address.
\\n\\nIntechOpen partners do not provide shipping service from Europe to the countries listed below. Please refrain from mailing items addressed to the countries listed below, until further notice.
\\n\\nWhen ordering our books from the countries listed below, please provide an alternative mailing address. For any further assistance, please contact us at orders@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nRestricted Ship-to Countries:
\\n\\nPOD products are non-returnable and non-refundable, except in the event of poor print quality or an error in quantity. If we delivered the item to you in error or the item is faulty, please contact us.
\\n\\nInspect your order carefully when it arrives. Any problems should be immediately reported to orders@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPrint copies of our publications are most often purchased by universities, libraries, institutions and academia personnel, hence increasing the visibility and outreach of our authors' published work among science communities and institutions.
\\n\\nOur books are available at our direct Print Sales Department and through selected representatives throughout the world.
\\n\\nBooks International
\\n\\nRepresentative for: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam (ASEAN)
\\n\\nChina Publishers Services Ltd - CPS
\\n\\nRepresentative for: China, Taiwan, Hong Kong
\\n\\nIndia - CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
\\n\\nRepresentative for: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Maldives, Iran, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunis, United Arab Emirates and Yemen
\\n\\nLSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V
\\n\\nRepresentative for Mexico, Chile and Colombia
\\n\\nMissing Link Versandbuchhandlung eG
\\n\\nRepresentative for: Germany, Austria, Switzerland
\\n\\nKuba Libri, s.r.o.
\\n\\nRepresentative for: Czech Republic
\\n\\nFor partnership opportunities, please contact orders@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Our books are available hardcover, printed in full colour and produced to the highest standards on PEFC™ and FSC certified paper, complying with principles of responsible forestry worldwide. The paper size is 180 x 260 mm (7 x 10.2 inches).
\n\nIntechOpen works with award winning print-houses and we hold to the fact that all of our printed products are of the highest quality.
\n\nIntechOpen books retail price range is:
\n\n100 - 159 GBP ex. VAT (available in USD and EUR)
\n\nDiscounts available:
\n\nBulk discounts are granted for orders of 10 copies and more.
\n\nThere is no minimum or maximum threshold on the quantity of book orders.
\n\nOrders have to be paid in advance and before printing. We accept payment in GBP, EUR and USD.
\n\nWe currently accept the following payment options:
\n\nWhen paying with a credit card, you will be redirected to the PayPal.com online payment portal.
\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\nIn accordance with the best security practice, we do not accept card orders via email.
\n\nThe combined printing and delivery time for orders vary from 7-15 business days, depending on the printed quantity and destination. This period does not include any customs clearance difficulties that may arise and that are beyond our control. Once your order has been printed and shipped, you will receive a confirmation email that includes your DHL tracking number. You can then track your order at www.dhl.com.
\n\nIf you do not receive your order within 30 days from the date your order is shipped, please contact us to inquire about the shipping status at orders@intechopen.com.
\n\nTax: Residents of European Union countries need to add a Book Value-Added Tax Rate based on their country of residence. Institutions and companies, registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state, will not pay VAT by providing IntechOpen with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nCustoms: free shipping does not include any duties, taxes or clearing charges levied by the destination country. These charges are the responsibility of the customer and will vary from country to country.
\n\nP.O. Boxes cannot be used as a Ship-To Address.
\n\nIntechOpen partners do not provide shipping service from Europe to the countries listed below. Please refrain from mailing items addressed to the countries listed below, until further notice.
\n\nWhen ordering our books from the countries listed below, please provide an alternative mailing address. For any further assistance, please contact us at orders@intechopen.com.
\n\nRestricted Ship-to Countries:
\n\nPOD products are non-returnable and non-refundable, except in the event of poor print quality or an error in quantity. If we delivered the item to you in error or the item is faulty, please contact us.
\n\nInspect your order carefully when it arrives. Any problems should be immediately reported to orders@intechopen.com.
\n\nPrint copies of our publications are most often purchased by universities, libraries, institutions and academia personnel, hence increasing the visibility and outreach of our authors' published work among science communities and institutions.
\n\nOur books are available at our direct Print Sales Department and through selected representatives throughout the world.
\n\nBooks International
\n\nRepresentative for: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam (ASEAN)
\n\nChina Publishers Services Ltd - CPS
\n\nRepresentative for: China, Taiwan, Hong Kong
\n\nIndia - CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
\n\nRepresentative for: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Maldives, Iran, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunis, United Arab Emirates and Yemen
\n\nLSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V
\n\nRepresentative for Mexico, Chile and Colombia
\n\nMissing Link Versandbuchhandlung eG
\n\nRepresentative for: Germany, Austria, Switzerland
\n\nKuba Libri, s.r.o.
\n\nRepresentative for: Czech Republic
\n\nFor partnership opportunities, please contact orders@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6675},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2460},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12718},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1018},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17721}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134178},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11677",title:"New Insights in Mammalian Endocrinology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c59dd0f87bbf829ca091c485f4cc4e68",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Muhammad Subhan Qureshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11583",title:"Parkinson’s Disease - Animal Models, Current Therapies and Clinical Trials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"99788a4a7f9ee0b4de55de293a2ed3d0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Sarat Chandra Yenisetti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11583.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"181774",title:"Prof.",name:"Sarat Chandra",surname:"Yenisetti",slug:"sarat-chandra-yenisetti",fullName:"Sarat Chandra Yenisetti"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11880",title:"Health Literacy - Advances and Trends",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"936246c4939223eb851ae4df22d15423",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Carlos Miguel Rios-González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11880.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196288",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Rios-González",slug:"carlos-rios-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Rios-González"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11587",title:"Updates on ADHD - New Approaches to Assessment and Intervention",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e0718a84e5fda7ed4287095c3ef27dae",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Celestino Rodríguez Pérez and Mrs. Debora Areces",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11587.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"85114",title:"Dr.",name:"Celestino",surname:"Rodríguez Pérez",slug:"celestino-rodriguez-perez",fullName:"Celestino Rodríguez Pérez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11687",title:"Bariatric Surgery - Past and Present",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c8ee32c7f77d3b4b190c87379af61b01",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Burhan Hakan Kanat and Dr. Nizamettin Kutluer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11687.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"183319",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Burhan",surname:"Kanat",slug:"burhan-kanat",fullName:"Burhan Kanat"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11528",title:"Maintenance Management - Current Challenges, New Developments, and Future Directions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a3e4ad5806a77b0e930fbd4cb191bee2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Germano Lambert-Torres, Dr. Erik Leandro Bonaldi and Dr. Levy Ely Oliveira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11528.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"112971",title:"Prof.",name:"Germano",surname:"Lambert-Torres",slug:"germano-lambert-torres",fullName:"Germano Lambert-Torres"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:63},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:112},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:404},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4433},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1019",title:"Forensic Science",slug:"forensic-science",parent:{id:"180",title:"Forensic and Legal Medicine",slug:"forensic-and-legal-medicine"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:93,numberOfWosCitations:107,numberOfCrossrefCitations:64,numberOfDimensionsCitations:138,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1019",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10579",title:"Forensic Analysis",subtitle:"Scientific and Medical Techniques and Evidence under the Microscope",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54012b7d1952b634ff1bf86b8ce4a771",slug:"forensic-analysis-scientific-and-medical-techniques-and-evidence-under-the-microscope",bookSignature:"Ian Freckelton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10579.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29183",title:"Prof.",name:"Ian",middleName:"Richard",surname:"Freckelton",slug:"ian-freckelton",fullName:"Ian Freckelton"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6262",title:"Post Mortem Examination and Autopsy",subtitle:"Current Issues From Death to Laboratory Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fce869ae396986e202a78883a0b1045f",slug:"post-mortem-examination-and-autopsy-current-issues-from-death-to-laboratory-analysis",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6262.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"243",title:"Forensic Medicine",subtitle:"From Old Problems to New Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"132b119de3a751f6c764b7cc15b85a14",slug:"forensic-medicine-from-old-problems-to-new-challenges",bookSignature:"Duarte Nuno Vieira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31385",title:"Dr.",name:"Duarte Nuno",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",slug:"duarte-nuno-vieira",fullName:"Duarte Nuno Vieira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"19163",doi:"10.5772/19261",title:"Forensic Age Estimation in Unaccompanied Minors and Young Living Adults",slug:"forensic-age-estimation-in-unaccompanied-minors-and-young-living-adults",totalDownloads:9001,totalCrossrefCites:37,totalDimensionsCites:75,abstract:null,book:{id:"243",slug:"forensic-medicine-from-old-problems-to-new-challenges",title:"Forensic Medicine",fullTitle:"Forensic Medicine - From Old Problems to New Challenges"},signatures:"Andreas Schmeling, Pedro Manuel Garamendi, Jose Luis Prieto and María Irene Landa",authors:[{id:"34264",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Garamendi Gonzalez",slug:"pedro-manuel-garamendi-gonzalez",fullName:"Pedro Manuel Garamendi Gonzalez"}]},{id:"19161",doi:"10.5772/19234",title:"Diagnostic of Drowning in Forensic Medicine",slug:"diagnostic-of-drowning-in-forensic-medicine",totalDownloads:8199,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:null,book:{id:"243",slug:"forensic-medicine-from-old-problems-to-new-challenges",title:"Forensic Medicine",fullTitle:"Forensic Medicine - From Old Problems to New Challenges"},signatures:"Audrey Farrugia and Bertrand Ludes",authors:[{id:"34146",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Farrugia",slug:"audrey-farrugia",fullName:"Audrey Farrugia"},{id:"49284",title:"Dr.",name:"Bertrand",middleName:null,surname:"Ludes",slug:"bertrand-ludes",fullName:"Bertrand Ludes"}]},{id:"19172",doi:"10.5772/22792",title:"Advanced Medical Imaging and Reverse Engineering Technologies in Craniometric Study",slug:"advanced-medical-imaging-and-reverse-engineering-technologies-in-craniometric-study",totalDownloads:4538,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"243",slug:"forensic-medicine-from-old-problems-to-new-challenges",title:"Forensic Medicine",fullTitle:"Forensic Medicine - From Old Problems to New Challenges"},signatures:"Supakit Rooppakhun, Nattapon Chantarapanich and Kriskrai Sitthiseripratip",authors:[{id:"49215",title:"Dr.",name:"Kriskrai",middleName:null,surname:"Sitthiseripratip",slug:"kriskrai-sitthiseripratip",fullName:"Kriskrai Sitthiseripratip"},{id:"49269",title:"Dr.",name:"Supakit",middleName:null,surname:"Rooppakhun",slug:"supakit-rooppakhun",fullName:"Supakit Rooppakhun"},{id:"49270",title:"MSc.",name:"Nattapon",middleName:null,surname:"Chantarapanich",slug:"nattapon-chantarapanich",fullName:"Nattapon Chantarapanich"}]},{id:"19174",doi:"10.5772/19301",title:"Types and Subtypes of the Posterior Part of the Cerebral arterial Circle in Human Adult Cadavers",slug:"types-and-subtypes-of-the-posterior-part-of-the-cerebral-arterial-circle-in-human-adult-cadavers",totalDownloads:4712,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"243",slug:"forensic-medicine-from-old-problems-to-new-challenges",title:"Forensic Medicine",fullTitle:"Forensic Medicine - From Old Problems to New Challenges"},signatures:"Ljiljana Vasović, Milena Trandafilović, Ivan Jovanović, Slađana Ugrenović, Slobodan Vlajković and Jovan Stojanović",authors:[{id:"34455",title:"Prof.",name:"Ljiljana",middleName:null,surname:"Vasovic",slug:"ljiljana-vasovic",fullName:"Ljiljana Vasovic"},{id:"47169",title:"Dr.",name:"Milena",middleName:null,surname:"Trandafilovic",slug:"milena-trandafilovic",fullName:"Milena Trandafilovic"},{id:"47170",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Jovanovic",slug:"ivan-jovanovic",fullName:"Ivan Jovanovic"},{id:"47171",title:"Dr.",name:"Sladjana",middleName:null,surname:"Ugrenovic",slug:"sladjana-ugrenovic",fullName:"Sladjana Ugrenovic"},{id:"47172",title:"Dr.",name:"Slobodan",middleName:null,surname:"Vlajkovic",slug:"slobodan-vlajkovic",fullName:"Slobodan Vlajkovic"},{id:"47179",title:"Prof.",name:"Jovan",middleName:null,surname:"Stojanovic",slug:"jovan-stojanovic",fullName:"Jovan Stojanovic"}]},{id:"19160",doi:"10.5772/18161",title:"Death Scene Investigation from the Viewpoint of Forensic Medicine Expert",slug:"death-scene-investigation-from-the-viewpoint-of-forensic-medicine-expert",totalDownloads:27404,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"243",slug:"forensic-medicine-from-old-problems-to-new-challenges",title:"Forensic Medicine",fullTitle:"Forensic Medicine - From Old Problems to New Challenges"},signatures:"Serafettin Demirci and Kamil Hakan Dogan",authors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"},{id:"32211",title:"Dr.",name:"Serafettin",middleName:null,surname:"Demirci",slug:"serafettin-demirci",fullName:"Serafettin Demirci"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"19160",title:"Death Scene Investigation from the Viewpoint of Forensic Medicine Expert",slug:"death-scene-investigation-from-the-viewpoint-of-forensic-medicine-expert",totalDownloads:27389,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"243",slug:"forensic-medicine-from-old-problems-to-new-challenges",title:"Forensic Medicine",fullTitle:"Forensic Medicine - From Old Problems to New Challenges"},signatures:"Serafettin Demirci and Kamil Hakan Dogan",authors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"},{id:"32211",title:"Dr.",name:"Serafettin",middleName:null,surname:"Demirci",slug:"serafettin-demirci",fullName:"Serafettin Demirci"}]},{id:"57199",title:"Negative Autopsy in Infant and Juvenile Population: Role of Cardiac Arrhythmias",slug:"negative-autopsy-in-infant-and-juvenile-population-role-of-cardiac-arrhythmias",totalDownloads:1405,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Negative autopsy is a post-mortem examination in which a comprehensive analysis does not provide a cause of death. These include situation of death, anatomical and histological analysis, toxicology and microbiological study. A low part of autopsies remain without a conclusive cause of death, but all these cases are usually seen in young population, apparently healthy who died suddenly and unexpectedly. In these situations a cardiac arrhythmia is suspected as cause of death and genetic testing is recommended despite not regularly performed. Sudden death is a natural and unexpected decease that occurs in apparently healthy people, or whose disease was not severe enough to expect a fatal outcome. It can be due to several pathologies, usually of cardiac cause and called sudden cardiac death. In infants and young people, both long QT syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia are main causes in negative autopsies. These genetic diseases lead to ventricular fibrillation, syncope and sudden cardiac death in a normal heart. Unfortunately, sudden cardiac death could be the first manifestation of the diseases, being early identification and prevention a crucial point in current medical practice. This chapter focuses on sudden death and negative autopsy in young population, mainly due to cardiac arrhythmias.",book:{id:"6262",slug:"post-mortem-examination-and-autopsy-current-issues-from-death-to-laboratory-analysis",title:"Post Mortem Examination and Autopsy",fullTitle:"Post Mortem Examination and Autopsy - Current Issues From Death to Laboratory Analysis"},signatures:"Georgia Sarquella-Brugada, Sergi Cesar, Anna Fernandez-Falgueras,\nMaria Dolores Zambrano, Anna Iglesias, Josep Brugada, Ramon\nBrugada and Oscar Campuzano",authors:[{id:"54165",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Brugada",slug:"ramon-brugada",fullName:"Ramon Brugada"},{id:"54168",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano",slug:"oscar-campuzano",fullName:"Oscar Campuzano"},{id:"218478",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgia",middleName:null,surname:"Sarquella-Brugada",slug:"georgia-sarquella-brugada",fullName:"Georgia Sarquella-Brugada"},{id:"218479",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergi",middleName:null,surname:"Cesar",slug:"sergi-cesar",fullName:"Sergi Cesar"},{id:"218480",title:"MSc.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez-Falgueras",slug:"anna-fernandez-falgueras",fullName:"Anna Fernandez-Falgueras"},{id:"218482",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Zambrano",slug:"maria-dolores-zambrano",fullName:"Maria Dolores Zambrano"},{id:"218483",title:"MSc.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Iglesias",slug:"anna-iglesias",fullName:"Anna Iglesias"},{id:"218484",title:"Prof.",name:"Josep",middleName:null,surname:"Brugada",slug:"josep-brugada",fullName:"Josep Brugada"}]},{id:"57778",title:"Defining Dental Age for Chronological Age Determination",slug:"defining-dental-age-for-chronological-age-determination",totalDownloads:2574,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Dental age assessment is one of the most reliable methods of chronological age estimation used for criminal, forensic and anthropologic purposes. Visual, radiographic, chemical and histological techniques can be used for dental age estimation. Visual method is based on the sequence of eruption of the teeth and morphological changes that are caused due to function such as attrition, changes in color that are indicators of aging. Radiographs of the dentition can be used to determine the stage of dental development of the teeth from initial mineralization of a tooth, crown formation to root apex maturation. Histological methods require the preparation of the tissues for detailed microscopic examination. The chemical analysis of dental hard tissues determines alterations in ion levels with age, whereas the histological and chemical methods are invasive methods requiring extraction/sectioning of the tooth. In this chapter, the different techniques and considered studies were overviewed in conjunction with their advantages and disadvantages. It needs to be taken into consideration that rather than restricting on one age estimation technique, using the other available techniques additionally and performing repetitive measurements may be beneficial for accurate age estimation.",book:{id:"6262",slug:"post-mortem-examination-and-autopsy-current-issues-from-death-to-laboratory-analysis",title:"Post Mortem Examination and Autopsy",fullTitle:"Post Mortem Examination and Autopsy - Current Issues From Death to Laboratory Analysis"},signatures:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner, Emine Kaygısız and Nilüfer Darendeliler",authors:[{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner"},{id:"200985",title:"Dr.",name:"Emine",middleName:null,surname:"Kaygisiz",slug:"emine-kaygisiz",fullName:"Emine Kaygisiz"},{id:"222232",title:"Prof.",name:"Nilufer",middleName:null,surname:"Darendeliler",slug:"nilufer-darendeliler",fullName:"Nilufer Darendeliler"}]},{id:"77222",title:"Forensic Analysis and Interpretation of Tool Marks",slug:"forensic-analysis-and-interpretation-of-tool-marks",totalDownloads:492,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The forensic analysis and interpretation of tool marks raise for consideration key methods and advances in the field of tool marks in forensic science. This chapter shows how tool mark analysis can be utilized in the course of criminal investigations. The focus of the chapter is on bringing together as much scientific knowledge in the area as possible in an accessible manner. It covers all aspects of tool mark evidence from the crime scene to the courtroom. This chapter provides information about tool marks in an effort to assist tool mark examiners as well as people practicing forensic science, crime scene examiners, crime investigating officers and members of the legal profession. It includes information about the analysis of tool marks at the crime scene and in the laboratory, the interpretation and assessment of challenges for examination and interpretation and also the way in which tool mark evidence can be presented in a courtroom.",book:{id:"10579",slug:"forensic-analysis-scientific-and-medical-techniques-and-evidence-under-the-microscope",title:"Forensic Analysis",fullTitle:"Forensic Analysis - Scientific and Medical Techniques and Evidence under the Microscope"},signatures:"Sachil Kumar, Geetika Saxena and Archana Gautam",authors:[{id:"335909",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Sachil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"sachil-kumar",fullName:"Sachil Kumar"},{id:"345319",title:"MSc.",name:"Geetika",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"geetika-saxena",fullName:"Geetika Saxena"},{id:"345320",title:"MSc.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Gautam",slug:"archana-gautam",fullName:"Archana Gautam"}]},{id:"19161",title:"Diagnostic of Drowning in Forensic Medicine",slug:"diagnostic-of-drowning-in-forensic-medicine",totalDownloads:8196,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:null,book:{id:"243",slug:"forensic-medicine-from-old-problems-to-new-challenges",title:"Forensic Medicine",fullTitle:"Forensic Medicine - From Old Problems to New Challenges"},signatures:"Audrey Farrugia and Bertrand Ludes",authors:[{id:"34146",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Farrugia",slug:"audrey-farrugia",fullName:"Audrey Farrugia"},{id:"49284",title:"Dr.",name:"Bertrand",middleName:null,surname:"Ludes",slug:"bertrand-ludes",fullName:"Bertrand Ludes"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1019",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:319,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"